Three ingenious options for the redevelopment of Khrushchev. Typical series of Khrushchev

In fact, the first, really all-Union panel series (335 - appeared later)
It was built everywhere, and survived in variations until the end of the 70s.
Extremely cheap square meter living area,
layouts such as "closet with a window", as well as ease of construction.

There are very few of them in Moscow, but in the Moscow region ...

The construction of the 464 series of houses began in 1959.
However, at first, these houses did not receive much distribution,
In addition, the 464 series had a small step of transverse carriers.
walls 2.6-3.2 m.

The main characteristics of the 464-series:

Thickness bearing walls: 0.35 m
Load-bearing wall material: coated concrete ceramic tiles
Ceilings: reinforced concrete, flat per room. (See attached drawings)
Kitchen area: 5-6 m2

House 464-series consisted of 3
sectional five-story house. Section consists of 4 apartments
on the floor: one 1-room, one two-room
(with adjoining rooms) and two 3-room
(with adjoining-separate rooms) apartments.

Well, now a little more about the 464 series.

Basic series:

Its development, after its transfer to TsNIIEP-dwellings:

Improved 9-storey series.

and panel design.

Well, now some regional variations:

LARGE-PANE RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS SERIES 1-464А FOR CONSTRUCTION IN Kyiv

9-STOREY LARGE-PANE RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
(STANDARD PROJECTS 1-464A-51, 1-464A-52, 1-464A-53 AND 1-464A-54)

Typical projects of 9-storey large-panel buildings residential buildings series 1-464A for construction in Kyiv were developed by KievZNIIEP taking into account the specific conditions of construction, as well as the fact that products for houses are manufactured at a specialized house-building plant in Kyiv (DSK-3), which previously produced products for standard 5-storey residential buildings of this series. From the general range of 9-storey residential buildings of the 1-464A series, working drawings of four 9-storey residential buildings (1-464A-51, 1-464A-52, 1-464A-53 and 1-464A-54) were smoked and put into operation for building under normal conditions.

The layout of 9-storey houses is based on six main sections - 3 latitudinal and 3 meridional with a step of 2.6 and 3.2 m. 3.3 (ordinary) and 2.2.2.3.3.4 (end face). The project provides for various types of apartments (1-, 2-, 3- and 4-room apartments), differing in planning structure and size. The apartments are designed with a maximum number of impassable rooms, with separate sanitary facilities in 2-, 3- and 4-room apartments and combined in 1-room apartments. All apartments have 130 cm wide fronts, pantries and mezzanines.

Fragment of the construction of the array "Komsomol" in Kyiv.

The staircase is combined with an elevator shaft and a garbage chute. The expressiveness of the architectural appearance of 9-storey large-panel residential buildings is decided by the large rhythm of the loggias. The light-and-shadow expressiveness of the loggia rhythm is complemented by color - painting or facing with colored glazed ceramic tiles. internal walls and loggias. The facades of buildings from the side of the staircase, along with the rhythm created by the stairs, have the rhythm of paired balconies.

Provided various options outdoor wall panels staircases, railings for balconies and loggias. The constructive scheme of the houses is designed with load-bearing transverse and longitudinal walls with floor panels supported along the contour. This ensures the stability and rigidity of the building, considered as a spatially working structure, consisting of a system of closed rigid boxes that perceive vertical and horizontal loads.

External step panels are designed as multi-layered 300 mm thick. Rigid mineral wool boards on a phenolic binder with a thickness of 120 mm are used as a heater. The internal wall panels of the ground part and the wall panels of the loggias are taken with a thickness of 140 mm. Floor panels are designed in the form of solid flat slabs 100 mm thick, resting along the contour on the transverse and longitudinal walls. The roof is flat, combined, ventilated, with internal drain. The houses are equipped with all kinds of modern engineering equipment. The construction of 9-storey large-panel residential buildings of the 1-464A series began in 1967.

Team of authors: architects L. D. Kulikov, G. I. Koporovsky, Z. S. Chechik, R. V. Knizhnik, F. I. Borovik, S. Ya Khodik; engineers I. V. Onishchenko, M. I. Medvedev, V. I. Repyakh, N. N. Stelmashenko, A. I. Braverman, L. I. Gerentseva, E. Ya. Sharder, I. M. Kozyr, A A. Faktorovich.

