The demand for bricks in construction needs remains consistently high, and there are a number of reasons for this. Some lie on the surface and tell us that it is one of the most unpretentious building materials, others talk about its amazing features and properties.

In the article, we will consider technical points the material itself, and one of the options for its use in construction, where we can do everything with our own hands.

Brick in construction

Peculiarities

Ceramic bricks have a number of interesting features which make them such a unique material in construction.

This species, regardless of its type and size, always consists of clay, this is its fundamental material. Correlating with the fact that this is a natural element, we immediately have an indicator of environmental friendliness and safety. This type of brick, in fact, cannot be harmful.

If we consider ceramic hollow brick, then you need to familiarize yourself with certain standards:

• The total volume of voids in brick, according to construction and technical standards should be at the level of 13% of the total brick volume.
• The shape of the voids can be different, it does not matter in principle. Open, closed or slotted.

Due to the relatively low price, this type ceramic products can be found in almost any building. how additional element, it fits perfectly. Load-bearing walls are rarely erected from it, but, as a material for interior partitions, balconies, fences, it is indispensable.

In addition, the hollow type of brick is excellent for the construction of lightweight structures, country houses, cottages.

One of the most important features of this type is its thermal conductivity. A high level of thermal insulation is achieved due to the porous structure of the brick. Heat is retained precisely in the pores, moreover, on long time. Accordingly, the more pores on the brick, the higher the level of thermal insulation.

Especially in this regard, ceramic hollow porous brick M 125 stands out, which practically acts as a heat-insulating material.

The number of pores can be controlled, because they are formed during firing, when some combustible materials are burned in the clay.

Holes are always important. various shapes in brick.

They may be:

• Longitudinal.
• Oval.
• Stretched.
• Rectangular.

On the one hand, all this enhances water absorption, on the other hand, it will not allow us to use hollow bricks in the construction of foundations and plinths, basements.

However, for every minus relative, there is always a plus. In our case, these are excellent sound insulation indicators, which are obtained just because of the high porosity of the brick.

Advice!
To exponent adhesion hollow brick with the mortar as strong as possible, you can pay attention to the amount of water absorption of the brick, which should not be less than 6%.

Building an outer wall

Probably, it is worth approaching the moment in which you can clearly demonstrate how a ceramic ordinary hollow brick can be used in construction. And first of all, let's try to build a wall with it.

It is this type of brick that can be used for the construction of external and load-bearing walls; its strength indicators make it possible to use it in these works.

Consider the construction of the wall of the cottage.

To do this, we will need:

• Concrete mixer. It is much easier to mix the solution with it, otherwise you will have to do everything manually.
• Several shovels.
• The trowel is an ordinary construction worker.
• Level.
• Weights with twine.

Training

First of all, we prepare the base for laying. Since this is concrete, the foundation, we try to bring it into a horizontal plane if possible.

Further, some builders drill holes in the foundation and drive in reinforcement, 10 mm in cross section, so that it does not go further than the height of the brick. During masonry, the reinforcement is between the joints and gives additional strength to the wall, connecting it with the foundation.

In building a wall, there is no need to do everything in one day, as, for example, when pouring a foundation, so we work carefully, calmly and slowly.

masonry

There are several ways to masonry, but since we have lightweight design, we will not load the foundation and lay the masonry in "one" brick.

To do this, we will need to start preparing the solution. As a rule, the solution is made in a ratio of 1 to 3, that is, for one shovel of cement, we put three shovels of sand. The components were loaded into the concrete mixer, filled with water and the solution was brought to a homogeneous mass.

Do not make it too thin or too thick, the consistency should be similar to sour cream.

Advice!
For a good adhesion of the solution to concrete, the surface of the foundation is poured with water, and the first row of masonry is laid on a wet foundation.

We lay the first building brick, and we are already leading a row from it. As a rule, the row is carried out along a stretched guide, which does not allow the masonry to go to the sides.

Each row can and should be checked with a level in order to observe the horizontal plane of the masonry.

