Installation of balcony slabs. What are and how to strengthen balcony slabs Mounting a balcony slab in a brick house

The spaces formed by the protruding horizontal structures of buildings are referred to as summer premises. It is advisable to place open summer rooms (balconies) in the temperate climate zone in the common room and kitchen, and in the southern regions and in the bedroom.

The depth of the summer premises should be at least 90 cm for medium climatic regions and at least 120-180 cm for the southern ones, since beds and places for eating are often placed there in summer.

Balconies, bay windows, loggias significantly increase the comfort of apartments due to the connection with the external environment and at the same time they enrich the plasticity of facades. The rationality of their use depends on the climatic features of the construction area. In hot climates, balconies and loggias shade the interior from excessive insolation.

Bay windows, giving an increase in illumination and insolation of the internal volume of the room, are good to use in the northern regions.



Types of summer premises: 1 - open balcony (a - console, b - on poles); — a balcony with windscreens on one (c) or two (d) sides; 3 - corner balcony; 4 - loggia (d - recessed, e - protruding); 5 - loggia - balcony (w - semi-recessed, 1 - adjacent to the facade plane); 6 - terrace

The arrangement of open spaces - balconies and loggias in residential and public buildings of mass construction is carried out from standard factory-made structural elements.

During the construction of buildings on steep slopes or a facade plane yielding in depth, they arrange open terraces located above the exploited volumes. The floors of such terraces serve as exploitable roofs of overlapping volumes, which requires careful attention to waterproofing issues.

The design features of balconies, loggias, bay windows are multivariate and depend on the construction and structural systems of the building.

Balcony

Loggia

Bay window

Open spaces and bay windows in civil buildings: A - balconies and loggias; B - bay windows; a - an open balcony; b - a balcony with a windscreen; c - built-in loggia; g - remote loggia; d - built-in loggia-balcony; e - remote loggia-balcony; g - asymmetric triangular bay window; h - the same, symmetrical; and - the same, rectangular; 1 - balcony slab; 2 - balcony (loggia) fencing; 3 - windscreen

Balconies- open cantilever platforms with a removal of 90-120 cm from the plane of the wall, having fences up to 1.0 m high on three sides. The shape of the balconies can be varied - rectangular, trapezoidal, triangular, curvilinear, sawtooth, etc.

Balconies perform two main functions in the apartment: they serve for relaxation and as a place for performing various household chores (planting flowers, drying clothes, airing things, storing food).

In design practice, balconies are used open with windproof walls, and loggias are built-in, remote, as well as remote and built-in loggias-balconies.

According to their static scheme, balcony slabs can work:

as a cantilever plate that transmits the bending moment and vertical support reaction to the wall structure and the building floor;

as a beam slab, which has alternative solutions for supporting the sides: - on cantilever beams, suspension to the internal transverse walls of the building or resting on outriggers.


Schemes for transferring the bending moment and vertical forces from the balcony slab to the structure: a - external load-bearing wall; b - lightweight concrete floor panel (and outer wall); in - consoles; g - brackets; 1 - balcony slab; 2 - outer wall; 3 - overlap; 4 - sealant; 5 - insulation; 6 - anti-rain comb; 7 - console; 8 - bracket

The interface of the balcony slab with the outer wall and ceiling must satisfy not only the strength requirements, but also provide thermal insulation. Therefore, when making balcony slabs from heavy concrete, thermal insulation is laid in the joint between the balcony slab and the floor slab. The balcony slab can be a remote cantilever part of the floor panel molded from lightweight concrete.



Balcony structures: a - from reinforced concrete slabs; b - on reinforced concrete consoles; 1 - balcony slab; 2 - floor slab; 3 - insulation; 4- cement screed; 5- waterproofing carpet; b-sex; 7-drain, 8-beam

Balcony railings are usually made in the form of a metal lattice. The most critical are the places for embedding fence posts into the slab and handrails into the wall.

Steel parts of balconies must be protected from moisture. To protect the beams from corrosion, they are concreted. Cement-sand or gypsum parts were used as architectural decorations for balconies. Fastening parts are most susceptible to destruction, so special attention is paid to their protection from atmospheric influences.

