Brick. Types and sizes of bricks: red, silicate, oven, decorative

The size of a brick is an important parameter that determines the features of its use. Everything technical requirements for building elements of this type are specified in the interstate standard 530-2012 “Ceramic brick and stone. General specifications". The standardization of brick sizes allows the use of materials from different manufacturers without fear that individual fragments building structures will differ from each other.

For different types bricks have their own size in height, width and length.

What determines the size of the bricks

For a long time, in the territory of actively developing countries of the world, the production of bricks was carried out exclusively by hand. Often this type of activity was closely tied to the season, since the clay mass from which this building material was made needed a sufficient amount of solar heat to acquire good hardness. With the beginning of the technical revolution, which peaked in the 19th - early 20th centuries, the technology for making bricks underwent dramatic changes: a belt conveyor appeared that was capable of supplying a mixture of water, clay and sand to molds, Hydraulic Press, used for molding products, and circular kilns for firing. This intensification of production made it possible to minimize the use of manual labor, however, required the development of a universally binding standard regarding the dimensions and properties of building blocks.

In 1927, the first state standard was adopted in Russia, defining linear dimensions bricks. This made it possible to unify production, introduce quality control and increase the functionality of the developing industry. Almost 90 years have passed since then, but General requirements to the parameters of building elements practically did not change.

The basic size from which the parameters of building blocks are calculated is regulated normative document GOST 530-2012 and is 250x120x65 mm. Bricks of this type are symbol"NF" - normal format (Fig. 1). There are many alternative derivatives of the normal format - these are the so-called one-and-a-half, double, modular and Euroformat bricks. The above State Standard classifies ceramic blocks in the following way:

Figure 1. Standard brick sizes.

• 0.5 NF - 250x60x65 mm;
• 0.7 NF - 250x85x65 mm;
• 0.8 NF - 250x120x55 mm;
• 1.0 NF - 250x120x65 mm;
• 1.3 NF - 288x138x65 mm;
• 1.4 NF - 250x120x88 mm;
• 1.8 NF - 288x138x88 mm.

In addition, there is a fairly popular variety of brick blocks, the parameters of which are not regulated by the requirements of the current standard - this is the so-called double brick, corresponding to the dimensions of 2.1 NF (250x120x140 mm).

The internal structure of building stones can be completely monolithic or have perpendicular or longitudinal voids, while their linear dimensions remain the same. The volume of air that is inside the voids allows you to increase thermal insulation properties bricks, reduce their weight and increase resistance to mechanical deformations.

Using brick sizes in choosing the type of masonry

Experienced masons are able to determine almost "by eye" required amount blocks to create a wall of a certain height. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account climatic conditions terrain, the presence of thermal insulation, features of the foundation and other parameters. Standard brick sizes are selected in such a way as to provide maximum convenient way similar calculations. In addition, it is necessary to take into account that the bricks do not fit tightly to each other - a gap of 5-10 mm must be observed between them, which will subsequently be filled with mortar.

European requirements for the linear parameters of brick blocks are more loyal: Western designers and architects are of the fair opinion that fragments of different lengths and widths can be used to create an elegant pattern of building structures that will most harmoniously fit into the look of ancient cities. As for domestic norms, they are traditionally aimed at the most effective use production capacities.

Bricks of non-standard sizes

High popularity modern materials — gas silicate blocks and foam concrete blocks - caused by a natural desire to reduce the cost of construction and reduce the load on the foundation. Main disadvantage such elements - an unpretentious appearance that requires subsequent decorative finishes. In order to decorate block walls, bricks of non-standard sizes are often used - with a small thickness, they make it possible to complete the house, creating the illusion of a completely brick structure.

Bricks of this type are about half as thick as standard format stones. Their outer surface can be perfectly flat or decorated with relief elements. Until recently, during construction, it was necessary to independently cut individual elements, which entailed additional expenses time and money. Now, following the market conditions, companies involved in the production of building materials, began supplying bricks of non-standard format, intended for finishing work.

