“A.F. Koshurnikov Fundamentals of Scientific Research Textbook Recommended by the Educational and Methodological Association of Higher Education Institutions of the Russian Federation for Agroengineering Education as an educational ... "

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Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation

Federal state budget educational

institution of higher professional education

"Perm State Agricultural Academy

named after academician D.N. Pryanishnikov"

A.F. Koshurnikov

Fundamentals of Scientific Research

Russian Federation for agroengineering education

as a teaching aid for students of higher education

institutions studying in the direction of "Agroengineering".

Perm IPC "Prokrost"

UDC 631.3 (075) BBK 40.72.ya7 K765

Reviewers:

A.G. Levshin, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department of Operation of the Machine and Tractor Fleet, Moscow State Agrarian University. V.P. Goryachkin;

HELL. Galkin, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor (Technograd LLC, Perm);

S.E. Basalgin, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Technical Service Department of LLC Navigator - New Engineering.

K765 Koshurnikov A.F. Fundamentals of scientific research: textbook. / Min. RF, federal state budget images. institution of higher prof. images. "Perm state. s.-x. acad. them. acad. D.N. Pryanishnikov. - Perm: IPC "Prokrost", 2014. -317 p.

ISBN 978-5-94279-218-3 The textbook includes questions about choosing a research topic, the structure of research, sources of scientific and technical information, the method of putting forward hypotheses about the directions for solving problems, methods for building models of technological processes carried out using agricultural machinery and their analysis with with the help of a computer, planning experiments and processing the results of experiments in multifactorial, including field studies, protecting the priority of scientific and technical developments with elements of patent science and recommendations for their implementation in production.

The manual is intended for students of higher educational institutions students in the direction of "Agroengineering". It can be useful for masters and graduate students, scientific and engineering workers.

UDC 631.3 (075) BBK 40.72.y7 Published by decision of the Methodological Commission of the Faculty of Engineering of the Perm State Agricultural Academy (Minutes No. 4 dated 12.12.2013).

ISBN 978-5-94279-218-3 © Koshurnikov A.F., 2014 © IPC "Prokrost", 2014 Content Introduction……………………………………………………………… …….

Science in modern society and its value in the highest 1.

vocational education……………………………………….

1.1. The role of science in the development of society…………………………………..

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Everything that surrounds a modern civilized person was created by the creative work of previous generations.

Historical experience allows us to say with confidence that no sphere of spiritual culture has had such a significant and dynamic impact on society as science.

The world-renowned specialist in philosophy, logic and history of science K. Popper in his book could not resist such a comparison:

"Like King Midas from the famous ancient legend- whatever he touches, everything turns into gold - so science, whatever it touches - everything comes to life, acquires significance and receives an impetus for subsequent development. And even if she cannot reach the truth, then the desire for knowledge and the search for truth are the strongest motives for further improvement.

The history of science has shown that the old scientific ideal - the absolute certainty of demonstrative knowledge - turned out to be an idol, that a new level of knowledge sometimes requires a revision of even some fundamental ideas (“Forgive me, Newton,” wrote A. Einstein). The requirement of scientific objectivity makes it inevitable that every scientific proposition must always remain temporary.

The search for new bold propositions, of course, is associated with a flight of fancy, imagination, but a feature of the scientific method is that all the put forward "anticipations" - hypotheses are consistently controlled by systematic tests, and none of them is defended dogmatically. In other words, science has created a useful toolkit that allows you to find ways to detect errors.

Scientific experience that makes it possible to find at least a temporary, but solid basis for further development, obtained primarily in natural sciences ah, was the basis of engineering education. This was most clearly manifested in the first program for the training of engineers at the Paris Polytechnic School. This educational institution was founded in 1794 by the mathematician and engineer Gaspard Monge, the creator of descriptive geometry. The program was oriented towards deep mathematical and natural science training of future engineers.

Not surprisingly, the Polytechnic School soon became a center for the development of mathematical natural sciences, as well as technical sciences, primarily applied mechanics.

According to this model, engineering educational institutions were later created in Germany, Spain, the USA, and Russia.

Engineering activity as a profession turned out to be closely connected with the regular application of scientific knowledge in technical practice.

Technology has become scientific - not only in the fact that it meekly fulfills all the prescriptions of the natural sciences, but also in the fact that special technical sciences have gradually been developed, in which theory has become not only the pinnacle of the research cycle, but also a guide for further actions, the basis systems of rules that prescribe the course of the optimal technical action.

The founder of the science "Agricultural mechanics" is a remarkable Russian scientist V.P. Goryachkin, in his report at the annual meeting of the Society for Promoting the Progress of Experimental Sciences on October 5, 1913, noted:

“Agricultural machines and implements are so diverse in form and life (movement) of the working parts and, moreover, almost always work freely (without a foundation), that their dynamic character must be sharply expressed in their theory, and that another branch of mechanical engineering with such a wealth of theoretical the same as "Agricultural Mechanics", and the only modern task of building and testing agricultural machines can be considered the transition to strictly scientific foundations.

He considered the peculiarity of this science to be that it is an intermediary between mechanics and natural science, calling it the mechanics of a dead and living body.

The need to compare the effects of machines with the reaction of plants and their habitat led to the creation of the so-called precise, coordinate agriculture. The task of such technology is to provide optimal conditions for plant growth in a particular area of ​​the field, taking into account agrotechnical, agrochemical, economic and other conditions.

To ensure this, the machines include complex systems of satellite navigation, microprocessor control, programming, etc.

Not only design, but also production operation machines today requires a continuous increase in the level of both basic training and continuous self-education. Even a small break in the system of advanced training and self-education can lead to a significant lagging behind life and loss of professionalism.

But science as a system for acquiring knowledge can provide a methodology for self-education, the main stages of which coincide with the structure of research, at least in the field of applied knowledge, and especially in the section of information support for the performer.

Thus, in addition to the main objective of the course of the basics of scientific research - the formation of the scientific worldview of a specialist, this study guide sets itself the task of promoting the skills of continuous self-education within the framework of the chosen profession. It is necessary that each specialist be included in the system of scientific and technical information existing in the country.

The presented textbook was written on the basis of the course “Fundamentals of Scientific Research”, read for 35 years at the Perm State Agricultural Academy.

The need for the publication lies in the fact that the existing textbooks covering all stages of research and intended for agroengineering specialties were published twenty to thirty years ago (F.S. Zavalishin, M.G. Matsnev - 1982, P.M. Vasilenko and L. V. Pogorely - 1985, V. V. Koptev, V. A. Bogomyagkikh and M. D. Trifonova - 1993).

During this time, the education system has changed (it has become two-level, with the advent of masters of the research direction of the proposed work), the system of scientific and technical information has undergone significant changes, the range of mathematical models of technological processes used has significantly expanded with the possibility of their analysis on a computer, new legislation on the protection of intellectual own, there are new opportunities for introducing new products into production.

Most of the examples of building models of technological processes are selected among machines that mechanize work in crop production. This is due to the fact that the Department of Agricultural Machines of the Perm State Agricultural Academy has developed a large package computer programs, allowing for a deep and comprehensive analysis of these models.

The construction of mathematical models is inevitably associated with the idealization of an object, so the question of the extent to which they are identified to a real object is constantly raised.

Centuries of study of specific objects and their possible interactions has led to the emergence of experimental methods.

Big problems for the modern experimenter arise in connection with the need for multivariate analysis.

When the study evaluates the state of the processed environment, the parameters of the working bodies and modes of operation, the number of factors is already measured by tens, and the number of experiments - by millions.

The methods of optimal multifactorial experiment created in the last century can significantly reduce the number of experiments, so their study by young researchers is necessary.

Great importance in the technical sciences is given to processing the results of an experiment, assessing their accuracy and errors, which can lead to the distribution of results obtained on a limited circle of objects to the entire, as they say, general population.

It is known that for this purpose methods of mathematical statistics are used, the study and correct application of which are given attention in all scientific schools. It is believed that the strict foundations of mathematical statistics allow not only avoiding mistakes, but also educate beginner scientists in professionalism, a culture of thinking, the ability to critically perceive not only other people's results, but also their own results. It is said that mathematical statistics contribute to the development of the discipline of the mind of specialists.

results scientific work can be carriers of new knowledge and used to improve machines, technologies or create new products. In today's market economy, protecting the priority of research and associated intellectual property is of paramount importance. The intellectual property system has ceased to be a quiet branch of law. Now, when this system is globalized in the interests of the economy, it is turning into a powerful tool for competition, trade and political and economic pressure.

Priority protection can be implemented different ways– publication of scientific works in the press, filing an application for obtaining patents for an invention, utility model, industrial design or registration of a trademark, service mark or place of production of goods, commercial designation, etc.

In connection with the new legislation on intellectual property, information on the rights to use it seems to be relevant.

The final stage of scientific research is the implementation of the results in production. This difficult period of activity can be alleviated by realizing the importance of the central function of marketing in matters of the activities of industrial enterprises. Modern marketing has developed a fairly effective toolkit for creating conditions for the interest of enterprises in the use of new products.

The originality and high competitiveness of the product, confirmed by the relevant patents, can be of particular importance.

The final part of the book provides options for organizing the introduction of student research papers into production. Participation in implementation work of any form has a great impact not only on vocational training specialists, but also on the formation of an active life position in them.

1. Science in modern society and its importance in higher professional education

1.1. The role of science in the development of society Science plays a special role in our life. The progress of the previous centuries has brought humanity to a new level of development and quality of life. Technological progress is based primarily on the use of scientific achievements. In addition, science is now influencing other spheres of activity, restructuring their means and methods.

Already in the Middle Ages, the emerging natural science declared its claims to the formation of new worldview images, free from many dogmas.

It is no coincidence that science has been subjected to church persecution for many centuries. The Holy Inquisition worked hard to preserve its dogmas in society, however, the 17th...18th centuries are the centuries of enlightenment.

Having acquired ideological functions, science began to actively influence all spheres social life. Gradually, the value of education based on the assimilation of scientific knowledge grew and began to be taken for granted.

At the end of the 18th century and in the 19th century, science actively entered the sphere of industrial production and in the 20th century it becomes the productive force of society. In addition, the 19th and 20th centuries can be characterized by the expanding use of science in various areas of social life, primarily in management systems. It becomes there the basis of qualified expert assessments and decision-making.

This new function is now characterized as social. At the same time, the ideological functions of science and its role continue to grow. productive force. The increased possibilities of humanity, armed with the latest achievements of science and technology, began to orient society towards the forceful transformation of the natural and social world. This led to a number of negative "side" effects (military equipment capable of destroying all life, an ecological crisis, social revolutions, etc.). As a result of the understanding of such possibilities (although, as they say, matches were not created for children to play with), there has recently been a change in scientific and technological development by giving it a humanistic dimension.