If the front row is supposed to be left untouched, then it must be carried out especially carefully, leaving no dirt and traces of mortar on the surface of the brick. But this rarely happens, it is easier after the construction of the wall to insulate it additionally and finish it.

Interior partitions

Ceramic one-and-a-half hollow bricks are no less in demand in the construction of interior partitions, and here it can perform several functions at once, and demonstrate its advantages:

• Possessing excellent noise isolation, the brick will reliably absorb noise and sound, which will have an excellent effect on comfort.
• Due to its price, interior partitions made of hollow bricks do not increase the overall estimate.
• With good thermal insulation properties, hollow brick keeps the temperature in the room, and does not allow it to experience daily fluctuations.

In addition, the brick is so easy to work with that it will not be difficult to build a partition on your own.

Fence and gate posts

Almost everyone has country house there is a fence, and for the most part, it is lined with:

• brick,
• kaletza,
• concrete blocks.

Conclusion

The use of bricks always has its own characteristics, depending on the type, brand, composition. At the same time, the material remains so unpretentious and easy to use that it can be used with little or no knowledge in construction. And in the presented video in this article, you will find Additional information on this topic.

Another name for hollow brick – slotted , perforated and effective . He received such names due to the presence of slots in his body - voids, it is by them that it is quite easy to distinguish a hollow brick from an ordinary building brick. Such a feature is not decorative element or the unreasonable desire of the builders. Voids have a special, moreover, very important function, so it is worth understanding this in more detail.

Almost throughout the entire territory of our vast country, significant temperature changes quite often occur throughout the year. In winter, we have a blizzard and terrible frosts, and in summer we sometimes do not know where to go from the exhausting heat. But, of course, everyone wants their house to be protected from any external discomfort, so builders are forced to thicken the walls in order to at least achieve better thermal insulation of houses. Well, if the wall should be thicker, then, accordingly, more bricks should go, and this negatively affects the total cost of the object being built.

Application of hollow brick

In addition, it has already been proven by practice that the thicker the walls, the more they put pressure on the foundation structure, which can have a very detrimental effect on the results of construction, and often it is simply dangerous. However, solving this problem was not so difficult. Today for masonry bearing walls and partitions, not ordinary ceramic bricks are used, but hollow bricks .

Differences between hollow brick and ceramic

Main differences between hollow brick and ceramic building analogue are reduced thermal conductivity and lighter weight. That is, the walls of such bricks are much thinner and lighter, which does not negatively affect its basic properties to absorb heat and sounds. Also walls made of hollow bricks, when compared with solid ceramic variant, over time, practically do not lose their strength.

Advantages of hollow brick

Along with ease of use hollow brick for construction works there are a number of other advantages . When building walls from it, much less material, costs are also reduced, because the need for material and fuel is reduced, and the likelihood that there will be a shortage of hollow bricks is reduced to almost zero, which cannot be said about solid bricks, because its production time is much shorter.

Features of hollow brick

The material from which hollow bricks are made is fusible clay. In order to distinguish a hollow brick from a solid brick, you do not need to have special knowledge. After all, the main difference is the presence of slots in the slotted brick. Slots come in various shapes - from a circle to a square, but the most common brick with narrow rectangular slots. Narrow slots ensure that the masonry mortar cannot clog in them, therefore, the useful properties of the brick will remain the same. On average, slots in the total volume of hollow bricks are 36%, the minimum figure is 13%, the maximum is 1/2. The average indicator is considered the most favorable for maintaining the basic performance properties of hollow bricks, but the larger the volume of slots, the lower the strength of the brick.

Strength of hollow brick

If we talk about strength, then hollow brick is quite suitable for laying walls. and interior partitions. What cannot be said about the possibility of laying foundation elements or load-bearing walls from it - it cannot be used here. For such purposes better fit solid brick, which has the ability to withstand heavy loads. Well, in general, hollow brick is an environmentally friendly and inexpensive building material, it has excellent performance characteristics and is almost universal.