Foreign-made ceramic blocks should also be singled out as a separate group - their parameters can differ quite a lot from domestic standards. The calculation of the consumption of such bricks should be carried out, guided by information from the manufacturer.

Conclusion

During construction works be sure to take into account the parameters of the brick used, the standard of which is determined by the requirements of GOST 530-2012.

This will make the most efficient use of material resources and minimize financial losses.

It is defined by three parameters: length, width and height. The planes forming the sides of the brick are called, respectively, spoons, poke, bed.

Brick is a building material that carries a centuries-old history. It has long been used by ancient workers to build structures. With the development of production technologies, new types of bricks appeared, but the dimensions of bricks have not changed significantly since then.

Brick aspect ratio: 1:1/2:1/4. It is the proportional dimensions of the brick that create the necessary strength of the brickwork. An essential circumstance is the weight of the brick. There are special standards that allow using the overall dimensions of bricks to determine their number for the construction of any object, structure or structure.

Brick sizes determined by GOST.

The main GOST, which determines the dimensions of a brick, is GOST 530-2012 "Ceramic brick and stone". With the increase in regulations and the tightening of requirements for the construction of houses and other structures, expanded brick size range. There are the following main types of bricks:

1. Single (250x120x65 mm). European marking designation - RF;

2. Double (250x120x138 mm);

3. One and a half (250x120x88 mm);

4. Modular (280x130x80 mm);

5. Euro brick (250x85x65 mm).

Bricks are divided into:

Full bodied;
. hollow (slit);

except overall dimensions of a brick, there are certain permissions for deviations from the norm (defects). The size of the deviations depends on the type of building material - building or facing. More stringent measures are imposed on facing materials, because the appearance of the building depends on its properties and characteristics.

For solid brick allowed:

1) The presence of dullness and chips of ribs and corners (no more than two) and no more than 1.5 cm in size along the length of the rib;
2) Curvature of faces and edges no more than 0.3 cm;
3) On the side longitudinal faces, a crack up to 3 cm long along the width of the brick is allowed.

For hollow bricks it is allowed:

1) No more than two bruises at the corners or ribs 1-1.5 cm long, provided that they do not reach the voids;
2) Full thickness cracks on the bed. In width, they can reach the first row of voids;
3) One crack each on bonder and spoon faces.

For facing brick forbidden:
1) Chipped corners, the depth of which exceeds 1.5 cm;
2) Presence of cracks;
3) Broken ribs, the width of which is more than 0.3 cm, and the length exceeds 1.5 cm.

The most suitable for work is considered a facing material in which:
1) No more than 1 broken corners up to 1.5 cm deep;
2) Department of handwriting, which in total does not exceed the length of 4 cm;
3) No more than 1 broken ribs, not exceeding 3 cm in depth, and not more than 1.5 cm in length.

Modern architecture projects allow the use of bricks of various shapes and colors. The choice of building materials today is very diverse. It is possible, without harm to the reliability and strength of the structure, to combine bricks of different textures in masonry, for example, artificially aged, variegated.

In order to reduce the weight of the structure, size bricks one and a half and double are often made hollow. Greater prevalence in modern construction received porous large-sized blocks. The use of ceramic bricks simplifies and speeds up the construction process, while reducing the consumption of masonry composition, since this type of brick is lighter and warmer than usual.

Red, silicate and facing bricks - dimensions and purpose.

1. Red (ceramic) brick is obtained by firing pressed clay briquettes. The red brick is multifunctional material, it is used in the construction of walls, various structures, partitions, foundations, fences, when laying furnaces. Solid red brick grades: 300, 250, 200, 150, 120, 100, 75. The brick grade shows how much pressure the brick can withstand (kg / cm 2).

2. White (silicate) brick is produced on the basis of silicate. The characteristics of this material, in comparison with red brick: softness, lightness, low strength, versatility. Scope of application silicate brick narrower: the construction of walls and partitions.