A new type of scientific rationality is emerging, which explicitly includes humanistic guidelines and values.

Scientific and technological progress is inextricably linked with engineering activities. Its emergence as one of the types of labor activity at one time was associated with the emergence of manufactory and machine production. It was formed among scientists who turned to technology or self-taught artisans who joined science.

Solving technical problems, the first engineers turned to physics, mechanics, mathematics, from which they drew knowledge to carry out certain calculations, and directly to scientists, adopting their research methodology.

There are many such examples in the history of technology. They often recall the appeal of engineers constructing fountains in the garden of the Duke of Florence Cosimo II Medici to G. Galileo, when they were puzzled by the fact that the water behind the piston did not rise above 34 feet, although, according to the teachings of Aristotle (nature does not tolerate emptiness), this is not should have happened.

G. Galileo joked that, they say, this fear does not extend above 34 feet, but the task was set and brilliantly solved by G.

Galileo T. Torricelli with his famous "Italian experiment", and then the works of B. Pascal, R. Boyle, Otto von Guerick, who finally established the influence of atmospheric pressure and convinced opponents of this with experiments with the Magdeburg hemispheres.

Thus, already in this initial period of engineering activity, specialists (most often from guild craft) were oriented towards the scientific picture of the world.

Instead of anonymous artisans all in more there are professional technicians, great personalities, famous far beyond the immediate place of their activity. Such, for example, are Leon Batista Alberti, Leonardo da Vinci, Niccolo Tartaglia, Gerolamo Cardano, John Napier and others.

In 1720, a number of military engineering educational institutions for fortification, artillery and a corps of railway engineers were opened in France, in 1747 - a school of roads and bridges.

When technology reached a state in which further advancement was impossible without its saturation with science, the need for personnel began to be felt.

The emergence of higher technical schools marks the next milestone in engineering activities.

One of the first such schools was the Paris Polytechnic School, founded in 1794, where the question of the systematic scientific training of future engineers was consciously raised. It has become a model for the organization of higher technical educational institutions, including in Russia.

From the very beginning, these institutions began to perform not only educational, but also research functions in the field of engineering, which contributed to the development of technical sciences. Engineering education since then began to play a significant role in the development of technology.

Engineering activity is a complex complex various kinds activities (inventive, design, engineering, technological, etc.) and serves a variety of technical fields (engineering, agriculture, electrical engineering, chemical technology, processing industries, metallurgy, etc.).

Today, no one person can do all the various jobs required to produce any complex product (tens of thousands of parts are used in a modern engine alone).

The differentiation of engineering activities has led to the emergence of so-called "narrow" specialists who know, as they say, "everything about nothing."

In the second half of the twentieth century, not only the object of engineering activity changes. Instead of a separate technical device, a complex man-machine system becomes an object of design, and activities related, for example, to organization and management, are expanding.

The engineering task was not only to create a technical device, but also to ensure its normal functioning in society (not only in the technical sense), ease of maintenance, respect for the environment, and finally, a favorable aesthetic impact ... It is not enough to create technical system, it is necessary to organize the social conditions for its sale, implementation and operation with maximum convenience and benefit for a person.

A manager-engineer should be not only a technician, but also a lawyer, an economist, a sociologist. In other words, along with the differentiation of knowledge, integration is also necessary, leading to the emergence of a generalist who knows, as they say "nothing about everything."

To solve these newly emerging socio-technical problems, new types of higher educational institutions are being created, for example, technical universities, academies, etc.

A huge amount of modern knowledge in any subject, and most importantly, this constantly expanding flow requires from any university to educate the student in scientific thinking and the ability to self-educate, self-development. Scientific thinking was formed and changed with the development of science as a whole and its individual parts.

Currently, there are a large number of concepts and definitions of science itself (from philosophical to everyday, for example, "his example to others is science").

The simplest and rather obvious definition may be that science is a certain human activity, isolated in the process of division of labor and aimed at obtaining knowledge. The concept of science as the production of knowledge is very close, at least in terms of technology, to self-education.

The role of self-education in any modern activity, and even more so in engineering, is growing rapidly. Any, even a very slight cessation of monitoring the level of modern knowledge leads to a loss of professionalism.

In some cases, the role of self-education turned out to be more significant than traditional, systemic school and even university training.

An example of this is Niccolo Tartaglia, who studied only half of the alphabet at school (there was not enough family money for more), but was the first to solve an equation of the third degree, which shifted mathematics from the ancient level and served as the basis for a new, Galilean stage in the development of science. Or Mikhail Faraday, the great bookbinder who did not study either geometry or algebra at school, but developed the foundations of modern electrical engineering.

1.2. Classification of scientific research

There are various grounds for classifying sciences (for example, according to their connection with nature, technology or society, according to the methods used - theoretical or experimental, according to historical retrospective, etc.).

In engineering practice, science is often divided into fundamental, applied and developmental developments.

Usually the object of fundamental science is nature, and the goal is to establish the laws of nature. Basic research is mainly carried out in such branches as physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics, theoretical mechanics, etc.

Modern fundamental research, as a rule, requires so much money that not all countries can afford to conduct it. Direct practical applicability of the results is unlikely. Nevertheless, it is fundamental science that ultimately feeds all branches of human activity.

Almost all types of technical sciences, including "agricultural mechanics" are classified as applied sciences. The objects of research here are machines and technological processes performed with their help.

The private orientation of research, a sufficiently high level of engineering training in the country, make the probability of achieving practically useful results quite high.

A figurative comparison is often made: “Fundamental sciences serve to understand the world, and applied sciences serve to change it.”

Distinguish between the targeting of fundamental and applied sciences. Applied addresses to manufacturers and customers. They are the needs or desires of these clients, and the fundamental ones - to other members of the scientific community. From a methodological point of view, the difference between fundamental and applied sciences is blurred.

Already by the beginning of the 20th century, the technical sciences, which grew out of practice, assumed the quality of a true science, the features of which are the systematic organization of knowledge, reliance on experiment and the construction of mathematical theories.

Special fundamental research also appeared in the technical sciences. An example of this is the theory of masses and velocities developed by V.P. Goryachkin in the framework of "Agricultural Mechanics".

The technical sciences borrowed from the fundamental ones the very ideal of scientific character, the orientation towards the theoretical organization of scientific and technical knowledge, the construction of ideal models, and mathematization. At the same time, they provide last years significant impact on fundamental research through the development of modern measurement tools, recording and processing of research results. For example, research in the field elementary particles demanded the development of the most unique accelerators developed by international communities. In these most complex technical devices, physicists are already trying to simulate the conditions of the initial "Big Bang" and the formation of matter. Thus, the fundamental natural and technical sciences become equal partners.

In experimental design, the results of technical applied sciences are used to improve the designs of machines and their modes of operation. More D.I. Mendeleev once said that "the machine should work not in principle, but in its body." This work is carried out, as a rule, in factory and specialized design bureaus, at the test sites of factories and machine test stations (MIS).

The final test of the research work embodied in a particular machine design is practice. It is no coincidence that over the entire factory platform for the shipment of finished machines of the well-known John Deer company, a poster was installed, which reads in translation: “The most severe tests of our equipment begin from here.”

1.3. Systems and systems approach in scientific research

In the second half of the 20th century, the concept of system analysis became firmly established in scientific use.

The objective prerequisites for this were general scientific progress.

The systemic essence of the tasks is found in the real existence of complex processes of interaction and interconnections between the complexes of machines, their working bodies with the external environment, and methods of control.

The modern methodology of system analysis arose on the basis of a dialectical understanding of the interconnectedness and interdependence of phenomena in actually occurring technological processes.

This approach became possible in connection with the achievements of modern mathematics (operational calculus, operations research, the theory of random processes, etc.), theoretical and applied mechanics (static dynamics), and extensive computer research.

The possible complexity to which a systematic approach can lead can be judged by the report of Siemens PLM specialists published in one of the INTERNET advertisements.

In the study of stresses in the rod and shell elements of the aircraft wing, as well as the parameters of deformations, vibrations, heat transfer, acoustic characteristics, depending on random environmental influences, a mathematical model was compiled, which consists of 500 million equations.

The NASRAN software package (NASA STRuctual ANalysis) was used for the calculation.

The calculation time on the 8-core IBM Power 570 server was approximately 18 hours.

The system is usually specified by a list of objects, their properties, imposed relationships and functions performed.

Characteristic features of complex systems are:

The presence of a hierarchical structure, i.e. the possibility of dividing the system into one or another number of interacting subsystems and elements that perform various functions;

Stochastic nature of the processes of functioning of subsystems and elements;

The presence of a goal-oriented task common to the system;

Exposure of the control system by the operator.

On fig. 1.1. presented structural scheme systems "operator - field - agricultural unit".

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The studied parameters of the technological process and their characteristics (depth and width of the processed strip, yield, humidity and weediness of the processed heap, etc.) are taken as input variables.

The vector U(t) of control actions may include steering wheel turns, changing the speed of movement, regulating the cutting height, pressure in the hydraulic or pneumatic systems of machines, etc.

The output variables are also a vector function of quantitative and qualitative assessments results of work (real productivity, power costs, degree of crumbling, cutting weeds, evenness of the treated surface, grain loss, etc.).

The studied systems are divided into:

On artificial (created by man) and natural (taking into account the environment);

On open and closed (taking into account the environment or without it);

Static and dynamic;

managed and unmanaged;

Deterministic and probabilistic;

Real and abstract (which are systems of algebraic or differential equations);

Simple and complex (multilevel structures consisting of interacting subsystems and elements).

Sometimes systems are subdivided according to physical processes that ensure their functioning, for example, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, thermodynamic, electrical.

In addition, there may be biological, social, organizational and managerial, economic systems.

The tasks of system analysis are usually:

Determination of the characteristics of the elements of the system;

Establishing links between elements of the system;

Evaluation of the general patterns of functioning of aggregates and properties that belong only to the entire system as a whole (for example, the stability of dynamic systems);

Optimization of machine parameters and production processes.

The starting material for solving these issues should be the study of the characteristics external environment, physical-mechanical and technological properties of agricultural environments and products.

Further, during theoretical and experimental studies, regularities of interest are established, usually in the form of systems of equations or regression equations, and then the degree of identity of mathematical models to real objects is estimated.

