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Valgina N.S.

Active processes in modern Russian

Valgina N.S. Active processes in modern Russian. - M.:Logos, 2003. - 304 p. . - (Textbook of the XXI century)Electronic book. Slavic languages. Russian Studies. Russian language

Annotation (description)

For the first time, a holistic concept of active processes in the Russian language is given, based on the study of oral and writing in various areas of society. The active processes in the Russian language at the end of the 20th century are highlighted. - in pronunciation and stress, in vocabulary and phraseology, in word formation and morphology, in syntax and punctuation. Language changes are considered taking into account the internal sources of language development against the background of historical transformations in the life of society. Language variance is widely represented in its relation to the literary norm. Particular attention is paid to the vocabulary of the mass media as the most obvious source of changes in the vocabulary of the Russian language.
For students of higher educational institutions studying in the areas and specialties of "Philology", "Linguistics", "Journalism", "Book Business", "Publishing and Editing". It is of interest to linguists, philosophers, culturologists, press workers, literary critics, teachers and teachers, as well as a wide range of readers.

Content (table of contents)

Foreword
Principles sociological study language
Laws of language development
Language sign variance
(The concept of variance and its origins. Classification of options)
Language norm
(The concept of the norm and its features. Norm and occasionalism. General language and situational norm. Motivated deviations from the norm. Main processes in the normalization of linguistic phenomena)
Changes in Russian pronunciation
Active processes in the area of ​​stress
Active processes in vocabulary and phraseology
(Basic lexical processes. Semantic processes in vocabulary. Stylistic transformations in vocabulary. Determinologization. Foreign borrowings. Computer language. Foreign lexemes in Russian vernacular. Non-literary vocabulary in the language of modern printing)
Active processes in word formation
(Growth of agglutinative features in the process of word formation. The most productive word-formation types. Production of names of persons. Abstract names and names of processes. Prefix formations and Difficult words. Specialization of word-formation means. Crossed word formation. Collapsing names. Abbreviation. expressive names. occasional words)
Active processes in morphology
(Growth of analyticism in morphology. Shifts in forms of grammatical gender. Forms of grammatical number. Changes in case forms. Changes in verb forms. Some changes in adjective forms)
Active Processes in Syntax
(Dismemberment and segmentation of syntactic constructions. Attaching terms and parceled constructions. Two-term constructions. Predicative complexity of the sentence. Activation of inconsistent and uncontrollable word forms. Growth of prepositional combinations. Tendency towards semantic accuracy of the utterance. Syntactic compression and syntactic reduction. Weakening of the syntactic connection. Correlation between affective and intellectual in the field of syntax)
Some trends in modern Russian punctuation
(Point. Semicolon. Colon. Dash. Ellipsis. Functionally-targeted use of punctuation. Unregulated punctuation. Author's punctuation)
Conclusion
Literature
Approximate program of the discipline "Active processes in modern Russian"

THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

State educational institution

TYUMEN STATE UNIVERSITY

"APPROVE":

Vice-Rector for academic work

_______________________ //

__________ _____________ 2011

ACTIVE PROCESSES IN THE MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

Training and metodology complex. Working programm

for students of direction 032700.62 "Philology".

The profile of training is "Domestic Philology (Russian Language and Literature)". Full-time form of education and correspondence

"READY FOR RELEASE":

"______" ___________2011

Considered at the meeting of the Department of the Russian Language on February 7, 2011, protocol No. 7

Meets the requirements for content, structure and design.

Volume 20 page

Head department _________________//

"______" ___________ 2011

Considered at the meeting of the CMC of the Institute for the Humanities on April 21, 2011, protocol No. 1. Corresponds to the Federal State Educational Standard of the Higher Professional Education and curriculum educational program .

"AGREED":

Chairman of the CMD IGN //

"______" _____________2011

"AGREED":

Head methodological department of the UMU _____________ / Fedorova S. A. /

"______" _____________2011

THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

State educational institution

higher professional education

TYUMEN STATE UNIVERSITY

Institute for the Humanities

Department of the Russian language

ACTIVE PROCESSES IN THE MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

Training and metodology complex. Working programm

for students of direction 032700.62 "Philology".

The profile of training is "Domestic Philology (Russian Language and Literature)".

Form of study full-time and part-time

Tyumen State University

ACTIVE PROCESSES IN THE MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE. Training and metodology complex. Work program for 3rd year students of direction 032700.62 "Philology". The profile of training is "Domestic Philology (Russian Language and Literature)". The form of education is full-time and part-time. Tyumen, 2011. 20 p.

The work program was drawn up in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of the Higher Professional Education, taking into account the recommendations and the ProOP of the Higher Professional Education in the direction and profile of training.

RESPONSIBLE EDITOR: Head of the Russian Language Department of Tyumen State University Doctor of Philology, Associate Professor

© Tyumen State University, 2011.

1. EXPLANATORY NOTE

1.1. Goals and objectives of the discipline

common goal discipline is development in students personal qualities, as well as the formation of general cultural (universal) and professional competencies in accordance with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard of Higher Professional Education in the direction of preparation 032700.62 "Philology". The profile of training is "Domestic Philology (Russian Language and Literature)".

Purpose of the discipline– assimilation by students of active language changes that occurred at the end of the 20th century – early XXI centuries

The tasks of studying the discipline:

1) to form an idea about the sociological study of the language, about the linguistic and extralinguistic reasons for the emergence of active trends in the development of the language;

2) to give an idea of ​​the laws of development of the language and its norms, to develop students' ability to use language norms;

3) to develop students' ability to analyze modern journalistic and literary texts, to see in them the reflection of the main language trends in the field of pronunciation, in vocabulary, word formation, morphology, syntax;

4) to teach future philologists to respond to the requirements of the context, to correctly navigate when choosing one or another language variant;

5) develop the ability to distinguish systemic changes from speech errors.

