Series "Textbooks for technical universities"

A.A. Dantsev, N.V. Nefyodova

RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AND SPEECH CULTURE FOR TECHNICAL UNIVERSITIES

and university specialties

Rostov-on-Don "Phoenix"

BBK A5ya 72-1 D 19

Reviewers:

Candidate of Philology, Sciences, Professor, M.V. Bulanova-Toporkova

candidate of philology, sciences, professor A.S. Kutkova

Dantsev D.D., Nefedova N.V.

D19 Russian language and culture of speech for technical universities. - Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 2002. - 320 s (series "Textbooks for technical universities").

ISBN 5-222-01787-7

The textbook has been prepared taking into account the requirements of the State Educational Standard. It discusses the features of improving the spelling, punctuation and speech skills of writing, provides algorithms for spelling with a word and syntactic work with a sentence. The characteristic of the language as a sign system of information transfer is given.

The functions, basic units and types of communication, its methods are considered. Special attention paid to the qualities of speech, compliance with language norms, describes the main functional styles modern Russian literary language. The elements of classical rhetoric are outlined, the specifics of the formation of skills in creating a scientific and technical text are analyzed.

For technical directions and specialties of universities.

ISBN 5-222-01787-7

BBK A5ya 72-1

© Conception and development of the series: Baranchikova E.V., 2002

© Dantsev A.A., Nefedova N.V., 2002

© Decoration for "Phoenix", 2002

FOREWORD

Russian language! For thousands of years the people have been creating this flexible, inexhaustibly rich, intelligent, poetic and labor tool of their social life, your thoughts, your feelings, your hopes, your anger, your great future.

AL. Tolstoy

We have been given possession of the richest, most accurate, powerful and truly magical Russian language.

CT. Paustovsky

In our country, historically, long time the study of the Russian language was limited for a significant part of the younger generation by the high school. In higher educational institutions of a non-philological profile, it simply was not carried out. Today, this kind of educational orientation has clearly demonstrated its inferiority. It became obvious that the training of highly qualified specialists without thorough training in their Russian language is unproductive. An engineer with the necessary technical knowledge, but having a meager vocabulary, who is not able to choose the appropriate words for a clear transmission of thoughts and who finds it difficult to correctly present the information received, undoubtedly, loses in front of colleagues who have received serious language training.

It is no secret that the level of speech culture has sharply decreased among the modern domestic intelligentsia. Thus, her generally recognized right in the past - to be the guardian of the purity and correctness of her native language - is called into question. In other social strata Russian society the situation is even worse. This is a kind of distress signal that has not yet erupted. And if we continue to treat the Russian language in the way it became "fashionable" at the very end of the 20th century - to heavily flood it with vulgarisms, try to legitimize the use of profanity, use borrowings indiscriminately, regularly demonstrate in the media mass media stylistic negligence, then we run the risk of witnessing the tragedy of the loss of a national face by the Russian people.

Thinking about this, you involuntarily recall what the great Ivan Sergeevich Tur-

Genev: “Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language - this is a treasure, this is a property passed on to us by our predecessors! Treat this mighty weapon with respect." In the words of the writer and call, and recognition, and warning. They contain a covenant that we and our descendants will fulfill.

One of the manifestations of the general difficult situation in the sphere of speech culture of the Russian society is also the language illiteracy of graduates of technical universities. Often they are forced to carry out their professional activities without having a clear understanding of the specifics of communication as special kind interaction of people, its ethical standards, about the features competent speech, the style of the modern Russian language, the rules for creating the original text. Only at first glance it may seem that all this can be dispensed with. In fact, even a cursory acquaintance with the professional activities of graduates of technical universities convinces us that low language training is a serious obstacle to the performance of their duties, and in the conditions of the formation of a market economy, this circumstance, no doubt, becomes a factor that negatively affects competitiveness. engineering professionals. Thus, making adjustments to the educational orientation high school is fully justified, and the inclusion of the course "Russian Language and Culture of Speech" in the training programs for non-philological specialists meets the urgent needs of the times.

