The main stages of brickwork technology. Brickwork technology: basics for beginners

To organize the construction of walls, bricks are not enough. You need a solution, tools and, of course, skillful hands. Brick buildings are the most durable and warm, therefore, despite the high price, most owners of suburban areas prefer to build them.

Brickwork is quite heavy, so when building walls, you need to consider whether it will harm the overall structure of the building.

For brickwork, ceramic or silicate bricks are used. The main indicator of the reliability of the material is its brand. This value is indicative of the ability to resist compressive failure. For the construction of external walls of private houses, brick grade 75 or 100 is usually used. A plinth, a partition, a fireplace can be built from clay material. silicate used in construction outbuildings.

Before laying the first row of a brick wall, it is necessary to determine the thickness of the wall, which depends on the number of floors in the building, its purpose and climatic conditions in the region. The construction of 1 m² of wall requires 50-60 bricks. A strong and aesthetically pleasing structure can only be built from elements correct form without chips, cracks and irregularities. To improve the heat-saving characteristics of the building and reduce weight, hollow material is used during the construction of main walls.

Preparatory stage

First you need to prepare a solution that can be made according to various technologies. A cement-based mortar is kneaded from sand and cement in a ratio of 3: 1. The mixture is kneaded in a large container required quantities, you can use a construction mixer for these purposes.

The solution is prepared immediately before the start of construction work, otherwise it may lose its plasticity. It should be noted that the cement mortar is quite rigid.

Lime mortar has greater plasticity, but it is less durable. To prepare it, fine sand is added to filtered through a sieve. milk of lime. The mixture is stirred, gradually pouring in water; clay or cement can be added to increase the strength of the solution.

Such a mixture is rarely used in the construction of main walls, but it is ideal for laying furnaces. Lime-cement mortar is prepared using the same technology, but sand is mixed with cement in the required ratio. It is suitable for all types of brickwork.

Methods for making brickwork

Brick walls can be built using the following technologies:

When choosing the butt method, the cement-sand mortar is laid out in an even layer 3 cm thick. To form the masonry, 2 bricks are taken, which are laid flat at an angle, at a distance of 10 cm from the laid elements. Bricks are moved to those already set by gently turning. When moving the front ribs, excess mortar is formed that fills the seams.
Brickwork with trimming implies the complete filling of gaps with their further cleaning. The cement mortar is applied with an indent of 10 cm, the structural elements are laid in the same way as in the construction of butt. Excess solution is removed with a trowel. It is necessary to use a more rigid solution, an excessively plastic mass will spread, and it will be difficult to remove it.
The device of a brick wall using the clamping technology is more laborious, but the house will be more reliable. The solution is applied with the expectation of laying a large amount of material. Laying out a row, leave an indent from the corner of 10 cm. Before forming the first row, the mortar is leveled with one hand, and the brick is held with the other. A small amount of mortar is pressed with a trowel against the edge of the stacked block. next brick stack, pressing against the previous one. Excess solution is removed.
Laying in a semi-split involves the use of a slightly different technology. The mortar is placed between the inner and outer edges of the wall, the bricks are placed in the distance between them. During the construction of masonry using this technology, 2 bricks can be laid simultaneously.

During construction brick walls building you will need the following materials and tools:

brick;
cement;
sand;
a container for preparing a solution;
construction mixer;
Master OK;
pick;
plumb;
level;
masonry mesh.

Before starting the laying of the first row, the foundation of the future building must be marked with a string.

To ensure the evenness of the masonry, the bricks are laid along a rope stretched in advance.

Start laying from the corner of the future building, continuing along the length of the wall. Corner bricks are first placed on the cement mortar, which are connected with a cord. Focusing on it, lay out the entire row. The lace indicates the height of the row and allows you to correctly position the masonry elements. When building walls with a thickness of less than 30 cm, the cord can be installed on one side, when building thicker structures, on both sides. After that, you can apply and level the layer with a trowel. cement mixture 2 cm thick.

The solution must be applied with an indent of 2 cm from the outside of the masonry, in which case it will not flow out of the joints, the builder will not have to spend extra time cleaning. The layout of the first row should be taken with special responsibility, the horizontal and vertical edges of the bricks should be checked with a level. The strength of the entire wall depends on this part. After filling the distance between the guide bricks, the masonry mesh is fixed on top.

As a conclusion

Brickwork made according to the technology will make your home reliable and warm. It is very important to properly prepare the mortar and choose the brand of brick. Special attention should be given to the initial rows of masonry. The most durable walls are built using 100 grade bricks, but this requires more effort.

The walls of outbuildings can be erected at more than simple technologies using a brick of any quality.

When erecting walls and pillars, the edge of the foundation serves as the basis for brickwork. When erecting partitions and some non-bearing structural elements, masonry can be erected on the installed floor slab. The most difficult is the preparation of the base for the brickwork of the foundation: usually the base in this case is compacted soil and a sand and gravel pad.

The base for laying should be even, this indicator is checked using a horizontal level, and on large areas- using a level (a special device for measuring elevation differences). In addition, the substrate must be clean and moist. Humidification is necessary so that the base material does not absorb moisture from masonry mortar. If the laying begins on the edge of the foundation, covered with waterproofing material, the base does not need to be moistened.

On the prepared base, with the help of measuring instruments, they make an accurate marking of all corners and junctions of the walls, marking the pillars in accordance with the project.

Setting orders

The installation of orders is necessary to maintain the geometric correctness of the masonry. However, before installation, it is necessary to erect shtrabs (beacons) at the corners of the building and at intervals of 4-5 m on straight sections, since the orders are fixed in the seams of the brickwork. Penalties for the primary fixing of the orders are laid out, focusing on the measuring instruments and the marking of the base.
Orders are set strictly vertically (checking the position with a plumb line) in the corners of the masonry, at the intersection of walls and at intervals of no more than 4-5 m on flat sections of the wall. Instead of intermediate orders, which are necessary so that the mooring cord does not sag at too great a distance, beacons can be installed - individual bricks protruding beyond the edge of the wall. The interval between intermediate orders or beacons may vary, the main condition is that the mooring cord stretched over these beacons does not sag.