By appointment, the following are distinguished types of bricks:

Ordinary brick (guarantees the performance of the masonry);

. Clinker brick (characterized by a low degree of water absorption, high strength, which makes this type of material resistant to use in various aggressive environments). Scope of application: decorative material.

. Chamotte (refractory) brick (marking - "Ш", used mainly in industry)
. Facing brick (may be chopped, smooth, etc.). Basic brick dimensions:

• 290x140x85 mm;
• 250x85x65 mm;
• 250x120x88 mm;
• 250x80x65 mm;
• 250x60x65 mm;
• 250x120x65 mm.

In addition to the well-known rectangular shape, a brick can have a wedge-shaped shape. The scope of this type of brick: laying vaults and arches of radii of different curvature. When using facing bricks, it is possible to perform perfect masonry external walls, implement interior decoration premises.

During the construction of absolutely any building (with the exception of a panel building), brick is used as the main material. Such walls, unlike panel ones, are stronger and more durable. However, installation and take much more time than the installation of panel plates. But be that as it may, given material used in the construction of most modern buildings, which means it is more practical and reliable. In today's article, we will find out the size of a standard brick and talk about its varieties.

Varieties

As you know, building bricks vary in size, characteristics and purpose. In this case, this material can be divided into 3 categories:

• One and a half.
• Single.
• Double.

The size of a standard brick for each of these types is different. It is determined by three parameters: and height.

The brick size (standard single type), which is used in the construction of most modern buildings and institutions, is as follows: 250x125x65 millimeters. At the same time, the silicate (double) material has dimensions of 250x120x188 millimeters.

In construction, the size of a standard brick is 250x125x65 millimeters. That is, the most used type of brick is single. In addition, in the field of construction, its thickened appearance is often used with a length of 250 mm, a width of 120 and a height of 80 millimeters. It is also worth noting the modular varieties. The dimensions of a single brick of a modular type are 138x13x288 millimeters.

It is worth noting that the so-called ceramic stones can also be used in the construction of walls. They have nothing to do with stones, and therefore they are marked in production as ceramic blocks. Many sellers also refer to them as "double brick", so when buying, do not think that this is a different type of material. block and double brick are the same product. And its dimensions are as follows: 250x125x138 millimeters (length * width * height, respectively).

Compliance with GOST

GOSTs ( State standards) do not apply to products of this type in Russia, especially for new technical products that appeared on the market a few years ago. Of course, the use of ceramic bricks in the construction of a residential building or other buildings is very profitable business, since due to large sizes installation costs are minimal. Accordingly, the speed of work is several times greater than the time of laying a single material. In addition, the savings apply to which you need to prepare for laying a row of bricks.

Ceramic stone is mainly used in the construction of multi-storey buildings, whether it is a residential building or a garage. Statistics show that the number one-story houses, in which this type of material is used in construction, is units. Although even if we compare the total number of multi-storey institutions with ceramic stone walls and the same buildings with classic single brick, the difference will be several dozen times.

Why is such material not in great demand in Russia?

The fact is that many customers simply do not know how this stone will behave 10-20 years after laying, and whether the wall will last until that time. From here it turns out that with a constant temperature difference of 60 degrees Celsius or more (the difference between the air temperature in winter and summer periods) such a brick can simply crumble in one cycle of operation. Although objective reasons to call this stone the most unreliable, no, because not a single scientific research on this occasion was not produced. So it turns out that the laying of ceramic stone is like playing roulette: you never know when the building will collapse, and whether it will be soon.

A few words about the differences

But back to size. At the beginning of the article, we indicated Exact size standard brick. Depending on the type, its length can be 65 - 138 millimeters. Moreover, these values ​​\u200b\u200bmay depend on the place of application of one or another type of material (for example, dimensions can vary from 65 to 500 millimeters in height). We also note that the difference in the dimensions of a single brick and a one and a half brick is not at all 1.5 times, as it seems to us outwardly. If you look more closely and compare the height of the first (65 millimeters) and the second (88 millimeters), we can say that it is exactly 1.35 times higher. But for ease of perception, such materials are referred to as "one and a half".