12-STOREY LARGE-PANE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
(TYPICAL PROJECT 1-464A-52)

The planning structure of the 12-storey large-panel residential building was based on the end section 2.2.3.3 of the 9-storey residential building 1-464A-52 using a new vertical transport hub solution. The smoke-free staircase, required by the standards for 12-storey buildings, is moved outside the building and gives the facade from the entrance side a new architectural expression.

This made it possible to use the vacated space for the installation of a second elevator and the organization of floor elevator halls connected to the stairs by passages. Setting the staircase at an angle to the building made it possible to arrange a small entrance lobby on the first floor leading to the elevator hall. The garbage chute is placed in a separate light room. The 12-storey building is designed as a 2-section building. If necessary, sections can be combined into 4- and 6-section residential buildings.

Team of authors: architects A. I. Zavarov, Yu. G. Repii, F. I. Borovik, S. Ya. Khodik;
engineers: I. V. Onishchenko, M. I. Medvedev, I. S. Gorokhov, V. G. Zhitomirsky, A. F. Kosoy, Yu. P. Golovchenko, P. G. Sapak, B. I. Veksler, O. A. Zgursky.

CURVED 12-STOREY LARGE-PANEL RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
IN THE RESIDENTIAL AREA "KOMSOMOLSKY"

The planning structure of the house is based on a section with a set of 2.2.3.3. To give the house a curvilinear shape, the ends of the section are beveled on both sides by 60 cm along one of the facades within steps of 2.6 and 3.2 m. The house has 5 through passages. Distinctive feature home is his exterior finish. External wall panels are manufactured in the factory with white glazed ceramic tiles, loggia walls, entrances, stairwell ends and driveways are lined with dark green, loggia screens are lined with light gray glazed tiles.

Team of authors: architects A. I. Zavarov, S. Ya. Khodik; Yu. G. Repin, F. I. Borovik, E. V. Ryazantseva;
engineers I. V. Onishchenko, M. I. Medvedev, I. S. Gorokhov, B. G. Zhitomirsky, Yu. P. Golovchenko, A. F. Kosoy, N. G. Sapak, O. A. Zgursky th.

LenZniiEpovskaya series 464 for Yakutsk.

Novosibirsk clones 464 series

1-464 A classic Khrushchev building of 5 floors with a narrow step (2.6 + 3.2 m step) of transverse walls. It was built by Sibakademstroy (now ZZHBI-3 LLC, KPD-Gazstroymontazh LLC). The first 4-storey building was built in Akademgorodok in 1961. Later the series was built by DSK-1. Layout 1-464:

The most massive Novosibirsk series. Under the brand name 1-464, both five-story and nine-story ("brezhnevka" 1-464D) Houses. Despite the difference in appearance and in planning, structurally, the buildings are very close and were made of the same elements. The first 9-storey large panel house DSK-1 mounted in 1968 on Zatulinka. In 1972, DSK-1 became the general contractor for the construction of all houses of the 1-464 series, produced until the mid-1990s. Layout 1-464D:

In the series, in addition to 5 and 9-storey houses, 12-storey 2-entrance houses were also produced, the first of which were built on the Chelyuskinsky housing estate in the early 80s. The head organization that developed the projects of the 1-464 series in the USSR was TsNIIEP housing. Loggias 1-464D, unlike 111-90, are recessed into the plane of the facade. Most of the residential areas of Novosibirsk are built up in a series, except for the Kalininsky and Sovetsky districts (in "Shch" and Eltsovka; both 1-464D and 111-90 were built at the Ob-HPP and Shlyuz).

And in the Baltic republics:

Of the typical projects of prefabricated large-panel houses, the projects of the 1-464 series, developed by the Giprostroyindustriya Institute and put into effect in 1959, are most widely used (Fig. 3-1). When developing this series, the experience of building large-panel houses with transverse load-bearing walls in Magnitogorsk and on 6th Street was used. October field in Moscow. The 1-464 series is used by more than 200 house-building enterprises, producing products for houses with a total living area of more than 10 million m 2 per year.