Brick walls are fire-resistant, bio-resistant, strong and durable. The construction of brick walls is justified.

With proper masonry, the service life exceeds 100 years.

For 1-2-story houses, brick walls, as a rule, are preferred either with the use of effective perforated bricks, or solid bricks with insulation.

Solid Application brickwork for external walls of low-rise buildings made of solid brick with a thickness of more than 38 cm, it is not economically feasible and is allowed only for damp rooms (bathroom, laundry, bathhouse) with air humidity over 75%.)

Internal load-bearing walls and partitions of 1-2-storey houses are laid out from solid(clay or silicate) bricks of almost any brand produced by the factory, the colors of the bricks are not important

For sections of walls with an increased load (partitions of load-bearing walls 38-64 cm long), and load-bearing pillars, solid brick marks not lower than 75.

The thickness of the internal load-bearing walls is at least 25 cm(one brick), the section of pillars and piers is at least 25 × 38 cm.

Clay (red) brick without cracks and chips is used for laying ventilation and smoke ducts.

Brick partitions are laid out with a thickness of 12 cm (1/2 brick) and 6.5 cm (brick "on edge"). With a length of partitions laid out of brick "on edge", more than 1.5 m, they are reinforced with wire with a diameter of 2-4 mm in 2-3 rows in height.

For the successful laying of brick walls, a special tool is needed: a trowel or plaster spatula for laying and leveling the mortar, a pick hammer for splitting and brick tees, jointing for processing joints between bricks, ordering with divisions through 75 mm (with a joint thickness of 10 mm) or 100 mm (when concluding a “one and a half” brick with a height 88 mm and a joint thickness of 12 mm) to control the rows of masonry in height, a mooring cord that is pulled along the beacons between rows to maintain the strict horizontality of the rows of brickwork, and a slope (weight) to check the verticality of the walls.

The walls are erected after the construction of the foundations and the plinth. If the base is brick, then the brickwork begins with it.

In all cases, the first rows of bricks are laid on the surface., aligned with the solution vertically and horizontally.

Rice. 1. The beginning of the brickwork of the outer walls with a protruding (a) and sinking (b) plinth: 1 - masonry, 2-waterproofing, 3 - plinth, 4 - galvanized steel drain.

If the brickwork starts above the level of the planning mark of the ground, then between it and the base (the upper edge of the foundation, basement or growth-work) waterproofing is laid from 1-2 layers of roofing felt or roofing material or from cement mortar 1: 2 2 cm thick.

With a protruding plinth around the perimeter of the house, a drain is made of galvanized roofing steel. Its top is covered with brickwork.

With a sinking plinth, there is no need to drain, but in this case the first overhanging row of bricks is laid “on a poke”.

For strength, brickwork is carried out with dressing of the seams, using not only the whole brick, but also its parts (3/4, 1/2, 1/4).

In necessary cases, to strengthen the bearing walls and pillars, the brickwork is reinforced with a wire mesh with a diameter of 3-6 mm with cells of 5-10 cm in 4-6 rows.

If a brick wall for finishing is plastered on both sides, one should strive to bandage the seams in each row in the longitudinal and transverse directions. Doesn't matter to the interior

When laying walls from grouting dressing facing bricks obeys the accepted pattern of brickwork, however, in this case, the facing row of bricks must be tied with the wall at least every five rows.

In construction, various masonry schemes are used.

One of the old schemes is chain laying with dressing of seams in each row. This masonry requires a large number 3/4 bricks and highly skilled mason.

Much simpler is brickwork with continuous dressing of all seams in 4, 5 or 6 rows.

Rice. 2. Solid brickwork of external walls with a thickness of 250, 380, 510 and 640 mm with the formation right angle and quarters of window and doorways with chain ligation of sutures.

As practice shows, under normal operating conditions, the strength of both masonry schemes is almost the same.