Why exactly 250x120 millimeters?

Majority modern types bricks have a length of 250 and a width of 120 millimeters. The difference is only in the height of the material (for example, the size white brick is 250x120x88 millimeters). What is it for? And this is necessary so that when laying this brick it is convenient to use. In terms of its size, such material fits perfectly in the hand, and since it is used for the most part during the construction and erection of the wall physical strength the builders themselves, then these dimensions are the most convenient when laying rows (not with a tower crane to lay them).

Few people know, but uniform brick standards in Russia were introduced only a few years ago - in 2008. And despite the fact that for the first time it began to be used in 1927. To the surprise of all, Soviet times almost all buildings were created using bricks that did not meet any standards and requirements. However, these buildings this moment are the strongest and most durable.

If in ancient times only natural stone, then with the advent of modern materials, our capabilities have expanded significantly, because now piece wall products can be given the most different characteristics. One of the parameters that we pay attention to when choosing wall elements is the size of the brick. In addition to it, other selection criteria are also important, because a rather large assortment of bricks is on sale.

Types and sizes of traditional wall bricks

To date, you can find the following types of bricks:

• Standard red brick.
• White silicate piece material.
• Clinker wall products.
• The material obtained in the process of semi-dry hyper-pressing.
• Firestone.

Each type of brick has its own area of ​​application. If you list the areas of use different types stones, the list will be quite extensive:

• construction of load-bearing and non-bearing walls and columns of the house;
• arrangement of the foundation;
• construction of the basement;
• cladding of the facade of the building;
• erection of stairs;
• basement walls;
• construction of stoves and fireplaces.

Red brick

The most widely used wall material is red ceramic brick. The stone is made from red clay by firing pressed blanks in a kiln. All of them can be divided into several types according to different features. Depending on this, the dimensions of the red brick may differ. So, the following types of stones from red clay are distinguished:

1. The size of the red brick can be as follows:
   • double;
   • single;
   • one and a half.

1. Depending on the filling, the following types of red brick standard are found:
   • hollow;
   • full-bodied.

1. Depending on the purpose of using standard red brick, the following types are distinguished:
   • facial;
   • private;
   • fireclay or oven;
   • clinker.

Single

The dimensions of a standard red brick were determined as early as the beginning of the 19th century. The final approval of these parameters was made in 1927. Thus, the size of a single brick is 250 mm x 120 mm x 65 mm. The design and construction of brick houses is carried out taking into account the multiplicity of all brick structures to these dimensions. But at the same time, the width of the seam is necessarily taken into account - 10 mm.

Important: in turn, a single stone can be hollow and full-bodied. The weight of the latter can reach up to 3.6 kg, and full-bodied elements weigh in the range of 2.3-2.7 kg.

One and a half

Despite this name, the size of a one-and-a-half brick, namely its thickness, is 1.35 times larger than that of its single counterpart (88 mm). Such a stone was invented in the process of industrialization of construction. Thanks to the use of enlarged elements, you can significantly speed up the pace of building walls at home.

There are two types of such products on sale: full-bodied and hollow. Weight of a hollow one and a half facing material it can be in the range of 3-3.3 kg, and the mass of its full-bodied counterpart is 4-4.3 kg.

Double

If we take into account the size of an ordinary brick, then the thickness of a double stone is 2.1 times greater (138 mm). The appearance of this element is also associated with the process of intensification construction industry. If we compare the weight of a solid red brick with a double product, then the latter should weigh almost 2 times more (7.2 kg). That is why a double brick, whose dimensions are rather big, is practically not made full-bodied, because it is rather difficult to lay a stone weighing 7.2 kg.

Attention: The weight of hollow double wall material is 4.6-5kg.

Solid and hollow bricks

Full-bodied products practically do not contain voids. The maximum allowable pore volume in such a product should not exceed 13% of the total volume. When compared with a hollow counterpart, the strength of the latter will be much lower. That is why solid products are used mainly for laying load-bearing building structures (walls, columns, foundations).