The structural scheme of the houses is designed with load-bearing transverse walls located at 2.6 and 3.2 m intervals, with floor panels supported along the contour. The spatial rigidity of the building is provided by a system of transverse and longitudinal walls of reinforced concrete panels the size of a room, connected to each other and to the panels of interfloor ceilings with steel ties (linings).

Exterior wall panels are designed in several design options and have a thickness of 21 to 35 cm, depending on the design temperature of the construction area.

Multi-layer outer panels consist of an inner reinforced concrete slab 40 mm thick and outer 50 mm thick, including textured layer.

Rice. 3-1. Large-panel housing houses series 1-464

b - ordinary section 2-2-2-3; c - structural diagram

Between the slabs, insulation is laid from semi-rigid mineral wool slabs or lightweight concrete liners. The inner and outer slabs are interconnected by lightweight concrete ribs. Single-layer panels of external walls are made of lightweight concrete using expanded clay, karagandite, thermosite and other lightweight aggregates.

Used for interior walls reinforced concrete panels 12 cm thick, and in the basement parts of buildings - 14 cm. Doorways in the panels of the internal walls are not provided; the openings left between the panels are filled with carpentry door blocks to the full height of the premises.

Strip foundations are assembled from prefabricated reinforced concrete pads and concrete blocks. The panels of the outer and inner walls of the basement part of the house have designs similar to the corresponding panels of the upper part of the building.

Interfloor ceilings are made of flat slabs of solid section 10 cm thick, resting along the contour on transverse and longitudinal walls. Panels of floors and internal walls are made of heavy concrete grade 150 in vertical cassette molds.

The connections of the outer wall panels to each other and to the panels of the inner walls and ceilings are carried out by welding embedded parts in the panels using strip steel linings. After welding, all steel surfaces are coated with an anti-corrosion compound and sealed cement mortar.

In the projects of the release of 1959, in the design of the horizontal seam between the panels of the outer walls to insulate the end of the floor panel, it was planned to lay a mineral wool slab 70 mm thick wrapped with glassine. In projects released in 1961, the horizontal seam of the outer panels was designed with a threshold in the middle of the joint, on top of which a foam rubber gasket was laid. To insulate the unit, a 50 mm thick mineral wool board wrapped with glassine was adopted. Horizontal seam of external walls with external and inside minted with mortar on expanding cement. The seam under the floor panel on outer wall injected or caulked with cement mortar.

When joining the panels of the outer walls, elastic gaskets and a waterproofing layer are laid in the groove of the vertical joint before the installation of the inner wall panel. bituminous mastic. After installation, the vertical seams between the inner wall panel and the outer panels are caulked with tow soaked in cement-lime mortar, and the entire groove is filled with lightweight concrete with a bulk density of 800-1000 kg / m 3. Instead of caulking vertical joints, inventory formwork can be used, light concrete can be replaced with heavy concrete, provided that the joint is insulated with a 70 mm thick mineral wool board wrapped with glassine or a foam insert.

Floor panels are laid dry. The seam between the inner wall panel and the ceiling from below is sealed with cement mortar, and the seam between the ceiling panels is filled with cement mortar.

Reinforced concrete panels 6 cm thick are used to install partitions in sanitary facilities. Stairs are assembled from prefabricated platforms and marches without overhead treads. Combined roofing is carried out directly on reinforced concrete floor above the fifth floor. Under the thermal insulation of expanded clay concrete, a pasting vapor barrier is made along the ceiling. The roofing carpet consists of three layers of roofing felt over glassine and bituminous mastic.

During the operation of residential buildings with small apartments of series 1-464, shortcomings in the solution of structures and shortcomings in terms of planning decisions (narrowed front, inconvenient entrances from them and common living rooms and from these rooms to kitchens, walk-through rooms and combined sanitary facilities). A significant disadvantage of three-layer panels is the high complexity of their manufacture and the inability to control the quality of finished products;

when vibrating, sealing and wetting of the insulation is possible; connecting expanded clay-concrete ribs in the panels (between the outer and inner layers of heavy concrete), due to the filling of pores with a liquid solution, turn into cold bridges;
unsatisfactory tightness of the joints of the panels of the outer walls, which in some cases leads to leakage and freezing in the joints of the panels;
the adopted system of supporting the floor panels on the walls dry, without carefully filling the gaps with mortar, worsens the sound insulation of the internal walls during airborne noise transfer.