The divisions in the order must correspond to the design marks of the masonry joints. Orders are set together. In the process of masonry, the ordering periodically has to be rearranged to a new height.

Having determined the desired position for the next ordering, the workers fix it in the seams of the masonry using special brackets with a screw clamp (clamps) or hooks. Fasteners lead into special holes. Two fasteners are required for one order. Staples are inserted into horizontal seams every 6-8 rows of masonry in height, strictly one above the other. When one or two rows of bricks are laid out above the second (upper) bracket, the order is inserted into the holders and fixed in the desired position.

After installing the fasteners, check the verticality of the order. It is convenient if the ordering or its fasteners are equipped with adjusting screws to adjust its position and better press against the masonry. Otherwise, it is customary to use wooden wedges.

The order is set with the front side (the one on which the divisions are marked) to the workplace of the bricklayer (as a rule, this is the inner side of the wall).

If necessary, remove the order (for transfer to a new location or at the completion of work), carefully loosen the fastening of the bracket or hook and pull it out of the masonry seam.

Moorage stretching

A mooring cord is necessary to ensure the correct laying of rows and bricks in a row. The cord is pulled along the orders and lighthouses, fastening on special brackets-holders or on nails recessed into the seam or fixed on the order. In the course of work, the cord is rearranged together with the holders (if the holder is not fixed permanently in order). In order to “painlessly” remove the bracket from the mortar joint, the order with the holder is gently swayed from the wall and towards the wall, gradually pulling it out of the set mortar.

The cord is pulled only after checking the verticality of the established orders. The mooring is pulled for each row of masonry. If the wall thickness exceeds 30 cm, the cord is pulled on both sides of the masonry (external and internal). The mooring is installed in such a way that a gap of 2 mm remains between the future masonry and the cord. In the absence of this gap (if the bricks are laid close to the pier), the masonry surface may turn out to be uneven due to the accidental displacement of the pier by bricks.

supply of bricks

Bricks are delivered to the wall (or other structure being erected) from the warehouse area of the workplace and laid out along the wall. At this stage, it is necessary to prepare incomplete bricks, if they are needed in the masonry of this site.

In the manufacture of incomplete stones from hollow bricks, only bricks without visible damage(cracks, dents). The sound when tapping a whole brick should be clear. The fault line is marked on all four faces of the hollow brick, cracks are punched with a bricklayer's hammer, then the inside of the brick partitions is split with a chisel or chisel, and only then the corners.

Solid bricks are not as brittle, but caution is required here as well. Fault lines are also marked on all four faces, each of them is lightly beaten, then the desired part is separated with a sharp, precise blow.

For the outer verst of facing masonry, only whole bricks (without chips), with even edges and corners, are used.

Preparation, spreading and leveling of the solution

Mortar for masonry is mixed immediately before work. If it was prepared a little earlier, it is shoveled before being laid on the wall (thoroughly mixed with a mortar shovel in a box). The mortar is applied to the wall with a mortar shovel, then leveled with a trowel.

The solution laid on the wall for further laying of bricks is called a garden bed. The bed has the shape of a rectangle with rounded corners or an oval. Under the laying of the spoon row, the mortar is placed with the side face of the shovel and spread to a width of 7-10 cm. For the bonded row, the width of the beds is 20-22 cm. 10 mm), and the length should not exceed 70-80 cm. An indent of 2 cm is made from the front surface of the masonry for applying the solution.

If necessary, horizontal seams are reinforced every 4-6 rows, placing reinforcement in them in the form of rods or metal mesh. This method of reinforcement is used, for example, in the construction of walls in half or a quarter of a brick, as well as in the construction of capital structures of high strength.

Bricklaying

The laying of the walls of the building begins with external structures, namely, from the corners of the external walls, the ends of the walls, from door and window openings. Depending on the method of work, fines are erected at the corners, as well as at intervals of 4-5 m. These lighthouses establish orders and pull moorings.

Laying is carried out at an air temperature of at least 5 ° C. Bricks are laid on the laid mortar bed from left to right. Moisturize them before putting them in place.

First, when performing a series, they lay versts, then - backfills. The work is carried out in stages: spread the solution under the outer verst; stack; spread the solution under the inner verst; lay the inner verst; spread the solution under the rubble; lay a rubbish. This sequence can be changed depending on the masonry dressing system and the way the work is organized.

In between works, the upper part of the masonry must be closed plastic wrap to protect against atmospheric moisture (even if the weather is without precipitation). The longer the break without proper shelter, the more moisture can enter the masonry through the unprotected part, gradually leading to the destruction of the structure.

The brick laid on the bed is knocked down (upset) with the trowel handle or the blunt side of the bricklayer's hammer, setting exactly in place: in accordance with the stretched mooring and the normative thickness of vertical and horizontal seams. Bricks are laid along the mooring cord so that the upper face of the brick is flush with the cord stretched for the current row.

During the laying of bricks, excess mortar may appear on the surface of the masonry. It is removed with a trowel and laid on top of a brick or in unfilled vertical seams.

Checking the quality of masonry

With the help of control and measuring tools, the quality of the completed section or a whole row of masonry is checked and, if necessary, adjustments are made.

In the process of masonry, periodically check the correct dressing of the seams, the quality of the seams and surfaces, the verticality and horizontality of the surfaces and corners of the masonry, and the correct installation of embedded parts.

