Sich in the work Taras Bulba. Composition: Zaporizhzhya Sich in the story N

Zaporizhzhya Sich on the pages of N.V. Gogol's story "Taras Bulba"

The purpose of the lesson:create conditions for development communicative, culturological competencies through text analysis, which will contribute to the formation of knowledge of the text of the literary work "Taras Bulba", historical information of the era, the ability to work with the text, the skills of monologue and dialogic speech, the development of a sense of patriotism and culture of the reader.

Equipment:

illustrations of students for the work "Taras Bulba"

reproduction of I.Repin's painting "Cossacks writing a letter to the Turkish Sultan";

explanatory dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov.

Vocabulary work:

During the classes

Organizing time

Today's lesson on the story of N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba" we devote to the topic "Zaporizhzhya Sich on the pages of the story."

What is the task before us?

(What is it, the Zaporozhian Sich, and what are its laws (rules)? This question needs to be answered.)

1. I took the statement of N.V. Gogol as an epigraph to the lesson:

“Instead of the former destinies, small towns filled with houndsmen and hunters, instead of warring and trading cities of small princes, formidable villages, kurens and outskirts arose, connected by a common danger and hatred against non-Christian predators.”

How do you understand this statement?

– Why did you take it for our lesson?

2. Teacher's word

The era described by Gogol in the story put forward the corresponding heroes - strong, courageous, selfless, warlike people who despised warmth and comfort, bored in a quiet family circle, accustomed to free Cossack life, to fierce battles, battles. These people consider comradeship and brotherhood based on faith and patriotism to be the main value in human relations. The world of the Zaporizhian Sich rests on partnership and brotherhood. Comradeship and brotherhood is what Gogol loves his heroes for.

Let's work on the board. I suggest that you restore the text, which will help us find out what is the most expensive thing in the life of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks.

“Your tenderness is clean ... (field) and kind ... (horse).
The saber is yours ... (mother)!
(Zaporozhye) ... - that's where science is, so science!
There's a school for you."

Conversation:

To which character do these words belong? (To Taras Bulba)

II. Work with text.

Let's start with text.

Who was Taras Bulba by origin? Prove by reading an excerpt from the story. (“So that I become a buckwheat grower ...” to the words “so I will go with you to Zaporozhye, for a walk” (p. 149)

With what feeling does Taras pronounce the phrase: “I am a Cossack!”? What is he proud of?

Teacher

Taras was one of the indigenous, old colonels: he was all created for abusive anxiety and was distinguished by the rude directness of his temper.

Student

(according to the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegov - abuse - battle, war).

Remember the text: the wife saw her husband 2-3 days a year, and then for several years there was no hearing about him.

Where was the life of the Cossacks? (in campaigns and battles)

Let's draw a conclusion .

Who are our Cossacks? What is important for them?

Cossacks are warriors. The main thing for them: "a clean field, a good horse, mother-saber." (Reference to the beginning of the lesson, to the writing on the board)

What proverbs and sayings about the Cossacks do you know?

We continue to work with text.

1) How did friends respond to Taras's decision to go to the Sich? (approvingly).

III. Now I suggest you solve a crossword puzzle. It will help to imagine where the Sich was located. (teamwork)

Questions:

What is the name of the river that flows into the Dnieper?(Tatar)

How many days were Taras and his companions on their way, heading to the Sich?(three days)

What was the name of the island where the Sich was located?(Khortytsya)

What was the road to the Zaporozhian Sich?

What is a steppe?

Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol colorfully described the steppe in the story "Taras Bulba":

The steppe is smooth, like a tablecloth, an immense plain spreads, and where sections of the steppe virgin lands are preserved on it, it seems at the beginning of summer to be silver from flowering feather grass and worries like the sea. Feather-grass steppe is not full of many colors. Only in its more northern part do brightly flowering herbs grow. The steppe becomes bright, motley from a variety of colors in spring. Spring in the steppe does not last long - 2-3 weeks. This is the time between snow cover and dry summer. This is the time when plants appear in the steppe: tulips. A little time will pass and the bright colored carpet will disappear. Only the underground parts of plants will remain - bulbs, rhizomes and will wait in the ground for the next spring, enduring summer drought and winter cold.

Let's listen to how Gogol describes the steppe in chapter 2 at different times of the day.

Write out from the text phrases that most clearly emphasize the description of the steppe at different times of the day. Fill out the table.

Read by heart 3 students:

1st from the words: “The sun peeked out long ago in the cleared sky...” to “…Damn you, steppes, how good you are!”

2nd from the words: “In the evening the whole steppe ...” to the words “Sometimes the cry of a swan was heard from some secluded lake and, like silver, resounded in the air.”

3rd from the words: “Night stars looked directly at them ...” to the words “... and a dark string of swans flying to the north was suddenly illuminated with a silver-pink light, and then it seemed that red scarves were flying across the dark sky.”

What means of expression did the author use? Name and explain them.

D/W:

(Metaphors: “hearts fluttered” - the heroes were fascinated by the magnificent picture that the sun lit up;

comparisons:“their hearts trembled like birds” - quickly responded to the beauty, “the horses hiding in them, like in a forest” - they were so tall, powerful, “porridge was full of umbrella-shaped hats on the surface” - the instrumental case of comparison helps to imagine this flower and others;

epithets: the “life-giving, calorific light” of the sun - it was this light that revived the birds, banished the Kozaks from drowsiness, the steppe “became more beautiful” - the author’s attitude is conveyed, he admires the steppe;

personifications:“The hairs are passing through”, “the gorse was jumping out”, “the ear was pouring”, “the cry was resounding” - The steppe is a living creature, everything is in motion here: not only birds, but also grasses, and flowers, and air.)