Series of residential buildings 1-464A

TsNIIEP housing together with other design institutes, enterprises of large-panel housing construction and construction and installation departments developed improved, more perfect series 1-464A. This series includes an increase operational qualities, improvement of architectural, planning and design solutions for residential buildings, as well as increasing the factory readiness of prefabricated elements.

The improved 1-464A series includes five main types of 5-story residential buildings in 2, 4, 6, 8 sections and. The nomenclature of buildings of the improved series makes it possible to solve residential development within a wide range, using different type houses with a variety of apartments for the resettlement of families of various sizes. The layout of residential buildings in this series includes eight apartments various types with living area from 17 to 45 m2.

Houses of the improved series have three-apartment row and four-apartment end sections with through or corner ventilation and good insolation of living quarters (Fig. 3-2). Entrances to the kitchens are designed from utility corridors, the width of the front ones is increased to 1.3 m, most of the living rooms are impassable. In two-, three- and four-room apartments, sanitary units of a separate type are used. Due to the placement of ventilation units in the transverse walls, the kitchens have a size of 6 m 2. Separate sanitary facilities and other improvements are also provided in two-room apartments, which consists of a one-section 9-storey building.

An increase in the auxiliary area and a number of other improvements in apartments, of course, slightly increase the cost per square meter of living space, but this rise in price is offset by an increase in the length of houses and an increase in the average number of storeys, and hence the density of residential development.

The 1-464A series includes 5- and 9-storey buildings hotel type with one-story service blocks. To ensure the integrated development of microdistricts, a project of a kindergarten-nursery for 140 places and projects of other buildings for cultural and community purposes were developed and included in the series.

Improved architectural expressiveness typical buildings: entrances, balconies (usual console ones, with one dividing wall and two supporting walls), loggia, balconies-loggias and flower girls.

The operational qualities of large-panel buildings largely depend on the perfection of the designs of the outer panels and their interfaces. Previously used designs of welded joints were not protected from moisture penetration. For the 1-464A series, more reliable designs of embedded joints have been developed; the tests carried out confirmed that such joints are characterized by high capitalization and durability (). Monolithic joints securely connect the floors with both transverse and longitudinal walls, they are protected from freezing, moisture and air permeability.

Improved also Constructive decisions and other elements of houses.

A more industrial arrangement of floors is provided with the replacement of a monolithic screed with prefabricated gypsum-cement concrete or expanded clay concrete slabs;
a variant of panels of external walls with a size of two rooms has been developed;
prefabricated panels of combined roofs were designed, when using which only the joints between the panels are sealed at the construction site and the upper layers of roofing material are laid (see Fig. 6-23);
variant developed pile foundations, more economical than strip foundations (see Fig. 6-18).

Volumetric sanitary cabins are made of monolithic reinforced concrete with a wall thickness of 40 mm or waterproof gypsum-cement concrete. For the purpose of more convenient production of installation sanitary and technical works, the location of the main pipelines is provided outside the bulk cabins, which makes it possible to connect sanitary equipment to general networks without entering the cabins.

Rice. 3-2. Large-panel houses of the 1-464A series

1 - ordinary section 1 - 2 - 3; b-the same, 2-2-2; c—end section 3—3—4; g - facade of a six-section house

All electrical wiring and lighting fixtures are built into the walls of the cabins.

Apparently, in the coming years, large-panel housing construction will retain constructive systems with a frequent arrangement of transverse load-bearing walls, using flat cassette production of products for walls and ceilings from the most famous and cheap materials, since large-panel houses with a frequent step of transverse walls meet the requirements for variety of apartment layouts, have relatively better technical and economic indicators, have high factory readiness and ease of installation. After the commissioning of all house-building enterprises under construction, about 55% of the total volume of large-panel construction will be carried out according to standard projects series 1-464A.

Which was built a relatively small amount on Chokolovka and Otradnoe. Both 9-storey and 5-storey buildings of the 464-series were developed by the Moscow Institute "Giprostroyindustriya". This series was all-Union. The first 9-storey building of this series was released in 1965. It was a dotted 9-story house of the series 1-464A-20.