The angles are checked with a square, the horizontal and vertical masonry and its elements are checked with a rule, level and plumb. It is necessary to check the quality of the masonry every 50-60 cm of the wall height: in this case, the error, if it is detected, is easy to correct when further work. Bricks can only be moved if the mortar has not yet set, otherwise the quality of the masonry will be impaired. Therefore, despite periodic monitoring, the laying process itself must take place with a constant focus on orders, moorings and plumb lines.

A periodic check of the horizontality of the rows is carried out using the rule (a long straight rail) and the level: the rule is placed on the surface of the row, a building level is placed on it.

To check the thickness of horizontal seams, measure the height of 5-6 rows of masonry and calculate the average seam value in these rows (to do this, subtract the total height of the bricks in these rows from the measurement obtained and divide the difference by the number of horizontal seams in the measured masonry section). In the same way, the average thickness of the vertical seams within one row is measured.

After the construction of each floor top rows masonry is checked for horizontality. If possible, this is best done with a level: the measurements will be more accurate than when using the building level.

Detected deviations in the masonry, if they do not exceed the allowable values, are eliminated at the level of the overlap or (if possible) along the course of the masonry.

Stitching

The seam in the brickwork must be processed, especially if the masonry is facing (not for subsequent finishing). Unembroidered seams shorten the life of the masonry. The seam must be sealed when the mortar in it has not yet hardened, otherwise the adhesion of the new mortar to the already dried one will be required. With poor adhesion, the grout from the grout may fall off over time. Embedding with mortar and jointing is carried out by laying out the next 3-4 rows of masonry (subject to continuous work). That is, lay out 3-4 rows, process the seams in these rows and proceed to laying the next rows.

The seam is filled with a solution, the selected tool (joint or handy device) is placed in it perpendicular to the masonry plane and carried out along the seam with some constant force.

The vertical seams are embroidered first, then the horizontal ones. As a rule, if the seam is made recessed relative to the front surface of the brick, this penetration is no more than 2 mm. The remains of the mortar are scraped off from the outer parts of the brick before the mortar hardens.

There are many factories for the production of bricks in Russia, they are distributed throughout Russia in such a way that the sales market is located within the largest radius of 50 ... 100 km from any construction site. And the technology of erecting brick walls has been worked out and tested by time, load-bearing walls and partitions are being built from it. Such walls are strong, durable and fireproof. All these circumstances make brick a truly popular building material in Russia.

By erecting brick walls, you can get many advantages of such a house:

a brick house is considered a sign of the wealth of its owners, which is important for those for whom status is important;
allows you to embody any imagination of the architect, including any curve in terms of the shape of the house and the curvature of the elements of facade planes (for example, window openings); brick is the only material from which various facade decorations can be made, even the smallest ones, which we see everywhere on the facades of old brick religious (and not only) buildings;
brick is durable: good brick for decades, natural factors that can actively destroy some other types of building materials, for example, unprotected gas silicate blocks, have not been afraid;
brick does not burn, which makes brick houses more preferable than wooden houses;
the structure of the brick allows the walls to "breathe", creating a favorable temperature and humidity regime in the house;
brick walls are transparent to the waves electromagnetic radiation harmful to humans, no reflecting screen is created for them;
the mass of the brick makes it possible to make partitions (even 65 mm thick) soundproof;
and finally, brick walls are just beautiful, they allow you to choose from many options for masonry, from simple to decorative.

However, there are no ideal building materials, and brick has disadvantages that must be taken into account when designing brick houses:

the need for a reinforced foundation, since the mass of brick walls is high, compared, for example, with wooden houses;
insufficient heat-shielding qualities of bricks limit the construction of solid brickwork in cold areas of construction;
brick walls warm up for a long time in autumn and accumulate moisture in winter if the housing has not been heated for a long time;
high price brick house may be an obstacle to its acquisition.

Types of bricks

There are quite enough types of bricks to choose one that would meet any needs of future residents of the house. To get an idea of what the modern brick market offers, we classify it according to several criteria.

Depending on the sizes bricks.

In the Russian market, unchanged standard brick sizes are presented. So, ceramic single brick ordinary corpulent (it is also called corpulent clay ordinary) has dimensions of 250x120x65 mm. The dimensions and weight of such a brick, which is 4.3 kg, allow the bricklayer to lift it with one hand. The silicate brick has the same dimensions.

A brick with a height of 88 mm is called modular, because, taking into account the mortar joint of 12 mm, its height is 100 mm, i.e. is a multiple of the module M (and we remember that the module M is 100 mm).

By appointment:

ordinary fired clay brick is intended for laying the bearing part of the wall, including when building foundations;
silicate brick - only for laying walls, not allowed in the construction of foundations due to low water resistance;
hollow ceramic brick, glazed, with various additives, for example with straw, ceramic face clinker (from the Dutch word "klink", meaning "clean ringing", which is created when clinker is tapped), including figured - all these bricks are intended only for finishing external facade surfaces.

By way manufacturing:

plastic method - molding, this is the most common method in which bricks are made from fusible clays and loams without additives or with the addition of sawdust, ash, etc.; this is how ordinary fired clay bricks are obtained;
semi-dry method - pressing, in which a moistened mixture of lime and quartz sand is pressed and then steamed in autoclaves (without firing); this is how silicate brick is obtained;
hyperpressing - pressing under a pressure of 600 ... 900 atmospheres, at which cold welding crushed mineral materials; in this way a facing brick is obtained.

By color scale.

The coloring depends on the additives and the color of the clay. The range of brick colors is wide: from dark red to yellow, apricot, almost white.

By form brick, along with standard parallelepiped formats, can be produced in figured versions: with rounded or beveled edges, figured.

a, b - finishing of window sills; c, d - door and window openings, columns, outer corners; e, e - external and internal corners; w, h - walls, semi-columns

Such bricks are used for decorating exterior window sills, facing door and window openings, exterior corners of a building, columns and semi-columns, etc. Brick dimensions are from 180 to 240 mm in length, from 115 to 152 mm in height, and 60 mm in depth.