The balcony slab has a smooth bottom plane or ribs protruding along the contour, but in all cases, along the bottom of the outer edges of the slab, a drip should be arranged to prevent the outer surface of the building wall from getting wet. The upper plane of the balcony slab is made with a slope of 1-2% from the facade plane of the wall.

A waterproofing carpet is laid on top of the slab with its top mounted on the wall of the building. On the waterproofing layer, a floor of ceramic tiles is laid on a cement or asphalt screed, located 50-70 mm below the floor of the room, to which the balcony adjoins and 100-120 mm below the level of the door threshold.

Connection of a balcony slab with a ceiling of often ribbed slabs with lattice reinforcement - located perpendicular to the balcony projection:

a) vertical cut through the structural rib, b) placement of the balcony slab reinforcement;
1 - overlap of often ribbed slabs; 2 - crown crown; 3 - floor blocks; 4 - jumper from U-shaped blocks; 5 - finishing layers of the balcony; 6 - teardrop; 7 - the main reinforcement of the balcony slab; 8 - floor layers of slabs with lattice reinforcement; 9 - thermal insulation of the reinforced concrete crown; 10 - hollow blocks; 11 - floor beam; 12 - axis of the floor beam; 13 - tin roofing products; 14 - thermal insulation of the balcony slab

For the arrangement of balconies, special balcony slabs are used. Such slabs in large-block buildings are fastened by pinching the slab between transmission, wall and window sill blocks with welding of steel anchors with embedded parts of the lintel block and balcony slab.

Balcony slab connection from precast heavy concrete slabs :

a) vertical cut through the structural rib, b) placement of the balcony slab reinforcement;
1 - overlap of prefabricated slabs; 2 - crown crown; 3 - blocks; 4 - jumper from U-shaped reinforcement blocks in the hollow channels of the plates; 5 - finishing layers of the balcony; 6 - teardrop; 7 - upper reinforcement of the balcony slab; 8 - floor layers of heavy concrete; 9 - thermal insulation of the reinforced concrete crown; 10 - holes for concreting; 11 - tin roofing products; 12 - thermal insulation of the balcony slab

The upper reinforcement of the balcony is concreted in the channels of the prefabricated slab with a step through one channel.

In large-panel buildings, depending on the structures of the outer walls (bearing, non-bearing) and ceilings, various schemes for arranging balconies are used.



Balconies of large-element buildings: A - schemes for transferring forces from balcony slabs in panel buildings; a - on load-bearing external walls; b, c - on the floors; g - on attached racks; B - fastening details of balcony slabs in panel walls (type "c"); B - the same, in large-block walls; 1 - panel of the inner wall; 2 - outer wall panel; 3 - balcony slab; 4 - insulating insert; 5 - steel connections; 6 - floor slab; 7 - reinforcing outlets; 8 - cement mortar; 9 - concrete pouring; 10 - sealing; 11 - wall blocks

Overlapping of loggia-balconies is performed from balcony slabs, floor panels, as well as from special slabs with a reinforced facade rib. The overlapping of the built-in loggias-balconies is supported on the outer side walls of the loggias, and the external loggias and loggias-balconies are supported on special attached or hinged concrete walls - “cheeks”.

Railings for balconies and loggias consists of a metal grate and blind or lattice fences attached to it - screens.

The railings of balconies and loggias are made of metal gratings fixed in a concrete slab of the loggia (balcony) floor. The fence can be deaf with a lattice lining with decorative sheets of fiberglass, corrugated metal, etc., as well as with a brick wall a quarter of a brick thick.

The floors on the balconies and loggias are made of ceramic tiles, cement ironing of the surface, asphalt.

Loggias can be built into the volume of the building or protrude beyond the facade plane - remote, but in both cases they have a deaf side railing. With loggias built into the volume of the building, the installation of adjacent insulated side (end) walls is required.

In the ceilings of the loggias, wound up on the outer wall, in order to exclude cold bridges, heat-insulating gaskets are installed.

The design of remote loggias is carried out with the help of additional load-bearing or hinged side walls perpendicular to the facade, protruding consoles of the frame columns or cantilever beams pinched in the transverse internal walls.