The construction of these houses was carried out throughout the territory of Kyiv, but especially many of them were built on Chokolovka, Otradnoe, Nivki, Voskresenka, Shulyavka, Solomenka, Darnitsa. But 3 years after the start of construction, the construction of houses of the 1-464A-20 series was discontinued. The reason was that the internal undesirable premises were used inefficiently: large areas were given to the stairwells located in the center of the building. In addition, the stairwells did not have windows to the street. This was bad in terms of lighting (it had to work around the clock) and fire safety.

The series has old diseases: a small step of transverse load-bearing walls of 2.6-3.2 m and thin external panels. Currently, realtors often calls the series 1-464A-20"box", erroneously classifying it as a "Khrushchev". However, this is not true. The layouts in this series are a little better, the kitchens are bigger. The house has an elevator. Houses of the 1-464A-20 series are single-section. The section consists of six apartments per floor: one 1-room apartment, four 2-room apartments (with separate and adjoining rooms) and one 3-room apartment (with adjoining rooms) or six 2-room apartments.

1-464A-20:

Series marking: 1-464A-20

Bearing wall thickness: 0.35 m

Ceilings: reinforced concrete, tented

Kitchen area: 6-7 m2

Main disadvantages: degraded layouts, small kitchens, thin load-bearing external walls, thin hipped ceilings, moral and physical aging of the buildings of the series.

Series Description 1-464A - 51, 52, 53, 54.

For further modernization of the series, the Kyiv Institute KievZNIIEP was determined. By that time (early 70s), the share of the 464-series of Ukrainian house-building plants was 70% of their capacity. As a result of improvements, new modifications of the 464-series appeared: 1-464A - 51, 52, 53, 54.

Ideologically, the concept was already applied in the new nine-story houses 480-series. New modifications 464-series changed externally: they became multi-sectional, received windows on the stairwell, which was combined with the elevator shaft and the garbage chute. However, these houses were built from the same concrete panels with a record low thickness of 0.35 m, with the same small step of transverse load-bearing walls of 2.6-3.2 m. But with all the shortcomings, the series was the simplest, most economical and technologically advanced of all at that time, which made it possible to meet and exceed housing construction plans.

The construction of houses of series 1-464A - 51, 52, 53, 54 began in 1967. Due to its simplicity and cost-effectiveness, the series instantly spread throughout construction sites. And not only in Kyiv. The series was all-Union and was built in many cities. During the 60-70s, entire microdistricts were built up with the 464-series: Bereznyaki, Borshchagovka, Obolon, Vinogradar, Minsk, Kharkov, Komsomol

The layouts in these houses were "modest". All the same kitchens 6-7 m2, in one-room apartments- shared bathrooms small size living rooms and corridors. Externally, the modifications of the 9-storey houses of series 1-464A - 51, 52, 53, 54 practically do not differ, but inside they have a different structure: latitudinal (4 apartments in a section) and meridional (6 apartments in a section). For example:
1-464A-52 six-section house. The section consists of four apartments per floor: two 2-room apartments (with separate rooms) and two 3-room apartments (with shared-separate rooms);
1-464A-54 six-section house. The section consists of six apartments on the floor: in the end part - three 2-room apartments (with separate passages), two 3-room apartments (with joint-separate rooms) and one 4-room apartment (with joint-separate rooms), in the inner part - two 1-room apartments, two 2-room apartments (with separate rooms) and two 3-room apartments (with shared separate rooms).

In the early 70s, the construction of new 12-storey houses of the series 1-464A-52.
The planning structure of the 12-storey large-panel residential building was based on the end section 2.2.3.3 9-storey residential building 1-464A-52 using a new solution for a vertical transport hub. The smoke-free staircase, required by the standards for 12-storey buildings, is moved outside the building and gives the facade from the entrance side a new architectural expression.
This made it possible to use the vacated space for the installation of a second elevator and the organization of floor elevator halls connected to the stairs by passages. Setting the staircase at an angle to the building made it possible to arrange a small entrance lobby on the first floor leading to the elevator hall. The garbage chute is placed in a separate light room. The 12-storey building is designed as a 2-section building. If necessary, sections can be combined into 4- and 6-section residential buildings. The section of this house consisted of 4 apartments per floor: 2 two-room apartments (with separate rooms) and 2 three-room apartments (adjacent-separate rooms)

The new 12-storey building absorbed all the shortcomings of the 464-series into the web, but allowed to increase the number of storeys. The apotheosis of construction of this type houses became a CURVILINEAR 12-storey residential building series 1-464A-52
in the residential area "Komsosmolsky", consisting of 24 sections and having 5 through passages.