Conclusion: thanks to the use of expressive means, the hearts of readers trembled before this splendor.

- What can you say about Gogol, why he succeeded in this picture.

(Gogol loves the steppe, knows it well. Only a person in love with his native land could talk about it so penetratingly.)

Where can we get acquainted with the history and sights of Zaporozhye now?

-You have envelopes on the tables, open them and take out invitations to the museum "History of the Zaporizhzhya Sich"

We set off, the guides will introduce us to the history of the Zaporizhzhya Sich.

Excursion to the imaginary museum "History of the Zaporizhian Sich"

Museum layout:

Illustration - general view of the Zaporizhian Sich;

The image of the weapons of the Cossacks - Zaporizhzhya cannons, mortars and cannonballs, a saber, a powder flask, a whip.

Reproduction of Ilya Repin's painting "Cossacks writing a letter to the Turkish Sultan".

The content of the guide's message:

1st:

We invite you to our museum. We will help you imagine the historical era of the 15th-17th centuries. At that time, a liberation movement was going on in Ukraine against the Polish gentry, Turks and Tatar hordes. The Ukrainian Cossacks fought with all of them.

2nd:

Cossacks were then called free people who lived in the steppe and did not obey the state and its laws. Often runaway serfs became Cossacks. Some Cossacks lived on the southern borders of the Muscovite state (on the Don and Yaik rivers), others settled on the southern borders of what was then Poland (on the Dnieper River). The Zaporizhian Sich was the center of the Dnieper Cossacks.

1st:

It was called so because it was located behind the difficult-to-pass Dnieper rapids and was surrounded by notches (fortifications made of fallen trees).

2nd:

A kind of "Cossack republic" has developed here. The Cossacks themselves chose and removed their chieftains themselves, independently made campaigns against the Crimean Tatars and Turkey, returning captives captured by the Krymchaks to their homeland and bringing rich booty. Women were not allowed into the Sich.

The Sich consisted of six to ten kurens (villages), which looked like separate, independent republics.

3rd:

Consider a reproduction of the painting "The Cossacks write a letter to the Turkish Sultan" and share our impressions:

In 1888 the artist I.E. Repin came to Yekaterinodar to make sketches for his future painting. Cossacks lived in the village of Pashkovskaya at that time. Here the artist painted sketches and sketches of the Cossacks.

The historical episode is conveyed in a genre scene. In response to the proposal of the Turkish Sultan Mohammed to the free Cossacks to stop resistance and go to his service, the Cossacks write a letter to the eastern ruler, full of anger, contempt, and ridicule. “You will not be fit to have peasant sons under you; we are not afraid of your troops, we will fight with you with land and water ... ”- the Cossacks wrote to the Sultan, knowing that humor can strike like a saber.

In the foreground, a lively group of Cossacks is depicted, sitting at a table in free poses, enthusiastically and noisily discussing the text of the letter. Ataman Serko, sitting in the center, grins a little ironically, clamping his favorite pipe between his teeth. Throwing his head back, an elderly Cossack laughs uncontrollably, resoundingly, at the top of his lungs. In a frantic burst of laughter, the Cossack sitting in the foreground almost falls. In the depths, a solid mass of the Zaporizhian army is visible. Cossack peaks rest almost on the sky; Shoulder to shoulder, hand to hand, head to head sit bright and mighty Cossacks.

The central character of the picture is the ataman Ivan Serko. Everything in the figure of the ataman speaks of his strength and dominance. It was such a person who could walk on "gulls" along the Black Sea and make bold trips to the Crimea. Following the movement of the Cossack's hand with a raised hand, we can see the smoke of fires, spears, heads of the Cossacks. The entire vast space is occupied by people who have gathered to protect their native land from dangerous southern neighbors.

In the center of the picture is a small group of laughing Cossacks. They have courageous, weather-beaten faces. Such people are not afraid of the enemy.

Repin's painting creates vivid, lively impressions of the Cossack freemen, glorious, daring people, about whom Repin wrote: predators, but threatens even their then strong civilization and laughs heartily at their eastern arrogance ... "

What do you think the Cossacks write the letter about?

how does the artist relate to the Cossacks? (These proud, free people are dear to I. Repin, because they have gathered here for the sake of one goal - to protect the Motherland, to protect its borders from predatory and cruel raids)

Physical education for the eyes

Let's look at your illustrations for the work, which are located on the walls of the museum.

Look left, right, back, forward repeat 3 times

Rotate your eyes in a circle: down, right, left, up and in the opposite direction, repeat 3 times

Teacher: I think that the story of the guides and the reproduction of the painting by I. Repin will help to present both the Zaporozhian Sich and the mighty Cossacks.

V. Continuation of work with the text.

What happens to the characters in the story? We return to the text again and observe what is happening.

1) What did Taras and his sons see when they approached the Zaporozhian Sich? (Forges; Cossacks; narrow streets). Prove it by reading about it in the text. (“The first one who got caught by them ...” to the words “who only knew how to walk and shoot ...”)

Name the occupations of the Cossacks.

Mark in the text what helps to represent the Cossack? (Zaporozhets - a lion, proudly tossed forelock, trousers of scarlet cloth, stained with tar = proud, strong, despising luxury)

Find and read the words of the author addressed to the Sich and the Cossacks. (So here it is, Sech!...) p.161

And why is the Setch a nest?

