Combined two-storey house. Wood and stone - their description and properties

First floor at combined houses stone and the other wood. The combination of a stone bottom and a wooden top in one building divides the functions between stone and wood in such a way as to take advantage of the advantages of these building materials and, if possible, bypass or weaken their shortcomings, that is, with one blow "kill two birds with one stone".

What is the point?

Building stone, whether ceramic brick or gas silicate, strong, durable, does not rot, is not so afraid of moisture, like wood, is fireproof. Stone buildings evoke a sense of solidity and reliability. On the first (stone) floor combined house usually all potentially fire-hazardous premises, one way or another connected with fire, are concentrated: a fireplace room, a kitchen, a boiler room, a sauna.

At the same time, we are tired of the stone in the city, in stone rooms there is often a lack of comfort -
does not warm our souls. In combined houses, living quarters are located on the second floor, built of wood. It is easier to breathe in them - and this is not an allegory or an illusion: natural wood, as you know, is sensitive to fluctuations in humidity, absorbing and giving off excess or missing moisture - as they say, "breathes" - and maintains the ideal room for human body microclimate. In a wooden volume, a different, more personal and emotional perception of a dwelling arises than in a typical cell of a typical urban high-rise building. At the same time, a tree raised to the height of the second floor and separated from moist soil by three meters of masonry does not suffer from water, does not rot or mold, remaining much longer than in ordinary wooden buildings. And the wide overhangs of the roof, characteristic of of this type buildings, protect wood from rain and direct sunlight.

A quite natural and already familiar division arises: below - public areas and Technical buildings, at the top - housing.

A bit of history

The combined floor is a very beautiful and time-tested type of building. Such buildings were erected in the gloomy times of the Middle Ages in the Alps, in the disputed province of Savoy, which belonged alternately to France and Italy. These were, of course, not villas and palaces, but shepherd's huts - simple and durable. Made of massive timber and natural stone, they served reliable protection for people and livestock from bad weather, so frequent and sudden in the mountains. The buildings were erected from various improvised building materials - stone and wood, lime was used as a whitewash. The high ground floor has always been made of stone. This was dictated by the peculiarities of the local climate and geology - heavy snowfalls and the proximity of the rock that served as a natural foundation. The sloping roof resisted strong wind(sometimes shingles or shingles were pressed down with cobblestones to prevent the roof from being blown away by the wind), and its large overhangs covered the walls from slanting rain. It is curious that they usually tried to orient the shepherd's dwellings along the cardinal points, facing - that is, the most beautiful main facade - turning to the east.

This is how the now popular chalet style was born, which is so common in the architecture of combined cottages.

But not only Alpine shepherds have learned to combine stone and wood. In Russia, from ancient times, log huts were also erected on a high stone cage, which served as a pantry for some, and for others as a trading shop. Here, among dense forests, where stone is not such a natural material as in the mountains, only relatively wealthy people, most often practical merchants, could afford two-story houses with a stone bottom. And we, building combined houses for ourselves, thereby continue the centuries-old merchant tradition.

Gradually alpine chalet they looked less and less like squalid huts, acquiring a more residential and comfortable look, turning into permanent shepherd's dwellings. More and more attention was paid to convenience, warmth and comfort. Now in such a chalet it was possible to wait out not only protracted bad weather, but also to live in a large shepherd's or peasant family. Enhanced by harsh mountain nature and centuries of folk art, traditional chalet houses have survived to this day. And now the most common architectural style combined houses are ennobled and modern style chalet.

The interiors of the chalets traditionally gravitate towards the “country” style, playing with the proximity of stone and wood. What is characteristic of this style? Mainly use natural materials: stone, wood, lime plaster, woven draperies. The walls of the first floor are mostly limestone. Almost always the interior is decorated with protruding wooden ceiling beams; often they are painted in contrasting dark color and decorated with carvings. In attic residential interiors, they like to use aged wood, dark, in a web of microscopic cracks. A large fireplace is practically obligatory, near which the whole family can gather on dark winter evenings. All this creates an atmosphere of comfort, warmth, security, peace, good traditions with a touch of some patriarchy - the atmosphere of the House with a capital letter.