The main characteristics of the series 1-464A-5xx:

Series marking: 1-464A-5xx

Bearing wall thickness: 0.30 m

Load-bearing wall material: concrete with ceramic tiles

Ceilings: reinforced concrete, flat (all walls are load-bearing)

Kitchen area: 6-7 m2

Main disadvantages: poor layouts, small kitchens, thin load-bearing outer walls, thin flat ceilings, practical impossibility of redevelopment (all walls are load-bearing), moral and physical aging of the series buildings.

Since 1957, after the adoption of a law that provided for the elimination of excesses in the design of houses, buildings of a new type began to be erected in the USSR. Among the people, such houses were called "Khrushchev" (derived from the surname Secretary General Central Committee of the CPSU N.S. Khrushchev). Such houses received a second name - Khrushchev, mainly due to the inconvenient and disproportionate layout of the rooms, narrow corridors and spans of platforms, thin walls and as a result - terrible sound insulation. In this article we will talk about what a typical series of Khrushchev houses are, we will try to highlight the main pros and cons of these buildings. We will provide layout features in the form of descriptions and photos.

Typical series of Khrushchev houses: the main pros and cons of houses

Let's look at the main characteristics of the apartments and determine the features of each series of Khrushchev houses that have been built for 27 years. It is worth noting that initially Khrushchev was supposed to be used as temporary housing and the operational life of the building ranged from 25 to 50 years. But, as you know, people live in such houses in our time. The disadvantages of Khrushchev houses include poor sound insulation and thermal insulation (it is cool in winter and too hot in the apartment in summer), not always good planning apartments and entrances: narrow corridors, small kitchen, lack of a garbage chute and very often an elevator. The main advantages of such houses include low cost.

The main advantages of such houses include the low cost of housing and the developed infrastructure around the building. As a rule, there are kindergartens, schools, shops and excellent transport interchange not far from Khrushchev. If a Money not enough to buy an apartment, then - not the worst option. Moreover, such buildings in Moscow and other cities of Russia are subject to demolition, in which case the owners receive brand new housing, or reconstruction and redevelopment.

Series 1-464 (1960 - 1967)

General drawing:

One of the most popular series of Khrushchevs in the USSR was 1-464 (1960 - 1967). This is a panel house with 5 floors, you can rarely see 3 and 4 storey buildings. All apartments have balconies (also additional closets), but there are no elevators and the residents of the building have to go up and down the stairs, which is quite difficult for the elderly, families with small children. The bathrooms in the apartments are combined, there is no common garbage chute in the entrance, and the number of apartments on the site is 4. The ceiling height in the apartments is 2.5 m2, the kitchen is less than 6 m2, to be more precise - 5.8 m2. Apartments 1, 2 and 3 rooms.

Picture - drawing:

1 room:

2 room:

3 room:

Series 1-335 (1963 - 1967)

From 1963 to 1967 the territory was built up with houses of the 1-335 series. These are also panel buildings, with a ceiling height of 2.54 m, balconies in each apartment, combined bathrooms, and the absence of an elevator and a garbage chute. The kitchen area is slightly larger than in the previous series - 6.2 m2, the ceiling area - 2.5 m. There are four apartments on the site - from 1 to 3 rooms. In addition to balconies, the apartments have additional storage rooms and built-in wardrobes.

1 room:

2 room:

Series 1-434 (1958 - 1964)

This series was built from 1958 to 1964; in different years of construction, the layouts of the apartments were slightly modified. So, for example, in the buildings of 1958 in one-room apartments, the area of \u200b\u200bthe living room was 18.6 m2, and in 1959 it decreased to 18.2 m2, in 1969 the area of the room was 17.7 m2. And so in all types of apartments, the area of residential premises varied in the direction of decreasing and increasing. But the kitchen area remained unchanged - 5.8 m2, as well as the ceiling height - 2.5 m. The houses are brick, combined bathrooms, and each apartment has a balcony, a pantry and built-in wardrobes.

Pictures - drawing (by years)

1 room 1958