By texture brick can be smooth, rough, rugged relief.

By texture(texture is the structural features of a solid body) a brick can be:

full-bodied, which has no voids;
hollow, with voids.

Hollow bricks are considered efficient. Why? Their effectiveness lies in the increase in heat-shielding qualities, which is achieved by closed voidness and porosity. Voids, including small pores, help to reduce heat transfer, thereby improving the heat-shielding properties of the material.

It would seem that it’s good - we will build from hollow bricks: the walls are thinner, the labor intensity is lower, the construction time is shorter

Hollow bricks have cavities. When laying, the mortar enters the cavities, fails, causing damage to thermal protection due to: a) the appearance of voids in the seams through which cold will penetrate, and b) filling the cavities with a solution whose heat-shielding properties are worse than those of solid brick. As a result, the meaning of using hollow bricks is lost.

In the meantime, the production of bricks is being improved. The Thermolux brick was created. The peculiarity is that the cavities do not go to the upper bed. The thermal conductivity coefficient of this brick is 0.18 ... 0.20, which in terms of thermal protection makes it much more efficient than conventional hollow bricks. Thus, modern requirements for thermal protection of buildings in our lane will be met with a wall thickness of 0.66 m.

But there is one feature. The fact is that the bricks are laid on a cement-but-sand mortar - a horizontal seam of brickwork, the thermal conductivity of which is higher than that of Thermolux. Cold bridges form through the seams, reducing the efficiency of the brick. Therefore, it is reasonable to lay the mortar with gaps along the width of the masonry, thereby creating thermal connectors.

The advantages of Thermolux brick include the fact that it is a strong enough material to build buildings up to 9 floors high from it.

There are also disadvantages of such a brick, which its manufacturers are silent about. Thermolux has closed cavities. It was said above that a closed volume is a fertile place for condensate to fall out, which, freezing, will do its job in worsening the facade appearance and heat-shielding properties. Time will tell its durability; it may turn out that the loss of the facade appearance will block its heat-shielding advantages.

The durability of a solid brick has been proven not only for decades - for centuries! Let us recall places of worship and castles that have stood for several centuries in our climate (for example, the Andronikov Monastery in Moscow was built in the 14th century).

Types of solid (single-layer) masonry brick walls

The brick is laid on the mortar, thus connecting the bricks vertically. A horizontal seam with a height of 10 ... 12 mm is formed. In a row of bricks, there is also a mortar joint between them, the width of which is 10 mm.

The linear dimensions of the walls should be assigned not only in accordance with the MKRS, but also with the obligatory consideration of the dimensions of the brick, including the seams.

a - type of masonry; dressing and sizes of masonry seams; c - processing of masonry seams; 1 - inlet; 2- undercut; 3, 4, 5 - stitching.

Every 4 rows of laying ordinary bricks in height, taking into account the seam of 10 mm, are 300 mm. Knowing this, it is easy to calculate the level at which the floor is supported.

Brick laying is necessarily carried out with dressing of seams, i.e. with vertical seams. This is necessary in order to:

ensure the joint work of individual stones, evenly distributing pressure in the masonry; the wall becomes monolithic;
exclude the formation of cold bridges (we remember that the thermal resistance R of the solution is lower than that of a brick); the horizontal seam turns out to be through, and the vertical one is broken with bricks: after all, the displacement occurs not only in the outer layer of the masonry, but also in the inner layers.

Types of masonry are characterized by rows. Rows are the number of spoon and poke rows alternating in a certain order in a fragment that repeats along the height of the masonry. So, in a single-row masonry, the bricks are laid in the same way, but with the joints offset by half of the underlying brick. In a two-row chain masonry, the bonder and spoon rows alternate sequentially. This is the most durable system and the most rigid: it does not tolerate uneven settlement of the building, causing cracks along the wall; however, it is the least sensitive to its longitudinal stratification. The four-row cross masonry has the same advantage. Moreover, in the cross masonry there is a uniform stepping of the seams, which is favorable for the perception of loads, and in the chain laying there is an uneven stepping of the seams.

Types of solid (single-layer) masonry brick walls (numbers indicate rows of the same type):

a - single-row spoon; b - single-row tychkovy; in - two-row chain; g - two-row chain Gothic; d - four-row cross; e - six-row.

Types of solid (single-layer) masonry brick walls (continued): g - multi-row mosaic; h, i - multi-row decorative.

Examples of serial laying of brick walls (the numbers of the rows are shown on the axonometry):

a - chain laying; b - multi-row (six-row) masonry; c, d - row plans; 1 - spoon row; 2 - bonder row; 3 - longitudinal seam; 4 - transverse seam.

AT decorative masonry vertical seams in the outer layer in the spoon rows coincide. This weakens the strength of the masonry, especially bearing walls. Such masonry looks good in fences (fences) or as a finishing layer of a wall. Here strength is not a priority factor.

We remember that the outer wall performs strength and enclosing functions. In terms of strength indicators, a wall 380 mm thick in a two-, three-story building is quite satisfactory (even with concrete floor), and a wall with a thickness of 510 mm can withstand up to seven floors. These are good solid walls made of homogeneous material. Such walls can be finished with plaster or facing bricks. In this case, it is necessary to bind the layers either with stainless steel meshes or with a laying row of bricks.

Rationale for the consolation of brick walls

Starting to develop a residential building project, the designer must take into account the sanitary and hygienic requirements for housing (they were described above) and the comfort of living: a favorable temperature and humidity regime. In this case, the focus on maintaining heat in the house has become crucial.

Calculation example. Let us determine the calculated resistance R of solid brickwork from solid bricks. The thermal conductivity coefficient X for a solid brick is 0.67 W / ° C m. Then R for a layer thickness of 510 mm in the conditions of Moscow and the Moscow region will be:

R \u003d δ / λ \u003d 0.51 / 0.67 \u003d 0.76 ° C m 2 / W.

