What are the walls in houses. The design of the walls of the house, purpose, types of walls, structural materials

Own house is the dream of many people. This is understandable, because in comparison with an apartment, private ownership has many more advantages. Usually houses are located in an area where there are many plants and trees, which has a positive effect on health. Also worth noting is large area, as this is an important component of the choice of housing. Before you start building, you need to carefully prepare for it. Firstly, you should find out for what purposes the house is being built, and secondly, decide on building materials. When choosing raw materials, it is worth thinking not only about its advantages, but also about its disadvantages. In addition, there are many other pitfalls, without having studied which, it is not recommended to start construction. Especially you need to pay attention to the walls in the house. If you are not well versed in the intricacies of housing construction, you should seek the advice of professionals.

Brick house

Above, we talked about how important it is to decide on the purpose of construction. Usually there are two types of them: cottage and for one's own residence. This article will focus on the construction of houses for permanent residence. First of all, you should pay attention to such material as brick. Houses made from this raw material are durable and easily tolerate various natural disasters. It does not suffer from this appearance building, brick houses very attractive. When it comes to price, there are small problems here, because the construction of a private property from this material will result in a rather large amount.

The walls in the house are the basis of construction. Brick as a raw material is used quite often, but recently its popularity has declined slightly. This is due to the high cost of the material, low moisture resistance, as well as the massiveness of the products. But the strength and load-bearing capacity of brick makes some homeowners opt for this raw material. The material is equally well suited for the construction of multi-storey skyscrapers, and for the construction of small country houses.

It is worth noting that the brick is much inferior to other building materials in terms of energy efficiency. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to take extreme measures, namely, an increase in the massiveness and bulkiness of the house. What should be in this case? To provide sufficient level energy efficiency, a brick wall must be built at least 120 cm thick. It is clear that most people do not want to permanently live in a bunker, so this material is increasingly being used as a cladding.

Types of walls in houses are distinguished by their diversity and versatility. There is no universal raw material, each person must choose for himself necessary material that will meet his needs.

concrete blocks

As you know, a concrete wall is considered the most durable, and this fact must be taken into account when planning construction. Brick has recently been inferior in many respects to modern building materials. The main advantage of blocks is the low price. In addition, the speed of building a house will increase significantly if you use modern blocks.

Therefore, it is not surprising that now most people opt for such raw materials. Projects of houses from blocks have received good popularity, therefore, the sale of such materials is growing from year to year. Let's talk more about various types of this raw material, revealing all the advantages and disadvantages.

Foam and gas blocks

Why did we combine these two materials? The answer is simple - they have the same specifications, the only difference is the internal structure of the raw material. Foam blocks are made using a concrete solution, and adding special substances there, called foam concentrates. This production allows to increase the quality level of the material, as well as to give energy efficiency. It is worth noting that the pores inside the raw materials are closed, which allows the foam blocks to perfectly fight moisture.

Gas blocks, on the contrary, have small through channels inside, and this is done on purpose in order to conduct moisture without problems. Among the advantages of this material are low cost, lightness and ease of use. Gas and foam blocks do not need complex finishing, which is also an advantage.

The walls in a private house made from this raw material will be fragile, not very strong. If we talk about gas blocks, then they have high water permeability. In addition, these materials contain chemicals.

Expanded clay blocks

In the context of this raw material, they often talk about cinder blocks. The latter can also be attributed to inexpensive materials, but this is where their advantages end. Concrete wall from cinder blocks is not strong enough, as it might seem at first glance. In addition, the raw material has low sound insulation and moisture resistance. To prevent the walls from being blown through, additional insulation is necessary.

As for expanded clay concrete blocks, here for the same cost you will get a better material, which, moreover, will have high thermal conductivity. The block includes special gravel and cement mortar, so you should not worry about the strength of the material. Expanded clay does not contain unnecessary chemicals, and the construction takes place quite quickly. If you choose between the two options, it is recommended to stop after all on expanded clay concrete.

Arbolit

Recently, projects of houses from blocks of a very different nature have been created. Since we decided to talk about all types of this building material, then you should not lose sight of the arbolite. This raw material is made from cement mortar with the addition of wood chips. The result is a light and warm block. From wood concrete, you can safely build a building with a small number of storeys. Thanks to its excellent sound and heat insulation, great walls in the house.