In cases where increased strength of the wall is required, greatest effect provides horizontal reinforcement of brickwork with wire mesh. For pillars with a section of 380 × 380 mm, a “basket” masonry option is possible with filling the middle part with mortar bricks.

If a vertical metal rod from scraps of old pipes is placed inside, then the strength of the column will increase significantly.

In low-rise construction, the walls are usually laid out with continuous masonry from effective (lightweight) bricks (perforated, slit-like, etc.). With insufficient frost resistance of such products, it is recommended to combine them with external facing masonry made of ordinary bricks or with wall cladding with facade tiles.

Rice. 3. The facades of brick walls during laying affect the design: a - chain b - with four-row dressing of seams c - with external cladding.

Walls with an air gap are characterized by higher heat-shielding properties compared to solid masonry (by 15-20%) and are performed using both solid and efficient bricks. With this type of masonry, the front (spoon) rows are tied with the main wall due to the laying of bricks in 4-6 rows of a bonder row or the installation of metal ties.

To prevent increased infiltration of outside air into the air gap of the wall, the facade of the building, as a rule, is plastered or jointed with external seams, strictly controlling the quality of work.

Rice. Fig. 4. Walls with air gaps made of ordinary and effective bricks: a - with metal ties; b - with brick ties.

The optimal structural wall thickness with an air gap of 50 mm is 420 mm. The greatest thermal and economic effect is achieved when a solid brick wall is faced from the inside. thermal insulation boards made, for example, on the basis of wood waste(fibrolite, wood concrete, sawdust concrete), or slabs of lightweight concrete with a bulk density of up to 1000 kg/m3.

Rice. 5. Walls of well masonry: a - masonry of a deaf section of the wall, b - vertical section along the well; c - the angle of the outer walls: 1 - insulation, 2 - transverse walls 3 - longitudinal walls (versts).

Slabs of organic materials are installed along the beacons along the slope, inorganic heaters are attached to the wall directly on the mortar or inorganic adhesives.

At effective heaters The thickness of the outer walls is chosen based on their bearing capacity. For 1-2-storey houses, it is 25 cm.

In order to save brick, the outer walls of 1-2-story houses are sometimes made lightweight.

The most common type of lightweight masonry is the so-called "well" masonry with thin (1/2 bricks) vertical longitudinal and transverse walls. They often talk about her to me

Wells formed by masonry are usually covered with slag, expanded clay or other inorganic heaters.

Compared to solid masonry, lightweight masonry allows you to reduce the consumption of bricks by 1.5-2 times, but in terms of strength it is inferior to all other types of masonry and can be used in walls and piers, they do not experience such a heavy load as the main walls.

Physical and mechanical characteristics of a brick and its scope

Brick	Size, mm	Volume weight, kg/m3	Application conditions
Clay ordinary plastic pressing	250x120x65	1700-1900	No limit
	250x120x65	1600-1800	Except outside walls, bathroom without additional protection
clay hollow plastic pressing		1200-1400	With no restrictions
The same, semi-dry pressing		1100-1300	Except outside walls of bathrooms without additional protection.
Construction light (triple)	250x120x65	900-1100	With cladding
Silicate	250x120x65 250x120x88	1600-1800	Except external walls of bathrooms without additional protection

Hollow brick laying, practically does not differ in any way from the laying of solid bricks, there are only some nuances that you should be aware of. To begin with, it is worth saying that a hollow brick has a volume of voids throughout its volume of at least 13%. Hollow ceramic brick it is used in the construction of both external walls and internal partitions, and is also used when carrying out facing works on finishing the facades of buildings.

Related articles:

Hollow brick masonry

If a masonry hollow brick carried out on a newly built foundation (of course, after a set of design strength), then it is necessary to separate the foundation from future walls, for this it is necessary to perform waterproofing of the foundation. Choice waterproofing materials there is enough in stores, but you can also use bitumen and rolled roofing material in two layers, or combine these two materials in layers. As a rule, in order to separate the foundation from the walls, waterproofing is laid out in a uniform layer around the entire perimeter of the foundation. To level the base and improve adhesion to the base, for laying the first row of hollow bricks, a mortar is laid out on the waterproofing and leveled with a trowel.