To obtain the required value of R, equal to 3.33 ° С m 2 /W, we will make a reverse calculation by determining the thickness of the layer of continuous brickwork necessary to meet the current requirements for thermal protection of residential buildings: δ = Rxλ = 3.33 x 0.67 = 2.23 m.

Having made such an elementary calculation for masonry from hollow bricks, we get δ equal to 1.54 m (λ is 0.44), the same for silicate brick - 2.84 m (λ is 0.81).

For comparison, the thickness of a reinforced concrete layer with a value of λ equal to 1.7 will be: δ = 3.33 x 1.7 = 5.66 m.

As you can see, if walls are erected from a homogeneous material that provides not only strength, but also thermal protection, then the walls must be of exorbitant thickness, which will lead to unreasonable material costs and loss of building area and premises.

Constructive techniques will help save the situation, namely:

the erection of walls of a layered structure, including an insulating layer of effective materials that can keep heat in the house;
the use of building materials with the best heat-shielding properties.

Characteristics of modern heaters

The essence of the layered structure of the wall is the inclusion of special materials - heaters - in the wall structure. The effectiveness of heaters lies in their high thermal resistance, i.e. high thermal protection values.

In residential construction, the main players in this field are glass- or mineral-based fiber materials and expanded polystyrenes. Let's classify them according to different criteria.

According to the type of feedstock and combustibility, the mentioned materials are:

organic, which, in turn, are divided into:

normally combustible and highly combustible - at 70 ... 110 ° C they emit toxic combustion products and contribute to the rapid spread of fire; these include polystyrene foams, polyurethane foams (applied by spraying with a foaming polyurethane mixture, good for thermal insulation of roofs), polyethylene foams (good sound insulation), foamed rubber;
moderately combustible and slightly combustible - foam plastics (cellular plastics) and foam plastics (porous plastics), to which substances are added that reduce the combustibility of these materials (withstand temperatures up to 410 ° C);

inorganic:

basalt mineral wool, which is classified as non-combustible materials, since it can withstand temperatures up to 600 ° C and glass wool (glass wool), which is also classified as non-combustible materials, since it can withstand temperatures up to 450 ° C;
foam glass (cellular glass), which can also be classified as non-combustible materials, since, depending on the structure, it can withstand temperatures from 400 to 1000 ° C.

Regarding the incombustibility of mineral and glass wool, a reservation must be made: these materials do not burn in the sense that they do not burn with fire.

By density and scope of mineral wool can be divided into:

rolled (y \u003d 100 ... 150 kg / m 3) - it can only be laid on a horizontal or slightly sloping surface; at the same time, on a low-slope surface, it must be well protected with waterproofing to avoid moisture saturation;
semi-rigid slabs (y \u003d 75 ... 300 kg / m 3) are used for insulation mainly of walls;
rigid plates (y \u003d 100 ... 400 kg / m 3) - are used for insulating walls, ceilings, coatings with a classic composition of layers.

According to the method of manufacture and scope of application, expanded polystyrenes (EPS) can be divided into:

conventional expanded polystyrenes, the main manufacturing methods of which are two - suspension polymerization and mass polymerization; it makes no sense to go into the details of these technologies, let's just say that such PPS are used in the insulation of walls, coatings, ceilings;
extruded polystyrene EPS; it differs from conventional PPS by manufacturing technology (forcing the melt through a press extruder), which makes it possible to obtain particularly small cells - up to 0.2 mm; It is the small size of the cells that provides extruded PPS with high performance and popularity in construction. Studies of the operation of EPPS have shown that it works most effectively with thermal insulation of foundations, including slabs.

4) By structure:

fibrous material - mineral (basalt, stone) and glass wool;
cellular material, with closed pores - expanded polystyrenes.

In terms of heat-shielding properties, today these are really effective materials.

At mineral wool and polystyrene is about the same. But mineral wool works worse, especially wool with a low density: it is a fibrous material that shrinks over time, which worsens its heat-shielding properties. In addition, with insufficient moisture protection, it is saturated with moisture. Moisture not only does not contribute to its thermal efficiency, but also when negative temperature freezes, destroying the wool fibers.

The picture is different for expanded polystyrenes. This is a cellular material with closed pores that does not absorb moisture and, therefore, it is not afraid of any water and frost, in which the absorbed moisture could freeze.

There is another type of insulation that is not so often used in low-rise construction, but for the sake of completeness it is worth mentioning. This is foam glass (cellular glass). It is produced in plates and blocks with dimensions of 500x400x80/140 mm. The density of the material is 150...600 kg/m 3 , the coefficient of thermal conductivity is 0.06...0.14 W/°C m. It is applied to warming of walls, overlappings, coverings.

Lately on Russian market a linen insulation appeared - VAL-FLAX thermal fiber (manufacturer Russia). This is an environmentally friendly linen fiber insulation, consisting of 85% linen and 15% thermal bonding fiber. Suitable for all objects of modern low-rise construction, including wooden housing construction. Plate dimensions - 900x600x50/100 mm. The positive properties of the material include: good soundproofing properties, does not lose shape, does not cake and does not settle, absorbs odors and inhibits painful microflora. However, this combustible material, and in order to ensure fire safety, it is treated with a fire retardant, which casts doubt on the environmental friendliness of linen insulation when placed indoors.

The total thermal resistance of the entire wall structure R0 is determined by the sum of the thermal resistance of all layers. So it turns out that the lack of a thin stone wall is compensated by the heat-shielding properties of the insulation.

Structural solutions for brick walls of a layered structure

By laying insulation in the outer walls, we increase the thermal protection of the house. The bearing and insulating parts of the wall are mounted in layers; hence the name of such a structure - layered. This design also copes well with the soundproofing of the home.