(Young Cossacks go through a school of growing up and courage here; from the nest, when the wings get stronger, the chicks fly ready to fly to life; here is the older generation, hardened in campaigns and battles)

According to what laws did the Zaporozhian Sich live? (according to the laws of equality and brotherhood)

Why, despite the successes of his sons in military affairs, Taras is not satisfied with life in the Zaporizhzhya Sich?

How does the old colonel raise the Cossacks to swearing?

How do you understand the phrase "swearing"?

Why did the Cossacks support Taras?

What laws of the Zaporozhian Sich do you consider cruel?

Why do you have to deal cruelly with the Cossacks? (Although everything in the Sich is based on equality, it severely punishes those who violate the laws)

Conclusion:

1.- What is it, Zaporizhzhya Sich?

- What does the steppe look like? What do we see, hear, feel, thanks to the skill of Gogol?

(The steppe has no end and edge. It looks like a green-gold ocean. What colors the author does not use in describing it! Green, blue, blue, purple, yellow, white, golden. We hear many voices: this is the whistle of various birds, the cry wild geese on a distant lake, the quiet conversation of herbs. The air is clean and transparent, it is filled with the smell of herbs and flowers. In the midst of this splendor, the white-winged gull luxuriously bathes in the blue waves of the air. An independent, proud, just republic based on equality and brotherhood; loved by its inhabitants gathered here at the call of the heart, and not under duress; it is precisely such a republic, according to Gogol, that should give birth to heroic characters.)

In the next lesson, we will dwell in more detail on the laws and customs of the Zaporozhian Sich.

2. Guys, there are many poems about the steppe. Let's listen.

The student reads the poem "Steppe" by heart

You go, you go - the steppe and the sky,

There is definitely no end to them.

And stands above the steppe, silent silence.

Unbearable heat

The air is like this:

How thick grass rustles,

Only the ear hears.

You go, you go - like crazy

Horses are racing through the steppe

In the distance mounds, greening,

Run away in a chain.

Two or three old willows flash before my eyes -

And again in the grass in waves

Winds are overflows.

You go, you go - the steppe and the sky,

Steppe, all steppe, like the sea ...

And involuntarily upset

In such space.

VI. Attention check.

Working with cards. Restore the author's text and answer the question, how does the author feel about the Zaporizhzhya Sich and its inhabitants?

VI Reflection.

Continue the offers on the tickets you received by visiting the museum.

Zaporizhzhya Sich is…..

N.V. Gogol belongs to the Zaporozhian Sich…….

Guys, leaving the office, put the tickets in a box if you liked the tour and want to visit the museum again, if not, take your tickets

VII. Homework.

Prepare an artistic retelling of the description of the steppe to choose from.

The lesson is over. Goodbye.

The story "Taras Bulba", written by N. V. Gogol, describes the events taking place among the Zaporozhye Cossacks. The Zaporizhian Sich is represented as a Cossack republic with its own customs and customs. This is a kind of realm of freedom and equality. The author throughout the story glorifies the laws of this land. He calls the Sich a “nest”, from where proud and strong warriors appear, as well as a place from where the will and Cossacks spread throughout Ukraine.

Zaporizhzhya Sich in the story is described as a place of idle existence. Feasts and festivities are held here all the time, but strict and fair laws are preserved. The Cossacks were considered a free and riotous people, and the place where they could truly feel at home was precisely in Zaporozhye. Cossacks came here from all over Ukraine in search of shelter. Old Cossacks came to spend time with old friends. And the young here could gain experience from the older generation.

So did the main characters of the play - Taras Bulba with his sons Ostap and Andriy. The old Cossack colonel had not seen his old comrades for a long time and missed them very much. For his sons, he considered Zaporozhye the best “school of life”. The Sich greeted them with friendly working days. Immediately at the entrance, they saw more than twenty forges, from where the deafening sound of blacksmith hammers was emitted. This is understandable. Indeed, in order to equip hundreds of thousands of Cossacks, the work of many blacksmiths was required.

In addition to blacksmiths, there were also leather workers on the streets, washing cowhides with their strong hands. There were also ore miners, and gunpowder merchants, and ship builders. The city itself was a harsh fortress, where young warriors were trained. There wasn't much time for learning. Young Cossacks immediately started fighting, which almost did not stop here. During breaks, they did not like to take on academic disciplines, only shooting and sometimes horse racing. In addition, they needed to master the saber, marksmanship, hand-to-hand combat and other useful skills.

Zaporizhzhya Sich was distinguished by severe customs and laws. So, for example, for stealing a Cossack they could be beaten to death, for debts they could be chained until one of the comrades ransoms or repays the debt. However, the most terrible punishment was provided for murder. For this, the Cossack could be buried alive with the coffin of the person he killed. It was believed that such harsh laws taught young warriors to respect each other, to be courageous and persistent. It was these qualities that were necessary for a real Cossack. A cruel punishment awaited both the traitor of faith and the homeland. For this reason, Taras Bulba personally killed his youngest son Andriy.

In our time, the Zaporizhzhya Sich is associated with epic heroes who went down in history for their courage and devotion to their homeland. Everyone knows how heroically they showed themselves in the fight against the invaders. To some extent, it was the Cossacks who influenced the formation of the national mentality. Many Cossack customs would do well to be restored, as they are a worthy example of inheritance.