What materials and how to build a combined house?

Modern building technology present wide choose options, how and from what to build
according to the budget.

The stone ground floor can be made of bricks, gas silicate or porous ceramic blocks. Brick in accordance with modern requirements of heat engineering, it is desirable to insulate. To do this, there are proven technologies - a "ventilated facade", without which not a single city building can do today, and " wet facade”, when a special plaster is applied to the insulation layer. The thickness of the brickwork in this case can be made minimal, as long as it meets the necessary strength characteristics residential cottage.

Walls made of gas silicate or porous ceramics do not need to be insulated - the house will turn out to be warm without that. They are usually plastered on the outside; in this case, special plaster compositions for gas silicate with good vapor permeability should be used.

Log, beam or frame?

The choice of specific material and technology for the construction of the second floor of a combined house is even wider. The residential floor can be built from rounded logs, profiled or glued beams, ordinary unplaned beams, insulated from the outside using the “ventilated facade” method, or made into a frame.

Rounding and glued beams are the most traditional options that are suitable for those who simply love wood, its beauty, warmth, texture, smell.

In fact, a low log cabin is being cut on a high stone plinth under a sloping roof - that's all the features.

Insulated timber - the most, perhaps, modern version, corresponding to the norms for heat in a residential building. outdoor decorative trim The facade can be anything from imitation of prestigious glued beams to reproduction of the traditional look of authentic Alpine chalets.

When considering the construction of a combined house, one should not forget that, due to its stone foundation, the house will be very heavy, which will most likely require the construction of a fully buried strip foundation or a reinforced concrete slab of considerable thickness. Be that as it may, the design and calculation of the foundation must be done competently and responsibly.

The frame also allows you to give the attic any appearance. But in this case, the environment may suffer: it is not living wood that comes into contact with living quarters, but a synthetic vapor barrier film. However, an interesting modern version of the construction frame attic — half-timbered technology with large glass areas. Energy-saving double-glazed windows comply with heat standards, and the appearance is both strictly traditional and completely unusual. It can be said that panoramic glazing facades of the attic is very to face the modern combined house.

Austrian chalet style in Russian cottage villages

The construction technology of combined houses consists in laying the walls of the first floor of stone and using wood to assemble the second floor. Common name buildings - chalets. The word came from Austria: such buildings were often erected in the mountains.

GOOD WOOD builds combined houses from glued beams own production and porous ceramic blocks Porotherm. It is safe and durable materials which can be used without additional insulation.

Why Combination Homes Are So Popular

Chalet is a hit of cottage settlements. Over the past 3-5 years, the popularity of combined projects has been steadily growing: several hundred families already live in a typical KD-225, which has become a real bestseller among GOOD WOOD offers.

Advantages of combined houses:

Non-standard appearance. Agree, against the background of completely brick and wooden buildings, the chalets look very advantageous.
There are ready-made projects and many built objects according to individual drawings. It is easier for the customer to choose suitable house and immediately determine the cost of construction.
Reliable stable construction. It will suit anyone who doubts the strength of wooden housing construction.

The combination of two materials for families who have not come to a consensus on what to build a house from. The solution will suit both brick (ceramic blocks) supporters and wood lovers.
The division into residential and common area. The first (stone) floor is reserved for the living room, kitchen, boiler room, storerooms. On the second (wooden) bedrooms and children's rooms are equipped.

Ready-made projects of combined houses

The catalog contains 3 finished projects: KD-225, KD-202 and a new development of our partners (architectural bureau "Carlson and K") - cottage K-1. For all typical cottages, detailed equipment is provided - with materials, a description of construction technology and other details. For KD-225 and KD-202, you can even calculate the monthly cost of heating in advance.