The bearing layer must be designed for strength from the loads acting on it: from the own weight of masonry, ceilings, roofs, as well as from temporary loads. To ensure the bearing capacity of a brick wall in two-story house, its thickness must be at least 380 mm. Walls with a thickness of 250 mm can only be built on one floor.

Please keep in mind. Walls with a thickness of 250 mm must be checked for sufficient strength and stability of the walls, without which, as a rule, there are no external walls. Still, it is more reliable to build a load-bearing part of the wall with a thickness of at least 380 mm.

The insulation layer can be located:

with outside outer wall, then we are talking about external thermal insulation;
from the inside of the outer wall, i.e. from the side of the room, this is internal thermal insulation.

Let's talk about outdoor insulation first. External thermal insulation stores heat better (you can draw an analogy with fur products: a fur coat, in which the villi of the fur are out, warms better than a sheepskin coat). There is another aspect in favor of external thermal insulation. The load-bearing layers of the outer wall are in a warm contour at all times of the year: in winter the room is heated, and in summer it is already warm. They are not subject to temperature fluctuations or changes in humidity. They are also not destroyed by frost, because they are protected from freeze / thaw cycles - the most adverse effect in our strip: the cycles "swing" the effect of moisture, and the unprotected structure suffers.

Insulation plates (mineral wool or expanded polystyrene) are first glued to the bearing layer of bricks using special glue, and then they are also fastened with dowels, staggered throughout the wall field. The distance between the dowels is about 50 cm. The type of dowel depends on the material of the wall bearing layer. In the case of finishing the facade with plaster, the same dowels hold the grid along which the wall is plastered (for more details, see the section “Facade Finishing”).

If the wall structure has a finishing layer connected to the main layer with reinforcement (grids, loops, etc.), then the insulation is laid between the connection reinforcement.

Vapor barrier layer. Now the requirement of vapor tightness comes into play. The physics of the process lies in the fact that during the frosty period, warm air from the room carries steam with it, which penetrates the thickness of the wall and further into the insulation. Steam penetrates not only through the pores of the brick, but also through microcracks in the seams and bricks (the walls of a low-rise building are not a very rigid structure, and microcracks may appear during seasonal fluctuations in the base). In the insulation layer, steam falls out in the form of condensed moisture, which, when frozen, worsens the heat-shielding properties of the insulation material and even destroys it, fungal mold may occur.

When developing stone wall structures, a calculation is always carried out for the resistance to vapor permeability of the inner layer of the wall (calculation for possible moisture accumulation). Despite the fact that brick, lightweight concrete blocks and reinforced concrete are vapor-permeable materials, the thickness of the layer may be sufficient to prevent the penetration of steam into the insulation. For example, a layer of bricks 510 and 380 mm thick completely protects the insulation from vapor permeation. But in the construction of a wall with an inner layer thickness of 250 mm, additional protection from the side of the room in the form of a vapor-tight material is required. Without it, the heater will not be able to work efficiently and for a long time.

The penetration of steam into the insulation is to some extent prevented by internal plaster and glue, on which the insulation is glued. However, this may not be enough. Then vapor barrier materials are used: polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film, isospan B or some other similar material offered modern market. In this case, the insulation is attached only with dowels.

When installing a vapor barrier, do not forget that in this case the brick loses its wonderful ability to “breathe”, creating a comfortable humidity regime in the house. Although some manufacturers of vapor barrier materials advertise them as breathable but not vapor permeable, these claims must be taken with caution.

External, finishing, wall layer. Finishing the wall from the outside not only decorates the facade planes, but also protects the insulation from adverse atmospheric effects. Suitable for finishing various materials, which are described in detail in the section "Facade finishing". Here we briefly consider the most common options for finishing brick insulated walls.

Face brick in masonry in half a brick - layer thickness 120 mm. This option is suitable for those who want to have a traditional brick house. Design feature such a wall lies in the fact that the finishing layer is thin and therefore, under its own weight, it can lose its rigidity, go out of its plane. This can be prevented if the finishing layer is connected to the inner bearing layer of the brick with stainless steel meshes every 6-8 rows of masonry. Insulation plates are installed between the grids; so, if the height of the insulation boards is 600 mm, then the grids are through 8 rows (75 mm x 8 = 600 mm). Grids are laid when the inner layer is erected. It is not worth saving on grids by purchasing them not from stainless steel, since galvanized metal begins to corrode after 5 ... 7 years, and you can end up with layers that are not connected to each other. Today the market offers synthetic meshes. Of course, they do not corrode, but they have other disadvantages: insufficient adhesion to the cement-sand masonry mortar and, consequently, insufficient adhesion of the masonry layers. In addition, the durability of synthetic meshes has not been tested by time.

Layers can be connected using loops.

Today, both of these options are the most popular. However, it must be repeated, the use of stainless steel fittings should be an indispensable condition. Otherwise, the reinforcement in the masonry will corrode and in 15–20 years it will completely rust, leaving the outer layer “without support”.

Plaster on the grid, metal or plastic, followed by painting it facade paints. This finish is called wet facade". More about this is described in the section "Facade Finishing".

You can deal with condensate by protecting the insulation from the side of the room with a vapor barrier layer. In the latter case, the question arises interior decoration premises: after all, any finishing material must be fixed to some kind of substructure, which, in turn, must be fixed to the bearing layer of the wall, and this can violate the integrity of the vapor barrier layer. In this regard, the most suitable finish gypsum plasterboards can be considered, the substructure for which is attached to the overlying and underlying ceilings, without violating the integrity of the vapor barrier layer.

When taking measures to protect a structure with internal thermal insulation, one should also not forget that the placement of insulation on the inside is less preferable from an environmental point of view, as well as a fire hazard. Even non-combustible types of insulation at high fire temperatures can release toxic combustion products that can poison a person in a matter of minutes. And finally, we emphasize once again that the durability of such a wall is much lower than that of a wall insulated from the outside.