Loggias in large-element houses: A - schemes of remote loggias; a - with load-bearing walls of loggias; b - with curtain walls of loggias; c - on the consoles of the internal load-bearing walls; d - on the consoles of the frame columns; B - structural elements of loggias in large-block buildings; B - the same in large-panel buildings; 1 - reinforced concrete slab of the loggia; 2 - floor panel; 3 - reinforced concrete screen; 4 - loggia wall; 5 - drain pipe; 6 - latch of the loggia wall; 7 - jumper large block; 8 - plinth decorative panel; 9 - large panel of the outer wall

The load-bearing side walls of the loggias are used only for mid-rise buildings. At the same time, to ensure the joint settlement of the loggias and the walls of the building, the side cheeks-walls of the loggias rest on the sections of the foundations of the transverse internal walls, which are placed beyond the plane of the facade.

The designs of sliding glazing of loggias have been developed, which to the greatest extent meets the requirements of comfort in the middle and northern climatic zones of Russia. When glazing balconies or loggias, a significant drawback arises, which is expressed in a decrease in the luminous flux by an average of 15-20%, since the wide vertical and horizontal imposts of the fencing frames prevent the passage of the luminous flux.

According to the constructive type, a loggia is a room open on one or more sides, included in the total volume of the building and fenced from the outside with a parapet. The loggia can be a separate structure or a type of balcony recessed into the building. Loggias are based in old buildings mostly on slabs or floor beams, in modern construction - on protruding pilasters. The flow of water from the loggias is carried out through the discharge holes. The slope of the loggia floor must be at least 5%. Loggia floors are usually waterproofed with rolled roofing or other insulating material.



Loggias and terraces: vertical section - a) loggias, b) terraces; 1 - fencing blocks; 2 - floor slabs; 3 - layer forming the slope; 4 - vapor barrier; 5 - crown insulation element; 6 - anti-damp insulation; 7 - cement coating layer; 8 - finishing layer; 9 - layer forming the floor and underground layer; 10 - concrete tiles

Frameless glazing eliminates this drawback. It is a frame assembled from four aluminum profiles, which, with an accuracy of 2 mm, repeats the dimensions of the opening of a balcony or loggia. The upper horizontal aluminum profile is load-bearing, with shelves along which a pair of double roller bearings roll, carrying sheets of tempered glass.

The lower profile is a guide. Vertical profiles with brush seals provide a tight abutment of glass to the walls of the loggia (balcony). All elements of the frame are attached to the walls, ceiling and railings of the loggia or balcony. The finished glazing is a solid wall of tempered glass 6 mm thick without frames and vertical posts. For ventilation, a mechanism for fixing open doors is provided.

Bay window— the volume of the internal space of the building, taken out of the facade plane, provides an increase in the insolation of the usable area of the room and aesthetically enriches the interior. In terms of bay windows, they can have a different configuration - rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal, semicircular, etc.

The bay window is an active means of the composition of the building, it emphasizes the articulation and plasticity of the facade plane. It can be a separate compositional accent, it can be rhythmically repeated along the vertical plane of the building, or, alternating with flat sections of the wall and sunken loggias, create an active light and shade plasticity of the facade.

The walls of the bay windows can be both load-bearing and non-bearing, they can be made in the form of a three-dimensional element hung on the building structure.

With load-bearing walls, bay windows are installed on foundation structures. With a hinged system, the bay window volume may not reach the foundations, interrupted anywhere along the vertical.

The non-bearing lightweight outer walls of the bay window are supported by various types of consoles of internal load-bearing structures - consoles of frame columns, beams pinched in internal walls, consoles of floor slabs.

In hinged bay windows, it is necessary to observe the conditions for thermal protection of its lower and upper floors, which are external enclosing structures.

An industrial three-dimensional bay window element has been developed, intended for use both in new construction and in the overhaul and reconstruction of residential buildings.

The three-dimensional bay window consists of an external reinforced concrete three-layer wall and one upper load-bearing floor, it is manufactured according to bench technology and delivered to the construction site with the maximum degree of prefabrication.

Bay windows are designed with load-bearing, self-supporting and non-bearing external walls. The load-bearing and self-supporting walls of the bay windows are installed on an independent foundation and designed similarly to the structures of the outer walls. The non-bearing outer walls of the bay windows are supported by special cantilever floor slabs that repeat the shape of the bay window plan.