1.4. Structure of scientific research in applied sciences

Work on a research topic goes through a series of stages that make up the so-called structure of scientific research. Of course, this structure largely depends on the type and purpose of the work, but such stages are typical for applied sciences. Another conversation is that some of them can contain all the stages, while others do not. Some of the stages may be large, others smaller, but you can name (highlight) them.

1. Choice of research topic (statement of the problem, tasks).

2. Study of the state of the art (or state of the art, as it is called in patent research). One way or another, this is the study of what was done by the predecessors.

3. Putting forward a hypothesis about the method of solving the problem.

4. Justification of the hypothesis, from the point of view of mechanics, physics, mathematics. Often this stage is the theoretical part of the study.

5. Experimental study.

6. Processing and comparison of research results. conclusions on them.

7. Fixing the research priority (filing a patent application, writing an article, report).

8. Introduction to production.

1.5. Methodology of scientific research The results of any research to a greater extent depend on the methodology for achieving results.

Research methodology is understood as a set of methods and techniques for solving the tasks.

There are usually three levels of method development.

First of all, it is necessary to provide the basic methodological requirements for the forthcoming research.

Methodology - the doctrine of the methods of cognition and transformation of reality, the application of the principles of the worldview to the process of cognition, creativity and practice.

A particular function of methodology is to determine approaches to the phenomena of reality.

The main methodological requirements for engineering research are considered to be a materialistic approach (material objects are studied under material influences); fundamentality (and the associated widespread use of mathematics, physics, theoretical mechanics); objectivity and reliability of conclusions.

The process of movement of human thought from ignorance to knowledge is called cognition, which is based on the reflection of objective reality in the mind of a person in the process of his activity, which is often called practice.

The needs of practice, as noted earlier, are the main and driving force behind the development of knowledge. Cognition grows out of practice, but then itself is directed to the practical mastery of reality.

This model of cognition was reflected very figuratively by F.I. Tyutchev:

“So connected, united from time immemorial by the Union of consanguinity The rational genius of man With the creative power of nature ...”

The methodology of such research should be tuned to the effective implementation of the results of transformative practice.

To ensure this methodological requirement, it is necessary that the researcher have practical experience in production, or at least have a good idea of ​​it.

Actually, the research methodology is divided into general and particular.

The general methodology refers to the entire study as a whole and contains the main methods for solving the tasks.

Depending on the objectives of the study, the study of the subject, deadlines, technical capabilities, the main type of work is chosen (theoretical, experimental, or, in any case, their ratio).

The choice of the type of research is based on a hypothesis about the method of solving the problem. The main requirements for scientific hypotheses and how to develop them are set out in chapter (4).

Theoretical research, as a rule, is associated with the construction of a mathematical model. An extensive list of possible models used in engineering is given in chapter (5). The choice of a specific model requires the erudition of the developer or is based on analogy with similar studies in their critical analysis.

After that, the author usually carefully studies the corresponding mechanical and mathematical apparatus and then, on its basis, builds new or refined models of the processes under study. Variants of the most common mathematical models in agroengineering research are the content of subsection 5.5.

Most fully, before the start of work, they develop a methodology for experimental studies. At the same time, the type of experiment is determined (laboratory, field, one- or multifactorial, search or decisive), a laboratory installation is designed or machines are equipped with instrumentation and recording equipment. In this case, metrological control over their condition is mandatory.

Organizational forms and content of metrological control are discussed in paragraph 6.2.6.

The issues of experiment planning and organization of field experiments are discussed in Chapter 6.

One of the main requirements for classical experiments in the field of exact sciences is the reproducibility of experiments. Unfortunately, this requirement is not met. field studies. The variability of the field conditions does not allow the experiments to be reproduced. This shortcoming is partly eliminated detailed description experimental conditions (meteorological, soil, biological and physical-mechanical characteristics).

The final part of the general methodology usually consists of methods for processing experimental data. Usually, they refer to the need to use generally accepted methods of mathematical statistics, with the help of which the numerical characteristics of the measured values ​​are estimated, confidence intervals are built, goodness of fit criteria are used to check membership in the sample, the significance of estimates of mathematical expectations, variances and coefficients of variation, and variance and regression analyzes are carried out.

If random functions or processes were studied in the experiment, then when processing the results, their characteristics (correlation functions, spectral densities) are found, which, in turn, evaluate the dynamic properties of the systems under study (transfer, frequency, impulse, and other functions).

When processing the results of multivariate experiments, the significance of each factor, possible interactions is evaluated, the coefficients of the regression equations are determined.

In the case of experimental studies, the values ​​of all factors are determined at which the studied value is at the maximum or minimum level.

Currently, electrical measuring and recording complexes are widely used in experimental studies.

Typically, these complexes include three blocks.

First of all, this is a system of sensors-converters of non-electric quantities (such as, for example, displacements, speeds, accelerations, temperatures, forces, moments of forces, deformations) into an electrical signal.

The final block in modern research is usually a computer.

Intermediate blocks ensure the coordination of sensor signals with the requirements of the input parameters of computers. They may include amplifiers, analog-to-digital converters, switches, etc.

Such a description of existing and prospective measurement methods, measuring complexes and their software is described in the book "Agricultural Testing".

Based on the results of experimental data processing, conclusions are made about the inconsistency of the experimental data with the put forward hypothesis or mathematical model, the significance of certain factors, the degree of model identification, etc.

1.6. Research program

In collective scientific work, especially in established scientific schools and laboratories, some of the stages of scientific research may be missed for a particular performer. It is possible that they were produced earlier or entrusted to other employees and departments (for example, filing an application for an invention can be entrusted to a patent specialist, implementation work in production - to a design bureau and research and production workshops, etc.).

The remaining stages, specified by the developed implementation methods, make up the research program. Often the program is supplemented with a list of all research tasks, a description of the working conditions and the area for which the results are prepared. In addition, the program is expected to reflect the need for materials, equipment, areas for field experiments, to assess the costs of research and the economic (social) effect of the introduction into production.

As a rule, the research program is discussed at meetings of departments, scientific and technical council, and it is signed by both the performer and the head of the work.

Periodically, the implementation of the program and work plan for a certain period is monitored.

2. Choice of a research topic, social order for the improvement of agricultural technology The choice of a research topic is a task with very many unknowns and the same number of solutions. First of all, you need to want to work, and this requires a very serious motivation. Unfortunately, the incentives that promote normal work - decent earnings, prestige, fame - are ineffective in this case. It is hardly possible to give an example of a rich scientist. Socrates sometimes had to walk barefoot through the mud and snow and only in one cloak, but he dared to put reason and truth above life, refused to repent of his convictions in court, was sentenced to death, and hemlock finally made him great.

A. Einstein, according to his student, and then collaborator L.

Infeld, wore long hair in order to go to the hairdresser less often, did without socks, suspenders, pajamas. He implemented the minimum program - shoes, trousers, shirt and jacket - a must. Further reduction would be difficult.

Our remarkable popularizer of science, Ya.I., died of starvation. Perelman. He has written 136 books on entertaining mathematics, physics, a box of riddles and tricks, entertaining mechanics, interplanetary travel, world distances, etc. Books are reprinted dozens of times.

The founders of agricultural engineering, Professor A.A., died of exhaustion in besieged Leningrad. Baranovsky, K.I. Debu, M.Kh. Pigulevsky, M.B. Fabrikant, N.I. Yuferov and many others.

The same thing happened to N.I. in prison. Vavilov, the world's largest geneticist. Here another very strange connection between the state and representatives of science is manifested - through prison.

The victims of the Inquisition were Jan Huss, T. Campanella, N. Copernicus, J. Bruno, G. Galileo, T. Gobbe, Helvetius, Voltaire M. Luther. The forbidden books (which could not only be read but also kept under pain of death) include the works of Rabelais, Ockham, Savonorola, Dante, Thomas Moore, V. Hugo, Horace, Ovid, F. Bacon, Kepler, Tycho de Brahe, D. Diderot, R. Descartes, D'Alambert, E. Zola, J.J. Rousseau, B. Spinoza, J. Sand, D. Hume and others. Separate works by P. Bale, V.

Hugo, E. Kant, G. Heine, Helvetia, E. Gibbon, E. Kaabe, J. Locke, A.

Mitskevich, D.S. Milla, J.B. Mirab, M. Montel, J. Montesquieu, B. Pascal, L. Ranke, Reynal, Stendhal, G. Flaubert and many other outstanding thinkers, writers and scientists.

In total, about 4 thousand individual works and authors appear in the publications of the papal index, all of whose works are prohibited. This is practically the whole color of Western European culture and science.

It's the same in our country. L.N. was excommunicated from the church. Tolstoy, the famous mathematician A. Markov. P.L. Kapitsa, L.D. Landau, A.D. Sakharov, I.V. Kurchatov, A. Tupolev and among the writers N. Klyuev, S. Klychkov, O. Mandelstam, N. Zabolotsky, B. Kornilov, V. Shalamov, A. Solzhenitsyn, B. Pasternak, Yu. Dombrovsky, P. Vasiliev, O. Bergholz, V. Bokov, Y. Daniel and others.

Thus, making money in Russia is difficult and dangerous.

One of the motivations for scholarship could be fame, but, you see, the fame of any today's television joker will surpass an arbitrarily bright scientific work, and even more so its author.

Among the existing motivations for scientific work, only three remain.

1. Natural human curiosity. For some reason, he needs to read books, solve problems, crossword puzzles, puzzles, come up with a lot of original things, etc. A.P. Alexandrov, who at one time was the director of the Institute for Physical Problems and the Institute atomic energy, are credited with the words widely known today: "Science makes it possible to satisfy one's own curiosity at public expense." Subsequently, many retold this idea. But still, in one of the last works of A.D. Sakharov, agreeing with this motivation, noted that the main thing was still something else. The main thing was the social order of the country.

"This was our concrete contribution to one of the most important conditions for peaceful coexistence with America."

2. Social order. Any specialist of the country, being a member of civil society, occupies a certain place in this society. Of course, this part of the society has certain rights (among its representatives are technical managers or administrators) and responsibilities.

But the duty of the technical manager is to improve production, which can go in many directions.

The most important of these is the need to lighten the hard work of people, which is more than enough in agriculture. There has always been, is and will be the task of increasing labor productivity, the quality of work, the efficiency and reliability of equipment, comfort and safety. If we talk about problematic issues and directions for the development of agricultural machinery, there are so many of them that there will be enough work for our entire generation, much will remain for children and grandchildren.

If we very briefly outline the main problems of mechanization of only individual operations in agriculture, then we can show the vastness of the range of possible application of forces.