Regional Scientific Society of Students "Search"

MBOU "Ivanovskaya secondary school"

NOU "Landmark"

Zaporizhzhya Sich in the story

N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba"

Performed:

Bulatova Margarita

Class.

Supervisor:

Mekina Yu.S.

teacher of Russian language and literature

MBOU "Ivanovskaya secondary school"

Ivanovka-2014

Goals and objectives.

2.1. The emergence of the Zaporozhian Sich. Geographical position.

2.2. The role of the description of the steppe by N.V. Gogol. The use of artistic and visual means.

2.3. Manners and customs of the Zaporozhian Sich.

2.4. Museum of the Zaporozhian Sich.

Conclusion. Findings.

List of literature sources used.

Chapter 1. Organization of reading the story by N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". Acquaintance with the content of the story, its characters, the life of the Cossacks, their views on life.

N.V. Gogol was intensively studying the history of Ukraine, he intended to write a scientific work. Folk songs provided invaluable assistance to Gogol. In order to collect additional materials, he gave an "Announcement on the publication of the history of Little Russia", in which he appealed to the general public with a request to send him unpublished chronicles, records, songs, business papers in copies or originals. All the sources that he managed to collect, Gogol carefully studied.

The story "Taras Bulba" reflects the real historical events of the first half of the 17th century. Wanting to show the struggle of the Cossacks for independence, to reveal its heroic character, Gogol did not strive for an exact chronology of events. The mention of the 15th century in the story, when the Cossacks were formed, allowed Gogol to more fully reveal the era.

The initial purpose of the work is to get acquainted with the content of the work, to identify the features of the life and way of life of the Cossacks of the Zaporizhzhya Sich. To achieve the goal, the following tasks were set:

Read and analyze the story "Taras Bulba".
To study theoretical information about the history of the emergence of the Zaporozhian Sich, about its customs and laws. Analyze and identify local national customs based on the historical past of the Slavic peoples.
Emphasize the greatness and heroism of the struggle for the freedom of the Fatherland, for the purity of faith, the importance of a sense of comradeship, the willpower and spirit of the Cossacks.
Conduct an analysis of their activities and the results of what has been done in order to determine the prospects and practical significance of the work.

His story "Taras Bulba" N.V. Gogol devoted the struggle of the free Cossacks with the Polish lords who oppressed him for national independence. The Poles oppressed the peasants, persecuted everything national, tried to instill their faith, culture, a way of life alien to Ukrainians. It was at this difficult time that the Zaporizhzhya Sich became the backbone of Cossack freedom, the guard post of Ukraine not only against Poland, but also against the Turkish invaders.
N.V. Gogol for a long time and painstakingly collected historical material before writing the story. He studied the annals, folk legends and songs - and now a bright and lively image of the "cradle" of the free Cossacks unfolds before us. Many pages in the story are devoted to the description of the Zaporizhzhya Sich and the struggle of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks against the invaders. With military prowess, heroism, endless love for the motherland, powerful characters, formed in a stubborn struggle for their native land, attract attention.
No one could resist the onslaught of freedom-loving Cossacks. Their approach inspired fear and horror in the Poles: "...everything that could escape was saved. Everything rose and ran... Everyone knew that it was difficult to deal with this crowd, hardened by eternal strife, known under the name of the Zaporizhzhya army ... "
Gogol presents us with the Zaporozhian Sich as the embodiment of the Ukrainian people's dream of a free life, of true friendship and brotherhood. Here is the realm of equality and freedom, and throughout the story Gogol glorifies the laws and customs of the Zaporizhian Sich: "So here it is, the Sich! This is the nest from where all those proud and strong, like lions, fly out! Ukraine!"
The protagonist of the story, Taras Bulba, is convinced that "there is no better science for a young man than the Zaporizhzhya Sich."
Despite the fact that during the break between battles, the Sich was "some kind of continuous feast, a ball that began noisily and lost its end", strict (and sometimes even cruel at times), but fair laws reigned here. Above all, the sense of comradeship and respect for elders were valued in the Cossack freemen, so any crime against these virtues was severely punished. For theft, a Cossack could be beaten to death at the pillory, the debtor was chained to a cannon until one of his comrades ransomed him or paid the debt for him. The worst punishment was for murder.
Otherwise, "Sich was an unusual phenomenon." It consisted of separate independent kurens, of which there were more than sixty. At the head of the kuren was a kuren ataman, who was also called "dad" because he had money, clothes, food, and fuel in his hands. Of the Cossacks, "no one got excited about anything and kept it at home," even personal money was given "for safekeeping" to the kuren ataman.
At the head of the Cossack army was an elected foreman - koshevoi, and the Cossacks were very proud of the possibility of self-government.
Thus, the Sich became a home, a homeland, a support for the Cossacks, who spared neither themselves nor their enemies, if it was necessary to defend the independence and freedom of their native land. Like epic heroes, the Cossacks managed to go down in history with selfless courage and indestructible love for the motherland, shown in the heroic struggle against the invaders

Chapter 2

2.1 The emergence of the Zaporozhian Sich. Geographical position.

The duration of the story "Taras Bulba" is related to the events of Ukrainian history, to the existence of the Zaporozhian Sich. However, Gogol, violating historical chronology, moved incidents and episodes from different centuries. He did not observe historical accuracy at all, because for him it is not historical, but artistic time that is more important. Its main character, Taras Bulba, is endowed with epic integrity and embodies the moral values of the Zaporozhian Sich.