The total volume of voids in such products is 13-40% of the volume of the product. In this case, voids can be closed or through. They can also vary in shape and be oblong, round. Sometimes the shape of the voids can be specified by the customer individually and differ from the traditional configuration.

As a rule, hollow elements are used for laying lightweight wall structures and partitions. Also, this material can serve as filling the walls with a frame high-rise building.

Ordinary and facing bricks

The scope of ordinary brick is quite extensive. It is from it that the walls and partitions of buildings and structures are erected. Sometimes an ordinary stone is used to perform the masonry of the facade, but with the subsequent facing of the house.

TO appearance such products are not subject to strict requirements, therefore, small defects in the form of chips and cracks are possible on the surface. However, this should not affect the strength characteristics.

Strict requirements are imposed on the appearance of facing bricks. There should be no chips, cracks or other defects on the surface of the stone. In addition to a flat and smooth surface, the dimensions of the facing brick must strictly comply with the standards, and the shape must be correct.

Facing a house can be done using two types of front elements:

1. Invoice or decorative rock It is applied at facing of facades, a laying of fences, furnish of interiors. These are the right products geometric shape and given sizes. Second name decorative brick- torn stone. The color and texture of the surface of this material can be very different, which greatly expands the decorative possibilities of the material. On the network you can find photos of such products. The size of decorative bricks may also vary. It can be single, one and a half or double. The size of the facing brick standard does not differ from the ordinary product. So, the dimensions of a facing single stone are 250 mm x 120 mm x 65 mm. However, on sale you can also find stones with non-standard sizes, as well as products handmade. For example, the dimensions of a yellow facing brick can be 240(210) mm x 115(100) mm x 65(52 or 50) mm.
2. A shaped stone, unlike a decorative brick, can have a very different configuration. Such elements are used for laying decorative details of facades, columns, arches, pilasters, cornices, gazebos, decorating fireplaces and walls in the interior.

Chamotte or oven bricks

Such stones are a refractory material and are used in the construction of facilities that will be exposed to high temperatures during their operation. fireclay brick suitable for stoves, for laying fireplaces, for lining chimneys.

Important: production features allow fireclay stones to withstand temperatures up to 1000 ° C. Wherein strength characteristics, bearing capacity and other properties of the material do not change.

Standard size kiln brick equals 230 mm x 113 mm x 65 mm. With such dimensions of the product, it is convenient to link it with the standard brickwork, the optimal number of seams is obtained. At the same time, the masonry itself comes out smooth and even.

However, there are other types of fireclay products on sale that differ in physical and technical characteristics, thermal conductivity and size. So, the length of the element can be 600, 575, 460, 350, 250, 230 mm, the width of the stone is 230, 170, 150, 124 or 114 mm, the height of the product is 90, 80, 75, 65, 55, 45 or 40 mm . Such an abundance of sizes is explained by the use of additional elements, for example, a rib wedge, end or fireclay slab, when laying a stove or fireplace.

Red clinker brick

These wall elements are made from special refractory clays. As a result, the stone has more high performance strength, density, frost resistance in comparison with its red ceramic counterpart. At the same time, the water absorption of the material becomes noticeably lower, which makes it an ideal product for facade cladding, masonry garden paths, lining of the basement, arrangement of the foundation, masonry drains.

At the same time, clinker red brick can have following sizes, which do not change either from the scope of the material, or from the fillers used:

• The dimensions of a single product are 25 cm x 12 cm x 6.5 cm.
• The one and a half stone has the following dimensions 25 cm x 12 mm x 8.8 cm.
• Double wall element - 25 cm x 12 cm x 13.8 cm.
• Also on sale you can find stones of the "euro" category, which can have several sizes.

White silicate brick

For the production of white bricks, silicate (quartz sand) is used, from which its name comes. Externally, the stone has correct form, there are no defects on the surface, so I often use it for laying walls and cladding a house.