Soil cultivation. Every year, the arable layer of the planet is shifted by farmers by 35–40 cm. Huge energy costs and not fully substantiated technologies of minimal and no tillage often lead to soil overconsolidation and contribute to weed contamination of fields. In a number of areas of the country and individual fields on farms, the use of soil protection technologies that protect against water and wind erosion is required. Summer heat in extreme years sets the task of introducing moisture-saving technologies. But after all, each technology can be implemented in many ways, using certain working bodies, and even more so their parameters. The choice of the method of processing each field, the justification of the working bodies and their modes of operation is already a creative activity.

Application of fertilizers. The poor quality of fertilizer application not only reduces their effectiveness, but sometimes leads to negative results (uneven development of plants and, as a result, uneven maturation, which makes harvesting difficult, requires additional costs for drying unripe crops). The high cost of fertilizers has led to the need for local application and the so-called precision, coordinate farming, when the seeding rate is continuously adjusted according to pre-compiled programs during the movement of the unit, guided by satellite navigation systems.

Plant care. Choice chemicals, preparation and application of the required doses in the required place is also associated with precision farming systems, computerization of units.

Harvest. The problem of the modern combine. The machine is very expensive, but not always efficient. In particular, in bad weather, it has a very low cross-country ability, and work in these conditions is associated with huge losses. Seeds are severely damaged. Scientists are working on more effective options - threshing at a hospital (Kuban technology), threshing from stacks left in the field when frosts set in (Kazakh technology); non-wire technology, when a light machine collects grain together with fine straw and floor, and cleaning is carried out at a hospital; varieties of the old sheaf technology, when sheaves, for example, are tied into large rolls.

Post-harvest processing of grain. First of all, the problem of drying. The national average moisture content of grain at the time of harvesting is 20%. In our zone (Western Urals) - 24%. In order for the grain to be stored (conditional grain moisture is 14%), it is necessary to remove 150 ... 200 kg of moisture from each ton of grain.

But drying is a very energy intensive process. Currently, alternative technology options are also being considered - canning, storage in a protective environment, etc.

The introduction of coordinate, precision farming poses even more problems. Orientation in space with a very high accuracy (2...3 cm) is required, since the field is considered as a set of inhomogeneous sections, each of which has individual characteristics. GPS technology and special equipment for differential application of consumables are used for optimal application of drugs as the implement passes through the field. This allows you to create the best conditions for plant growth in each section of the field, without violating the norms. environmental safety.

So many problems have a well-studied and now highly mechanized process of cultivating grain crops. There are far more of them in questions of the mechanization of the cultivation of potatoes, vegetable and industrial crops, fruits and berries.

There are a lot of unresolved problems in the mechanization of animal husbandry and fur farming.

Tractors and automobiles are constantly being improved in the direction of efficiency, safety, and reliability. But the problem of reliability itself is very broad, it affects the quality of workmanship, the materials used, the processing and assembly technology, the methods of technical operation, diagnostics, maintenance, maintainability, the presence of a developed dealer and repair network, etc.

3. The ability to creatively solve a wide range of tasks related to the need to maintain the performance of machines.

When machines operate in specific, sometimes difficult conditions, design flaws are often found. Machine operators often fix them without deep recourse to science. Somewhere they will weld a reinforcing plate, strengthen the frame, improve access to lubrication points, put safety elements in the form of shear bolts or pins.

First of all, the students' own observations of the shortcomings of machines are useful. In assignments for educational and especially production practices, such work is prescribed. Subsequently, the elimination of these shortcomings may be the subject of term papers and theses. But the introduction of changes in the design must be recorded and comprehended from a different point of view. They may be the subject of an invention or rationalization proposal, depending on the degree of novelty, creativity and usefulness.

The specific choice of topic is, of course, individual. Most often, tasks are determined by work experience. For young students who do not have work experience, it can be successful to connect undergraduates, graduate students, and faculty members to research. Scientific work is carried out by all teachers of the faculty, and any of them will accept a volunteer assistant in their team. There is no need to fear the loss of time, as they will be more than compensated for in the course projects and thesis, the development of creative, engineering, scientific thinking, which will be necessary for a lifetime. Circles of scientific student work are organized in all departments. Work in them, as a rule, is individual, in the free time for the student and the teacher. The results of the work can be presented at annual scientific student conferences, as well as various city, regional and all-Russian competitions of student works.

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Series "Educational publications for bachelors"

M. F. Shklyar

RESEARCH

Tutorial

4th edition

Publishing and Trade Corporation "Dashkov and Co"

UDC 001.8 BBK 72

M. F. Shklyar - Doctor of Economics, Professor.

Reviewer:

A. V. Tkach - Doctor of Economics, Professor, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation.

Shklyar M. F.

Sh66 Fundamentals of scientific research. Textbook for bachelors / M. F. Shklyar. - 4th ed. - M.: Publishing and trading corporation "Dashkov and Co", 2012. - 244 p.

ISBN 978 5 394 01800 8

The textbook (taking into account modern requirements) describes the main provisions related to the organization, organization and conduct of scientific research in a form suitable for any specialty. The methodology of scientific research, the methodology of working with literary sources and practical information, the features of preparation and design of term papers and theses are described in detail.

For undergraduate and specialist students, as well as graduate students, degree seekers and teachers.

INTRODUCTION ............................................... ................................................. ................................................
	1. SCIENCE AND ITS ROLE
IN MODERN SOCIETY...........................................................
1.1. The concept of science .................................................. ................................................. ..............
1.2. Science and Philosophy ............................................................... ..................................................
1.3. Modern science. Basic Concepts ..................................................
1.4. The role of science in modern society .............................................. ..........
	2. ORGANIZATION
SCIENTIFIC (RESEARCH WORK ................................
2.1. Legislative basis for science management
and its organizational structure ............................................................... ......................
2.2. Scientific and technical potential
and its components ............................................................... ................................................. ........
2.3. Preparation of scientific
and scientific and pedagogical workers .............................................. ...............
2.4. Academic degrees and academic titles ............................................... .................
2.5. Scientific work of students and quality improvement
training of specialists .................................................. ............................................
CHAPTER 3. SCIENCE AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH .......................
3.1. Sciences and their classification ............................................................... ...............................
3.2. Scientific research and its essence .............................................................. .....
3.3. Stages
research work .................................................................. .........................
Control questions and tasks ............................................... ...

Chapter 4. METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH............................................................
4.1. Methods and methodology of scientific research ...............................................
4.2. General and general scientific methods
4.3. Special methods of scientific research ..................................................
Control questions and tasks ............................................... ...
Chapter 5. SELECTION OF DIRECTION
AND JUSTIFICATION OF THE THEME OF SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH ............................................... .................................
5.1. Planning
scientific research .................................................................. ..................................................
5.2. Forecasting scientific research ..........................................................
5.3. Choosing a research topic .................................................................. ........
5.4. Feasibility study of the topic
scientific research .................................................................. ...............................................
Control questions and tasks ............................................... .
Chapter 6. SEARCH, ACCUMULATION AND PROCESSING
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION..............................................................
6.2. Search and collection of scientific information ............................................... ...........
6.3. Maintaining work records .................................................................. .................................
6.4. The study of scientific literature .................................................................. .................
Control questions and tasks ............................................... .
CHAPTER 7. SCIENTIFIC WORKS........................................................
7.1. Features of scientific work
and ethics of scientific work .............................................................. ..................................................
7.2. Coursework .............................................................. ................................................. ..
7.3. Diploma works .................................................................. ................................................
The structure of the thesis
and requirements for its structural elements .............................................. .
Control questions and tasks ............................................... .

	8. WRITING A SCIENTIFIC WORK..............................
8.1. Composition of scientific work .............................................................. .........................
8.3. Language and style of scientific work .............................................................. .........................
8.4. Editing and "aging"
scientific work ................................................................ ................................................. ...............
Control questions and tasks ............................................... .
CHAPTER 9. LITERARY DESIGN
AND PROTECTION OF SCIENTIFIC WORKS................................................
9.1. Features of the preparation of structural parts
9.2. Design of structural parts
scientific papers .................................................. ................................................. .................
9.3. Features of preparation for defense
scientific papers .................................................. ................................................. .................
Control questions and tasks ............................................... .
APPLICATIONS ............................................... ................................................. .......................
Bibliography...............................................................................

INTRODUCTION

The duty to think is the lot of modern man; about everything that falls into the orbit of science, he must think only in the form of strict logical judgments. Scientific consciousness ... is an inexorable imperative, integral part included in the concept of the adequacy of modern man.

J. Ortega i Gasset, Spanish philosopher (1883–1955)

AT modern conditions the rapid development of scientific and technological progress, the intensive increase in the volume of scientific and scientific and technical information, the rapid turnover and updating of knowledge, the training of highly qualified specialists in higher education with high general scientific and professional training, capable of independent creative work, to the introduction of the latest and progressive results into the production process.

For this purpose, the discipline “Fundamentals of Scientific Research” is included in the curricula of many specialties of universities, and elements of scientific research are widely introduced into the educational process. During extracurricular time, students take part in research work carried out in the departments, in scientific institutions of universities, in student associations.

In the new socio-economic conditions, there is an increase in interest in scientific research. Meanwhile, the desire for scientific work more and more often encounters insufficient mastery of the system of methodological knowledge by students. This significantly reduces the quality of students' scientific work, preventing them from fully realizing their potential. In this regard, the manual pays special attention to: analysis of the methodological and theoretical aspects of scientific research; consideration of the problems of essence, especially stey and logic of the process of scientific research; disclosure of the methodological concept of the study and its main stages.

Introducing students to scientific knowledge, their readiness and ability to carry out research work is an objective prerequisite for the successful solution of educational and scientific problems. In turn, an important direction in improving the theoretical and practical training of students is the performance of various scientific works, which give the following results:

- contributes to the deepening and consolidation by students of the existing theoretical knowledge of the studied disciplines and branches of science;

- develops the practical skills of students in conducting scientific research, analyzing the results obtained and developing recommendations for improving a particular type of activity;

- improves the methodological skills of students in independent work with sources of information and relevant software and hardware;

- opens up wide opportunities for students to master additional theoretical material and accumulated practical experience in the area of ​​activity that interests them;

- contributes to the professional preparation of students for the performance of their duties in the future and helps them master the methodology of research.

AT The manual summarizes and systematizes all the necessary information related to the organization of scientific research - from the choice of the topic of scientific work to its defense.

AT This manual outlines the main provisions related to the organization, organization and conduct of scientific research in a form suitable for any specialty. In this it differs from other textbooks of a similar type intended for students of a particular specialty.

Since this manual is intended for a wide range of specialties, it cannot include exhaustive material for each specialty. Therefore, teachers who teach this course can, in relation to the profile of training specialists, supplement the material of the manual with a presentation of specific issues (examples) or reduce the volume of individual sections, if it is appropriate and regulated by the allotted time plan.

Chapter 1.

SCIENCE AND ITS ROLE IN MODERN SOCIETY

Knowledge, only knowledge, makes a man free and great.

D. I. Pisarev (1840–1868),

Russian philosopher materialist

1.1. The concept of science.

1.2. Science and philosophy.

1.3. Modern science. Basic concepts.

1.4. The role of science in modern society.

1.1. Science concept

The main form of human knowledge is science. Science today is becoming an increasingly significant and essential component of the reality that surrounds us and in which we somehow have to navigate, live and act. The philosophical vision of the world presupposes quite definite ideas about what science is, how it works and how it develops, what it can and what it allows to hope for, and what is not available to it. In the philosophers of the past, we can find many valuable insights and clues useful for orienting ourselves in a world where the role of the soul is so important.

uki. However, they were unaware of the real, practical experience of the massive and even dramatic impact of scientific and technological achievements on the daily existence of man, which has to be comprehended today.

Today there is no unambiguous definition of science. In various literary sources, there are more than 150 of them. One of these definitions is interpreted as follows: “Science is a form of spiritual activity of people aimed at producing knowledge about nature, society and knowledge itself, with the immediate goal of comprehending the truth and discovering objective laws on basis of generalization of real facts in their interconnection”. Another definition is also widespread: “Science is both a creative activity to obtain new knowledge, and the result of such activity, the knowledge given in complete system on the basis of certain principles and the process of their production”. V. A. Kanke in his book “Philosophy. Historical and systematic course” gave the following definition: “Science is a human activity in the development, systematization and verification of knowledge. Not all knowledge is scientific, but only well-tested and substantiated.

But, besides the many definitions of science, there are also many perceptions of it. Many people understood science in their own way, believing that it was their perception that was the only and correct definition. Consequently, the pursuit of science has become relevant not only in our time - its origins begin from fairly ancient times. Considering science in its historical development, it can be found that as the type of culture changes and in the transition from one socio-economic formation to another, the standards for the presentation of scientific knowledge, ways of seeing reality, the style of thinking, which are formed in the context of culture and experience influence of various socio-cultural factors.

The prerequisites for the emergence of science appeared in the countries of the Ancient East: in Egypt, Babylon, India, and China. The achievements of Eastern civilization were accepted and processed into a coherent theoretical system of ancient Greece, where

NAVOI MINING AND METALLURGICAL COMPANY

NAVOI STATE MINING INSTITUTE

COLLECTION OF LECTURES

at the rate

BASICS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

for undergraduates of specialties

5A540202-"Underground mining of mineral deposits"

5A540203-"Open-cast mining of mineral deposits"

5A540205-"Mineral enrichment"

5A520400-"Metallurgy"

Navoi -2008

Collection of lectures on the course "Fundamentals of scientific research" //

Compiled by:

Assoc., Ph.D. tech. Sciences Melikulov A.D. (Department of "Mining" Nav. SGI),

Doctor of Technical Sciences Salyamova K.D. (Institute of Mechanics and Seismic Resistance of Structures of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan),

Gasanova N.Yu. (Senior teacher of the department "Mining" Tash.STU),

The collection of lectures on the course "Fundamentals of Scientific Research" is intended for undergraduates of the specialties 5A540202 - "Underground mining of mineral deposits", 5A540203 - "Open mining of mineral deposits", 5A540205 - "Enrichment of minerals", 5A520400 - "Metallurgy".

Navoi State Mining Institute.

Reviewers: dr. tech. Sciences Norov Yu.D., Ph.D. tech. Sciences Kuznetsov A.N.

INTRODUCTION

The national training program has entered the stage of improving the quality of trained specialists for various industries National economy. The solution of this problem is impossible without the preparation of methodological and teaching aids corresponding to modern requirements. One of the fundamental disciplines in the training of personnel in technical universities is the "Fundamentals of Scientific Research".

Modern society as a whole and each person individually are under the increasing influence of the achievements of science and technology. Science and technology are developing at such a rapid pace these days; that yesterday's fantasy is becoming reality today.

It is impossible to imagine a modern oil and gas industry that would not use the results achieved in a wide variety of fields of science, embodied in new machines and mechanisms, the latest technology, automation of production processes, and scientific management methods.

A modern specialist, regardless of the field of technology in which he works, cannot take a single step without using the results of science.

The flow of scientific and technical information is constantly growing, engineering solutions and designs are rapidly changing. Both a mature engineer and a young specialist should be well versed in scientific information, be able to select original and bold ideas and technical innovations in it, which is impossible without the skills of research, creative thinking.

Modern production requires specialists and educators to be able to independently set and sometimes solve fundamentally new tasks and, in their practical activities, conduct research and testing in one form or another, creatively using the achievements of science. Therefore, it is necessary to prepare yourself from the student's bench for this side of your future engineering activity. We must learn to constantly improve our knowledge, develop the skills of a researcher, a broad theoretical outlook. Without this, it is difficult to navigate in the ever-increasing volume of knowledge, in the growing flow of scientific information. The process of learning at the university today is increasingly based on the independent, close to research, work of students.

To acquaint the student and graduate student with the essence of science, its organization and significance in modern society;

To arm the future specialist, scientific worker with knowledge
structure and basic methods of scientific research, including methods of similarity theory, modeling, etc.;

To teach planning and analysis of the results of an experimental study;

Familiarize yourself with the design of the results of scientific research

LECTURE 1-2

OBJECTIVES AND OBJECTIVES OF THE SUBJECT "FUNDAMENTALS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH"

The study of the basic concepts of science, its significance in society, the essence of the course "Fundamentals of Scientific Research".

Lecture plan (4 hours)

1. The concept of science. The meaning and role of science in society.

Goals and objectives of the subject "Fundamentals of Scientific Research"

3. Methodology of scientific research. General concepts.

4. Formulating the task of scientific research

Keywords: science, knowledge, mental activity, theoretical background, scientific research, methodology of scientific research, research work, scientific work, scientific and technological revolution, tasks of scientific research.

1. The concept of science. The meaning and role of science in society.

Science is a complex public, social phenomenon, a special area of ​​application of purposeful human activity, the main task of which is to obtain, master new knowledge and create new methods and means to solve this problem. Science is complex and multifaceted, and it is impossible to give it an unambiguous definition.

Science is often defined as the sum of knowledge. This is certainly not true, since the concept of sum is associated with disorder. If, for example, each element of the accumulated knowledge is represented as a brick, then a random pile of such bricks will be the sum. Science and each of its branches is a harmonious, orderly, strictly systematized and beautiful (this is also important) structure. Therefore, science is a system of knowledge.

In a number of works, science is considered as the mental activity of people. aimed at expanding humanity's knowledge of the world and society. This is a correct definition, but incomplete, characterizing only one side of science, and not science as a whole.

Science is also considered (correctly) as a complex information system for collecting, analyzing and processing information about new truths. But even this definition suffers from narrowness and one-sidedness.

It is not necessary to list here all the definitions found in the scientific literature. However, it is important to note that there are two main functions of science: cognitive and practical, which are characteristic of science in any of its manifestations. In accordance with these functions, one can speak of science as a system of previously accumulated knowledge, i.e. information system, which serves as the basis for further knowledge of objective reality and the application of the learned patterns in practice. The development of science is the activity of people aimed at obtaining, mastering, systematizing scientific knowledge, which is used for further knowledge and their implementation in practice. The development of science is carried out in special institutions: research institutes, laboratories, research groups at the departments of universities, design bureaus and design organizations.

Science, as a public, social system with relative independence, is made up of three inextricably linked elements: accumulated knowledge, the activities of people and relevant institutions. Therefore, these three components should be included in the definition of science, and the formulation of the concept of "science" acquires the following content.

Science is an integral social system that combines a constantly developing system of scientific knowledge about the objective laws of nature, society and human consciousness, the scientific activity of people aimed at creating and developing this system, and institutions that provide scientific activity.

The highest purpose of science is its service to the benefit of man, his comprehensive and harmonious development.

One of the most important conditions for the comprehensive development of a person in society is the transformation of the technical basis of his labor activity, the introduction of elements of creativity into it, since only in this case does labor become a vital necessity. The national economy ensures the production and distribution of the material and spiritual benefits of the entire society, includes many different industries. It produces various goods and services. With such a complexity of the national economy, the problem of its planning, analysis of development trends and maintaining the necessary proportions of individual industries has become even more acute. Therefore, the role of science-based planning and management of the national economy of the Republic is constantly growing.

The role of science in the university is great. On the one hand, it increases the scientific activity of the teaching staff, their scientific output, which makes a significant contribution to the development of a common system of scientific knowledge; on the other hand, students participating in departmental research acquire research skills and, naturally, improve their professional training.

There can be no doubt that pedagogical activity presents exceptional opportunities for the manifestation creativity its representatives. What and how to teach the younger generation - these problems have been and will forever remain central to human society.

It should be remembered that teaching is not limited to the communication of a certain amount of knowledge, to the formal transfer by the teacher of what he knows and wants to communicate to his students. No less important is the establishment of mutual links between the subject of study and life, its problems and ideals, the education of citizenship, and the idea of ​​personal responsibility for the processes taking place in society, for progress.

Teaching requires constant exertion of forces, the resolution of more and more new tasks. This is due to the fact that society in every era sets tasks for learning at all levels that have not previously arisen, or their old solutions are no longer suitable in new conditions. Therefore, the future teacher should be brought up in the spirit of constant search, constant updating of the usual approaches. Teaching does not tolerate stagnation and cliché.

2. The purpose and objectives of the subject "Fundamentals of scientific research."

Mining specialists must acquire knowledge: on the methodology and methods of scientific research, on their planning and organization:

On the selection and analysis of the necessary information on the topic of scientific research;

On the development of theoretical prerequisites;

On planning and conducting an experiment with theoretical premises and on formulating the conclusions of a scientific study on compiling an article, report or report on the results of a scientific study.

In modern conditions of the rapid development of the scientific and technological revolution, the intensive increase in the volume of scientific, patent and scientific and technical information, the rapid turnover and updating of knowledge, the training of highly qualified specialists (masters) in higher education with high general scientific and professional training, capable of independent creative work, to the introduction of the latest and progressive technologies and results into the production process.

The aim of the course is - the study of the elements of the methodology of scientific creativity, ways of organizing it, which should contribute to the development of rational thinking in undergraduate students, the organization of their optimal mental activity.

3. Methodology of scientific research. General concepts.

Scientific research is the process of activity to obtain scientific knowledge. In the course of scientific research, two levels of empirical and theoretical interact. At the first level, new scientific facts are established, empirical dependencies are revealed, at the second level, more advanced theoretical models of reality are created, which make it possible to describe new phenomena, find common patterns, and predict the development of the objects under study. Scientific research has a complex structure in which be the following elements are presented: the formulation of a cognitive task; study of existing knowledge and hypotheses; planning, organizing and conducting the necessary scientific research, obtaining reliable results; verification of hypotheses of their foundation of the entire set of facts, construction of a theory and formulation of laws; development of scientific forecasts.

Scientific research, or research work (labor), as a process of any labor, includes three main components (components): purposeful human activity, i.e. actually scientific work, the subject of scientific work and the means of scientific work.

Expedient scientific activity of a person, based on a set of specific methods of cognition and necessary for acquiring new or updated knowledge about the object of study (subject of labor), uses appropriate scientific equipment (measuring, computing, etc.), i.e. means of labor.

The subject of scientific work is, first of all, the object of research, on the knowledge of which the activity of the researcher is directed. The object of study can be any object of the material world (for example, a field, a deposit, a well, oil and gas equipment, its units, components, etc.), a phenomenon (for example, the process of flooding well production, the rise of water or gas-oil contacts in the process of developing oil and gas deposits, etc.), the relationship between phenomena (for example, between the rate of oil recovery from the deposit and the increase in water cut in well production, well productivity and drawdown, etc.).

The subject of research, in addition to the object, also includes prior knowledge about the object.

In the course of scientific research, known new scientific knowledge is refined, revised, and developed. The acceleration of scientific progress depends on increasing the efficiency of individual studies and improving the relationship between them in a single complex system of research activities. The direction and stages of individual scientific research in the progressive development of science, research objects, cognitive tasks being solved, the means and methods of cognition used. The development of social needs is significantly influenced by changes in social needs, accelerating processes of differentiation and integration of scientific knowledge. In terms of increasing social role science, the complication of practical activities, the ties between fundamental and applied research are being strengthened. Along with traditional research conducted within the framework of one science or scientific direction, more and more wide use receive interdisciplinary research in which various fields of natural, technical and social sciences interact. Such studies are characteristic of the current stage of scientific and technological revolution, they are determined by the needs of solving large complex, involving the mobilization of resources from a number of branches of science. In the course of interdisciplinary research, new sciences often arise that have their own conceptual apparatus, meaningful theories, and methods of cognition. Important directions for increasing the efficiency of scientific research are the use of the latest methods, the widespread introduction of computers, the creation of local networks of automated systems and the use of the INTERNET (at the international level), which allow the introduction of qualitatively new methods of scientific research, reduce the processing time for scientific, technical and patent documentation and, in general, they significantly reduce the time for carrying out research, free scientists from performing labor-intensive routine operations, and provide wider opportunities for the disclosure and implementation of human creative abilities.

4. Formulating the task of scientific research.

The choice of direction, problem, topic of scientific research and the formulation of scientific questions is an extremely responsible task. The direction of research is often determined by the specifics of the scientific institution (institutions) and the branch of science in which the researcher (in this case, a master's student) works.

Therefore, the choice of a scientific direction for each individual researcher often comes down to the choice of the branch of science in which he wants to work. The concretization of the direction of research is the result of studying the state of production issues, social needs and the standing of research in one direction or another in a given period of time. In the process of studying the state and results of several scientific directions already carried out to solve production problems. It should be noted that the most favorable conditions for the implementation of complex research are in higher education, at the university and polytechnic institutes, as well as at the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, due to the presence in them of the largest scientific schools that have developed in various fields of science and technology. The chosen direction of research often later becomes the strategy of a researcher or research team, sometimes for a long period.

When choosing a problem and topic of scientific research, first, based on the analysis of the contradictions of the researched direction, the problem itself is formulated and defined in in general terms expected results, then the structure of the problem is developed, topics, questions, performers are highlighted, their relevance is established.

At the same time, it is important to be able to distinguish pseudo-problems (false, imaginary) from scientific problems. The largest number of pseudo-problems is associated with insufficient awareness of scientists, so sometimes problems arise, the purpose of which is previously obtained results. This leads to waste of scientists' labor and resources. At the same time, it should be noted that sometimes, when developing a particularly urgent problem, it is necessary to duplicate it in order to involve various scientific teams in its solution by way of competition.

After substantiating the problem and establishing its structure, the topics of scientific research are determined, each of which must be relevant (important, requiring an early solution), have scientific novelty, i.e. should contribute to science, be cost-effective for n / x.

Therefore, the choice of topic should be based on a special technical and economic calculation. When developing theoretical studies, the requirement of economy is sometimes replaced by the requirement of significance, which determines the prestige of domestic science.

Each scientific team (university, research institute, department, department), according to established traditions, has its own scientific profile, qualifications, and competence, which contributes to the accumulation of research experience, an increase in the theoretical level of development, quality and economic efficiency, and a reduction in the duration of research. At the same time, a monopoly in science should not be allowed, since this excludes the competition of ideas and can reduce the effectiveness of scientific research.

An important characteristic of the topic is the ability to quickly implement the results obtained in production. It is especially important to ensure that the results are implemented as quickly as possible at the scale of, for example, the industry, and not just at the customer’s enterprise. With a delay in implementation or when implemented at one enterprise, the “theme efficiency” is significantly reduced.

The choice of a topic should be preceded by a thorough acquaintance with domestic and foreign literary sources of this related specialty. The methodology for choosing topics in a scientific team that has scientific traditions (its own profile) and develops a complex problem is greatly simplified.

In the collective development of scientific research, criticism, discussion, and discussion of problems and topics acquire an important role. In the process, new, yet unsolved, urgent problems of varying degrees of importance and volume are identified. This creates favorable conditions for participation in the research work of the university student of various courses, undergraduates and graduate students. At the first stage, it is advisable for the teacher to entrust the preparation on the topic of one or two abstracts, to consult with them, to determine specific tasks and the topic of the master's thesis.

The main task of a teacher (supervisor) when performing a master's thesis is to teach students the skills of independent theoretical and experimental work, familiarization with real working conditions and a research laboratory, the research team of a research institute during research practice - (in the summer, after completing the 1st year of the master's ). In the process of performing educational research, future specialists learn to use instruments and equipment, conduct experiments on their own, apply their knowledge in solving specific tasks on a computer. To conduct research practice, students must be registered as trainee researchers at the Research Institute (Institute of Mechanics and SS of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan). The theme of the master's work and the scope of the task are determined individually by the supervisor and agreed at the meeting of the department. The department preliminarily develops research topics, provides students with all the necessary material and devices, prepares methodological documentation, recommendations for the study of special literature. At the same time, it is very important for the department to organize educational and scientific seminars with listening to students' reports, the participation of students in scientific conferences with the publication of abstracts or reports, as well as the publication of scientific articles by students together with the teacher and registration of patents for inventions. All of the above will contribute to the successful completion of master's theses by students.

Test questions:

1. The concept of the term "science".

2. What is the purpose of science in society?

3. What is the purpose of the subject. "Fundamentals of Scientific Research"?

4. What are the objectives of the subject "Fundamentals of Scientific Research"?

5. What is scientific research?

6. What types of scientific knowledge are there? Theoretical and empirical levels knowledge.

7. What are the main problems that arise when formulating the problem of scientific research?

8. List the stages of development of a scientific and technical topic.

Topics for independent work:

System characteristic of science.

Characteristic features of modern science.

Theoretical and empirical levels of knowledge.

Setting goals, when performing research work

Stages of development of a scientific and technical topic. Scientific knowledge.

Methods of theoretical research. Methods of empirical research.

Homework:

Study the materials of the lecture, prepare essays on the topics of independent work, prepare for the topics of the next lecture.

LECTURE 3-4

THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL RESEARCH METHODS

Lecture plan (4 hours)

1. The concept of scientific knowledge.

2. Methods of theoretical research.

3. Methods of empirical research.

Keywords: knowledge, cognition, practice, system of scientific knowledge, generality, verification scientific facts, hypothesis, theory, law, methodology, method, theoretical research, generalization, abstraction, formalization, axiomatic method, empirical research, observation, comparison, calculation, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction. I. The concept of scientific knowledge

Knowledge is an ideal reproduction in linguistic form of generalized ideas about the natural objective connections of the objective world. Knowledge is a product of people's social activity aimed at transforming reality. The process of movement of human thought from ignorance to knowledge is called cognition, which is based on the reflection of objective reality in the mind of a person in the process of his social, industrial and scientific activities, called practice. The need for practice is the main and driving force behind the development of knowledge, its goal. A person learns the laws of nature in order to master the forces of nature and put them at his service, he learns the laws of society in order to influence the course of historical events in accordance with them, he learns the laws of the material world in order to create new structures and improve the old ones according to the principles of the structure of our world nature.

For example, the creation of curved honeycomb thin-walled structures for mechanical engineering - the goal is to reduce metal consumption and increase strength - according to the type of sheet, such as cotton. Or the creation of a new type of submarine by analogy with a tadpole.

Cognition grows out of practice, but then itself is directed to the practical mastery of reality. From practice to theory to practice, from action to thought and from thought to reality - such is the general pattern of man's relationship to the surrounding reality. Practice is the beginning, the starting point and at the same time the natural end of any process of cognition. It should be noted that the completion of cognition is always relative (for example, the completion of cognition is a doctoral dissertation), since in the process of cognition, as a rule, new problems and new tasks arise that were prepared and set by the corresponding previous stage in the development of scientific thought. In solving these problems and tasks, science must be ahead of practice and thus consciously direct towards development.

In the process of practical activity, a person resolves the contradiction between the current state of affairs and the needs of society. The result of this activity is the satisfaction of social needs. This contradiction is the source of development and, of course, is reflected in its dialectics.

Scientific knowledge system captured in scientific concepts, hypotheses, laws, empirical (based on experience) scientific facts, theories and ideas that make it possible to foresee events, recorded in books, magazines and other types of publication. This systematized experience and scientific knowledge of previous generations have a number of features, the most important of which are the following:

Universality, i.e. the belonging of the results of scientific activity, the totality of scientific knowledge, not only to the entire society of the country in which this activity took place, but also to all mankind, and everyone can extract from it what he needs. The system of scientific knowledge is in the public domain;

Verification of scientific facts. A system of knowledge can only claim to be scientific when every factor, accumulated knowledge and consequence of known laws or theories can be verified to clarify the truth;

Reproducibility of phenomena, closely related to verification. If a researcher by any means can repeat a phenomenon discovered by another scientist, then there is a certain law of nature, and the discovered phenomenon is included in the system of scientific knowledge;

The stability of the knowledge system. The rapid obsolescence of the knowledge system indicates an insufficient depth of elaboration of the accumulated material or the inaccuracy of the accepted hypothesis.

Hypothesis- it is an assumption about the cause that causes a given effect. If the hypothesis is consistent with the observed fact, then in science it is called a theory or a law. In the process of cognition, each hypothesis is tested, as a result of which it is established that the consequences arising from the hypothesis really coincide with the observed phenomena, that this hypothesis does not contradict any other hypotheses that are already considered proven. However, it should be emphasized that in order to confirm the correctness of a hypothesis, it is necessary to make sure not only that it does not contradict reality, but also that it is the only possible one, and with its help the whole set of observed phenomena finds a completely sufficient explanation for itself.

With the accumulation of new facts, one hypothesis can be replaced by another only if these new facts cannot be explained by the old hypothesis or it contradicts any other hypotheses that are already considered proven. In this case, the old hypothesis is often not discarded entirely, but only corrected and specified. As it is refined and corrected, the hypothesis turns into a law.

Law- internal essential connection of phenomena, causing their necessary regular development. The law expresses a certain stable connection between phenomena or properties of material objects.

The law found by conjecture must then be logically proved, only then they are recognized by science. To prove a law, science uses judgments that have been recognized as truths and from which the provable judgment logically follows.

As already noted, as a result of elaboration and comparison with reality, a scientific hypothesis can become a theory.

Theory- (from lat. - I consider) - a system of a generalized law, an explanation of certain aspects of reality. Theory is a spiritual, mental reflection and reproduction of reality. It arises as a result of the generalization of cognitive activity and practice. This is a generalized experience in the minds of people.

The starting points of a scientific theory are called postulates or axioms. AXIOM (postulate) is a position that is taken as an initial, unprovable in a given theory, and from which all other assumptions and conclusions of the theory are derived according to pre-fixed rules. The axioms are obvious without proof. In modern logic and methodology of science, postulate and axioms are usually used as equivalent.

Theory is a developed form of generalized scientific knowledge. It includes not only knowledge of the basic laws, but also an explanation of the facts based on them. Theory allows you to discover new laws and predict the future.

The movement of thought from ignorance to knowledge is guided by methodology.

Methodology- philosophy about the methods of cognition in the transformation of reality, the application of the principles of the worldview to the process of cognition, spiritual creativity and practice. The methodology reveals two interrelated functions:

I. Substantiation of the rules for applying the worldview to the process of cognition and transformation of the world;

2. Definition of approach to the phenomena of reality. The first function is general, the second is private.

2. Methods of theoretical research.

Theoretical study. In applied technical research, theoretical research consists in the analysis and synthesis of regularities (obtained in the fundamental sciences) and their application to the object under study, as well as in extracting the mathematical

Rice. I. Structure of scientific research:/7/7 - problem statement, AI - initial information, PE - preliminary experiments.

The purpose of a theoretical study is to generalize as fully as possible the observed phenomena, the connections between them, to obtain as many consequences as possible from the accepted working hypothesis. In other words, a theoretical study analytically develops the accepted hypothesis and should lead to the development of a theory of the problem under study, i.e. to a scientifically generalized system of knowledge within the given problem. This theory should explain and predict the facts and phenomena related to the problem under study. And here the decisive factor is the criteria of practice.

A method is a way to achieve a goal. In general, the method determines the subjective and objective moments of consciousness. The method is objective, since the developed theory allows to reflect the reality and its interrelations. Thus, the method is a program for the construction and practical application of the theory. At the same time, the method is subjective, since it is an instrument of the researcher's thinking and, as such, includes his subjective features.

General scientific methods include: observation, comparison, calculation, measurement, experiment, generalization, abstraction, formalization, analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, analogy, modeling, idealization, ranking, as well as axiomatic, hypothetical, historical and system approaches.

Generalization- definition of a general concept, which reflects the main, basic, characterizing objects this class. This is a means for the formation of new scientific concepts, the formation of laws and theories.

abstraction- this is a mental distraction from non-essential properties, connections, relations of objects and the selection of several aspects of interest to the researcher. It is usually carried out in two stages. At the first stage, non-essential properties, relationships, etc. are determined. On the second - the object under study is replaced by another, simpler one, which is a generalized model that preserves the main thing in the complex.

Formalization- displaying an object or phenomenon in a symbolic form of some artificial language (mathematics, chemistry, etc.) and enabling the researcher of various real objects and their properties through a formal study of the corresponding signs.

Axiomatic Method- a method of constructing a scientific theory, in which some statements (axioms) are accepted without proof and then used to obtain the rest of the knowledge according to certain logical rules. Well-known, for example, is the axiom about parallel lines, which is accepted in geometry without proof.

3 Methods of empirical research.

Methods of empirical observation: comparison, counting, measurement, questionnaire, interview, tests, trial and error, etc. The methods of this group are specifically related to the phenomena under study and are used at the stage of forming a working hypothesis.

Observation- this is a way of knowing the objective world, based on the direct perception of objects and phenomena with the help of the senses without interference in the process by the researcher.

Comparison- this is the establishment of a difference between the objects of the material world or the finding of a common thing in them, carried out.

Check- this is finding a number that determines the quantitative ratio of objects of the same type or their parameters that characterize certain properties.

Experimental study. An experiment, or a scientifically staged experience, is technically the most complex and time-consuming stage of scientific research. The purpose of the experiment is different. It depends on the nature of the scientific research and the sequence of its implementation. In the "normal" development of the study, the experiment is carried out after the theoretical study. In this case, the experiment confirms and sometimes refutes the results of theoretical studies. However, the order of research is often different: experiment precedes theoretical research. This is typical for exploratory experiments, for cases, not so rare, of the lack of a sufficient theoretical basis for research. With this order of research, the theory explains and generalizes the results of the experiment.

Methods of the experimental-theoretical level: experiment, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, modeling, hypothetical, historical and logical methods.

An experiment is one of the areas of human practice, which is subjected to verification of the truth of put forward hypotheses or identification of the patterns of the objective world. During the experiment, the researcher intervenes in the process under study for the purpose of cognition, while these conditions are experimentally isolated, others are excluded, others are strengthened or weakened. An experimental study of an object or phenomenon has certain advantages over observation, since it allows studying phenomena in a “pure form” by eliminating side factors; if necessary, tests can be repeated and organized in such a way as to investigate individual properties of an object, and not their totality.

Analysis- a method of scientific knowledge, which consists in the fact that the object of study is mentally divided into its component parts or its inherent features and properties are distinguished for studying them separately. Analysis allows you to penetrate into the essence of the individual elements of the object, identify the main thing in them and find connections, interactions between them.

Synthesis- a method of scientific research of an object or a group of objects as a whole in the relationship of all its constituent parts or its inherent features. The synthesis method is typical for the study of complex systems after the analysis of all its constituent parts. Thus, analysis and synthesis are interrelated and complement each other.

Inductive research method lies in the fact that from the observation of particular, isolated cases, they pass to general conclusions, from individual facts to generalizations. The inductive method is the most common in the natural and applied sciences, and its essence lies in the transfer of properties and causal relationships from known facts and objects to unknown, yet unexplored ones. For example, numerous observations and experiments have shown that iron, copper, and tin expand when heated. From this, a general conclusion is drawn: all metals expand when heated.

deductive method, in contrast to the inductive one, it is based on the derivation of particular provisions from general grounds ( general rules, laws, judgments). The most widely used deductive method is in the exact sciences, such as mathematics, theoretical mechanics, in which particular dependencies are derived from general laws or axioms. "Induction and deduction are as necessarily linked as synthesis and analysis."

These methods help the researcher to discover certain reliable facts, objective manifestations in the course of the processes under study. With the help of these methods, facts are accumulated, they are cross-checked, the reliability of theoretical and experimental studies is determined, and, in general, the reliability of the proposed theoretical model.

The main task of a teacher (supervisor) when performing a master's thesis is to teach students the skills of independent theoretical and experimental work, familiarization with real working conditions and a research laboratory, a research team (NII) (during research practice - in the summer, after graduation ). In the process of completing educational institutions, future specialists learn to use instruments and equipment, conduct experiments on their own, and apply their knowledge in solving specific problems on a computer. To conduct research practice, students must be registered as trainee researchers at the research institute. The theme of the master's work and the scope of the task are determined individually by the supervisor and agreed at the meeting of the department. The department preliminarily develops research topics, provides the student with all the necessary material and devices, prepares methodological documentation, recommendations for the study of special literature.

It is very important at the same time that the department organizes educational and scientific seminars with listening to students' reports, the participation of students in scientific conferences with the publication of abstracts or reports, as well as the publication of scientific articles by students together with teachers and registration of patents for inventions. All of the above will contribute to the successful completion of master's theses by students.

Test questions:

I. Give the concept of scientific knowledge.

2. Define the following concepts: scientific idea, hypothesis, law?

3. What is theory, methodology?

4. Give a description of the methods of theoretical research. 5. Give a description of empirical research methods. 6. List the stages of scientific research.

Themes for independent work:

Classification of scientific research. The structure of scientific research. Characteristics of theoretical studies. Characteristics of empirical research

Homework:

Study the lecture materials, answer questions at the end of the lecture, write essays on given topics.

LECTURE-5-6

SELECTION OF A SCIENTIFIC DIRECTION FOR RESEARCH AND STAGES OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH WORK

Lecture plan (4 hours).

1. Choice of scientific direction.

2. Fundamental, applied and exploratory research.

3. Stages of research work.

Keywords: purpose of scientific research, subject, problem areas, SSTP, fundamental research, applied research, exploratory research, scientific developments, stages of research work, numerical research, theoretical research, experimental research,

1. Choice of scientific direction.

The purpose of scientific research is a comprehensive, reliable study of an object, process, phenomenon, their structure, connections and relationships based on the principles and methods of cognition developed in science, as well as obtaining and introducing into production (practice) results useful for a person.

Any scientific direction has its own object and subject. object scientific research is a material or ideal system. Thing- this is the structure of the system, patterns of interaction of elements within the system and outside it, patterns of development, various properties and qualities, etc.

Scientific research is classified according to the type of connection with social production and the degree of importance for the national economy; for the intended purpose; sources of funding and duration of research.

According to the intended purpose, three types of scientific research are distinguished: fundamental, applied and search (development).