The Sich is an Orthodox world, a special "nomadic" and free cultural and historical community. All concepts of good and evil in the Zaporizhian Sich are special, they belong to the bygone world and judge them not according to modern, but according to the laws of that time. For example, a Cossack needs a will, not a hut, because if a person has a house or any property, he loses his courage. For a Cossack, mother and wife are lower than a friend. Above all, even family ties, camaraderie. The two sons of Taras Bulba are first of all comrades, brothers, and then sons. Another feature of the Cossack comradeship is the Orthodox faith. It does not at all act as a teaching of the church, but is conceived as belonging to Orthodoxy alone. Therefore, faith is a sign, a symbol of the Sich, like other concepts.

In the XV - XVI centuries on the rivers Don, Volga, Ural, Yaik, Dnieper, Terek, settlements of free Cossacks arose, one of which was the Zaporizhzhya Sich. "Cossack" is an oriental word. for the first time it is found among the Polovtsians from the 11th century. In the language of the Polovtsy, "Cossack" meant "guards of the advanced, night and day."

The Zaporizhian Cossacks founded an unprecedented male state in the world - the Sich. These are Orthodox "knights, who considered marriage the worst fate, lived like Spartans and put their souls on Vera."

The settlements of the Cossacks are called villages. Watchtowers were built around the settlements of the Cossacks, where guards were placed. All were subordinate to the ataman, who was elected at the general meeting. There was strict discipline in the Cossack army. Everyone obeyed the ataman, who was elected at the general meeting of the villagers - the Cossack circle. The ataman had several assistants - Yesauls. Yesauls led separate detachments of Cossacks.

Anyone, whoever he was, wherever and whenever he came to Zaporozhye, had free access to the Sich under the following conditions: to be a free and unmarried person, to profess the Orthodox faith.

Family Cossacks were called "seeds", "nests", "womanizers". "Zaporozhye Cossacks are not allowed to be married in the Sich, and those who are already married must have their wives live in close places.

N.V. Gogol was born in the town of Velikie Sorochintsy, Poltava province.

He knew the local national customs and customs well, collected folk songs and legends, studied the historical past of the Slavic peoples.

In the 16th century Ukrainian Cossacks built a military fortification behind the Dnieper rapids - Sich - to protect the country's borders from Polish, Turkish and Tatar raids.

About the life of the Zaporozhian Sich, about the struggle of the Cossacks, about their heroic death in the name of the life of the Motherland, in the name of its freedom, N.V. Gogol told.

What is the Zaporozhian Sich and its laws.

“Your tenderness is clean .. (field) and kind ... (horse).

The saber is yours .... (mother)!

(Zaporozhye) ... - that's where science is, so science!

There's a school for you."

These words belong to Taras Bulba. Can we consider that Taras Bulba is a warrior? And who can say that the Zaporizhian Sich is a school?

Only the one who himself went through this school. N.V. Gogol introduces us to the Zaporozhian Sich long before the appearance of Taras Bulba and his sons in it.

Let's read the words from chapter 1 “So that I become a buckwheat grower, housekeeper, look after sheep and pigs, and run with my wife! Damn her: I'm a Cossack, I don't want to ... I'll go with you to Zaporozhye!

With what feeling Taras says “I am a Cossack!” And what is he proud of?

And why is the Setch a nest?

The Zaporizhian Sich lived according to the laws of equality and brotherhood.

Conclusion:

Conclusion.

“Cossacks are warriors. The main thing for them: "clear field, good horse, mother saber"

Taras Bulba, long before the arrival of his sons, decided their fate: to be the defenders of their land, like himself; therefore he makes a decision: the sons go to the Zaporozhian Sich; how great is the grief of mothers who did not have time to look at their sons. How touching are the scenes of her farewell to her sons.

The role of the description of the steppe. N.V. Gogol.

The steppe, the farther, the more beautiful it became. Then the whole south, all the space that makes up the present Novorossia, to the very Black Sea, was a green, virgin desert. Never had a plow passed over immeasurable waves of wild plants. Only the horses hiding in them trampled them as if in a forest. Nothing in nature could be better than them. The entire surface of the earth seemed to be a green-gold ocean, over which millions of different colors splashed. Through the thin, tall stalks of grass, blue, blue and purple hairs were visible, the yellow gorse jumped up with its pyramidal top. The entire surface of the earth seemed to be a green-gold ocean, over which millions of different colors splashed. Motley ravines crawled out of their holes, stood on their hind legs and announced the steppe with a whistle. The crackling of the grasshoppers became more audible. Sometimes heard from some secluded lake.

Why did N.V. Gogol introduce the description of the steppe?

The steppe is wide, spacious - a symbol of the Motherland and freedom. It connects two worlds: the house of Bulba and Zaporozhye. The struggle for these endless steppe expanses. Pay attention to the richness of colors, feel the aroma of flowers, its beauty, fall in love with this golden-boundless ocean, feel the sublime (solemn) - lyrical tone of the description of the steppe.

It is impossible not to feel the charm of the steppe expanses, reading the pages of the story by N.V. Gogol; surprises the richness of colors, sounds and solemnly lyrical tone of the description of the steppe; the Cossacks are fighting for the freedom of these steppes.

2.3. Morals and customs of the Zaporozhian Sich

For the first time we see the Zaporizhzhya Sich through the eyes of Ostap and Andriy. First, a suburb with forges, shops, bakeries, taverns, which clothed and fed the Sich, which only knew how to walk and fire guns. Then - the Zaporizhzhya Sich itself, where kurens were scattered across the field, which resembled separate states. each kuren had its own ataman, its own supply of provisions, its own cook.

Despite all the Cossacks obeyed the koshevoi - the ataman, who was selected from his own Zaporizhzhya Cossacks. All important issues were decided together, at a general meeting. Admission to the Sich was simple - it was necessary to say: "I believe in Christ, in the Holy Trinity" and cross myself. There was a church in the Setch, where the Cossacks regularly went to serve, but they did not want to hear about fasting. There were few laws in the Sich, but they were too cruel. If a Cossack stole, stole some trifle, it was considered a shame for the entire Cossacks. The Cossack was tied to a pillory and a club was placed near him. Everyone passing by was obliged to hit him with a club. This continued until the Cossack died.

A non-paying debtor was tied to a cannon. He sat there until one of his friends ransomed him.

Each of the Cossacks was ready to die for his comrade and his Fatherland.

The Cossacks learned everything themselves, “youth was brought up and educated in it by one experience, in the very heat of battle. War was the main occupation of the Cossacks. “Win or perish” is the motto of the Cossacks, which they wrote on their weapons. Zaporizhzhya freemen, unpretentious life, rampant customs, strict laws tempered and educated the Cossacks. They became brave and fearless, hardy and skillful, defenders of the faith and their people.

Museum layout:

illustration - general view of the Zaporizhzhya Sich;
weapons of the Cossacks - Zaporizhzhya cannons, mortars and cannonballs, a saber, a powder flask, a whip.
distinctive signs, attributes of the Zaporizhzhya army.
reproduction of the painting by I. E. Repin "Cossacks write a letter to the Turkish Sultan".

Slide number 1.

Slide number 2.

It was called so because it was located behind the difficult-to-pass Dnieper rapids and was surrounded by notches (fortifications made of fallen trees).

The Sich consisted of six to ten kurens (villages), which looked like separate independent republics.

Slide number 4.

Painting "Cossacks write a letter to the Turkish Sultan"

Consider a reproduction of the painting "The Cossacks write a letter to the Turkish Sultan" and share our impressions:

Pay attention to the appearance of the Cossacks, to the expression on their faces.

The entire space is occupied by people who have gathered here to protect their native land. In the center is the ataman Ivan Sirko, a strong and domineering man who makes bold raids into the Crimea and walks on "seagulls" along the Black Sea.

What facial features of Ivan Sirko convince us that this is a man endowed with strength and power?

What other figures attract your attention?

Which of the characters in the picture reminds you of the heroes of Gogol's story?

What do you think the Cossacks write a letter about?

How does the artist relate to the Cossacks? (These proud, free people are dear to I. Repin, because they have gathered here for the sake of one goal - to protect the homeland, to protect its borders from predatory and cruel raids)

What laws of the Zaporozhian Sich do you consider cruel?

Why do you have to do this? (Although everything in the Sich is based on equality, it severely punishes those who violate the laws)

Conclusion: what is it, Zaporizhzhya Sich?

(An independent, proud, just republic based on equality and brotherhood; loved by its inhabitants, who have gathered here at the call of the heart, and not under duress; it is precisely such a republic, according to Gogol, that should give rise to heroic characters).

Conclusion.

So, the Zaporizhzhya Sich is a special conditional artistic world in which its own moral values operate, its own concepts of good and evil. From a modern point of view and from the point of view of a person of the 19th century, many of the actions of Taras Bulba and the Cossacks are inhuman and disgusting. But Gogol portrays them epically calmly. They are not subject to critical evaluation and moral judgment, because Taras Bulba is the ideal hero of Slavic antiquity and because he acted in full accordance with the morals that reigned in his era.

Bibliography.

Kalganova T.A. Gogol at school. Moscow "Drofa" 2010.
Sokolova L.A. The history of homeland. Moscow "Enlightenment" 2003.
Krutova N.Ya. N.V. Gogol. "Taras Bulba" Volgograd 2013
Mashinsky S.I. The Artistic World of Gogol. Moscow 1979

At last they passed the suburbs and saw several scattered kurens, covered with turf or, in Tatar, with felt. Others were loaded with cannons. There was nowhere to be seen a fence or those low houses with sheds on low wooden posts, which were in the suburbs. A small rampart and a notch, not guarded by anyone, showed a terrible carelessness. Several burly Cossacks, who were lying with their pipes in their teeth on the road itself, looked at them rather indifferently and did not budge. Taras cautiously rode with his sons between them, saying: "Hello, gentlemen!" - "Hello you too!" - answered the Cossacks. Everywhere, all over the field, people were full of picturesque heaps. It was clear from their swarthy faces that they were all hardened in battles, they had tried all sorts of hardships. So here it is, Sech! This is the nest from which all those proud and strong as lions fly out! This is where the will and Cossacks spill over to the whole Ukraine!