However, like all other raw materials, wood concrete has significant drawbacks. The material strongly absorbs moisture, which can adversely affect the quality of the walls. To solve this problem, it is necessary to buy insulating and water-repellent materials. In addition, it is distinguished by its unevenness, and additional difficulties may arise during construction in the form of waste a large number concrete mortar. It is also worth noting that it is now very difficult to find high-quality wood concrete on the market. Many additional substances are added to the material, and this is not good. The price of raw materials is quite average, 1 cubic meter can be purchased for 4 thousand rubles and more.

shell rock

Of all the types of blocks discussed above, it is the shell rock that has the highest cost. In addition, there is not so much material, so it is quite difficult to find it. The raw material is produced from the marine sedimentary massif, which additionally makes the material brittle. Of the obvious advantages, good sound absorption, thermal insulation, durability and environmental friendliness can be distinguished.

The shell rock is actually created by nature, and therefore it has a number of unique properties. For example, the material in the process of its formation is impregnated sea salt which in turn contains iodine. As a result, the shell rock gives the house healing properties. Iodine is an excellent protection against radiation, hence the high cost of raw materials.

As the minuses of the material, it is worth highlighting:

if you are planning to build two-storey house and above, it will be necessary to strengthen the shell rock with the help of special belts;
it is impossible to find two blocks of the same shape and size;
low moisture resistance;
the material is very fragile, so it must be carefully unloaded and unloaded.

Frame house

Frame technology for the construction of houses arose quite recently. This type of construction is especially popular in the Scandinavian countries. However, in Russia lately they are increasingly talking about frame houses. Basically, the frame is made of wood, but in theory it can be metal. Let's highlight the main advantages of this technology:

walls in a frame house are easily and quickly erected;
materials are quite environmentally friendly;
the building does not shrink over time;
no need to spend money on a foundation.

In addition, this option wins in price. Construction cost frame house relatively low. In addition to the advantages of such private ownership, there are also disadvantages. First, strength. The reliability of the frame house leaves much to be desired, this has a negative impact on the service life of the building. It is imperative that in such a property it is necessary to carry out a ventilation system, since there is practically no air exchange there.

Wooden house. bar

At the end of the list of materials for building a house, it is worth mentioning the tree. This raw material is not only the most popular, but also practical. wooden buildings can be erected at any time of the year, regardless of the weather.

Currently, you can build an excellent neat house from a bar. The material looks very nice, which will save on internal and exterior finish walls in the house. In addition, the construction of the building is quite simple, the help of special equipment is not required.

As for the advantages of timber as a raw material, here we can distinguish:

good level of sound insulation;
the strength of the building;
positive properties of wood;
no need to use decorative trim.

Speaking about the shortcomings, you need to immediately remember the specific properties of wood, manifested in susceptibility to insects and moisture. In addition, the tree rots and cracks over time. In order to avoid unpleasant situations later, it is necessary to process special tool. We must not forget about the fire hazard of wood. To prevent such cases, it should be treated with fire-fighting agents.

Many are interested in what should be the height of the walls in the house. There is no single answer to this question, everyone chooses individually. As for the house made of timber, it is worth noting that it does not shrink much, but the process itself will last for six months.

log house

Classic. Another traditional Russian hut was made of logs. On the present stage, with the required amount Money, you can build a real masterpiece. Internal walls in the house, like external ones, do not require additional finishing, they will look aesthetically pleasing.

The material is one hundred percent environmentally friendly and natural, which has a positive effect on the ventilation aspect. In a short time, using wood raw materials, you can build an excellent comfortable building, and it is not at all necessary to spend a lot of money on it. AT winter period people living in such houses save on heating, as the wood building heats up quickly.

We talked about the disadvantages of wood above. To date, the market offers the consumer two types of logs: rounded and chopped. In the first case, the raw material is a lumber product. The second option is more expensive, but differs in its durability. The final choice in any case remains with the owner. If you do not know which material is best suited in a particular case, seek the help of professionals, at present there will definitely not be any problems with this.

How to insulate the walls of the house from the outside?

In the winter season, every owner thinks about heating. In order for the house not to blow through, it is necessary to insulate its walls from the outside. There are many ways and materials with which you can bring this idea to life. In this article we will consider the most popular and effective.

Styrofoam has moisture-resistant and insulating qualities, but is susceptible to negative influence sun rays. In addition, the material is quite flammable. However, foam plastic is often used to insulate walls from the outside, while organizing a ventilation system. In this case, this raw material will be very useful in the winter.

Mineral wool is also often used for similar purposes. Among the advantages are fire resistance and excellent sound insulation. However mineral wool susceptible to moisture ingress and loss of insulating properties. In addition, there is the possibility of the appearance of rodents.

How to insulate the walls of the house from the outside? In addition to the two options discussed above, there is one more: a material called polyurethane foam. It is a liquid insulation, characterized by the absence of cracks and joints. The material is environmentally friendly, does not let the cold through, and also has a phenomenal frost resistance.

Hole in the wall

Sooner or later in any house there comes a period of reconstruction, when something needs to be changed. And in such cases it begins overhaul, where new openings are an integral part of it. The organization technology depends on what material you used when building the walls.

Before proceeding with the action, it is necessary to apply markup. Making a hole in the wall is not an easy task, and it must be taken seriously. After drawing the lines, you should get down to business. If the walls are made of concrete, it is recommended to use a sledgehammer. In any case, do not tune in to the fact that you will quickly finish everything. It is better to do longer, but better.

If the wall is made of bricks, then there may be problems. It is not difficult to disassemble the masonry, but if it is one or two bricks. To make an opening, you need the help of specialists.

Noise isolation

Today, this issue is most acute, because in cities the noise level is constantly increasing, and people are trying to hide from it. Soundproofing the walls in the house looks like compulsory procedure without which it is impossible to live. It is worth noting that there are two main methods for reducing noise: upholstering the walls with material that absorbs sound or sticking rolls that reflect it.

In order not to make a mistake with the choice, it is necessary to understand the reasons for the need for sound insulation. For example, if you are disturbed by neighbors, but the sound of passing cars does not bother you, then it is not necessary to insulate the outer walls.

As for the insulation material, construction market offers several options to choose from. Gypsum boards with porous materials have proven themselves well. Polyurethane boards and soundproof membranes are also often used. To select the material in a particular situation, you should determine the cause of the discomfort, as well as calculate the cost of raw materials, identify all the advantages and disadvantages.

Interior wall cladding

Consider the issue of wall decoration using an example wooden house. Before you start trimming, you need to weigh the pros and cons. After all, it is not always useful. Finishing is justified only if it is necessary to hide irregularities or insulate the room.

How to sheathe the walls in the house? There are three main materials that are used more often than others and are distinguished by their reliability. We are talking about lining, drywall and plywood. The first option is the most expensive, but it is worth the money. The lining is wooden panels having special grooves that connect to each other. Despite the price, lining is used very often in wooden houses. If you want to stand out, it is recommended to opt for another option.

Drywall is considered the most universal material plating among all the rest. It has earned its popularity due to its low price, easy installation and reliability. Drywall is a material that has no visible flaws. At least you won't remember them right away. This raw material is freely available on the market. Due to its qualities, this material is very popular.

Plywood is the least acceptable option of all. This material itself is not very reliable, it passes air, but it is very inexpensive. In this case, it is better to overpay, and choose the sheathing material that in a particular case will look best.

What is a load-bearing wall and how to define it?

Most people, after having lived in a house for several years, make a reconstruction. The walls in the house are subject to change in the first place. Before starting repairs, it is necessary to determine bearing walls. You can do it yourself, but it is recommended to seek help from professionals. Define desired wall it is possible, but it is not worth punching openings and holes yourself.

First you need to figure out what is a load-bearing wall in a house? This is the wall that takes on the load of the elements located above, including beams and slabs. Not all houses have such walls, sometimes you can find a column instead.

In order not to worry too much about the search, you can try to find a plan of your house. The constructive plan contains all the necessary information. It will clearly indicate which walls are load-bearing and which are not. If the plan cannot be obtained, then it is recommended to try to determine everything yourself.

Bearing walls can be found:

by location looking at the landing and internal walls);
by thickness;
for supporting beams.

Finally

To finally stop your choice on the material for the house, you need to carefully study all the options. Individual house it is quite difficult to build for permanent residence, many only dream of such a thing. For some people, price is the deciding factor. However, in this case it is better to overpay a little, but be sure of the strength and quality of the material.

The owner is recommended to involve all acquaintances and relatives who are related to construction in the process of choosing material for the future home. AT last resort, you can pay a little to a professional who will give valuable advice. And only then, when you have learned different opinions, you should decide for yourself.

Structures of external walls of civil and industrial buildings

The structures of the outer walls of civil and industrial buildings are classified according to the following criteria:

1) by static function:

a) carriers;

b) self-supporting;

c) non-bearing (mounted).

On fig. 3.19 shows a general view of these types of external walls.

Load-bearing exterior walls they perceive and transfer to the foundations their own weight and loads from adjacent structures of the building: ceilings, partitions, roofs, etc. (simultaneously perform load-bearing and enclosing functions).

Self-supporting external walls perceive the vertical load only from their own weight (including the load from balconies, bay windows, parapets and other wall elements) and transfer them to the foundations through intermediate load-bearing structures - foundation beams, grillages or plinth panels (simultaneously perform load-bearing and enclosing functions).

Non-bearing (hinged) external walls floor by floor (or through several floors) are based on adjacent load-bearing structures of the building - ceilings, frame or walls. Thus, curtain walls perform only a protective function.

Rice. 3.19. Types of external walls according to static function:
a - bearing; b - self-supporting; c - non-bearing (mounted): 1 - floor of the building; 2 - frame column; 3 - foundation

Bearing and non-bearing external walls are used in buildings of any number of storeys. Self-supporting walls rest on their own foundation, so their height is limited due to the possibility of mutual deformations of the outer walls and the internal structures of the building. The higher the building, the greater the difference in vertical deformations, therefore, for example, in panel houses the use of self-supporting walls is allowed with a building height of not more than 5 floors.

The stability of self-supporting external walls is ensured by flexible connections with the internal structures of the building.

2) By material:

a) stone walls are built from brick (clay or silicate) or stones (concrete or natural) and are used in buildings of any number of storeys. Stone blocks are made of natural stone (limestone, tuff, etc.) or artificial (concrete, lightweight concrete).

b) concrete walls they are made of heavy concrete of class B15 and higher with a density of 1600 ÷ 2000 kg / m 3 (bearing parts of walls) or lightweight concrete of classes B5 ÷ B15 with a density of 1200 ÷ 1600 kg / m 3 (for heat-insulating parts of walls).

For the manufacture of lightweight concrete, artificial porous aggregates (expanded clay, perlite, shungizite, agloporite, etc.) or natural lightweight aggregates (crushed stone from pumice, slag, tuff) are used.

When erecting non-bearing external walls, cellular concrete (foam concrete, aerated concrete, etc.) of classes B2 ÷ B5 with a density of 600 ÷ 1600 kg / m 3 is also used. Concrete walls are used in buildings of any number of storeys.

in) wooden walls used in low rise buildings. For their construction, pine logs with a diameter of 180 ÷ 240 mm or beams with a section of 150x150 mm or 180x180 mm, as well as board or plywood panels and panels with a thickness of 150 ÷ 200 mm are used.

G) non-concrete walls are mainly used in the construction of industrial buildings or low-rise civil buildings. Structurally, they consist of outer and inner cladding made of sheet material (steel, aluminum alloys, plastic, asbestos cement, etc.) and insulation (sandwich panels). Walls of this type they are designed as load-bearing only for one-story buildings, and with a larger number of storeys - only as non-bearing.

3) by constructive solution:

a) single layer;

b) two-layer;

c) three layers.

The number of layers of the outer walls of the building is determined by the results thermotechnical calculation. To match modern standards in terms of resistance to heat transfer in most regions of Russia, it is necessary to design three-layer structures of external walls with effective insulation.

4) according to the construction technology:

a) by traditional technology hand-made stone walls are erected. In this case, bricks or stones are laid in rows along a layer of cement-sand mortar. The strength of the stone walls is ensured by the strength of the stone and the mortar, as well as by the mutual ligation of the vertical joints. To further increase the bearing capacity of masonry (for example, for narrow piers), horizontal reinforcement with welded meshes is used after 2 ÷ 5 rows.

The required thickness of stone walls is determined by heat engineering calculation and linked to standard sizes bricks or stones. Apply brick walls with a thickness of 1; 1.5; 2; 2.5 and 3 bricks (250, 380, 510, 640 and 770 mm, respectively). Walls made of concrete or natural stones when laying 1 and 1.5 stones have a thickness of 390 and 490 mm, respectively.

On fig. 3.20 shows several types of solid masonry made of bricks and stone blocks. On fig. 3.21 shows the construction of a three-layer brick wall 510 mm thick (for the climatic region of the Nizhny Novgorod region).

Rice. 3.20. Types of solid masonry: a - six-row brickwork; b - two-row brickwork; c - laying of ceramic stones; d and e - masonry made of concrete or natural stones; e - masonry of cellular concrete stones with external brick cladding

Floors and load-bearing structures of the roof rest on the inner layer of a three-layer stone wall. The outer and inner layers of brickwork are interconnected by reinforcing meshes with a vertical pitch of not more than 600 mm. The thickness of the inner layer is assumed to be 250 mm for buildings with a height of 1 ÷ 4 floors, 380 mm for buildings with a height of 5 ÷ 14 floors and 510 mm for buildings with a height of more than 14 floors.

Rice. 3.21. Three-layer structure stone wall:

1 - inner carrier layer;

2 - thermal insulation layer;

3 - air gap;

4 - outer self-supporting (facing) layer

b) prefabricated technology used in the construction of large-panel and volume-block buildings. At the same time, the installation individual elements building is made by cranes.

The outer walls of large-panel buildings are made of concrete or brick panels. Panel thickness - 300, 350, 400 mm. On fig. 3.22 shows the main types of concrete panels used in civil engineering.

Rice. 3.22. Concrete panels of external walls: a - single-layer; b - two-layer; c - three-layer:

1 - structural and heat-insulating layer;

2 - protective and finishing layer;

3 - carrier layer;

4 - heat-insulating layer

Volumetric-block buildings are buildings of increased prefabrication, which are assembled from separate prefabricated block-rooms. The outer walls of such volumetric blocks can be one-, two- and three-layer.

in) monolithic and precast-monolithic construction technologies allow you to build one-, two- and three-layer monolithic concrete walls.

Rice. 3.23. Prefabricated-monolithic external walls (in plan):
a - two-layer with an outer layer of thermal insulation;

b - the same, with an inner layer of thermal insulation;

c - three-layer with an outer layer of thermal insulation

When using this technology, a formwork (mold) is first installed, into which concrete mix. Single-layer walls are made of lightweight concrete with a thickness of 300 ÷ 500 mm.

Multi-layer walls are made of precast-monolithic using the outer or inner layer of stone blocks made of cellular concrete. (See Figure 3.23).

5) by location window openings:

On fig. 3.24 shown various options location of window openings in the outer walls of buildings. Options a, b, in, G used in the design of residential and public buildings, option d– when designing industrial and public buildings, option e- for public buildings.

From the consideration of these options, it can be seen that the functional purpose of the building (residential, public or industrial) determines constructive solution its exterior walls and appearance in general.

One of the main requirements for external walls is the necessary fire resistance. According to the requirements of fire safety standards, load-bearing external walls must be made of non-combustible materials with a fire resistance limit of at least 2 hours (stone, concrete). The use of slow-burning load-bearing walls (for example, wooden plastered) with a fire resistance limit of at least 0.5 hours is allowed only in one-, two-story houses.

Rice. 3.24. Location of window openings in the outer walls of buildings:
a - a wall without openings;

b - a wall with a small number of openings;

in - panel wall with openings;

d - load-bearing wall with reinforced piers;

e - wall with hinged panels;
e - fully glazed wall (stained glass)

High requirements for the fire resistance of load-bearing walls are caused by their main role in the safety of the building, since the destruction of load-bearing walls during a fire causes the collapse of all structures based on them and the building as a whole.

Non-bearing external walls are designed to be fireproof or slow-burning with lower fire resistance limits (from 0.25 to 0.5 hours), since the destruction of these structures during a fire can only cause local damage to the building.

Lecture #2

CONCEPTS ABOUT BUILDING STRUCTURES

The main structural elements of civil and industrial buildings

The main structural elements of civil and industrial buildings include bases and foundations, walls and pillars, ceilings, roofs, stairs, windows, doors and partitions (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. The main structural elements of the building

Foundations and foundations

Foundations serve to transfer permanent and temporary loads to the ground. They are underground elements of the building and are arranged under walls and pillars.

The plane on which the foundation rests on the ground is called the base of the foundation, and the ground on which the load from the foundation is transferred is called the base.

The base must have sufficient strength, i.e. up to certain limits, differ in low compressibility when loaded. The strength of the soil depends on its mineralogical composition, geological structure, density and the presence of moisture in it. The upper layers of the earth's crust, containing organic impurities and subject to weathering, are characterized by insufficient strength. Therefore, the sole of the foundation has to be located (or, as they say, "laid") at a certain depth from the surface of the earth.

The minimum required depth of the base of the foundation into the ground is determined not only by the strength of the corresponding soil layer, but also by climatic features that cause freezing and, therefore, the possibility of deformation of the upper layers of the soil in winter.

The sole of the foundation must have such an area that the load transferred to the soil does not exceed the stress allowed for this soil, which is usually 1-3 kg / cm 2. If the building has a basement (premises or floors buried in the ground), then the foundations serve simultaneously as the walls of the basement. In this case, the depth of the foundations depends on the height basements. Foundations are usually made of waterproof material (concrete blocks, concrete, natural stone).

Walls, their purpose, varieties

Walls according to their purpose and location in the building are divided into external and internal. In addition, there are load-bearing and non-bearing walls.

Bearing walls are usually called capital walls (they directly rest on the foundations). Bearing can be both external and internal walls. Non-load-bearing walls are usually partitions. They serve to divide large rooms limited by capital walls into smaller ones within the floor, and no foundations are required to support the partitions.

Pillars, as a rule, are also load-bearing elements resting on the foundation. They are usually installed instead of load-bearing walls where it turns out to be necessary to open the internal space or transfer a vertical concentrated load to the foundation.

The lower part of the outer wall is called the plinth. It is in particularly unfavorable conditions, as it is exposed to splashes from raindrops falling on the ground and melt water when the snow cover adjacent to it melts. This moisture wets the base material and contributes to the destruction of its surface. Therefore, the base is made of moisture and frost-resistant materials.

The plinth has architectural significance, since, somewhat receding from the plane of the wall, it creates a feeling of greater stability of the building. The upper ledge (“edge”) of the basement is located approximately at the level of the floor of the first floor raised above the ground and thereby emphasizes the beginning of the volume of the building used for its main purpose. Sometimes an underground is arranged below the floor, protecting the building structures from direct impact. ground water. In this case, the plinths serve as the outer walls enclosing the underground. Usually, instead of underground, basement floors are arranged below the floor of the first floor.

The division of buildings into stone and wooden ones is conditional. As a sign for such a division, the material of the outer walls is taken. A building that has stone foundations and walls with all other basic structural elements made of wood, for example, is considered stone.

Walls and partially foundations are not only load-bearing, but also enclosing structures, since they form the volumes of the room and enclose (isolate) these volumes from external environment. Therefore, the external enclosing structures of heated buildings must not only meet the requirements of strength and stability, but also have the appropriate heat-shielding qualities. They are determined by the thickness of the structure and the heat-shielding properties of its material. The higher the heat-shielding qualities, the lower the fuel consumption for heating the building, but the higher the cost of the structure. Therefore, when designing, it is necessary to find an economically feasible ratio of one-time costs and operating costs for heating.

The required minimum heat-shielding qualities are also determined by sanitary and hygienic requirements:

The temperature at inner surface the outer wall should not be much lower than the air temperature in the room (the difference is usually not more than 6 ° C), so that there is no so-called cold (negative) radiation - a feeling of a kind of cold flow that a person can experience with a significant temperature difference on the wall surface and room air;

· the temperature on the inner surface of the outer wall must be above the dew point in order to avoid the formation of condensate, the subsequent moistening of the material, the deterioration of the heat-shielding qualities of the structure and the formation of mold.

If the temperature of the inner surface of the outer wall drops to 0 ° and below, then the condensate turns into frost or ice and a phenomenon called freezing of the fence occurs.

External fences must also satisfy a number of other physical and technical requirements, for example, air permeability and vapor permeability.

External enclosing structures that meet thermal protection requirements usually meet the requirements for isolating the room from external noise.

Partitions are internal walls, but are not load-bearing; they do not perceive vertical loads, and during the operation of the building, without violating its structural integrity, they can be removed or transferred to another place.

The characteristic requirements for partitions are appropriate strength and sound insulation. In addition, partitions must have such constructive and performance, in which reproduction is difficult in them different kind microorganisms, insects and rodents, easier cleaning, etc.

Floors and coatings

Ceilings are horizontal load-bearing structures resting on main walls or pillars and receiving permanent and temporary loads transferred to them. Ceilings divide buildings into floors. Depending on the location in the building, the floors are divided into:

1. interfloor - between two floors adjacent in height;

2. attic - between the top floor and the attic;

3. basement - between the first floor and the basement;

4. lower - between the first floor and the underground.

1.4. Stairs and elevators

Stairs serve to communicate between floors. The rooms in which the stairs are located are called stairwells (Fig. 2). Stair structures (Fig. 3) mainly consist of marches (inclined planes with stepped surfaces) and platforms. For safe walking, marches are fenced with railings (balusters).

Elevators in residential buildings are provided starting from six floors; as a rule, elevator shafts are made deaf. The machine room of the elevators is placed above the shaft, the location of the shaft itself is provided at the stairwell or between flights of stairs. The machine room of elevators is not allowed to be located under the living rooms.

There are examples of equipment residential buildings remote elevators located behind the outer edge of the wall against the windows of the staircase. In this case, the loading of elevators is carried out from the intermediate landings of the stairwells.

Rice. 2. Staircase General form, plan

/ - elevator; 2 - window; 3 - march; 4 - interfloor area; 5 - storey area; 6 - door to the apartment; 7 - wall-staircase

Rice. 3. The geometric construction of the stairs.

a - step; b - section; c - planar construction of the stairs; 1 - riser; 2 - tread; 3 - staircase; 4 - interfloor platform; 5 - storey platform.

Balconies, loggias

Balconies and loggias are open floor areas in residential and public buildings that connect the internal spaces of the operated premises with the external environment. In emergency situations, they can be used to evacuate people. Loggias, unlike balconies on the sides, are fenced with walls, and can be either built into the volume of the building or remote. Loggias are lit by the sun for less time than balconies, and their arrangement is associated with an increase in the area of \u200b\u200bthe outer walls.

Balconies and loggias should be of sufficient size, be visually isolated from the street and protected from noise, wind, rain and overheating from the sun's rays. Their location should be designed so that the view from the balcony or loggia is as beautiful as possible. It is also necessary to ensure their correct location relative to neighboring apartments and houses and convenient communication with the adjacent rooms of the apartment.

It is important to remember that balconies located in the incoming corners of the building are better visually isolated and protected from the wind than open balconies, which are recommended to be fenced on the windward side (wind screens are used for this purpose. When grouping balconies of adjacent apartments in multi-storey buildings, you should also take care of their visual isolation The arrangement of balconies on the facade in a checkerboard pattern makes it picturesque, but reduces visual isolation and the degree of protection from wind and sun.

Balcony railings can be made from various materials A: opaque glass, plastics, wood materials, corrugated steel framed sheet, etc.

The constructive solution of balconies depends on the scheme of support of the balcony slab - (cantilever, beam support or corner pinching). In large-panel buildings, depending on the design of external walls (load-bearing, self-supporting) and floors (solid slabs "per room" or floor slabs), a variety of structural schemes for installing balconies are used:

pinching in the structure of the outer wall;

installation of a cantilever floor slab;

support on attached reinforced concrete racks or L-shaped transverse structures;

leaning on the outer wall and suspension to the internal transverse load-bearing walls, covering or ceilings;

leaning on the console internal walls or columns in frame buildings. In buildings with brick walls balcony slabs are fixed in the wall masonry and welded with steel anchors to the embedded parts of reinforced concrete lintels and floor decking.

Window. floors

Windows are arranged for lighting and ventilation (ventilation) of the premises and consist of window openings, frames or boxes and filling the openings, called window sashes.

The main requirements for windows that must be observed in their design and construction are to let light into the premises in accordance with the required degree of their illumination. Windows are an external fence: therefore, when designing them, it is necessary to take into account the same requirements that apply to external walls, i.e. heat-shielding qualities, air permeability (blowing), etc.

In multi-storey buildings, window and door openings are located on the surface of the walls one above the other along the same axis. In this case, the load transmitted to the outer walls is perceived by the walls. In frame buildings with curtain walls, windows and doors in partitions can be located differently.

Floors. According to the method of installation, floors can be of two main groups: monolithic and prefabricated. Depending on the material of the coating, there are seamless floors, from piece and from rolled or sheet materials.

In the practice of industrial construction, mainly monolithic floors made of concrete with various additives are used, giving them the properties specified by the operating conditions. These include floors with reinforced top layer and other similar types.

A special group of monolithic seamless floors are the so-called bulk floors with polymer coatings based on epoxy and polyurethane resins, designed for use in rooms with increased requirements for dustlessness.

AT industrial buildings it is possible to use floors made of cast iron and steel plates, as well as prefabricated floor structures made of large-sized plates.

In auxiliary rooms, floors are made of rolled (linoleum, PVC boards) and sheet materials (for example, cement particle boards, etc.).

test questions:

1. In development.

1. What is the name of the plane on which the foundation rests on the ground?

2. What types of walls are divided into according to their purpose and location in the building?

3. What types of floors are divided into depending on the location in the building?

4. What are stairs and elevators used for? What are the characteristics of elevators?

5. What are the basic requirements for windows?

5. Prrrrrrrrrr

2. Structural schemes of buildings

Foundations, walls, pillars and ceilings are the main load-bearing elements of a building. They form the core of the building - a spatial system of vertical and horizontal load-bearing elements.

The floor structure "carries" its own weight (mass) and live load. Walls and pillars perceive the vertical load from the ceilings and roofs resting on them; the load on the roof consists of the weight of the roof structure and the weight (mass) of the snow lying on it; in addition, walls and pillars carry their own weight. In addition, the walls and roof also absorb horizontal wind pressure.

In order for the building frame to be stable, it must have the necessary rigidity. This is achieved by the arrangement of longitudinal and transverse main walls, which usually form contours (boxes) that are usually closed in plan with sufficiently strong mates at the corners and intersections. In addition, rigidity is ensured by the presence of overlaps, which, being rigid horizontal "diaphragms", sort of divide the skeleton into tiers. These diaphragms absorb horizontal forces and, being firmly coupled to the walls, increase their resistance against buckling.

The skeleton defines the so-called constructive scheme of the building.

Bearing wall (Fig. 1)- the main bearing-enclosing vertical structure of the building, which rests and transfers the load from the ceilings and the own weight of the wall to the foundation, separating adjacent rooms in the building and protecting them from the effects of the external environment.

Self-supporting wall (Fig. 2)- external enclosing vertical structure that protects interior spaces buildings from the influence of the external environment, based on and transferring the load from its own weight to the foundation.

Fig.2. Self-supporting wall
(outer wall rests on the foundation, and the ceiling adjoins the wall)

Curtain wall (Fig. 3)- an external wall resting on a ceiling within one floor with a floor height of not more than 6 m. (with a higher floor height, these walls are self-supporting) and protecting the building from the outside from the effects of the external environment.

Partition- an internal vertical enclosing non-bearing wall, based on the floor, and separating adjacent rooms in the building.

In buildings with self-supporting and non-load-bearing external walls, loads from coatings, ceilings, etc. are transferred to the frame or transverse structures of buildings.

In the house, the walls that stand on the foundation and on which the ceilings rest will be carriers.

And the walls standing on the foundation without resting the ceiling on them will be self-supporting.

Fig.3. Non-bearing wall (outer wall rests on the floor slab)

Walls of different design purposes carry different loads. To provide the necessary bearing capacity for different walls choose a certain wall thickness and the strength of the materials used.

For example, internal and external load-bearing walls of buildings made of aerated concrete blocks up to 3 floors inclusive are recommended to be made from blocks of classes in compressive strength not lower than B2.5, with glue or mortar of grade not lower than M75; at a height of up to 2 floors inclusive - not lower than B2 on glue or on a solution of grade not lower than M50.

For self-supporting walls of buildings up to 3 floors high, the block class must be at least B2.

By appointment walls are both internal and external on the perception of loads - load-bearing and non-bearing.

Depending on the materials used share the following types of walls:

wooden from logs, beams, wooden frame;

brick from solid and hollow clay, ceramic and silicate bricks and blocks;

stone from cobblestone, limestone, sandstone, shell rock, tuff, etc.;

lightweight concrete from gas silicate, expanded clay concrete, polystyrene, slag concrete, wood concrete, sawdust concrete;

soil-concrete from adobe, compacted pear.

By design decision walls are:

chopped from logs and assembled from wooden beams;

small-block bricks and small blocks weighing more than 50 kg;

panel or panel from prefabricated wall elements one floor high;

frame from racks and strapping with sheathing with sheet or molded materials;

monolithic from concrete and soil;

composite or multilayer with different materials and constructions used.

Materials for the construction of walls and their constructive solution are chosen taking into account local climatic conditions, the economy, the given strength and durability of the building, internal comfort and the architectural expressiveness of the facades.

The highest strength and durability natural stones and solid brick. At the same time, in terms of their heat-shielding qualities, they are significantly inferior to lightweight concrete, effective brick and wood. Their use in “pure form” without combination with other, less heat-conducting materials is justified only in the southern regions of the country.

When erecting brick walls light masonry should be aimed at, using efficient bricks and arranging voids using warm mortar. Solid masonry walls solid brick more than 38 cm thick is considered impractical.

Reliable in operation and 1.5 - 2 times cheaper than brick lightweight concrete walls based on slag, expanded clay or sawdust using cement. If you use pre-fabricated lightweight concrete blocks, you can significantly reduce the seasonal construction time.

The traditional material for the walls of low-rise buildings is wood. Chopped and cobbled walls are the most comfortable according to sanitary and hygienic requirements. Their disadvantages include low fire resistance and sedimentary deformation in the first 1.5 - 2 years.

In the presence of lumber and effective heaters frame walls are quite justified. They, like chopped ones, do not require massive foundations, but unlike them, they do not have post-building deformations. When facing frame walls bricks significantly increase their fire resistance and solidity.

In the southern regions with sharp changes in day and night temperatures of the outside air, walls made of soil-concrete (adobe) “behave” well. Due to the large thermal inertia (slowly heating up and cooling down), they create an optimal thermal regime in such a climate.

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