Each research work can be attributed to a certain direction. A scientific direction is understood as a science or a complex of sciences in the field of which research is being conducted. In connection with these, they distinguish: technical, biological, social, physical-technical, historical, etc. with possible further detail.

For example, the priority areas of the State scientific and technical programs of applied research for 2006-2008, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan, are divided into 14 problem areas. Thus, the problematic issues of extraction and processing of minerals are included in the 4-set of programs.

GNTP-4. Development effective methods forecast, search, exploration, extraction, evaluation and complex processing of mineral resources

Development of new effective methods for forecasting, prospecting, exploration, production, processing and evaluation of mineral resources and modern technologies that ensure the competitiveness of industrial products;

Development of highly efficient methods for detecting and extracting non-traditional types of deposits of noble, non-ferrous, rare metals, trace elements and other types of mineral raw materials;

Comprehensive substantiation of geological and geophysical models of the structure, composition and development of the lithosphere and associated ore, non-metallic and combustible minerals in certain regions of the subsoil of the republic;

Applied problems of geology and tectonics, stratigraphy, magmatism, lithosphere;

Applied problems of hydrogeology, engineering geology, natural-technogenic processes and phenomena;

Applied problems of modern geodynamics, geophysics, seismology and engineering seismology;

Problems of geomapping, geocadastre and GIS technologies in geology;

Problems of space geomapping and aerospace monitoring.

Other directions of the State scientific and technical programs are presented below.

GNTP-5. Development of effective architectural and planning solutions for settlements, technologies for the construction of earthquake-resistant buildings and structures, creation of new industrial, construction, composite and other materials based on local raw materials.

GNTP-6. Development of resource-saving environmentally safe technologies for the production, processing, storage and use of mineral resources of the republic, products and wastes of chemical, food, light industries and agriculture.

GTP-7. Improving the system of rational use and conservation of land and water resources, solving the problems of environmental protection, nature management and environmental safety, ensuring the sustainable development of the republic.

GNTP-8. Creation of resource-saving, highly efficient technologies for the production of industrial products, grain, oilseeds, general melons, fruit, forest and other crops.

GNTP-9. Development of new technologies for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of human diseases.

GNTP-10. Creation of new medicines based on local natural and synthetic raw materials and the development of highly efficient technologies for their production.

GNTP-P. Creation of highly productive varieties of cotton, wheat and other agricultural crops, breeds of animals and birds based on the extensive use of genetic resources, biotechnologies and modern methods protection from diseases and pests.

GTP-12. Development of highly efficient technologies and technical means of energy and resource saving, use of renewable and non-traditional energy sources, rational production and consumption of fuel and energy resources.

GTP-13. Creation of science-intensive high-performance, competitive and export-oriented technologies, machinery and equipment, instruments, reference tools, measurement and control methods for industry, transport, agriculture and water management.

GNTGY4. Development of modern information systems, intelligent control and training tools, databases and software products that ensure the widespread development and implementation of information and telecommunication technologies.

2. fundamental, applied and exploratory research.

Scientific research, depending on its intended purpose, the degree of connection with nature or industrial production, the depth and nature of scientific work, is divided into several main types: fundamental, applied and development.

Basic Research - acquisition of fundamentally new knowledge and further development of the system of already accumulated knowledge. The purpose of fundamental research is the discovery of new laws of nature, the discovery of connections between phenomena and the creation of new theories. Basic research is associated with significant risk and uncertainty in terms of obtaining a specific positive result, the probability of which does not exceed 10%. Despite this, it is fundamental research that forms the basis for the development of both science itself and social production.

Applied Research - creation of new or improvement of existing means of production, consumer goods, etc. Applied research, in particular research in the field of technical sciences, is aimed at "reification" of scientific knowledge obtained in fundamental research. Applied research in the field of technology does not, as a rule, deal directly with nature; the object of study in them is usually machines, technology or organizational structure, i.e. "artificial" nature. The practical orientation (orientation) and the clear purpose of applied research make the probability of obtaining the results expected from them very significant, at least 80-90%.

Developments - using the results of applied research to create and refine experimental models of equipment (machines, devices, materials, products), production technology, as well as improve existing equipment. At the development stage, the results, the products of scientific research take a form that allows them to be used in other sectors of social production. Basic Research aimed at the discovery and study of new phenomena and laws of nature, at the creation of new principles of research. Their goal is to expand the scientific knowledge of society, to establish what can be used in practical human activities. So research is carried out on the border of the known and the unknown, which has a degree of uncertainty

Applied research is aimed at finding ways to use the laws of nature to create new and improved existing means and methods of human activity. The goal is to establish how scientific knowledge obtained as a result of fundamental research can be used in practical human activities.

As a result of applied research, technical concepts are created on the basis of scientific concepts. Applied research, in turn, is divided into search, research and development work.

search engines research is aimed at establishing the factors affecting the object, finding ways to create new technologies and equipment based on the methods proposed as a result of fundamental research. As a result of research work, new technological pilot plants are being created, etc.

The purpose of development work is the selection of design characteristics that determine the logical basis of the design. As a result of fundamental and applied research, new scientific and scientific and technical information is formed. The purposeful process of converting such information into a form suitable for industrial use is commonly referred to as development. It is aimed at creating new equipment, materials, technologies or improving existing ones. The ultimate goal of the development is the preparation of applied research materials for implementation.

3. Stages of research work.

Research work is carried out in a certain sequence. First, the topic itself is formulated as a result of familiarization with the problem within which the study is to be carried out. Subject scientific direction is an integral part of the problem. As a result of research on the topic, answers are obtained to a certain range of 1 scientific questions covering part of the problem.

The correct choice of the title of the topic is very important, according to the position of the Higher Attestation Commission of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the title of the topic should briefly reflect the main novelty of the work. For example, subject: numerical study onstress-strain state soil massifs atthissmic loads, taking into account the elastic-plastic properties of the soil. In this topic clearly the scientific novelty of the work is reflected, which consists in the development of a numerical method for studying the SSS of specific objects.

Further, in conducting scientific research, their relevance (importance for the Republic of Uzbekistan), economic efficiency (if any), and practical significance must be justified. These points are most often covered in the introduction (should also be in your dissertation). Next, a review of scientific, technical and patent sources is made, which describes the level of research already achieved (by other authors) and previously obtained results. Special attention is given to unresolved issues, substantiation of the relevance and significance of the work for a particular industry. (Production explosionpollutants, air pollution control) and, in general, for the national economy of the whole country. Such a review allows you to outline the methods of solution, to determine the ultimate goal of research. This includes patent

Topic development.

Any scientific research is impossible without the formulation of a scientific problem. A problem is a complex theoretical or practical issue that requires study, resolution; this is a task to be researched. Therefore, a problem is something that we do not yet know, what has arisen in the course of the development of science, the needs of society - this, figuratively speaking, is our knowledge that we do not know something.

Problems are not born empty place, they always grow from the results obtained earlier. It is not easy to correctly pose the problem, to determine the purpose of the study, to deduce the problem from previous knowledge. At the same time, as a rule, the existing knowledge is enough to pose problems, but not enough to solve it completely. To solve the problem, new knowledge is needed that scientific research does not provide.

Thus, any problem contains two inextricably linked elements: a) objective knowledge that we do not know something, and b) the assumption that it is possible to obtain new patterns or a fundamentally new way of practical application of previously acquired knowledge. It is assumed that this new knowledge is practically

Society needs.

It is necessary to distinguish three stages in the formulation of the problem: search, the actual formulation and deployment of the problem.

1. Finding a problem. Many scientific and technical problems lie, as they say, on the surface, they do not need to be looked for. They receive a social order when it is necessary to determine the ways and find new means to resolve the contradiction that has arisen. Large scientific and technical problems are composed of many smaller problems, which, in turn, can become the subject of scientific research. Very often the problem arises "from the opposite", when in the process of practical activity the results obtained are opposite or sharply different from those expected.

When searching for and selecting problems for their solution, it is important to correlate the possible (estimated) results of the planned research with the needs of practice according to the following three principles:

Is it possible to further develop technology in the intended direction without resolving this problem;

~ what exactly gives the technique the result of the planned research;

Can the knowledge, new patterns, new methods and means that are supposed to be obtained as a result of research on this problem, have greater practical value in comparison with those that are already available in science or technology.

Controversial and difficult process discovery of the unknown in the course of scientific knowledge and practical human activity is the objective basis for the search and substitution of new scientific and technical problems.

2. Statement of the problem. As noted above, it is correct to pose the problem, i.e. to clearly formulate the goal, to define the boundaries of the study and, in accordance with this, to establish the objects of study, is far from being a simple matter and, most importantly, is very individual for each specific case.

However, there are four basic “rules” for posing a problem that have a certain generality:

Strict restriction of the known from the unknown. In order to pose a problem, it is necessary to know well the latest achievements of science and technology in this field, so as not to make a mistake in assessing the novelty of the discovered contradiction and not to pose a problem that has already been previously solved;

Localization (limitation) of the unknown. It is necessary to clearly limit the area of ​​the unknown to realistically possible limits, to single out the subject of a specific study, since the area of ​​the unknown is infinite, and it is impossible to cover it with one or a series of studies;

Identification of possible conditions for a solution. It is necessary to clarify the type of problem: scientific-theoretical or practical, special or complex, universal or particular, to determine the general research methodology, which largely depends on the type, problem, and to set the scale of the accuracy of measurements and estimates;

The presence of uncertainty or variation. This “rule” provides for the possibility of replacing previously selected methods, methods, techniques with new, more advanced or more suitable for solving this problem, or unsatisfactory formulations with a new one, as well as replacing previously selected private relations determined as necessary for research , new, more relevant to the objectives of the study. The adopted methodological decisions are formulated in the form of guidelines for the conduct of the experiment.

After the development of research methods, a work plan is drawn up, which indicates the scope of experimental work, methods, techniques, labor intensity and timing.

After the completion of theoretical and experimental studies, the analysis of the obtained results is carried out, the comparison of theoretical models with the results of the experiment is carried out. The reliability of the results obtained is evaluated - it is desirable that the percentage of the error be no more than 15-20%. If it turns out less, then very well. If necessary, a repeated experiment is carried out or the mathematical model is not specified. Then conclusions and suggestions are formulated, and the practical significance of the results obtained is assessed.

Successful completion of the listed stages of work makes it possible, for example, a prototype, with state tests, as a result of which the sample is launched into mass production.

The implementation is completed by the execution of the act of implementation (economic efficiency). At the same time, developers should, in theory, receive part of the proceeds from the sale of the structure. However, in our Republic this principle is not fulfilled.