However, the internal location of the insulation is optional when it is not possible to do this from the outside; for example, it is not allowed to change the appearance of the facade during the reconstruction of architectural monuments or in the case of basement wall insulation in an existing house, etc.

If the construction is deployed in a warm climatic region, then the layered structure of the walls can be made without the use of expanded polystyrene or mineral wool insulators - expanded clay, lightweight concrete, cellular blocks will serve as an insulating material, or the masonry is made with a widened seam, i.e. with air gap. In this case, we get an environmentally friendly design. Such masonry saves up to 40% of bricks and up to 30% of binders. But the inner insulation layer also needs to be prepared or, possibly, imported from afar, for example, cellular blocks. The ability to perform such masonry is also important here. There are other disadvantages: low strength, which limits their use to two floors; settling of expanded clay, leading to the blowing of walls through leaks in the seams and freezing of the structure, and others. For these reasons, the use of such masonry in modern construction capital houses practically not applied.

When deciding to build walls with a layered structure, remember that a wall structure made of a homogeneous material always works better than a layered structure: it is stronger and more durable.,

External wall structures for well masonry

There is another type of effective masonry - well. Here, the connection between the two walls is carried out by laying transverse ribs that form the end walls of the "wells". Insulating material is laid in the holes: expanded clay, lightweight concrete, cellular blocks and similar material. In well masonry, problems arise with the outer layer of brick, which is rigidly connected to the inner layer. These layers work in different temperature conditions; in case of temperature differences, the outer layer, subject to temperature deformations, “pulls” the inner layer along with it through a rigid connection, which leads to destruction. There are also complaints about thermal protection issues: the vertical wall of the well forms a cold bridge through which heat leaves the building. Therefore, this technique is not currently recommended for use.

Internal brick walls and supports

Based on the conditions of strength and rigidity, internal load-bearing brick walls for a two-, three-story house are erected with a solid masonry 380 mm thick. Such a wall, due to its massiveness, also provides soundproofing to adjacent rooms. Self-supporting walls can be 250 mm thick. However, if it is supposed to make an opening in such a wall, then the piers must be checked by calculation.

The cross sections of brick supports with their height up to 6 ... 8 m are taken equal to 380x380, 380x510 and 510x510 mm, with a height of up to 3 ... 4 m - 250x250 mm. Here, the priority consideration is not the strength of the columns, but their rigidity.

Another difference between brick walls is that from brick, unlike the walls of a panel house, for example, you can lay out walls of any geometrically complex shape.

Types of bricks for laying walls, sizes and areas of its application

The most common bricks are clay and silicate, each of which is used in certain areas and conditions.

Brick sizes

Clay bricks are usually red or orange color, and silicate - white. Standard sizes both clay and silicate bricks you can see in the table.

View	Name	Dimensions
Clay	Single	250x120x65
	One and a half	250x120x88
	Double	250x120x138
Silicate	Single	250x120x65
Silicate	One and a half	250x120x88

Unlike silicate, clay is used in almost all areas of construction. silicate brick, in turn, cannot be used for the construction of structures subject to increased exposure to atmospheric influences and moisture without additional protection.

Regardless of the material used, the brick is solid and hollow. Solid, as a rule, is used for heavy-load-bearing structures, as well as for the construction of a basement.

Hollow brick is mainly used for the construction of partitions, as facing material for walls, as well as for the construction of load-bearing walls of low-rise buildings.

The use of hollow brick, due to its lower weight, compared to solid brick, significantly reduces the load on the foundation of the building.

The technology of brickwork of walls practically does not depend on the type of brick, but directly depends on the thickness of the brick wall.

brickwork technology

Any brickwork, regardless of type, always begins with the construction of the corners of the future building.

Masonry brick wall corners

Initially, all corners are displayed using a hydraulic level, or a level, to the same height, approximately 6-9 rows of bricks. In the process of erecting corners, it is necessary to control their verticality using a level or plumb line.

After erecting the corners, a mooring cord is stretched between them, designed for even horizontal masonry seams, along which the brick walls of the future structure are laid out.

Tip: When buying a level in the store, always check it for accuracy. From experience, a large number, especially from the cheap and mid-price levels, are initially incorrectly calibrated.

Bonding seams in brickwork and reinforcement

Masonry, as a rule, starts from the outside. To give it strength, it should be carried out with dressing of seams, both vertical and transverse. If the wall is to be plastered, then it is necessary to try to bandage the seams on each row.

It is also necessary to provide reinforcement of the brickwork joints every 3-5 rows, using a masonry mesh with a rod thickness of 3-6 mm. Cells should be 50 - 100 mm wide.

If the masonry of the walls is made of facing bricks, without additional finishing, then dressing should be done a maximum of every 5 rows of masonry.

Different ways of laying walls

As already mentioned, the technology and methods of masonry itself directly depend on the thickness of the wall, which will always be a multiple of the length of one brick or half.
Currently, laying more than two bricks is practically not used, and even two bricks are mainly used only for construction. brick plinth, because thicker is not advisable at all.

Very thick brick walls carry a huge amount of weight, which makes it prohibitively expensive to build, considering also the huge foundation costs that will be needed to "support" such heavy walls.

To date, huge selection building materials, as well as materials for wall insulation, allows you not to build very expensive, thick brick walls.

The figure shows the main types and methods of masonry walls, with mandatory bandaging of the seams.

Today you can learn how to independently build brick walls and build a house. If you carefully study the technology of brickwork of walls, then at first glance it will seem that this is a very time-consuming process that is best left to professionals. But if you entrust such work to the masters of their craft, you will have to pay a considerable amount. If you familiarize yourself with the phased execution of work and follow the step-by-step instructions, then you can independently master the technology of brickwork of external walls.

Compliance with masonry standards allows you to get a monolithic and durable structure.