Taras Bulba. Feature film based on the novel by N. V. Gogol, 2009

The travelers rode out to a vast square where the Rada usually met. A shirtless Cossack was sitting on a large overturned barrel: he held it in his hands and slowly sewed up the holes on it. Again a whole crowd of musicians blocked their way, in the middle of which a young Zaporozhian danced, wringing his hat like a devil and throwing up his hands. He only shouted: “Play faster, musicians! Do not be sorry, Thomas, burners for Orthodox Christians! And Foma, with a black eye, measured out a huge mug to each who pestered. Near the young Cossack, four old ones worked rather shallowly with their feet, tossed themselves like a whirlwind to the side, almost on the heads of the musicians, and, suddenly dropping down, rushed in a crouch and beat sharply and firmly with their silver horseshoes on the densely killed earth. The earth hummed dully throughout the whole region, and hopaks and tropaks resounded in the air in the distance, beaten out by the sonorous horseshoes of boots. But one of them cried out more lively and flew after the others in a dance. Chuprina fluttered in the wind, her strong chest was all open; a warm winter jacket was put on in the sleeves, and sweat poured from him like a bucket. "Let's take the cover off! Taras finally said. “See how it floats!” - "Not allowed!" shouted the Cossack. "From what?" - "Not allowed; I already have such a temper: what I throw off, I’ll drink it. ” And for a long time the young man had no hat, no belt on his caftan, no embroidered scarf; everything went where it should. The crowd grew; others pestered the dancers, and it was impossible to see, without inner movement, how everything was ripped off by the most free, most frenzied dance that the world had ever seen and which, according to its powerful inventors, was called the Cossack.

- Oh, if not for the horse! Taras cried out, “he would have set off, really, he would have started dancing himself!”

Meanwhile, among the people began to come across and sedate, respected according to their merits by the whole Sich, gray-haired, old forelocks, who had been foremen more than once. Taras soon met many familiar faces. Ostap and Andriy heard only greetings: “Ah, it's you, Pecheritsa! Hello, Kozolup! “Where does God bring you from, Taras?” “How did you get in here, Chisel?” “Hello, Kirdyaga! Hello, Gusty! Did I think to see you, Belt? And the knights, gathered from all over the wild world of eastern Russia, kissed each other; and then questions arose: “What about Kasyan? What is a Wart? What is Coloper? What's Piggy?

And only Taras Bulba heard in response that Wart was hanged in Tolopan, that Koloper was skinned near Kizikirmon, that Pidsyshkov's head was salted in a barrel and sent to Constantinople itself. Old Bulba lowered his head and thoughtfully said: “The Cossacks were kind!”

III

For about a week, Taras Bulba lived with his sons in the Setch. Ostap and Andriy did little in the military school. The Sich did not like to bother itself with military exercises and waste time; youth was brought up and educated in it by experience alone, in the very heat of battles, which were therefore almost uninterrupted. The Cossacks considered it boring to occupy the intervals with the study of any discipline, except perhaps shooting at a target and occasionally horse racing and chasing animals in the steppes and meadows; all the rest of the time was devoted to revelry - a sign of a wide spread of spiritual will. The whole Sich was an extraordinary phenomenon. It was some kind of uninterrupted feast, a ball that began noisily and lost its end. Some were engaged in crafts, others kept shops and traded; but most of them walked from morning to evening, if opportunity sounded in their pockets and the obtained goods had not yet passed into the hands of merchants and tavernsmen. This common feast had something bewitching in it. It was not a gathering of hawkers who got drunk with grief, but it was just a frenzied revelry of gaiety. Everyone who comes here has forgotten and abandoned everything that had previously occupied him. It can be said that he spat on his past and carelessly indulged in the will and comradeship of revelers like himself, who had neither relatives, nor a corner, nor a family, except for the free sky and the eternal feast of his soul. It produced that frenzied gaiety that could not have come from any other source. The stories and chatter among the assembled crowd, lazily resting on the ground, were often so funny and breathed such power of a living story that it was necessary to have all the cold-blooded appearance of a Cossack in order to maintain a motionless expression on his face, without even blinking his mustache - a sharp feature that distinguishes him to this day from his other brothers the southern Russian. The gaiety was drunk, noisy, but for all that it was not a black tavern where a person is forgotten by gloomily distorting merriment; it was a close circle of school comrades. The only difference was that instead of sitting at the pointer and the vulgar talk of the teacher, they made a raid on five thousand horses; instead of a meadow where they play ball, they had unguarded, careless borders, in view of which the Tatar showed his quick head and the Turk in his green turban looked sternly, motionless. The difference is that instead of the forced will that united them at school, they themselves abandoned their fathers and mothers and fled from their parents' homes; that there were those who already had a rope around their necks and who, instead of pale death, saw life - and life in all revelry; that there were those who, according to noble custom, could not keep a penny in their pocket; that there were those here who hitherto had considered the chervonets to be wealth, whose pockets, by the grace of the railway tenants, could be turned out without any fear of dropping anything. Here were all the bursaks who could not endure academic vines and did not take out a single letter from school; but with them there were also those who knew what Horace, Cicero and the Roman Republic were. There were many of those officers who later distinguished themselves in the royal troops; there were many experienced partisans who had formed and had a noble conviction to think that it didn’t matter where they fought, just to fight, because it was indecent for a noble person to be without a fight. There were also many who came to the Sich in order to later say that they were in the Sich and already seasoned knights. But who wasn't there? This strange republic was precisely the need of that age. Hunters to military life, to golden goblets, rich brocades, ducats and reals could find work here at any time. Admirers of women alone could not find anything here, because not a single woman dared to show herself even on the outskirts of the Setch.

It seemed extremely strange to Ostap and Andriy that in their presence the death of the people would come to the Setch, and even if someone asked where these people came from, who they were and what their names were. They came here as if returning to their own home, from which they had left only an hour before. The visitor appeared only to the koshevoi, who usually said:

- Hello! What do you believe in Christ?

- I believe! - answered the visitor.

- Do you believe in the Holy Trinity?

- Do you go to church?

- Well, cross yourself!

The visitor was baptized.