However, due to the high hygroscopicity of the material and low heat capacity, the stone is not used for laying the foundation, lining the plinth, making a fireplace, stove or pipes. These products do not differ in dimensions from their ceramic counterpart. So, the size of a white one-and-a-half brick is 25 cm x 12 cm x 8.8 cm. Single products have dimensions of 25 cm x 12 cm x 6.5 cm, and a double stone - 25 cm x 12 cm x 13.8 cm.

A stone of natural origin has served as the main construction tool during the construction of capital buildings. However, the established foundations have not survived since the advent of the building material of our time - brick. People were able to completely independently convert the required characteristics into ready product. Every day we see applications everywhere of this type building materials in a wide variety of fields. Today there are no barriers, if you wish to purchase standard brick standard type: you can find out the dimensions as well as the selection criteria from the materials of this article.

• Typical brick applications, brick size and classification

A standard brick can be attributed without false modesty to a very universal materials which are widely used in most construction areas. Today there are a couple of varieties and standards of bricks. Rational selection of standard bricks is the basis for a good result of the entire complex of construction works.

Standard brick - types

Depending on the main components of manufacture, and on the characteristics of the material, standard bricks are classified into 3 main groups:

• Standard red brick.
• Silicate (white) brick.
• Ceramic brick.
• Brick for facing.

Areas of frequent use of bricks:

• Removal of both load-bearing and ordinary walls;
• Construction of foundations and plinths;
• arrangement of basements;
• facade cladding;
• erection of stairs;
• removal of partitions;
• Installation of stoves, chimneys and actually fireplaces.

The greatest demand, as well as distribution, was received by the red standard brick familiar to all of us. Its characteristics in technical terms are ideal for performing various tasks in construction. Elevator shafts are erected from it in high-rise buildings, columns, building foundations. Often a standard type of brick is taken as the basis for the foundation masonry of private houses.

If we are talking about the construction of stairs, then it is quite appropriate to use products construction purposes from ceramics. Ceramics is much more resistant to moisture damage, temperature extremes and other atmospheric influences. Plus, ceramics are very malleable to mechanical transformations, which makes it possible, if necessary, to cut bricks without difficulty.

brick size

Today there are single, one and a half and 2nd bricks, as for the exact dimensional characteristics, we will describe them below in the text.

standard brick

During the formation of building crafts, a number of standards were developed according to which material of this type was produced. The size of a brick of the 1st type is: width 120 mm, length 250 mm, as for the height, it is 65 mm. It is these dimensions of the brick that are ideal for laying with alternation according to the longitudinal-transverse principle.

• How is a standard brick selected? His technical aspects and characteristics

Before purchasing a standard brick, you need to understand your ultimate goal as accurately as possible. It is she who later will assume the choice of material for construction.

The color of a brick block directly depends on the type of clay on the basis of which it is produced. At the same time, the most common type is a red-burning mass of clay. She, in the end, gives the product a final red tint. Less commonly, we can find a standard brick of white, yellowish and apricot color, for the production of which white-burning clay is used. It happens that for the desired result or shade, a specialized pigment is added to the base.

The usual one is suitable for removing wall partitions and building any construct.

• Standard typology of bricks: 250x120x56 mm.

Subsequently, this standard brick will definitely require finishing by type, plastering. Facing, in turn, has exceptionally flat and smooth surfaces, and does not require any finishing. But with all this, the cost of both the actual type and the size of the facing blocks varies dramatically.

Brick strength

Very important aspect at the time of choosing a brick - strength, to put it simply, the ability of the block not to collapse under external loads. To build a house from one floor as a whole, a holding value of 100 kg per 1 cm will be sufficient. If we are talking about multi-storey construction, then the final figure should be at least 150. The strength of a single batch is indicated on the manufacturer's packaging.

There is also another indicator that affects the quality of the blocks - frost resistance. This indicator is measured in cycles. Defined and set for each brand of blocks. The final product is placed in an aqueous medium, and then added to the freezer. The test period is 8 hours.