	Bay window design: a - section along the bay window; b - bay window plan; 1 - lightweight outer wall; 2 - overlap; 3 - cement floor; 4 - slag; 5 - parquet; 6 - black floor; 7 - backfill; 8 - reinforced concrete slab; 9 - plaster

Brick vaults, which are the load-bearing filling between metal beams, were usually laid out on lime mortar, which, when moistened, quickly collapses with time.

Bay window - a part of the room enclosed by external walls, located behind the outer plane of the facade wall (closed balcony). The bay window increases the useful area of the room and somewhat improves insolation. In addition, it serves as a compositional means for the vertical division of the facade.

The bay window consists of a supporting and enclosing structure. The elements of the supporting structure are two or more single-span beams with cantilevers embedded in the outer or inner walls.

The elements of the bay window enclosing structure (walls, ceilings, floor) must have the necessary thermal resistance and low density, so the material for them is usually hollow ceramics, multi-hole or slotted bricks, foam concrete or reinforced concrete panels with an internal insulating layer. The bay window cover often serves as a balcony of the overlying floor - a flat roof.

The installation of balcony slabs is started along the entire length of the grip after the walls are erected and the ceiling is laid above the floor. Installation begins with the installation of lighthouse plates along the edges of the grip. To do this, they mark on the floor and fix the position of the balcony slab with risks. On subsequent floors, the position of the risks is additionally controlled on the balcony of the underlying floor, using a plumb line for this. After installing the lighthouse slabs, a wire cord-mooring is pulled along their outer upper edge for the length of the entire grip, and the rest of the slabs are installed along it. Plates are usually slinged with a four-branch sling. The mortar bed is leveled with a trowel, not bringing it 20 ... 30 mm to the edge of the wall.

Balcony slabs are laid by two installers, controlling the correct lowering of the slab according to the risks and the mooring cord. The slab must be laid horizontally or with a slight slope towards the free end. The horizontality of the slab is checked by laying the rule with a level in two mutually perpendicular directions. With a slope in the longitudinal direction, the slab is raised and lowered again, replacing the mortar bed. The slope towards the building is eliminated when installing temporary racks or rods.

Rice. 120. Temporary fastening of a balcony slab with a brace:
1 - balcony slab, 2 - rack

Temporary fasteners (Fig. 120) are installed immediately after laying the slab. To do this, racks 2 are placed on the balcony of the underlying floor and, using a screw spacer, they support the mounted plate 1. The position of the plate is adjusted by changing the length of the rack with a tension coupling 2. On the hook of the mounting mechanism, the slab remains suspended until the temporary fastening is fully installed and until the position of the slab is finally verified and the embedded parts are welded to the anchors.

Balcony slabs are usually fastened by welding steel rods to the mounting loops of floor slabs and balconies.

Fixing a screen made of armored glass to a metal fence

Fastening screens made of sheet materials to a metal fence

Fastening the cement screen to a metal fence

Fastening the reinforced concrete screen rack to the slab

Options for fastening a reinforced concrete screen to a dividing wall and a slab of a balcony or loggia

Scheme of installation of a metal ladder of a flower girl on a fence

Scheme of installing a metal flower girl on a fence

Installation of floors and sealing of waterproofing on the slabs of balconies or loggias

Series 1.137.1-9.1

Series 2.039 KL-1 Issue 1. Installation details for balconies, loggias, visors and cornices

Slabs of balconies and canopies, as a rule, should be installed along the axis of the opening.
In exceptional cases, when the slabs of balconies and canopies are displaced from the axis of the opening, a metal beam is installed to ensure stability, which is welded to the embedded parts of the slabs.


Installation of balcony slabs with transverse load-bearing walls	Installation of balcony slabs when supporting floor slabs on the wall

Installation of balcony slabs located not along the axis of the opening	Installation of canopy plates located along the axis of the opening

Installation of visor plates located not along the axis of the opening

The device of a cornice overhang at the external organized drainage of buildings with a cold attic	The device of a cornice overhang made of bricks with an unorganized drain

Possible balcony slabs: Series 1.137-3 "Issue 1. Slabs with a length of 239, 269, 329, 359 cm for large-block and brick walls and a length of 389 cm for brick walls."