- Well, all right, - answered the koshevoi, - go to which you know the hut.

This ended the whole ceremony. And the whole Sich prayed in one church and was ready to defend it to the last drop of blood, although they did not want to hear about fasting and abstinence. Only prompted by the strong self-interest of the railway, the Armenians and Tatars dared to live and trade in the suburbs, because the Cossacks never liked to bargain, and how much money they took out of their pocket, they paid so much. However, the fate of these greedy traders was very pitiful. They were similar to those who settled at the foot of Vesuvius, because as soon as the Cossacks ran out of money, the daring smashed their shops and always took them for free. The Sich consisted of more than sixty kurens, which looked very much like separate, independent republics, and even more like a school and a bursa of children living on everything ready. Nobody started anything and did not keep it at home. Everything was in the hands of the kuren chieftain, who usually bore the title of dad for this. He had money, dresses, all grub, salamata, porridge and even fuel on his hands; he was given money under safekeeping. Often there was a quarrel between kurens and kurens. In this case, the same hour came to a fight. The kurens covered the square and broke each other's sides with their fists, until some finally overpowered and gained the upper hand, and then the revelry began. Such was this Sich, which had so many lures for young people.

Ostap and Andriy rushed with all the ardor of youths into this rampant sea and instantly forgot both their father's house, and the bursa, and everything that had previously worried their souls, and indulged in a new life. Everything occupied them: the rampant customs of the Sich and the uncomplicated administration and laws, which sometimes seemed to them even too strict among such a masterful republic. If a Cossack stole, stole some trifle, this was already considered a reproach to the entire Cossacks: he, as dishonorable, was tied to a pillory and placed near him with a club, with which every passerby was obliged to strike him, until in this way he was beaten to death. A debtor who did not pay was chained to a cannon, where he had to sit until one of his comrades decided to ransom him and pay the debt for him. But most of all, Andrii was impressed by the terrible execution, determined for murder. Immediately, in his presence, they dug a hole, lowered the living murderer into it, and placed a coffin on top of him, enclosing the body of the one he had killed, and then both were covered with earth. For a long time afterwards, he kept imagining the terrible rite of execution, and kept imagining this man, buried alive, together with the terrible coffin...

Zaporizhzhya Sich. In his work, N.V. Gogol depicted the heroic time of the Zaporozhian Sich. It existed when there were "fights and battles in Ukraine for the union." The author writes that “The Sich is a nest from which all proud and strong, like lions, fly out! This is where the will and the Cossacks spill over to the whole of Ukraine!

The Sich consisted of more than sixty kurens, which looked like separate, independent republics. The Cossacks had no personal property, everything was kept by the kuren chieftain. Gogol describes the beautiful decoration of the Zaporozhye Cossacks: wide red trousers, a belt to which a saber and a cradle were attached. The Cossacks ate simple, but very satisfying food: black bread and porridge with bacon, which was called kulesh, and drank from dried pumpkin, which was instead of a cup on campaigns. The chief over all the kurens was called the Koschevoi, which was chosen annually. The Cossacks also called their association a partnership. Everyone came here of their own free will, they were not asked about anything, they were forced to cross themselves and were received as brothers.

The Russian land then had many enemies: Turks, Tatars, Poles, and Cossacks considered it their duty to fight against them if they "did not honor the ancestral law" and for the glory of Christianity. The main hero of the story, Taras Bulba, brings his sons here so that they, too, become related to all the Cossacks.

The Cossacks of the Sech live according to their harsh laws. Those who do not observe Christian commandments are terribly punished: thieves are beaten to death with a club, the debtor is tied to a cannon, but the most terrible punishment awaits the murderer. They dug a hole, lowered a living murderer into it, put a fob with the body of the murdered one on top, and covered both of them with earth.

The Cossacks lived freely. Gogol writes that “the Sich did not like to bother itself with military exercises and waste time; youth was brought up and educated in it by one experience, in the very heat of battles, which were therefore almost continuous. When the Cossacks did not fight, they led a wild life, they ate and drank a lot. In the eighth chapter, we learn that while the Cossacks were besieging the Polish fortress, due to the fact that the guards were drunk, the Tatars managed to steal the treasures of the Zaporozhian Sich.

Gogol writes that at that time Poland had a great influence on the life of the Russian nobility. “Many adopted Polish customs, started luxury,” writes Gogol Taras Bulba quarreled with all his comrades, who “were inclined towards the Warsaw side.” The Cossacks valued Cossack fidelity to each other, their will and the Christian faith more than all blessings. Therefore, the main conflict in the work is the relationship between Taras and his sons. The eldest son Ostap becomes a good Cossack and, despite his young age, is chosen as a kuren ataman. Leads a desperate battle with the Poles near Dubno. And the youngest son of Taras, Andriy, becomes a traitor to the Orthodox Christian faith and goes over to the side of the Poles. And Taras Bulba cannot forgive this even to his own son, he kills him, because the partnership of the Cossacks is a brotherhood not by blood, but by soul: “There are no ties holier than partnership,” says Taras. To betray them is the worst thing for a Cossack. Taras himself cannot leave his comrades in captivity and dies for his Cossacks. But Gogol writes that there is no fire in the world that would "overpower the Russian force" Because "no one can love like the Russian soul!".

In the story "Garay Bulba" NV Gogol showed the harsh life of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks. Their images reflect the national characteristics of the Russian soul.

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Sich in the work Taras Bulba. Composition: Zaporizhzhya Sich in the story N

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