Consider the main types of brickwork:

Solid. Such a monolithic structure is made along the width of half a brick. Masonry is carried out along the outer edges of the wall, with each row consisting of half a brick (the construction term is “half-brick”).
Lightweight version of masonry. Popular in the construction of multi-storey buildings and office centers. This masonry consists of only two walls, the width of which is half a brick. The walls are built parallel to each other. The space between them is filled with heat-insulating material. This method is undesirable to build completely all the walls.
Reinforced. When additional reinforcement of erected walls is necessary or a significant load will be experienced on a brick wall. Reinforcement (metal rod) is placed in the seams - horizontally or vertically. Transverse reinforcement is also possible - using a rectangular metal mesh or made in a zigzag pattern. Such a grid is laid every 3-5 rows of bricks.
Decorative. Recently, it has been gaining more and more popularity and becoming a leader in the cladding of the outer walls of buildings. Let us give a common example: the wall of the outer side of the building is made in three rows (spoon), which are bridged by one bond row. With such masonry, it is more expedient to work with bricks of different brands. There are more than 10 varieties of masonry options.
Masonry and cladding. It is carried out at the same time when the wall is erected. The dressing of the row and the masonry itself are performed exclusively at the level of the bond row.

In addition, there are several dozen more varieties of brickwork. Among them, it is worth highlighting the chain masonry, which means the alternation of rows. A row can be either spoon or bonder, and the seams must converge.

Cross masonry means laying seams horizontally, in dressing with spoons.

In addition, it is worth paying attention to the so-called "Dutch" brickwork, where the alternation of bonded and mixed rows is performed, and in mixed row bricks must be laid through one.

When mixed brickwork is performed, this type is called "Gothic".

Among such a variety of brickwork wall technology, it is worth highlighting the most acceptable and economical option- well, when two walls are erected in half a brick, and the connection between them is made in two ways - a vertical or horizontal bridge.

In order to save building material, we can distinguish the following options for laying bricks - well or lightweight. Thanks to this technology, the air gap between the two walls is filled with inexpensive thermal insulation materials(for example, mineral wool or building felt). This method of laying the wall at the same time allows you to achieve good heat retention rates - about 35%. And if you fill the space with foam, then the heat-shielding properties can be increased up to 50%.

Types of suture dressing

Since the main condition for masonry of load-bearing walls is to create structural strength, it is necessary to follow the rules for distributing the main load - dressing schemes. This rule also applies to the brickwork of interior walls.

Chain diagram:

This is the most old way masonry, where vertical seams are tied one after another in each row. To adhere to such a scheme, it is necessary to alternate two types of brickwork (spoon and bonder), and close the bottom seam for two lengths.

Cross scheme:

A similar way of dressing the seams is that the seams are closed asymmetrically. According to the spoon pattern, the seams should close half the long part of the brick.

For the construction of walls in one-story buildings, you can resort to a simplified version of the laying scheme - a multi-row scheme. According to the rules, every 3 or 6 rows a complete dressing of the seams (transverse or longitudinal) is performed. Popular laying method one-story houses- alternation of five spoon rows with one tychkovy.

Brickwork walls photo:

How to choose a brick

Modern construction distinguishes three types of bricks:

Single.
One and a half
Double.

The first version of the brick was popular in the last century. Subsequently, the demand for the first type of building material gradually decreased. Since the price of masonry walls is considered high, in order to save money, it is better to make external walls from double or one-and-a-half bricks.

For example, if you plan to lay a wall of 2.5 bricks, then a good option is to use a double brick for laying the wall and facing in half a brick. If you use a single brick for the construction of the same volumes, then the costs will increase by 20-35%.

In addition, it is worth paying attention to the physical properties of the brick, namely, its thermal conductivity. If you use hollow brick, you can reduce costs. But it should be borne in mind that it is not always possible to use such material for the construction of a load-bearing wall.

If during the construction of a building it is necessary to obtain a beautiful appearance, then buying a brick, you should pay attention to this. The building material must be smooth, without cracks and chips.

In addition, the strength of the wall will depend not only on the type of masonry and type of brick, but also on the cement mortar.

Do-it-yourself brickwork of walls

Before building walls, decide on the amount of building materials. You need to immediately decide how thick the brickwork of the walls will be. If a decision is made to lay 1 brick, then the wall thickness will presumably be 25 cm. In addition, you can build a wall from different bricks: white or red.

The consumption of building material is determined based on the thickness of the masonry. On average, about 55 bricks will be used per 1 m 2.

Tools for work:

laser or conventional building hydraulic level;
a hammer;
trowel
roulette;
square;
cord and chalk;
shovel;
buckets and trough.

Before work, prepare the main consumable- solution. It can be prepared on the basis of cement, lime or a mixture of lime and cement. If it is more convenient for you to work with cement mortar, then it must be prepared in the following proportions: cement - 1 part, river sand- 3 parts or 1 part cement and 6 parts sand.

Experts do not advise the use of lime mortar in the construction of residential buildings, as it reduces the strength of the masonry. It is better to prepare a cement mortar from sand or cement with the addition of a small amount of lime.

How to make a masonry wall:

First you need to prepare the foundation - the foundation of the building. After that, the contours of the wall are marked with a cord from the corner from the left side to the right. Exactly in the same direction, the brickwork of the walls is carried out.
The prepared solution is applied with a shovel, and leveled with a special construction tool - a trowel.
Let's start laying bricks. He fits into right place so that the markup matches its top edge.
Then the "upsetting" of the brick is performed. It is installed in its nest and you need to knock on it with a hammer until the rib is on the same level with the markings.
Remove excess cement mortar. Use a trowel or trowel to remove excess mortar and place it on top of the brick.
To give the solution good plasticity, when mixing cement with sand, a little lime paste or red clay is added to the solution.
For beginners, it is advisable to use chalk or a pencil when laying brick walls so that the brick lays evenly and prevents mistakes in masonry.

Brickwork of round walls: