Types of bricklaying, types of bricks. Hollow ceramic bricks: from characteristics to the load-bearing wall

Table of contents:

Varieties of hollow brick
Required Tools
Construction of the outer walls of the house from hollow bricks
Interior walls of houses

Before starting the construction of private houses or country house, after the project is completed, the building material is chosen from which the load-bearing walls of the house, the partitions of the building will be made. The house can be built from modern new materials (foam blocks, gas blocks) or from traditional ones (brick, cinder block, timber). This choice determines how much the house will cost in terms of finances, as well as how reliable, durable and durable the house will be. Each building material has features of application, advantages and disadvantages. But the choice of brick as the main building material is explained not only by its cost, but also by the ease of masonry, strength and thermal insulation characteristics.

Manufacturers offer enough big choice types of bricks. The main thing is to decide whether to choose a solid or hollow brick for building houses. The use of hollow bricks is slightly more profitable than solid bricks. This is due to the fact that when building walls from hollow bricks in a house, the load on the foundation of the house will be less than when building from solid bricks. Therefore, the foundation in the house can be made more lightweight, the walls will not lose their thermal characteristics, and the house will be reliable.

Varieties of hollow brick

Technologically, the production of solid and hollow bricks is no different, except that in order to obtain one hollow product, quantitatively less starting material is needed than to produce a solid one. In addition, to obtain pores in the material (during production), sawdust, peat, and coal can be added to the clay mixture. Most importantly, they must be crushed. Then, during firing in a furnace, these additives burn out, thereby forming additional voids in the body of the product, the shape and direction of which are unpredictable.

So, for example, they can turn out to be oval, longitudinal, rectangular, and so on. This use of additives allows the manufacturer to spend less expensive raw materials for the production of hollow material, therefore, reduces the cost finished product for the consumer.

A hollow element can be divided according to such criteria as:

Type of voids. In addition to the fact that the voids themselves can be round and rectangular, their location is distinguished: horizontal and vertical. At the same time, a wall lined with bricks with a horizontal direction of voids is able to withstand smaller loads. This element is used for frame construction houses (partitions).
Appointment. Manufacturers offer hollow material that can be used for cladding houses. They lay out figured fence posts around the house, for example. If a textured pattern is applied on one of the sides of the product, then it is used in decorative purposes. A material that has beveled corners or rounded edges is applicable for the construction of figured columns of houses, arches in a house.
Roasting method. For final firing, a tunnel or ring kiln can be installed in the production.
Material type. It depends on the source material which brick will be the result of production: ceramic or silicate. Ceramic will have good thermal insulation, due to the use of clay as the main material.

In addition, according to its characteristics, a hollow element can conditionally be divided into:

thermal efficiency. This is due design features hollow material, namely the presence of voids. Due to them, a decrease in thermal conductivity occurs, which ensures warm temperature in the house during the cold season and lowering it during the warm season. At the same time, the thickness of the walls of houses is reduced by 2 times compared with the thickness of the walls of solid.
Degrees of porosity. If the brick is a porous structure, then its heat-insulating characteristics increase, which means that the house will be warm, and its sound absorption also increases.
firing temperature. If the production used a high temperature during firing and special clay, then the resulting hollow brick has increased frost resistance and low water absorption characteristics, due to the fact that the brick structure does not contain extra inclusions.

This allows you to use such a brick not only for facing the walls of houses, but also as paving slabs. In addition, a brick is produced that can withstand heating up to 900 degrees. This specific hollow brick is not suitable for building the walls of houses and is used for the construction of smelting industrial furnaces.

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Required Tools

Nevertheless, the main purpose of brick in construction is the erection of walls of houses, both external and internal.

To build the walls of the house you will need:

concrete mixer or container for manual preparation of mortar,
hammer or construction pick,
Master OK,
sewing tool,
metal mesh with small cells,
cord,
building levels(water and normal),
construction plumb line, which is suitable for a cord with a load.

Depending on the building material used, the walls of the house are divided into brick, concrete, frame, wood, stone and others. The most common in Russia arebrick walls.

Types of brick walls

There are two types of brick walls: and- choose a subtitle or read about.

Solid brick walls, thickness

It is better to start laying from the corners, raising them by 7-8 rows, and then laying walls between them. It is necessary all the time to ensure that the rows are laid exactly horizontally, as well as the correct dressing. Before laying the brick, it is advisable to moisten its surface with water, this will provide better adhesion to the mortar. If in the future it is planned to plaster the wall, then the laying is carried out in such a way that the seams are not filled with mortar at the wall surface by about 1 cm.

Using wooden bars, having a thickness of 10 to 15 cm, jumpers are made. To do this, the ends of the bar are covered with a layer of roofing material or bitumen and buried in the wall by about 20-25 cm.

It is also possible to make reinforced concrete lintels. To do this, you need to make a formwork corresponding to the thickness of the brick walls, and the length is 50 cm more than the width of the window or door opening. Further, a reinforcing mesh is placed in the formwork, raised on small hills. The solution with which the grid is poured should have a thickness of 7 cm with an opening having a width of less than 120 cm, with a larger width - 14 cm.

Hollow brick walls, thickness

Hollow brick walls have the form of two walls half a brick thick, which are fastened with vertical tabs having the same thickness every 70-100 cm. The space between the walls is filled with slag or other materials used for insulation.

At the level, as well as from below the openings and from above, horizontal brick lintels are made. Hollow brick walls are thickat at least 40 cm, at frosts down to -15, if the air temperature drops to -20, then about 50 cm, and at lower rates, for example, -30 the thickness of the brick wall must be at least 60 cm.

The voids are filled with filler in layers having a size of approximately 15 cm, each layer should be tamped, and after 3 layers pour cement mortar.

Variety of building bricks

Brick is one of the most common materials for building walls. Modern construction market offers huge selection bricks from different fillers with different technical characteristics.

For the construction of the walls of a residential building, standard solid or fired clay bricks are most often used, the volumetric weight of which is up to 1900 kg / m³. Another common type is silicate or white brick weighing up to 2000 kg/m³.

Speaking about the parameters, one should indicate the standard data of one solid brick: weight - 3-4 kg, size - 250x65x120 mm. The thickness of the walls of a brick building should always be a multiple of 0.5 of the width and equal to ½, 1, 1 ½, etc. bricks.

The thickness of the walls of the future building should depend on what climate zone it is being built. For example, with an average temperature of -30ºС in winter, the outer load-bearing walls of the house should be no thinner than 64 cm (that is, 2 ½ bricks).

Ordinary solid brick

Today, the industry provides a huge selection of building materials, including bricks, but, as before, solid clay bricks remain one of the most popular. It is red in color and resistant to impact. low temperatures and frost, its porosity varies within 20%. It is these characteristics that determine the thermal conductivity and absorption of moisture by the walls, as well as the strength of the connection of brick with mortar.

The surface of a solid ordinary brick wall is usually rough, so it will have to be plastered (outside and inside the building).

This material is intended not only for the construction of walls, but also for the construction of small architectural forms- columns, vaults, etc.

This material differs from the above in that there are voids inside it. different shapes(non-through and through round, square, oval, slit-like). Such a brick can be brown, yellow, dark or pale red.

Its peculiarity is that the mortar practically does not appear inside the voids due to their small size(hole diameter - no more than 16 mm, width - 12 mm), therefore, a wall made of hollow bricks has a low thermal conductivity.

This type of brick is used mainly for the construction of load-bearing external walls with high thermal insulation, but no less widely hollow brick is used to reduce the thickness of the walls in the house.

Voids provide several other benefits: they reduce costs, reduce the load on the foundation of the building, increase its frost resistance and reduce the cost of transporting materials.

Facing brick

Such a brick may have different shades depending on the raw materials used for its manufacture - from yellow to dark red. The main advantages of facing bricks are its frost resistance and protection from moisture.

Facing bricks are used for the construction of external walls of almost any type. Its cost exceeds the price of a solid brick, but the walls of it do not require mandatory plastering.

The surface of facing bricks is sometimes decorated with an ornament. This gives an excellent opportunity to use it for decorative purposes, for example, for finishing a fireplace or stove inside the house. An additional aesthetic effect can be achieved with profile facing bricks.

silicate-based brick

Specifications silicate brick somewhat lower than clay. It is not very resistant to frost, as it absorbs moisture very much. In addition, it is a high-density material, so it does not provide the necessary thermal insulation to the walls of the house.

Before you start laying silicate brick walls, you need to know how strong the foundation of the house is, as this heavy material, requiring an appropriate reliable basis. In connection with these features, sand-lime bricks are rarely built for private cottages, and they are also used for other construction purposes.

Clinker ceramic brick

This material is characterized by shades of gray, white or red. Clinker modular brick is characterized by increased resistance to frost, practically does not absorb moisture, heat-resistant, has smooth walls, so it is compared with ceramic tiles and used for exterior wall cladding. It is slightly larger than the standard size. facing brick, which significantly reduces the time for work and the consumption of materials.

glazed brick

This type of brick is facing materials, so it is widely applicable to interior and exterior wall decoration. In addition, glazed brick has many shades.

The peculiarity of this material is in the manufacturing technology. It lies in the fact that the clay mass - the basis of the brick - is mixed with a variety of chemical fillers, which, when fired, forms a vitreous, durable and frost-resistant layer on the surface.

Glazed brick has the same characteristics as clinker brick, but is significantly inferior in its fragility. This material has found application in the decorative arts and is used for mosaics inside the house or on the facade.

figured brick

Applicable for exterior finish at home, because it can have a variety of shapes and colors.

When building a house, there is often a question of saving. To do this, you should carefully consider the choice of materials for laying walls. According to experts, it is better to use either a hollow brick or a solid one, but with the creation of voids (the so-called wells). Important point- the use of "warm" mortars and high-quality insulation materials in masonry.

Correct wall thickness

It is considered economical and expedient to build brickwork with internal or external wall insulation. The thickness of the wall in this case can reach 25 cm, regardless of the climatic features of the region. The only one important criterion- Required structural strength.

The thermal insulation of the walls is provided due to the quality and properties of the insulation. If the insulation is located outside the house, it is additionally protected with a layer of plaster, and if inside, then the formation of condensate (due to the difference in temperatures outside and inside) is prevented with the help of vapor barrier materials.

The load-bearing walls inside the house are most often built of baked clay or silicate bricks. The thickness of these structures must be at least 25 cm. As for the section of the bearing pillars and walls, they optimal dimensions must be at least 38x38 cm and 25x51 cm, respectively.

With heavy loads on load-bearing structural partitions and poles, it is better to reinforce with a special metal mesh (wire diameter - up to 5 mm). Reinforce, as a rule, every 3-5 rows of brickwork in height.

Partitions and piers, which are not expected to be heavily loaded, should have a thickness of half a brick - 12 cm (or 6.5 cm if the brick is placed “on edge”). These elements also need additional strengthening - reinforcement, if the length of the partitions exceeds 1.5 m, and the brick is laid with an edge.

The distance between the wire reinforcement is every 2-3 rows of masonry height.
Brick walls have significant thermal inertia. This suggests that it takes a long time for them to cool down or warm up again. One nuance should be taken into account here - the thicker the wall and the more voluminous its mass, the longer these processes take.

Consequently, the air temperature inside a room with brick walls can remain virtually unchanged throughout the day. It is this feature that is considered the indisputable advantage of bricks in construction.

However, there are also disadvantages. For example, during the seasonal operation of the house, in the cold season, you can feel strong dampness. Since frozen walls warm up for a long time, and sudden changes in temperature cause condensation, it is better to take care of reliable insulation and additional sheathing of structures in advance (as a rule, wooden boards are used for this).

As for the cladding brick house, then it is better to use a ceramic or hollow thickened brick, concrete stone intended for this.

A little about the solution

When erecting the walls of a brick house, several types of mortar can be used. Among them, the most commonly used:

cement-sand;
cement-clay;
cement-lime.

For the sake of reliability and confidence that your house will not “crumble” after some time, it is better to immediately take care of a quality solution. According to experts, the cement-sand mortar with the addition of clay and lime is optimal in terms of characteristics.

In addition, the use of such a solution will help to achieve plasticity, suitable compaction and savings on cement (cement consumption can be reduced by up to two times).

Lime dough is made from slaked lime (lump or powder). The resulting mixture is poured into a special pit and not used for at least the first two weeks.

To obtain clay of the required consistency, use pieces of clay, after soaking them in water (the process lasts approximately 3-5 days).

Despite the fact that lime and clay dough can be stored for a long time, it is better to prepare a brickwork mortar before starting work and use it in the coming hours.

Several ways of brickwork

There are quite a few ways to build brick walls, but they all have several common features. Before choosing a laying method, you should pay attention Special attention on the time of year, the properties and plasticity of the solution, as well as on what you want to see the front side of the wall.

Professional builders distinguish three main masonry methods:

hold on;
butt;
semi-adhered.

Press-on bricklaying is used when walls are erected using hard mortar, with jointing and full filling. In this way, any parts and elements are laid brick wall. In this case, the mortar is placed at a distance of 10-15 mm from the front of the wall.

This method of masonry is quite strong, clean and dense, but extremely laborious.
The butt-laying method involves the use of plastic mortars and incomplete filling of the seams from the front of the wall. In this case, the solution is spread out like a bed, retreating up to 30 mm from outer surface walls.

It is important to know that in regions with increased seismic activity, the back-to-back brickwork method is not acceptable!

Half-joint with mortar trimming, brick walls are constructed with full filling of vertical and horizontal joints. The solution is applied, retreating a distance of up to 15 mm from the front of the wall. Excess solution is taken with a trowel. This method of masonry involves the use of a hard mortar that could be cut off immediately after it was squeezed out of the joints.

During bricklaying by any of the above methods, the seams are embroidered before the mortar hardens. To do this, the surface of the brickwork is first cleaned of the remnants of the mortar with a brush, then the vertical and horizontal seams are embroidered.

Bandaging of seams is an important stage of masonry

The durability, stability and strength of the walls of your house depends on whether the ligation of the masonry seams is correctly performed.

The English bandage is considered the most durable. This method involves laying bricks crosswise along the entire height of the wall. There are several other popular ways, for example, English garden and Flemish dressing.

Distinguish two different types masonry - lightweight and solid. Among the solid ones, single-row and multi-row are also distinguished. Single-row (or chain) involves alternating a row of bricks across the wall with a row of bricks along the wall. But multi-row (two-, three-, six-row) systems with offset vertical seams have become more widespread.

The reliability of brickwork with vertical bandaging of seams in each row or after several rows is almost the same and does not have significant differences.

More popular is the use of one of the methods of lightweight masonry.
For exterior walls, well masonry is considered the most common and profitable. Its peculiarity is that at a distance of 15-35 cm from each other, separate walls are erected half a brick wide. They are connected with the help of bridges in a quarter of a brick, at a distance of 60-120 cm in the length of the wall and every 4-5 rows in height.

The voids formed between the individual walls are filled with light concrete, “warm” mortar, concrete liners made of stones, expanded clay, sand or crushed stone. These materials provide thermal insulation to the walls and are compacted in layers up to 15 cm thick, pouring mortar approximately every 50 cm in height. This method of laying significantly increases the strength of the wall.

One more way should be considered - lightweight masonry with horizontal diaphragms. Despite the fact that this method significantly reduces costs and saves material consumption, it is applicable only in the construction of one- and two-story houses.

Its features are as follows: first, two parallel walls are built in half a brick; they are interconnected with reinforcing wire 6 mm thick at a distance of 50 cm of the wall length; the ends of the reinforcement are bent at a right angle and placed in the masonry at a depth of up to 10 cm; the space between the walls is covered with a 15 cm layer of "warm" concrete.

Often, in the construction of private cottages, the method of brickwork with three-row diaphragms is used. This method is similar to the one described above, except that the diaphragm of such masonry consists of three rows with dressing of seams.

Even without being professional builder, it is important to know that the consumption of bricks and other materials for the construction of a wall in a lightweight way is significantly less than with continuous masonry.

What are the seams?

Depending on the method of laying a brick wall and its subsequent finishing, there are hollow, concave and convex types of jointing.

If it is supposed to apply a plaster layer, then the seams are embroidered into a wasteland. To do this, the solution is spread at a distance of 10-15 mm from the front surface of the wall so that the finishing layer following this is fixed as it should.

Depending on the type of jointing, a convex and concave seam is distinguished. They are used when there is no need for further plastering of brick walls.
following the rules and technical specifications, the type of seam does not have significant differences and the choice of any of them depends on the recommendations of the builders on the site and on your aesthetic preferences.

Any construction is usually starts with material selection. And most people still prefer brick as the most common and proven building material. But here, too, one should think carefully, because modern market There are many types of bricks.

Hollow brick is a relatively new material. It began to be widely used with the development of private construction of houses. And thanks to its excellent characteristics, it has already established itself from a very good side.

What is hollow brick

It is produced using a similar technology as a solid brick, but differs from it in that it has rows of slots. These slots may be various sizes and shapes (square, round, etc.), they can pass both through a hollow brick and reach its middle.

Quite often, hollow brick is called "economical" or "hole". It began to be called economical primarily due to the fact that significantly fewer components are spent in its production than in the manufacture of ordinary solid bricks. And the reason for this is precisely the holes that are filled with air during the construction of the house. Thus, due to the presence of holes, it is the most economical, in addition, the more of these same holes in a hollow brick, the much better thermal insulation properties he possesses.

Not unimportant is the fact that in the manufacture of hollow bricks, manufacturers add sawdust, coal and peat, which also has a positive effect on thermal insulation parameters. In addition, the use of hollow bricks in construction provides excellent sound insulation.

The cost of building from various kinds brick

№	Type of brick	unit of measurement	Price in rubles
1		m 2	From 19500
2		m 2	From 19850
3		m 2	From 20100
4		m 2	From 20400
5		m 2	From 20800

Another name for hollow brick – slotted , perforated and effective . He received such names due to the presence of slots in his body - voids, it is by them that it is quite easy to distinguish a hollow brick from an ordinary building brick. Such a feature is not decorative element or the unreasonable desire of the builders. Voids have a special, moreover, very important function, so it is worth understanding this in more detail.

Almost throughout the entire territory of our vast country, significant temperature changes quite often occur throughout the year. In winter, we have a blizzard and terrible frosts, and in summer we sometimes do not know where to go from the exhausting heat. But, of course, everyone wants their house to be protected from any external discomfort, so builders are forced to thicken the walls in order to at least achieve better thermal insulation of houses. Well, if the wall should be thicker, then, accordingly, more bricks should go, and this negatively affects the total cost of the object being built.

Application of hollow brick

In addition, it has already been proven by practice that the thicker the walls, the more they put pressure on the foundation structure, which can have a very detrimental effect on the results of construction, and often it is simply dangerous. However, solving this problem was not so difficult. Today, for the laying of load-bearing walls and partitions, not ordinary ceramic bricks are used, but hollow bricks. .

Differences between hollow brick and ceramic

Main differences between hollow brick and ceramic building analogue are reduced thermal conductivity and lighter weight. That is, the walls of such bricks are much thinner and lighter, which does not negatively affect its basic properties to absorb heat and sounds. Also walls made of hollow bricks, when compared with solid ceramic variant, over time, practically do not lose their strength.

Advantages of hollow brick

Along with ease of use hollow brick for construction works there are a number of other advantages . When building walls from it, much less material, costs are also reduced, because the need for material and fuel is reduced, and the likelihood that there will be a shortage of hollow bricks is reduced to almost zero, which cannot be said about solid brick, because the period of its manufacture is much less.

Features of hollow brick

The material from which hollow bricks are made is fusible clay. In order to distinguish a hollow brick from a solid brick, you do not need to have special knowledge. After all, the main difference is the presence of slots in the slotted brick. There are slots various shapes- from a circle to a square, but the most common brick with narrow rectangular slots. The narrow slots ensure that the masonry mortar cannot get stuck in them, therefore beneficial features bricks will remain the same. On average, slots in the total volume of hollow bricks are 36%, the minimum figure is 13%, the maximum is 1/2. The average indicator is considered the most favorable for maintaining the basic performance properties of hollow bricks, but the larger the volume of slots, the lower the strength of the brick.

Strength of hollow brick

If we talk about strength, then hollow brick is quite suitable for laying walls. and interior partitions. What cannot be said about the possibility of laying foundation elements or load-bearing walls from it - it cannot be used here. For such purposes better fit solid brick, which has the ability to withstand heavy loads. Well, in general, hollow brick is environmentally friendly and inexpensive. building material, it has excellent performance and is almost universal.