It is not difficult to make a high-quality combined house with your own hands if you follow all the rules recommended by the technology. However, as the experience of home-grown builders suggests, it is better to leave some stages of the process at the mercy of professionals or order the full range of turnkey services. For those who want to dare, below short instruction building houses from different materials.

Combined house manufacturing technology. Stages

So, how to build a combined house with your own hands? Before construction begins, future owners are required to complete several actions to begin the process. Namely:

come to a consensus on appearance object.
Order a project and related documentation.
Obtain a building permit.
Prepare the site - clear the area from vegetation and organize warehouses. Leave material under open sky fraught with damage and theft, especially if the object is not guarded.

If such conditions are not met, the services of the city or village will have the right to independently decide the fate of the new facility. That is, it will be very easy to demolish the building.

Do-it-yourself construction of a combined house begins with the usual action for all objects - installation of the foundation. The choice is predetermined by the project and, most likely, is a slab or a monolithic tape. Its device is simple - a ditch, depreciation, waterproofing, insulation, reinforcement, pouring.
After the deadline for shrinkage, the first floor is erected. Since the elements have the correct geometric shapes- brick, blocks - then the laying starts from the corners, using a mooring cord for this.

It is convenient to use it to check for compliance with the level. In addition to the corners, the intersections of the walls are laid. Walls lead from finished elements.

Classic mortar should be used for masonry only when using bricks. Blocks must be connected special adhesives. Thus, it will be possible to reduce heat loss through the seams.
Having brought the walls to the desired height, they begin the stages of building a house with their own hands, associated with interfloor ceilings. To do this, grooves are left on the walls in advance for ceiling beams. The ends of wood with a cross section of 150 mm or more are wrapped in several layers with roofing material.

It is necessary to act in such a way that pieces of material lie freely on brick walls. It is undesirable to grind - bitumen will completely clog the wood channels, and decay will happen quickly.

Thus, the first crown crown is protected from dampness. A larch beam is laid on a layer of rubber or roofing material - this is a guarantee that moisture from temperature changes will not get on the wood.

Further, the construction of a private house with their own hands continues as follows - pre-prepared crowns rise up and are fixed by the appropriate method. For this, dowels are used - wooden clamps similar in shape to the cuttings from a shovel.

They can also be square in cross section, the main thing is that they hardly enter the holes prepared in advance. They are beaten with a mallet. Do not forget about the interventional sealant.

Sometimes, instead of solid wooden walls, the process is carried out with the installation of a frame and sewing up the resulting sectors with sip panels or other material. In this case, the help of lifting equipment is necessary - such elements are quite heavy for self-laying.
The truss system for combined objects differs only big amount dressings and reinforcements. Gables can be assembled on the ground and set with shields in certain places. rafter legs must “leave” outside the house, focusing on the lower level of the first floor, so that the flowing moisture does not linger on the blind area or basement.
It is not worth waiting for the shrinkage of the entire structure - the finishing of the first floor can be started immediately. For exterior surfaces, clinker tiles imitating brick can be used as facing. It looks great, especially if unpresentable cinder blocks or similar raw materials were used in construction.

As a result of using imitation as a cladding, do-it-yourself combined chalet-style houses are obtained. There are a lot of directions - country music, Russian hut, Scandinavian motifs.

That's the whole process, described briefly. Any item has many nuances, and it is imperative to study the relevant information on this topic.

Experience from professionals

This section will tell you about common mistakes when building on your own:

The materials of the first and second floors must match each other. You cannot use artisanal blocks and heavy logs similar in weight to a monolith. Fortress then stupid to wait.
Considering the stone is not subject to moisture, the home-grown builder is severely mistaken. Everyone knows that water wears even cobblestones, so it is worth protecting it from the penetration and accumulation of fumes or precipitation. If the owners want to leave the original beauty, you should apply the appropriate composition to the building materials.
If it is decided to clad the first floor with bricks and not tiles, then a foundation is made separately for it, purchased reinforced mesh and special fixtures. Otherwise, the masonry will simply blow away.
Window and doorways of the second floor are cut out after the shrinkage of the wood, unlike the first, where they are taken into account by the project. If you make them right away, then after a while, the double-glazed windows will simply crush, despite the compensation gap - the shrinkage peak occurs in the first year of the box's existence. It is worth to withstand this period, than then spent on new frames.

These are not all the nuances of objects of this type. Building a combined house with your own hands will give invaluable experience to home-grown craftsmen - it will teach you how to handle two types of raw materials at once. If the owners are frightened by the stages of construction, then the activities of professionals are always at their service.

The pots are not fired by the gods. Once upon a time in Russia it was considered commonplace to build a house for one's own family. Now, with all the variety of materials and technologies, it is a sin not to use the knowledge gleaned from different sources including this article.

The combination of materials is a favorite pastime of designers; in capital construction it is used to solve important practical problems. Competent combination the physical qualities of stone and wood in the load-bearing walls of a building gives the developer a tangible gain in cost and comfort.

It is these two factors that have made houses made of combined materials popular and widespread in modern suburban construction.

What combinations are reasonable and permissible in the construction of such a structure?

Most often, stone is chosen for the walls of the first floor (brick, monolithic concrete, aerated concrete or expanded clay blocks). The second floor is built from round logs or glued beams.

It should be noted that combinations of different wall materials can also affect exterior finish. Combined house allows you to use any options facade decor: the brick walls of the first floor can be finished with a blockhouse, insulated using the “ventilated facade” technology.

Second frame floor can be ennobled decorative plaster or stone tiles. As an example, we suggest you consider the photo below.

Looking at such a house, you will not be able to unequivocally answer the question of what it is built from. bearing walls. Although here also used combined technology wall construction. The first floor of this building is brick, lined with siding. The second is a wooden frame finished with ceramic tiles.

Constructive options for combined houses

Despite the variety of facade decor, the construction of combined houses must comply with the main principle: 1st floor stone 2nd floor wood. It provides the building with the necessary strength and creates conditions for comfortable living on the second floor. Another problem solved by the combination of materials is to reduce the labor intensity and cost of construction.

Those who do not want to spend extra money on exterior decoration act wisely. The combination of stone and wood is optimal not only from constructive considerations, but also from the standpoint of aesthetics. Therefore, do not hide behind the finish what looks perfect in itself.

An example is a mansion built in a deliberately rough combination of natural stone and logs. It fully complies with the canons of country style.

From the harsh mountainous terrain, it leads its pedigree, invented by alpine shepherds. It also used the idea of combining durable stone and warm wood.

Life in the mountains requires maximum reliability and functionality. Therefore, the first level of the chalet is always built from solid rock, which is not afraid of snow blockages, rockfalls and water. The second floor is designed to create comfort and coziness. For these purposes, do not find the best material than natural wood.

The "generic sign" of all buildings built in the chalet style is wide roof overhangs that protect the walls from heavy rains and melting snowdrifts.

Modern combined houses made of stone and wood are extremely diverse, since the choice of wall materials is very wide. If you are not satisfied with a torn stone or a flat limestone "flagstone", then build the first floor from. They are strong enough and at the same time as warm as natural wood.

When preparing for construction, do not forget that houses made of foam blocks and wood require a reliable connection between the first and second floors. Cellular concrete- the material is quite brittle. Therefore, it will not hold the steel anchors that fix the second level support beam.

A competent solution for such a design is pouring a monolithic reinforced concrete belt along the foam block walls. It increases the spatial rigidity of the building and allows you to securely fix the anchor bolts.

The appearance of the foam block wall is not very expressive. Therefore, it is better to sew it up with a blockhouse or siding, laying a vapor barrier and a layer of mineral wool insulation behind the facade cladding.

For combined construction cottage can be used. They are stronger than foam concrete, not so fragile and very warm. Finishing wood concrete walls is not laborious, since any decorative plaster adheres perfectly to them.

The second floor can be built from planed timber. This material retains heat well in a residential floor and does not require finishing cladding.

If you need a three-level combined house of brick and timber, then build it according to this scheme: basement technical floor - monolithic reinforced concrete, the first level is a brick, the second - a frame or a log house.

Speaking of frame version walls of the second floor, we note that it will not only save you money, but also allow you to flexibly change interior layout adapting it to family needs.

You can hide the frame of the second floor behind the finish. Another interesting option- specifically highlight it, turning it into an element of facade decor. Fachwerk is best suited for this - an old frame system, in which the posts, beams and cross braces go to the facade.

A serious problem of all cottages is dampness on the first floor. The combined house solves it simply and functionally. The lower floor is reserved for utility rooms. Here you can equip a boiler room, a bathhouse, a workshop and a garage. Bedrooms, bathrooms, dressing rooms, game rooms and the kitchen are located on the second, drier floor.

A combined house and a combined facade are not the same thing!

As we have already said, a combination of different wall materials is the main feature of a combined building. In contrast, the combined facade of the house can be used on any residential building.

For example, having built a cottage from insulated sandwich panels, you can easily “disguise” it as a stone one. For this you can use ceramic tiles, sandstone, porcelain stoneware or rustic plaster. If ordinary, and not facing brick, then the "combifacade" will also be appropriate.

The photo shows a house built of brick and timber. Obviously opaque brickwork would need additional finishing. It does not have to be decorated "under the stone." It is enough to fill the blockhouse along the guides and your house will be completely “wooden”. Another option is a combination of semicircular false logs on the first floor and glued beams on the second.

Pros and cons of the combination idea

Highlighting the main advantages combined buildings: economy, layout flexibility, aesthetics and functionality, let's point out the disadvantages of such buildings.

Chief among them - different time"life" of stone and wood. At rocks it reaches 150 years. tree in best case last half a century. For a light frame and shield walls, this period will be even less. Therefore, the moment will inevitably come when the first stone floor is still quite strong and reliable, and the walls of the second are already in need of repair.

Since the combined country houses in Russia are still quite young, then the negative experience different speed there is no aging of wall materials. Therefore, the reviews of their owners are mostly positive.

To summarize, we advise everyone who has decided to build combined cottage, do not forget about the different service life of the first and second floors. To extend the life of the walls, buy well-dried and antiseptic wood, and trust the assembly of the frame to experienced professionals, not shabashniki.

For wooden frame a well-assembled drainage system is required to prevent moisture from entering the tree. In addition, at the construction stage, constant quality control of sealing of all cross sections is required. wooden racks and beams.

Houses made of stone and wood appeared a long time ago. Currently, such houses are becoming more and more popular in.

- this is usually where the first floor is brick or stone, and the second floor is wooden.

Project two-story house from stone and wood

To build it, use or. Each floor has its own distinctive features. They can be characterized as follows:

First floor. It is characterized as a practical building. It is quite strong and stable, well suited for placing a bathroom, kitchen in it.
Second floor. Very warm and comfortable floor, ideal for living. Very well suited for the location in it of bedrooms, an office.

Wood and stone - their description and properties

Both types of these building materials have their advantages and disadvantages:

The combination of these two materials solves many practical problems, and also helps to compensate for the disadvantages of one material, while emphasizing the advantages of the other.

Advantages and disadvantages of combined houses

Houses built of wood in combination with brick, like all other buildings and structures, have both their pluses and minuses. The advantages of a combined house include the following indicators:

The disadvantages of combined buildings include such a significant minus as different dates exploitation of wood and stone. wooden walls suitable for living for half a century. If the walls were built from shields or in the form of a frame, then their service life will be significantly reduced.

Therefore, after a certain period of time, the moment still comes when the first brick floor is still strong and reliable, and the second wooden floor already in need of renovation.

In order to extend the life of the tree, it is necessary for construction to choose only high-quality, well-dried and. And also it is necessary to think over the drainage system from the walls. At each stage of construction, monitor the tightness of all sections on the racks and beams of the building.