Hollow brick laying

The laying of hollow bricks always starts from the corners, for laying which only whole hollow bricks should be used. In order to ensure the setting of the mortar used for masonry, it is recommended to wet the bricks in water, because if the water from the mortar passes into the bricks before the mortar begins to set, then the reliability of such masonry can be doubted. After the first few bricks are laid out at the corners, it is necessary to check their correct leveling and, if necessary, correct it.

An important point regarding the laying of brick walls is that it is initially necessary to lay out exactly the corners, 3-4 rows of hollow bricks, the laying of which should be alternate. After laying each row of bricks, it is necessary to use building level, to check the horizontal and vertical level of the brickwork of hollow bricks. Between the erected corners, a rope is pulled, focusing on which the rest of the bricks of the entire row are laid out. cement mortar applied immediately to the entire row, when bricks are laid on the mortar, they must be installed on the mortar and pressed against it. In order for the seams between the bricks (both horizontal and vertical) to be beautiful and the same everywhere, special spacers are used.

There are also different types hollow bricks, for example, which have special cutouts on the sides, which provides a more reliable and simplified laying of hollow ceramic bricks.

Of course, houses built of brick have not only an attractive appearance, but also provide comfortable conditions residence. However, before you start any construction, you should learn more about this popular building material. So, for example, many people are concerned about the question of what constitutes an ideal brick and what is the difference between a hollow brick and its full-bodied "brother". It is clear that there is no perfect brick, each brick, depending on its properties, is ideal in its own way for solving certain problems.

Where is hollow brick used

Of course, today it is mainly used in construction. The use of hollow bricks in construction is associated with its operational characteristics: lightness and excellent thermal insulation. In turn, the presence of voids makes it possible to reduce the cost of bricks, and in the conditions of the Russian climate, the thickness of the walls plays a particularly important role. In addition, hollow brick masonry makes it possible to reduce the load on the foundation.

Walls built using hollow bricks can be 2 times thinner walls erected with the help of a corpulent. Wherein high level sound and heat insulation will be preserved. However, the number of voids can also be different. So, for example, the optimal ratio is 1:1, that is, the number of voids should be approximately 50%. It is believed that brick with thin slots is more effective in construction.

Reference: slots in a brick can have completely different shape. Most often, narrow rectangular openings are found in slotted bricks. The small width of the slot ensures that all useful properties brick, since in this case the probability of penetration into it is reduced masonry mortar. It should be remembered that with an increase in the number and size of voids, the strength of the brick decreases. Least Quantity slots in hollow bricks is 13%, and the largest is 50%. The average size of the slots is 35%.

What is a solid brick for?

Solid brick in its popularity is much inferior to hollow. However, in terms of its strength, it noticeably surpasses its “opponent”. In this regard, solid brick is widely used today for laying the foundation, in the construction of columns or basement floors, as well as in the construction of various load-bearing elements. Solid brick is also widely used in the laying of fireplaces, stoves and chimneys.

The secrets of the right choice

When choosing a solid brick for construction, special care should be taken, since your safety will be directly related to its quality. It's no secret that good brick can be recognized by its red-brown color and characteristic ringing when struck. Thus, if you have a mustard or black sample in front of you, it is better to immediately refuse the services of this company. The same should be done if you see any cracks or chips in the brick.

At solid brick High Quality void volume should not exceed 13%, since this characteristic directly affects the water absorption coefficient (at least 8%). In turn, if voids are completely absent in a solid brick, interior spaces the object erected with its use will not be protected from temperature changes (too high thermal conductivity will “release” heat).

Thus, the choice of one or another type of brick directly depends on the features of the structures (whether it is a load-bearing wall, do you want the room to remain warm or this indicator does not have of great importance), but decide on the final version experienced consultants will always help you.