Product brand	Length, mm	Width, mm	Weight, kg	volume, m3
RBC 33.11-4	3290	1140	1075	0,430
PBK 36.11-4	3590	1140	1175	0,470
PBK 33.12-5	3290	1240	1200	0,480
PBK 33.12-5а	3290	1240	1200	0,480
PBK 36.12-5	3590	1240	1300	0,520
PBK 36.12-5a	3590	1240	1300	0,520
PBK 39.12-5а	3890	1240	1400	0,560
RBC 33.13-6	3290	1340	1325	0,530
PBK 33.13-6а	3290	1340	1325	0,530
RBC 36.13-6	3590	1340	1425	0,570
PBK 36.13-6а	3590	1340	1425	0,570
PBK 39.13-6а	3890	1340	1550	0,620

Permissible loads on the balcony slab are regulated by SNiP 2.01.07-85* “Loads and impacts”: on a 0.8 m wide section along the balcony railing - 400 kgf/m2; over the entire balcony area - 200 kgf / m2. The standard design load on a balcony slab in a brick house is 112 kgf / m.p.

Loads should be taken into account when calculating the load-bearing structures of balconies (loggias) and wall sections in places where these structures are pinched.

SNiP 2.01.07-85* "Loads and impacts"

POINT LOADS AND RAILING LOADS

3.10. The load-bearing elements of floors, roofs, stairs and balconies (loggias) must be checked for a concentrated vertical load applied to the element in an unfavorable position on a square area with sides no more than 10 cm (in the absence of other temporary loads). If the construction task, based on technological solutions, does not provide for higher standard values of concentrated loads, they should be taken equal to:
a) for floors and stairs - 1.5 kN (150 kgf);
b) for attic floors, coverings, terraces and balconies - 1.0 kN (100 kgf);
c) for pavements, on which you can move only with the help of ladders and bridges - 0.5 kN (50 kgf).
Elements designed for local loads from equipment and vehicles possible during construction and operation may not be checked for the specified concentrated load.
3.11. The normative values of horizontal loads on the handrails of the railings of stairs and balconies should be taken equal to:
a) for residential buildings, preschool institutions, rest homes, sanatoriums, hospitals and other medical institutions - 0.3 kN / m (30 kgf / m);
b) for stands and sports halls - 1.5 kN/m (150 kgf/m);
c) for other buildings and premises in the absence of special requirements - 0.8 kN / m (80 kgf / m).

GOST 25697-83 Reinforced concrete slabs for balconies and loggias. General specifications.

(excerpt)

1.3. According to the method of support on the supporting structures and the nature of the work, the plates are divided into:
console- slabs fixed in the wall on one side or two adjacent sides;
beam - slabs supported on two opposite or three sides.

2. TYPES, MAIN PARAMETERS AND DIMENSIONS

2.1. Balcony slabs are divided into the following types:
PB - flat solid beams;
PBC- flat solid cantilever;
PBR - ribbed cantilever.

2.3. Plates for balconies and loggias with external evacuation stairs are produced in two versions:
right - with the location of the evacuation hatch in the slab on the right at the exit to the balcony or loggia;
left - the same, on the left when exiting to a balcony or loggia.
2.4. The shape of the plates is set depending on the local conditions of construction, the features of the structural systems of buildings, urban planning and architectural and artistic tasks.
2.5. The coordination length of the plates must be a multiple of the 3M module and be assigned in the range from 1200 to 7200 mm inclusive.

It is allowed for slabs of balconies and loggias intended for buildings with walls made of non-modular bricks to take a coordination length that is a multiple of 260 mm.
The coordination width of the plates must be a multiple of the module M and be assigned within:
for balcony slabs - from 1200 to 1800 mm inclusive.
for loggia slabs - from 900 to 3000 mm inclusive.