1.2. The place of the discipline in the structure of the BEP of the undergraduate degree

Teaching the discipline of the professional cycle B.3. (variable part) is provided in the sixth semester, when students can apply the knowledge, skills and competencies they received at the university as a result of studying the disciplines "Introduction to linguistics", "Introduction to the theory of communication", "Introduction to special philology", "Modern Russian language ”, “Fundamentals of Philology”.

The study of the discipline is necessary as a precursor to the study of the courses "Theory of Literature", "General Linguistics", "Rhetoric", "Philological Text Analysis", " Art world writer."

1.3. Competences of a bachelor's BEP graduate, formed as a result of mastering this BEP HPE.

As a result of mastering the BEP of the bachelor's degree, the graduate should have the following competencies:

a) general cultural:

possession of a culture of thinking; the ability to perceive, analyze, generalize information, set a goal and choose ways to achieve it (OK-1);

knowledge of the norms of the Russian literary language, skills practical use systems functional styles speech; the ability to create and edit texts for professional purposes in Russian (OK-2);

awareness of the social significance of their profession, high motivation for professional activity (OK-8);

b) professional:

general professional:

the ability to demonstrate knowledge of the main provisions and concepts in the field of theory and history of the main studied language (languages) and literature (literatures), communication theory, philological analysis and text interpretation, understanding of the history, current state and prospects for the development of philology (PC-1);

mastering the basic skills of collecting and analyzing linguistic and literary facts using traditional methods and modern ones information technologies(PC-2);

fluency in the main language being studied in its literary form (PC-3);

possession of basic methods and techniques various types oral and written communication in the main language being studied (PC-4);

the ability to apply the acquired knowledge in the field of theory and history of the main studied language (languages) and literature (literatures), communication theory, philological analysis and text interpretation in their own research activities (PC-5);

the ability to conduct local research under scientific supervision based on existing methods in a specific narrow area of ​​philological knowledge with the formulation of reasoned conclusions and conclusions (PC-6);

mastering the skills of preparing scientific reviews, annotations, compiling abstracts and bibliographies on the subject of ongoing research, methods of bibliographic description; knowledge of the main bibliographic sources and search engines (PC-7);

possession of the skills of participating in scientific discussions, making presentations and reports, oral, written and virtual (placement in information networks) presentation of materials of one's own research (PC-8);

in applied activity:

possession of basic skills for refining and processing (for example, proofreading, editing, commenting, summarizing) of various types of texts (PC-13);

possession of the skills to participate in the development and implementation of various types of projects in educational and cultural institutions, in the socio-pedagogical, humanitarian and organizational, book publishing, mass media and communication spheres (PC-15)

As a result of mastering the discipline, the student must:

know the systemic organization of the language at the phonetic, lexical, word-formation, grammatical (morphological and syntactic) levels, the norms of the modern Russian literary language and their specifics in the language of the media, the patterns of creation and perception of texts of various functional and stylistic orientations, ways of transmitting pragmatic (evaluative ), factual and aesthetic information, strategies and tactics of speech communication, principles and methods of linguistic research, to have an idea of ​​the current state of the language;

· to be able to apply adequate linguistic terminology when characterizing the linguistic features of the text and its units depending on the extralinguistic situation, to apply the acquired knowledge in the field of the theory of the Russian language in their own professional activities, to make a choice of linguistic means, taking into account the dynamics of the norms of the modern literary language;

· be fluent in the Russian language in its literary form, the main methods and techniques of various types of oral and written communication in Russian, ways of effective use speech means in the functions of communication, message or influence, methods of analysis of the communicative and stylistic structure of the text, ways and means of increasing its influencing potential in the language of the media.

2. STRUCTURE AND LABOR INTENSITY OF THE DISCIPLINE

preparation of projects, presentations

written practical task

preparation of materials for analysis of situations

(technology RKMChP)

preparation of materials for solving the case

Module 1

Unit 2

Module 3

Table 3

Planning independent work students

Topic number	Types of SRS	Semester week	Watch volume	Number of points
obligatory	additional
Module 1
	written practical task (text analysis)	written practical task (to illustrate with specific examples the influence of extralinguistic factors on modern speech)
	abstract on the topic
	preparation of materials for the lesson on the technology "Development critical thinking through reading and writing
Total modulo 1:
Unit 2
	abstract on the topic	written practical task (exercise)
	preparation of the project "Functioning of phraseological units in the media and modern literary texts"
	abstract on the topic, test work "Analysis of word-formation innovations in modern artistic and journalistic texts"	written practical task (exercise)
	test execution
Total modulo 2:
Module3
	abstract on the topic, preparation for a terminological blitz survey	written practical task (exercise)
	abstract on the topic, home test "Comprehensive text analysis", preparation of materials for solving the case
Total modulo 3:
TOTAL:

4. sections of the discipline and interdisciplinary links with the provided (subsequent) disciplines

	Name of the provided (subsequent) disciplines	Subjects of the discipline necessary for the study of the provided (subsequent) disciplines
	General linguistics
	Literary theory
	Rhetoric
	Philological text analysis
	The artistic world of the writer

Module 1

Topic 1. Principles of the sociological study of language. Conditions for the functioning of the modern Russian language

Content: Sociological level of language learning. Reflection in the language of social development. The main principle of the sociological study of the language is to take into account internal patterns in the development of the language and external, social factors. Interaction of internal laws of language and modern social factors. Changes in the conditions of the functioning of the language: the popularity of the media and their influence on everyday speech, the expansion of the sphere of spontaneous communication, the change in situations and genres of communication, the increase in the personal principle in speech, the change in attitude to the literary norm. The main external factors in the development of a modern language: a change in the circle of native speakers, the creation of a new statehood, a reassessment of values, the expansion of contacts with foreign countries, the development of science and technology, the spread of the Internet, etc. Self-regulation of language changes. The influence of psycholinguistic factors on the features of the language of the modern era and on the speech behavior of our contemporary.

Basic concepts of the topic: law of language, social factor, language changes.

Topic 2. Active processes in the field of pronunciation and stress

Content: Changes in pronunciation: strengthening of letter pronunciation, phonetic adaptation foreign words, leveling pronunciation in social terms. Changes in the area of ​​stress: a tendency to rhythmic balance, stress in borrowed words. Accent changes characteristic of individual parts of speech: verbal and nominal stress. Sociolinguistic study of pronunciation norms.

Basic concepts of the topic: letter (graphic) pronunciation, rhythmic balance, verbal and nominal stress.

Topic 3. Main trends in modern Russian spelling

Content: Influence of social factors on deviations from orthographic norms. Activation of forms not provided for by the laws of Russian spelling (okay, rock and roll, etc.). Color and font selection of various segments of the word (text creolization). The trend towards the return of elements of the old (pre-reform) orthography. Occasional adhesions. Spelling development of borrowings, double spellings. Interleaving Cyrillic with Latin. Cyrillic writing of foreign words. Introduction to the text of non-linguistic elements proper.

Basic concepts of the topic: creolization, occasional fusion, double spellings.

Unit 2

Topic 4. Active processes in vocabulary

Content: Changing the status of the literary language in modern conditions: changes in lexical composition. External and internal factors in the development of the lexical system. The impact of socio-political processes on lexical transformations. The main lexical processes: the emergence of new words, the abandonment of the use of obsolete words, the return of previously irrelevant lexemes, the reassessment of a certain range of words, foreign borrowings, the growth of slang vocabulary. Semantic processes in vocabulary: expansion of the meaning of the word, narrowing of the meaning, rethinking. Stylistic transformations: stylistic neutralization and stylistic redistribution. Desemantization of terms. Terms of science and technology in the general literary language. Modern foreign borrowings, reasons for borrowing. Spelling fixation of foreign words. Computer language. Non-literary vocabulary in the language of modern press. Extralinguistic reasons for the transition of slang vocabulary into the national language. Differentiation of the terms jargon, slang, slang.

Basic concepts of the topic: lexical composition, lexical processes, expansion of meaning, narrowing of meaning, rethinking, neutralization, stylistic redistribution, desemantization (determinologization), computer language, non-literary vocabulary, jargon.

Topic 5. Active processes in word formation

Content: Relationship between social and intralinguistic processes in word formation. New in Russian word formation. Active ways of word formation. Specialization of the meanings of derivational models and morphemes (suffixes). Terminological formations. Changes in the meanings of suffixes. The growth of agglutinative features in the structure of the derived word: the weakening of the alternation at the junction of morphemes, the imposition of morphemes, interfixation. Key words of the era as the basis of word production. The use of proper names as basic foundations. Production common nouns with face value. Formation of process names and abstract nouns. Production of item names. Crossed word formation. Abbreviation as an active way of word formation and as a means of expression. Growth of nominal prefixation. Activation of some prefixes that were unproductive in the past (post-, after-; de-, times-, counter-, anti-; pro-; pseudo-, quasi-; under-, semi-; inter-, trans-; super-, above-). Prefixation of foreign verbs. Irregular word formation.

Basic concepts of the topic: active methods of word formation, agglutination, interstepped word formation, abbreviation, prefixation, non-usual (occasional) word formation.

Topic 6. Active processes in morphology

Content: The growth of analyticism in morphology: the reduction in the number of cases, the growth of the class of indeclinable nouns, the growth of the class of nouns of the general gender, the change in the way of indicating collectiveness in nouns. Changes in the use of grammatical forms of gender, number, case. Changes in verb forms: fluctuations in the past tense forms of verbs with the suffix - well-, the transition of verbs from non-productive classes to productive ones. Changes in the forms of adjectives: preference for simple forms comparative degree with phonetic reduction, striving for truncation short form adjectives on - enny.

Basic concepts of the topic: analyticism, indeclinable names, common gender, collectiveness, classes of verbs, degrees of comparison.

Module 3

Topic 7. Active processes in syntax

Content: Syntactic changes. Influence of social factors on syntactic changes. Activation of colloquial syntactic constructions. Dissected and segmented structures. Predicative complexity of sentences. Activation of inconsistent and uncontrollable forms, weakening of the syntactic connection of word forms. The growth of prepositional combinations. Syntactic compression and syntactic reduction.

Basic concepts of the topic: colloquial syntactic constructions, dissected and segmented constructions, predicative complexity, inconsistent and uncontrollable forms, weakening of syntactic connection, prepositional combinations, syntactic compression and reduction.

Topic 8. Main trends in modern Russian punctuation

Basic concepts of the topic: punctuation, punctuation.

6. PLANS OF LABORATORY LESSONS

Module 1

Lesson 1 (on topic 1.1). Principles of the sociological study of language. Conditions for the functioning of the modern Russian language Phonetic transcription

Issues for discussion:

1. The concept of the modern Russian language. Views on the chronological framework.

2. Sociolinguistic study of language: specifics, principles, methods and techniques.

3. Extralinguistic factors affecting the functioning of the modern Russian language.

1. Determine what chronological framework of the modern Russian language is presented in the school course of the Russian language, in the university course of the modern Russian language, in the course of practical and functional stylistics. Justify your answer. What period does the course "Active processes in modern Russian" cover?

2. Read two texts. Determine in which of them the actual linguistic approach to language learning is implemented, and in which the sociolinguistic approach is implemented. Justify your answer.

Text 1.

The most notable of the changes taking place in the language is the emergence of new words and, a little less strikingly, the emergence of new meanings. Try not to notice the new word! As I have already said, the eye immediately stumbles about it, it simply makes it difficult to understand the text and requires explanations, and at the same time, some special attraction is often hidden in new words, the charm of something secret, alien. But where do new words and new meanings come from in the language?

Somehow it is considered that the Russian language, if it lacks some important word, simply borrows it from another language, primarily from English. Well, for example, in the field of computers and the Internet, it would seem that this is the only thing that happens. The words computer, monitor, printer, processor, site, blog and many others are borrowed from English. However, this is a delusion, more precisely, it is not quite so, or at least not always so. This can be shown by an example of a kindIT- menagerie. The names of three animals - a mouse, a dog and a hamster - acquired new "computer" meanings, and in completely different ways (M. Krongauz).

Text 2.

In different historical periods (common Slavic, East Slavic, Russian proper), words from other languages ​​penetrated into the original Russian language. This was due to the fact that the Russian people entered into economic, cultural, political relations with other peoples, repelled military attacks, entered into military alliances, etc. However, in general, according to researchers, language borrowings in Russian vocabulary make up a relatively small percentage .

Two types of borrowings can be distinguished: 1) from Slavic languages(i.e. related) and 2) from non-Slavic languages. The first type includes borrowings from the Old Church Slavonic language, as well as other Slavic languages ​​​​(for example, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Polish, Bulgarian, Czech, etc.). The second type includes borrowings from Greek, Latin, as well as Turkic, Iranian, Scandinavian, Western European (Romance, Germanic, etc.), in addition, numerous, constantly replenished borrowings from the languages ​​of the peoples of all the republics of the former Soviet Union ().

3. On the example of this text, show how the actual linguistic and sociological approaches to the study of linguistic phenomena are implemented.

Many people love puzzles.

Maybe you are one of them. Maybe even in the dictionary there is one of these strange-sounding words ending in "yak" or "man", which means a lover of puzzles.

So, if you are a puzzle lover, then you will love this puzzle. It's called "The Mystery of the Nine Points". It shows how we always strive to put ourselves in a rigid framework, although this is often not necessary at all. And it demonstrates how we impose rules on ourselves that are not at all imposed on us by this problem - we simply imagine that these rules are imposed on us (A. and B. Pease).

4. Illustrate with specific examples the influence of extralinguistic factors on modern speech.

Lesson 2 (on topic 1.2). Active processes in the field of pronunciation and stress

Issues for discussion:

1. Major trends in pronunciation and stress.

2. Sociolinguistic study of pronunciation norms.

Tasks to be completed in class:

1. Write down examples from modern speech. Determine which option is the original (normative) in each case. Indicate what trends in stress and pronunciation these examples show.

Gathered, introduced, beatles, statutory, north, container, rain, genies, cost, carried out, conveyor, cable, contractual.

2. View the information program recording. Note the phonetic features of the speaker's speech.

Lesson 3 (on topic 1.3). Main trends in modern Russian orthography

Issues for discussion:

1. Reasons for deviation from orthographic norms (proper linguistic and extralinguistic).

2. Basic methods of text creolization.

Tasks to be completed in class:

1. Determine the reasons for the deviation from spelling norms in the following examples (examples are given by the teacher).

2. Read an excerpt from the book by M. Krongauz "The Russian language on the verge of a nervous breakdown" (M., 2008, pp. 133-136). Determine which methods of text creolization are used in the examples given by the author. Do you agree with the author's opinion about the appropriateness or inadmissibility of such innovations?

Unit 2

Lesson 4 (on topic 2.4). Active processes in vocabulary

Issues for discussion:

1. Basic lexical processes.

2. Semantic processes.

3. Stylistic transformations.

Tasks to be completed in class:

1. Analyze the ways and means of expressing active lexical processes, semantic and stylistic transformations in the proposed text ( ).

2. View a fragment of the film "Love me". Write down the foreign borrowings used in the speech of the characters. Determine the functions of borrowed words.

4. View episodes from N. Mikhalkov's film "12". Give speech characteristics to the characters. About what social characteristics the hero can be spoken on the basis of the lexical features of his speech?

Lesson 5 (on topic 2.5). Active processes in phraseology

Issues for discussion:

1. Spheres of distribution and emergence of new phraseology. The ways of its occurrence.

2. Functions of phraseological units in journalistic texts.

3. The use of phraseological units in speech. Methods of phraseological innovation.

Tasks to be completed in class:

1. Presentation of student projects "Functioning of phraseological units in the media and modern literary texts"

Lesson 6 (on topic 2.6). Active processes in word formation

Issues for discussion:

1. Actually linguistic and extralinguistic causes of active derivational processes.

2. Productive word-building types.

3. Interstepped word formation.

4. Formation of expressive names.

5. Production of occasionalisms.

Tasks to be completed in class:

1. Analyze what are the features of the reflection in the proposed text of active word-formation processes ( the text is offered by the teacher).

2. Execution control work on the analysis of active word-formation processes ( on the material of the text proposed by the teacher).

Home > Law

VALGINA N.S. ACTIVE PROCESSES IN THE MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE CONTENTS Preface 1. Principles of the sociological study of language 2. Laws of language development 3. Language sign variance 3.1. The concept of variance and its origins 3.2. Variant classification 4. Language norm 4.1. The concept of the norm and its signs 4.2. Norm and occasionalism. General language and situational norm 4.3. Motivated deviations from the norm 4.4. The main processes in the normalization of linguistic phenomena 5. Changes in Russian pronunciation 6. Active processes in the area of ​​stress 7. Active processes in vocabulary and phraseology 7.1. Basic lexical processes 7.2. Semantic processes in vocabulary 7.3. Stylistic transformations in vocabulary 7.4. Determinologization 7.5. Foreign borrowings 7.6. computer language 7.7. Foreign lexemes in Russian vernacular 7.8. Non-literary vocabulary in the language of modern press 8. Active processes in word formation 8.1. The growth of agglutinative features in the process of word formation 8.2. The most productive derivational types 8.2.1. Production of names of persons 8.2.2. Abstract names and process naming 8.2.3. Prefixes and compound words 8.3. Specialization of word-formation means 8.4. Interstepped word formation 8.5. Collapsing titles 8.6. Abbreviation 8.7. Expressive names 8.8. Occasional words 9. Active processes in morphology 9.1. The rise of analyticism in morphology 9.2. Gender shifts 9.3. Forms of grammatical number 9.4. Changes in case forms 9.5. Changes in verb forms 9.6. Some changes in the forms of adjectives 10. Active Processes in Syntax 10.1. Dismemberment and segmentation of syntactic constructions 10.1.1. Connecting members and packaged structures 10.1.2. Binary constructions 10.2. Predicative complexity of the sentence 10.3. Activation of inconsistent and uncontrollable word forms 10.4. The growth of prepositional combinations 10.5. Tendency towards semantic accuracy of the utterance 10.6. Syntactic compression and syntactic reduction 10.7. Weakening the syntactic link 10.8. Correlation between affective and intellectual in the field of syntax 11. Some trends in modern Russian punctuation 11.1. Dot 11.2. Semicolon 11.3. Colon 11.4. Dash 11.5. ellipsis 11.6. Functionally-purposeful use of punctuation 11.7. Irregular punctuation. Author's punctuation Conclusion Literature 12. Approximate program of the discipline "Active processes in modern Russian" 12.1. The purpose and objectives of the discipline, requirements for knowledge and skills 12.1.1. The purpose of teaching discipline 12.1.2. Requirements for knowledge and skills 12.1.3. The list of disciplines, the assimilation of which is necessary for the study of this discipline 12.2. The content of the discipline 12.2.1. Name of topics, their content 12.3. Sample list of practical exercises 12.4. An approximate list of homework Foreword The state of the modern Russian language at the end of the 20th century, the changes that are actively taking place in it, need to be carefully studied and covered in order to develop assessments and recommendations from the standpoint of objectivity and historical expediency. The dynamics of language development is so tangible that it leaves no one indifferent either among the linguistic community, or among journalists and publicists, or among ordinary citizens who are not professionally connected with the language. The media provide a truly impressive picture of language use, which causes conflicting judgments and assessments of what is happening. Some scrupulously collect gross errors in speech, focusing on the traditional literary norm of the past; others - welcome and unconditionally accept "verbal freedom", rejecting any restrictions in the use of the language - up to the admissibility of printed use in the language of rough vernacular, jargon and obscene words and expressions. The public concern about the fate of the language, although it has serious grounds, does not take into account that they lie somewhat apart from the actual linguistic essence. Indeed, the style of modern media causes anxiety and concern. However, this often equates real dynamic processes in the language itself, in particular in the heavy growth of variant forms and the avalanche growth of word-forming types and models, and phenomena explained by the insufficient culture of oral and written public speech. The latter has a completely realistic justification: the democratization of society has enormously expanded the circle of public speakers - in parliament, in the press, at rallies and in other areas of mass communication. Freedom of speech, understood literally and in relation to the manner of expression, broke all social and ethical prohibitions and canons. But this is another problem - the problem of the culture of speech, the problem of ethics public speaking and, finally, the problem of language education. In this sense, we really lost a lot, at least the practice of editing and polishing the printed and sounding word. But, on the other hand, it is obvious that the literary smoothed "reading of a written text" in the past could not serve as an exemplary manifestation of the culture of speech in its essence. A lively, spontaneous speech is more attractive, but it naturally contains many surprises. Thus, when discussing the state of the Russian language today, it is necessary to distinguish between questions of the proper language and questions of speech practice, questions of the linguistic taste of the historical moment. Language and time are the eternal problem of researchers. Language lives in time (meaning not abstract time, but the society of a certain era), but time is also reflected in the language. The language is changing. This evolutionary quality is inherent in him. But how does it change? It is hardly legitimate to assume that it is constantly and steadily improving. Evaluations of "good" or "bad" are inappropriate here. They are too subjective. For example, contemporaries A.S. Pushkin did not like much, very much in his linguistic innovations. However, it was they who later turned out to be the most promising and productive (let us recall, for example, the attacks on the language of Ruslan and Lyudmila, up to its complete rejection). modern science about language, when characterizing changes in it “for the better”, he prefers to use the principle of expediency. In this case, the functional-pragmatic essence of the language is taken into account, and not an abstract and separately existing code model. Such a clear quality of the modern language as the growing variability of linguistic signs can be perceived as a positive phenomenon, since it provides language users with the opportunity to choose, which, in turn, indicates the expansion of the language's capabilities in terms of meeting specific communicative tasks. This means that the language becomes more mobile, subtly responsive to the situation of communication, i.e. the style of the language is enriched. And this adds something to the resources already available in the language and expands its capabilities. Despite the fact that the language of modern media often makes a negative impression due to a misunderstood thesis about freedom of speech, it must be admitted that the modern Russian language, due to the prevailing historical circumstances, today draws resources to update the literary norm right here - in the media, in colloquial speech, although for a long time such a source was fiction, it is not without reason that a normalized language is called precisely literary language(according to M. Gorky - processed by masters of the word). The change in the sources of the formation of the literary norm also explains the loss of the former rigidity and unambiguity by the norm. Such a phenomenon in the modern language as the variance of the norm is not a sign of its loosening and loss of stability, but an indicator of the flexibility and expedient adaptability of the norm to life situation communication. Life has changed a lot. And not only the idea of ​​the inviolability of the literary model in establishing the norm. The speech behavior of representatives has changed modern society, the speech stereotypes of the past were eliminated, the language of the press became more natural and vital; the style of mass printing has changed - there is more irony and sarcasm, and this awakens and develops subtle nuances in the word. But at the same time and side by side - linguistic vulgarity and nakedness of the direct, rough sense of the taboo word. The picture is contradictory and ambiguous, requiring careful analysis and painstaking, long work over the development of linguistic taste. An interesting thought was expressed by I. Volgin back in 1993 (Lit. gazeta, August 25), quoting I. Brodsky: “Only if we decide that it is time for sapiens to stop its development, literature should speak the language of the people. Otherwise, the people should speak the language of literature.” As for the “non-normative literature” that has so flooded our modern press, then for its own good it is better for it to remain marginal, fundamentally non-bookish, inexpressible in the written word (I. Volgin’s advice). “There is no need to artificially pull out this fragile object from natural environment habitat - from the elements oral speech where he is the only one able to carry out his cultural mission”. And further: “This outstanding national phenomenon deserves to live an independent life. Cultural integration is deadly for him.” It must be said that the general decline in the style of the mass press, the loss of literary purity and stylistic "highness" to a certain extent removes the neutrality in the assessment of events. Stylistic illegibility, as a protest against the pathos and window dressing of past times, gives rise at the same time to stylistic deafness and loss of a sense of language. However, it is not our task to analyze the language of the mass press as such. These materials are used only as an illustration of their own processes in the language, since this area of ​​application of the language most quickly responds to new phenomena in the language, in a certain sense updates them. The manual does not set a task and a normalization plan. This requires huge statistical data and an end-to-end analysis of modern texts and sounding speech. Even the authors of the collective monograph “The Russian Language of the End of the 20th Century”, prepared at the Institute of the Russian Language Russian Academy Sciences, officially declare that they are not normalizers. The purpose of the manual is to acquaint you with important patterns in the modern language, with the sprouts of the new in it; help to see this new and correlate it with the internal processes in the language; to help establish links between the self-development of the language and the changes that stimulate it in the real life of modern society. Private assessments of linguistic facts and the corresponding recommendations can help to understand the complex "language economy" of our time and, possibly, influence the education of a sense of language. The manual focuses on a conscious, thoughtful attitude to the processes in the language, on the perception of the language as a dynamic, functionally developed system. The description of the material provides for knowledge of the multi-level system of the Russian language and its modern style and stylistic differentiation. 1. Principles of the sociological study of language Language, which is actively and daily used by society as a means of communication, lives and develops. Diachronically, this is revealed through the replacement of some linguistic signs with others (obsolete ones are replaced by new ones), synchronously - through the struggle of variants that coexist and claim to be normative. The life of the language is carried out in a society that creates conditions for certain changes and stimulates language processes that lead to the satisfaction of the needs of society. However, the processes of self-development are also characteristic of the language, since the signs of the language (morphemes, words, constructions) are systemically connected and react to changes in their own “organism”. Specific language units have varying degrees stability and viability. Some live for centuries, others are more mobile and show an active need for change, adaptation to the needs of changing communication. Changes in the language are possible due to the potentialities inherent in it of an internal nature, which are revealed under the influence of an external, social “push”. Hence, internal laws language development may for the time being "silent", waiting for an external stimulus that will set in motion the entire system or its individual links. For example, the intrasystem quality of nouns of a common grammatical gender (such as an orphan, a bully, a sweetheart, a slob), explained by the asymmetry of a linguistic sign (one form - two meanings), suggests a double agreement: masculine and feminine. By analogy with such nouns, under the influence of the social factor, other classes of names acquired the same ability: good doctor, good doctor; the director came, the director came. Such a correlation of forms was impossible when the corresponding professions and positions were predominantly male. The interaction of external and internal factors is the main law in the development of the language, and without taking into account this interaction, the study of the language in the sociological aspect has no prospects. In the process of the formation of a new quality, external and internal factors can manifest themselves with different strengths, and the unevenness of their interaction is usually found in the fact that the stimulating force of the influence of an external, social factor either activates internal processes in the language, or, conversely, slows them down. The reasons for both are rooted in the changes that society itself undergoes, the native speaker. The increased pace of linguistic dynamics in the 1990s is explained primarily by the changing composition and shape of Russian society, the change in social, political, economic, and also psychological attitudes. Renewal in the language, especially in its literary form, is proceeding very actively and tangibly today. Traditional normativity, previously supported by samples of classical fiction, is clearly being destroyed. And the new norm, freer and at the same time less definite and unambiguous, is under the influence of the mass press. Television, radio, periodicals, and mass culture in general are increasingly becoming "trendsetters", "educators" of a new linguistic taste. Unfortunately, the taste is not always high class. However, these processes cannot be ignored, they contain the objective needs of a new society, a new generation - more relaxed, more technically educated, more in contact with speakers of other languages. Against this background, the importance of the social factor in language processes increases, but this also removes some inhibition in the manifestation of internal patterns in the language, and, as a result, the entire mechanism of the language begins to work at an accelerated pace. speed mode. Due to the emergence of new language units (the development of technology, science, contacts between languages), the expansion of the range of variant forms, as well as stylistic movements within the language, the old norm loses its inviolability. The problem of the interaction of external and internal factors in the development of a language has repeatedly interested researchers, both in a broad staging-theoretical plan, and when considering linguistic particularities. For example, the operation of the general law of speech economy for our time is directly related to the acceleration of the pace of life. This process has been repeatedly noted in the literature as an active process of the 20th century. The work of V.K. Zhuravlev, whose name directly indicates the noted interaction. The connection between the social and intralinguistic can be seen at any level of linguistic expression, although, naturally, vocabulary provides the most obvious and extensive material. Here, even particulars can serve as an illustration of this connection. For example, in the Eskimo language, as V.M. Leichik, there are about a hundred names of shades of snow color, which could hardly be relevant for the languages ​​​​of the inhabitants of the southern regions, and in the Kazakh language there are several dozen names of horse colors. Social, and sometimes even purely political reasons may be important for various naming and renaming of cities, streets. The development of science, technology, contacts with other languages ​​- all these reasons external to the language affect language processes, especially in terms of expanding the vocabulary and clarifying or changing the meaning of lexical units. It is obvious that the influence of the social factor on changes in the language is active and noticeable in the most dynamic periods of the life of society, associated with significant transformations in different areas vital activity. Although technological progress does not lead to the creation of a fundamentally new language, however, it significantly increases the terminological fund, which, in turn, enriches the general literary vocabulary through determinologization. It is known, in particular, that only the development of electronics has led to the emergence of 60,000 items, and in chemistry, according to experts, about five million nomenclature-terminological items are used. For comparison: in the latest editions of the dictionary S.I. Ozhegov, 72,500 words and 80,000 words and phraseological expressions are recorded. The sociological study of the language involves the disclosure of problems related to the social nature of the language, the mechanism of the influence of social factors on the language and its role in society. Therefore, causal relationships between language and facts are important. public life. At the same time, the question of social differentiation language with indispensable consideration when registering linguistic phenomena speech situation. AT general plan sociolinguistics aims to answer mutually directed questions: how the history of society generates linguistic changes and how the language reflects community development. The sociological aspect in the study of a language becomes especially fruitful if research is not limited to collecting linguistic facts (empirical level), but reaches theoretical generalizations and explanations, the latter is possible only when taking into account the interaction of internal and external factors in the development of the language, as well as its systemic nature. It is known that exaggeration of the significance of the social factor can lead to vulgar sociologism, which was observed in the history of Russian philology (for example, the “New Teaching about Language” by Academician N.Ya. Marr in the 30s and 40s of the XX century, which was then announced the last word in "Marxist linguistics"), when the language was completely "denied" in self-development and was assigned the role of a registrar of the change in social formations. Another extreme in the approach to linguistic changes is attention only to individual particulars that have arisen under the influence of a new social reality. In this case, the proposition that linguistic particulars are the links of the system is forgotten, and therefore changes in a particular, separate link can set the entire system in motion. If we discard both extremes, then it remains necessary to recognize as the basic principles of the sociological study of language - taking into account the interaction of external and internal factors and the systemic nature of the language. At the same time, it is important to note that the language system is dynamic, not rigid, it is characterized by the coexistence of the old and the new, stable and mobile, which ensures gradual accumulation of a new quality, the absence of fundamental, revolutionary changes. Language is characterized not only by the desire for improvement (improvement in general is a relative concept here), but by the desire for convenient and expedient forms of expression. Language seems to feel for these forms, and therefore it needs a choice, which is provided by the presence of transitional linguistic cases, peripheral phenomena, and variant forms. For sociolinguistics, the problem of social differentiation of language is important, which has a two-dimensional structure: on the one hand, it is due to the heterogeneity of the language itself. social structure(reflection in the language of the characteristics of the speech of different social groups of society), on the other hand, it reflects the diversity of the social situations themselves, which leave an imprint on the speech behavior of representatives of different social groups in similar circumstances. The concept of a language situation is defined as a set of forms of existence of a language that serve communication in a particular ethnic community or administrative-territorial association. Moreover, special attention is paid to situations that reflect different areas of communication and speech behavior of different social groups in different areas of communication. Sociolinguistics is also interested in the question of the interaction of language and culture. "Processes of contact different cultures are reflected in lexical borrowings". In any case, when sociological research the ratio of "language and society" is taken into account. At the same time, society can be represented both as an integral ethnic group, and as a separate social group in this aggregate. The range of problems of sociolinguistics also includes the problem of language policy, which primarily consists in taking measures to ensure the preservation of old language norms or the introduction of new ones. Consequently, the question of the literary norm, its variants and deviations from the norm is also within the competence of sociolinguistics. At the same time, the very fact of establishing the social basis of the norm, which depends on which social strata of society are the most active in the historical process of forming the literary norm, turns out to be important. This may be a norm cultivated by the social elite of society or its democratic strata. Everything depends on a certain historical moment in the life of society. Therefore, the norm can be extremely rigid, strictly oriented to tradition, and, in another case, deviating from tradition, accepting former non-literary language means, i.e. the norm is a socio-historical and dynamic concept, capable of qualitatively changing within the framework of the capabilities of the language system. In this sense, a norm can be defined as a realized possibility of a language. The change in the norm is determined both by external (social) factors and by internal trends in the development of the language on the way of its movement towards acquiring greater expediency by means of expression.

Foreword

The state of the modern Russian language at the end of the 20th century, the changes that are actively taking place in it, need careful study and coverage in order to develop assessments and recommendations from the standpoint of objectivity and historical expediency.

The dynamics of language development is so tangible that it leaves no one indifferent either among the linguistic community, or among journalists and publicists, or among ordinary citizens who are not professionally connected with the language.

The media provide a truly impressive picture of language use, which causes conflicting judgments and assessments of what is happening. Some scrupulously collect gross errors in speech, focusing on the traditional literary norm of the past; others - welcome and unconditionally accept "verbal freedom", rejecting any restrictions in the use of the language - up to the admissibility of printed use in the language of rough vernacular, jargon and obscene words and expressions.

The public concern about the fate of the language, although it has serious grounds, does not take into account that they lie somewhat apart from the actual linguistic essence. Indeed, the style of modern media causes anxiety and concern. However, this often equates real dynamic processes in the language itself, in particular in the heavy growth of variant forms and the avalanche growth of word-forming types and models, and phenomena explained by the insufficient culture of oral and written public speech. The latter has a completely realistic justification: the democratization of society has enormously expanded the circle of public speakers - in parliament, in the press, at rallies and in other areas of mass communication. Freedom of speech, understood literally and in relation to the manner of expression, broke all social and ethical prohibitions and canons. But this is another problem - the problem of the culture of speech, the problem of the ethics of public speaking, and finally, the problem of language education. In this sense, we really lost a lot, at least the practice of editing and polishing the printed and sounding word. But, on the other hand, it is obvious that the literary smoothed "reading of a written text" in the past could not serve as an exemplary manifestation of the culture of speech in its essence. A lively, spontaneous speech is more attractive, but it naturally contains many surprises.

Thus, when discussing the state of the Russian language today, it is necessary to distinguish between questions of the proper language and questions of speech practice, questions of the linguistic taste of the historical moment.

Language and time are the eternal problem of researchers. Language lives in time (meaning not abstract time, but the society of a certain era), but time is also reflected in the language. The language is changing. This evolutionary quality is inherent in him. But how does it change? It is hardly legitimate to assume that it is constantly and steadily improving. Evaluations of "good" or "bad" are inappropriate here. They are too subjective. For example, contemporaries A.S. Pushkin did not like much, very much in his linguistic innovations. However, it was they who later turned out to be the most promising and productive (let us recall, for example, the attacks on the language of Ruslan and Lyudmila, up to its complete rejection).

The modern science of language, when characterizing changes in it “for the better”, prefers to use the principle of expediency. In this case, the functional-pragmatic essence of the language is taken into account, and not an abstract and separately existing code model. Such a clear quality of the modern language as the growing variability of linguistic signs can be perceived as a positive phenomenon, since it provides language users with the opportunity to choose, which, in turn, indicates the expansion of the language's capabilities in terms of meeting specific communicative tasks. This means that the language becomes more mobile, subtly responsive to the situation of communication, i.e. the style of the language is enriched. And this adds something to the resources already available in the language and expands its capabilities.

Despite the fact that the language of modern media often makes a negative impression due to a misunderstood thesis about freedom of speech, it must be admitted that the modern Russian language, due to the prevailing historical circumstances, today draws resources to update the literary norm right here - in the media, in colloquial speech, although fiction has been such a source for a long time, it is not without reason that a normalized language is called precisely a literary language (according to M. Gorky - processed by masters of the word). The change in the sources of the formation of the literary norm also explains the loss of the former rigidity and unambiguity by the norm. Such a phenomenon in the modern language as the variance of the norm is not a sign of its loosening and loss of stability, but an indicator of the flexibility and expedient adaptability of the norm to the life situation of communication.

Life has changed a lot. And not only the idea of ​​the inviolability of the literary model in establishing the norm. The speech behavior of representatives of modern society has changed, the speech stereotypes of the past have been eliminated, the language of the press has become more natural and vital; the style of mass printing has changed - there is more irony and sarcasm, and this awakens and develops subtle nuances in the word. But at the same time and side by side - linguistic vulgarity and nakedness of the direct, rough sense of the taboo word. The picture is contradictory and ambiguous, requiring careful analysis and painstaking, long-term work on the education of linguistic taste.

An interesting thought was expressed by I. Volgin back in 1993 (Lit. gazeta, August 25), quoting I. Brodsky: “Only if we decide that it is time for sapiens to stop its development, literature should speak the language of the people. Otherwise, the people should speak the language of literature.” As for the “non-normative literature” that has so flooded our modern press, then for its own good it is better for it to remain marginal, fundamentally non-bookish, inexpressible in the written word (I. Volgin’s advice). “There is no need to artificially pull this fragile object out of its natural habitat - from the elements of oral speech, where it is the only one able to fulfill its cultural mission.” And further: “This outstanding national phenomenon deserves to live an independent life. Cultural integration is deadly for him.”

It must be said that the general decline in the style of the mass press, the loss of literary purity and stylistic "highness" to a certain extent removes the neutrality in the assessment of events. Stylistic illegibility, as a protest against the pathos and window dressing of past times, gives rise at the same time to stylistic deafness and loss of a sense of language.

However, it is not our task to analyze the language of the mass press as such. These materials are used only as an illustration of their own processes in the language, since this area of ​​application of the language most quickly responds to new phenomena in the language, in a certain sense updates them. The manual does not set a task and a normalization plan. This requires huge statistical data and an end-to-end analysis of modern texts and sounding speech. Even the authors of the collective monograph "The Russian Language of the End of the 20th Century", prepared at the Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, officially declare that they are not normalizers.

The purpose of the manual is to acquaint you with important patterns in the modern language, with the sprouts of the new in it; help to see this new and correlate it with the internal processes in the language; to help establish links between the self-development of the language and the changes that stimulate it in the real life of modern society. Private assessments of linguistic facts and the corresponding recommendations can help to understand the complex "language economy" of our time and, possibly, influence the education of a sense of language.

The manual focuses on a conscious, thoughtful attitude to the processes in the language, on the perception of the language as a dynamic, functionally developed system.

The description of the material provides for knowledge of the multi-level system of the Russian language and its modern style and stylistic differentiation.

For the first time, a holistic concept of active processes in the Russian language is givenke, based on the study of oral and written speech in various fieldsthe life of society. Active processes in the Russian language of the end are highlighted20th century - in pronunciation and stress, in vocabulary and phraseology, in word formationvaniya and morphology, in syntax and punctuation. Race language changesviewed taking into account the internal sources of language development against the background of historyical transformations in the life of society. Widely represented languagevariation in its relation to the literary norm. Particular attention isleno to the vocabulary of the media as the most obvious sourceno changes in the vocabulary of the Russian language.

For students of higher educational institutions studying in the directionpits and specialties "Philology", "Linguistics", "Journalism", "Booksbusiness", "Publishing do editing". Of interest tolinguists, philosophers, culturologists, press workers, literary critics,teachers and teachers, as well as a wide range of readers.

Book's contents:

Foreword
Principles of the sociological study of language
Laws of language development
Language sign variance
(The concept of variance and its origins. Classification of options)
Language norm
(The concept of the norm and its features. Norm and occasionalism. General language and situational norm. Motivated deviations from the norm. Main processes in the normalization of linguistic phenomena)
Changes in Russian pronunciation
Active processes in the area of ​​stress
Active processes in vocabulary and phraseology
(Basic lexical processes. Semantic processes in vocabulary. Stylistic transformations in vocabulary. Determinologization. Foreign borrowings. Computer language. Foreign lexemes in Russian vernacular. Non-literary vocabulary in the language of modern printing)
Active processes in word formation
(The growth of agglutinative features in the process of word formation. The most productive word-formation types. The production of names of persons. Abstract names and process names. Prefixes and compound words. Specialization of word-formation means. Interstep word formation. Collapse of names. Abbreviation. Expressive names. Occasional words)
Active processes in morphology
(Growth of analyticism in morphology. Shifts in forms of grammatical gender. Forms of grammatical number. Changes in case forms. Changes in verb forms. Some changes in adjective forms)
Active Processes in Syntax
(Dismemberment and segmentation of syntactic constructions. Attaching terms and parceled constructions. Two-term constructions. Predicative complexity of the sentence. Activation of inconsistent and uncontrollable word forms. Growth of prepositional combinations. Tendency towards semantic accuracy of the utterance. Syntactic compression and syntactic reduction. Weakening of the syntactic connection. Correlation between affective and intellectual in the field of syntax)
Some trends in modern Russian punctuation
(Point. Semicolon. Colon. Dash. Ellipsis. Functionally-targeted use of punctuation. Unregulated punctuation. Author's punctuation)
Conclusion
Literature
Approximate program of the discipline "Active processes in modern Russian"