2.7. Flat beam slabs longer than 4500 mm must be prestressed.
2.8. Plates are made with mounting loops, with embedded products intended for the use of inventory screw-in loops, or without mounting loops when used to lift grippers. The manufacture of plates without mounting loops should be carried out by agreement between the manufacturer, the consumer and the design organization - the author of the building project.
2.9. The upper front surface of the slabs must have a slope (from the outer walls) of at least 3%. It is allowed, by agreement between the manufacturer and the consumer, to produce plates without a slope of the upper surface, provided that it is installed at the construction site.

2.11. In the slabs, coating or gluing waterproofing is provided, the type, thickness and application conditions of which are indicated in the working drawings. With a feasibility study and in agreement with the customer, it is allowed to manufacture slabs without waterproofing to ensure frost resistance and water tightness of concrete in accordance with the requirements given in the mandatory annex.

2.12. Plates are manufactured with finished upper front surfaces of one of the following types:
with a smooth concrete surface;
with a glossy concrete surface;
with polished mosaic finishing layer;
lined with ceramic tiles or natural stone tiles.

3.11.1. Deviations of the actual dimensions of the plates from the nominal ones indicated in the working drawings should not exceed, mm:
length for slabs length, mm:
up to 2500 ± 6
St. 2500 to 4000±8
St. 4000±10
the width and thickness of the slabs. ±5
by thickness for slabs with thickness, mm:
up to 100 ± 3
St. 100±5
3.11.2. Deviations of the actual dimensions of the ribs and the thickness of the flange in ribbed slabs, as well as the dimensions of protrusions, cutouts and holes in the slabs from the nominal ones indicated in the working drawings, should not exceed ± 5 mm.

To purchase or order a project, contact us in any way convenient for you, indicated on the site.

Recently, you are constantly looking for the answer to the question of how to make repairs on the balcony? You found it! It makes no sense to talk about the benefits of a balcony in our apartment. This truly dimensionless room helps us out over and over again, acting as a warehouse, cellar, pantry, smoking break, etc. And if you put your hands and imagination, then the balcony can be turned into an independent full-fledged room. But it's all about technically sound designs. In an emergency state, this is not only a useless, but also a dangerous application to the house. Balcony repair - a photo and an article prepared by us will help you cope with this task.

The fate of the emergency balcony can be decided by experienced specialists with a thorough examination. Only their verdict in the form of an examination report gives an answer to the question: to completely dismantle the old balcony and start building a new one, or is it still saved through a major overhaul?

Technical condition assessment

How to start repairing a balcony? From inspection. Moreover, the examination is thorough and with predilection. And only professionals with significant knowledge of strength of materials, building mechanics and extensive practical experience know how to make a balcony safe for many years.

It’s hard for a non-specialist to even imagine how to repair “it”! Let's give him one last chance.

Important: The balcony is the most dangerous structure of the house. Do not be careless and frivolous. The collapse of a balcony can turn a frail slab with a rotten fence into a granite slab with a fence in a quiet, peaceful place.

For the correct approach to the European-quality repair of a balcony, it should be understood that its reliability lies on three pillars:

Interaction and joint work of concrete and reinforcement.
Reliable fastening (pinching) in the wall of the building.
Reliable fencing.

So, what to pay special attention to when examining a balcony.

The state of the protective layer of concrete and its destruction.
The presence of corrosion of metal embedded parts and fittings.
Drainage metal drains. Condition, presence or absence of waterproofing.
The state of the fence.

Photo of the balcony after repair

Do-it-yourself balcony repair

Now to business. Emergency repairs are not for beginners. It's only at first glance, everything is simple. But let's analyze the repair of the balcony with our own hands in stages.

If the balcony slab is all rotten and crumbling, then you need to make it stronger. And as a basis, only the “living” part of the structure should be left. And everything that crumbles, crumbles, falls away - to be liquidated with all the proletarian hatred.

Next is concreting. Concrete must be at least B10 in strength and F32 in frost resistance, industrial production or prepared in a concrete mixer and poured at a time. It is under these conditions that the new concrete will bond with the old and the reinforcement into a single monolith and will not overload the rest of the balcony slab.

The suitability of reinforcement is determined based on the depth of corrosion of its rods. If the section diameter has decreased by no more than 10%, it can be used further (initially there was a margin of safety). You should also pay attention to places of corrosion. If the rods along the edge of the balcony slab are damaged, new rods can be added next to them. But if the damage has reached the wall, the reinforcing mesh during repair must be completely replaced with a new one.

Strengthening the balcony slab

The main thing when repairing a balcony is to restore the bearing capacity of the slab. And since it works on bending, the main safety factor of the balcony is the working reinforcement.

In the reinforcement cage of the balcony slab, the main rods lie perpendicular to the wall and work in tension.

Repair of a balcony in a panel house should be carried out very carefully due to the peculiarities of fixing the plate. The photo shows how to connect the reinforcement to the wall of the house.

We drill holes in the wall for 2/3 of the wall thickness, but not less than 20 cm in increments of 10 cm. We cut reinforcement bars with a diameter of at least 12 mm. The length of the rods should be: the width of the balcony plus the depth of the hole in the wall minus 30-35 mm (the protective layer of concrete at the end of the slab). We insert the rods into the holes to the full depth and caulk with cement mortar.

The ratio of the solution is 1:3. After its reliable setting, we install the longitudinal reinforcement rods parallel to the wall of the building with a step of 10 cm. We connect the reinforcement with knitting wire or weld it by welding. As a result, we have the supporting frame of the balcony slab.

We install the formwork and fill the slab. The concrete thickness above the reinforcing cage must be at least 20 mm.

But this is not enough. It is necessary to install thrust struts under the slab - modulons. This is a very effective way of strengthening, for the reason that the modulon, under the action of the plate, transfers the load to the wall, forcing it to work in compression.

Fact: Ancient stone balconies lie on the modulons for centuries, and after the next restoration they serve to this day.

It is not only a reinforcement, but also a beautiful design element of the whole house.

Thrust struts are made from channel No. 10-12. You can install struts both along the edges of the balcony and in the span of the slab. This method of strengthening allows not only to bring the bearing capacity to the standard, but also to exceed it.

Strengthening the balcony with the help of persistent struts - modulons.

There are only two negative conditions:

It is problematic to perform after glazing the lower balcony.
The height of the floor must be sufficient for the installation of modules. Otherwise, they will hang over the door and window opening of the lower floor.

If these conditions cannot be met, diagonal braces should be used to repair the balcony. One of its edges is welded to the metal frame of the plate or to the reinforcing cage. To fasten the second edge, it is necessary to strengthen the embedded part from the channel in the wall groove and weld the second edge of the jib to it. Fix the embedded part itself in the wall with through studs.

Important: when a balcony is being repaired in Khrushchev or in an older building, it should be understood that the wall can also be in a deplorable state. Therefore, the attachment points of the balcony repair elements to the wall should be given extremely close attention. This rule is true in both brick and panel houses.

With the help of diagonal jibs, you can perform high-quality reinforcement of balconies. The main thing is a reliable fastening.

Note: Unlike thrust struts, only two diagonal braces can be installed - along the edges of the balcony.

How to close gaps

Minor repair of the balcony is reduced to the following works:

sealing seams;
repair of crumbled edges;
replacing rusted railings.

cracks

Before repairing cracks, it is necessary to find out their depth. Either these are surface cracks only in the screed or they have penetrated deep into the slab. The second option is bad. Not only did the concrete lose its solidity, moisture and air got to the reinforcement through the cracks and imperceptibly, but successfully, do their destructive effect.

To determine the nature of the cracks, you must use a set of metal probes. If it more or less freely enters the crack by 20-40 mm and sharply rests, the crack is superficial, only in the screed. It can be closed up and safely use the balcony. But if the probe enters the crack tighter and tighter, and then jams, then the crack has gone into the slab. Here it is already necessary to knock down the screed and do a thorough revision of the plate before repair.

One detail should be paid attention to - the presence of a crack along the junction line of the slab and the wall. In this place there should be a rounding (fillet) made of mortar. It is made to close the joint from water ingress. Usually this crack is not dangerous, although it looks menacing.

Calculation of the allowable load

A typical balcony is designed for a maximum load of 12 kN, which is approximately equal to 1.77 tons. The calculation is based on the following initial data: 6 adults 85 kg each, 175 kg of things and objects, 200 kg of ice and snow. Plus double the margin of safety. As a result, we have:

(6×85+175+200)×2=1770 kg.

Based on this figure, each owner can calculate the weight of glazing, insulation, finishes and decide how much weight the balcony can withstand and how to use it after repair from a safety point of view. If the balcony is not typical and it is difficult to calculate its carrying capacity, a reconstruction or overhaul project should be ordered. The designers will accurately calculate how many kilograms the balcony can withstand after repair, and you do not need to rack your brains over what technology and materials to use during the repair.

We invite you to watch the repair of the balcony, the video clearly demonstrates the danger of emergency balconies.

Repair of loggias and balconies, the photo clearly demonstrates how a modern building can be made as a result of repairs.

Repair of the balcony after strengthening the structure

During the repair process, you can make the expansion of balconies or loggias on a slab or window sill. Thus, an increase in a small balcony and mount the supporting frame in front of the glazing. Further, step by step, we gradually carry out glazing, insulation inside, fine finishing with clapboard or other material.

Whenever possible, lightweight materials should be used for repairs. Thus, we will reduce the load on the balcony slab after repair.

Outcome

In conclusion, remember: high-quality repairs, and safe operation of the balcony consists of three components:

Expert assessment of the condition and recommendations of specialists.
Plate reinforcements.
Weight savings, but not at the expense of reliability and strength.

Composition of operations and controls

Stagesworks	Controlled Operations	The control(method, volume)
Preparatory work	Check: Availability of a quality document; Surface quality, accuracy of geometric parameters, appearance of plates, lintels; The presence of markings that determine the design positions of plates and lintels.	Visual Visual, measuring, every element
Installation of balcony slabs	Control: Installation of balcony slabs in the design position; Quality of welding work; Installation of reinforced concrete lintels in the design position.	Measuring, each element visual, measuring Measuring, each element
Acceptance of work performed	Check: The actual position of the mounted plates and lintels; The quality of the welded joints, the monolithic joints; The appearance of the elements.	Measuring Technical inspection Visual
Control and measuring tool: metal tape measure, metal ruler, plumb line, level, level.
Operational control is carried out by: foreman (foreman), engineer (laboratory assistant) - in the process of work. Acceptance control is carried out by: employees of the quality service, foreman (foreman), representatives of the technical supervision of the customer.

Technical requirements

SNiP 3.03.01-87 tab. 12

Balcony slabs:

The difference between the levels of the plane of the balcony slab and the floor of the room should be no more than 80-100 mm;

The slope of the balcony slab from the outer wall is 2%.

Jumpers:

Permissible deviations of the marks of the supporting surfaces of the wall - 10 mm;

The value of the support of the jumpers on the walls - according to the project;

The side surface of the jumpers should not go beyond the plane of the wall.

Requirements for the quality of the materials used

GOST 25697-83*. Slabs of balconies and loggias are reinforced concrete. General specifications.

GOST 948-84. Reinforced concrete lintels for buildings with brick walls. Specifications.

Reinforced concrete lintels are allowed to be manufactured with a technological slope of the side and end faces. The dimensions of the bottom face of the jumper can be smaller than the corresponding sizes of the top face:

In length - up to 20 mm;

Width - up to 8 mm.

The values of the actual deviations of the geometric parameters of the lintels and balcony slabs should not exceed the limit values indicated in the table.

Work instructions

SNiP 3.03.01-87 paragraphs. 2.112, 3.4

Balcony slabs and lintels are mounted simultaneously with the construction of external walls.

The supporting parts of the masonry for prefabricated reinforced concrete structures must be made of whole bricks in bonded rows.

When installing balcony slabs, it is necessary to perform temporary fastenings in the form of supports made of timber. Permanent fastening must be carried out immediately in accordance with the requirements of the project. Metal embedded parts hidden in the masonry are subject to protection with an anti-corrosion coating. For the welding of fittings, embedded parts and for the sealing of balcony slabs, certificates of examination of hidden works must be drawn up.

Grease and rust stains are not allowed on the front surfaces of reinforced concrete products.

Markings and signs are applied on the end side of the lintel, and on the balcony slab - on the end side hidden in the wall.

The label must contain:

The brand of the product;

Short name of the manufacturer;

date of manufacture;

The value of the mass of the product.