This textbook is intended for students of technical universities and takes into account the relevant specifics. It is designed in accordance with the requirements of the new State standard to the discipline "Russian language and culture of speech". Special sections are devoted to business communication in the scientific and engineering environment, the peculiarities of the style of technical literature, the formation of skills in creating scientific and technical text. The textbook also contains a dictionary of scientific and technical terms, a dictionary of the most commonly used linguistic terms.

The authors of this textbook set themselves the task of helping students who have language training at the level of secondary school programs improve their spelling and punctuation skills, acquire fundamental knowledge of the Russian language and the specifics of speech culture, get acquainted with the basics of the theory of eloquence, manifestations of verbal and non-verbal business communication.

No less important is the task of giving students the opportunity to comprehend their attitude to the Russian language, to this spiritual treasury, which they will have to master all their lives. By cultivating in ourselves a respectful, reverent and careful attitude to our native language, each of us contributes to the preservation of the Russian nation, acquires the feeling of a zealous owner of countless spiritual riches.

Chapter 1. IMPROVING SPELLING, PUNCT.

AND SPEECH SKILLS

1.1. Working with spelling

Written literacy is manifested in spelling (at the word level) and punctuation (at the sentence level).

Spelling (from Greek orthos - straight, correct, grapho

I write) - a system of rules for writing words, scientifically substantiated and approved by the state. The purpose of spelling is the exact transmission of the content of speech, the expression of certain thoughts. Thanks to orthography, people who speak the same language, but belong to different nationalities or dialect groups, have the opportunity to use the same, uniform writing rules. Their observance saves time and, when mastering a written text, contributes to an increase in the language culture of a person. Orthographic systems of languages ​​can be based on sound (phonetic), morphological or historical (traditional) principles. In the first case, the pronunciation of words and their forms is reflected in the letter, the sounds of speech are recorded letter by letter (Serbo-Croatian, partly Belarusian). If the rules for the use of letters are associated not with a single sound, but with a morpheme (root, prefix, suffix, ending), then we are dealing with the morphological principle of spelling (Ukrainian, Bulgarian, Polish, Czech languages). When the basis of spelling is the principle of preserving the appearance of the whole word in writing and at the same time its modern pronunciation is not lost, one speaks of historical (traditional) writing. The classic example of the latter type is English spelling - today the English write as they spoke in the XIV century.

Russian spelling is based on morphological principle- the same spelling of morphemes regardless of pronunciation. For example, the root house in all related words is denoted by these three letters, although in the words “house * [house], “home” [lady's], “household * [dm] mastery, the sound “o” is pronounced differently. Spelling of modern Russian

The Russian language includes the rules for the transmission of sounds by letters, continuous, separate and semi-fused (hyphenated) spelling of words and their parts, the use of uppercase and lowercase letters, the transfer of words from one line to another, and graphic reduction words1.

Punctuation (lat. punctum - dot) - a collection of rules for punctuation marks, punctuation marks in the text2. In the history of Russian punctuation, the question of its foundations and purpose was resolved within the framework of three directions. Logical (semantic) is represented by the works of F.I. Buslaeva, S.I. Abakumova, A.B. Shapiro. Thus, the last of the linguists finds that “the main role of punctuation is the designation of those semantic relationships and outflows that, being important for understanding a written text, cannot be expressed by lexical and syntactic means”3. Syntactic direction received wide use in the practice of teaching the Russian language at school. One of its largest representatives Ya.K. Grot believed that by means of punctuation marks "an indication of a greater or lesser connection between sentences, and partly between members of sentences"* is given. Supporters of the intonation theory (L.B. Shcherba, A.M. Peshkovsky, L.A. Bulakhovsky) believe that punctuation marks are intended "to indicate the rhythm and melody of a phrase."

Despite the significant divergence of views of representatives of different directions, the common thing is their recognition of the communicative function of punctuation, which is an important means of formalizing written speech. The level of spelling and punctuation preparation of applicants for technical universities is low. Many years of knowledge accumulated in the course of work at the preparatory department for university applicants show that applicants who have a grade of “4” (good) in the Russian language in their certificate of secondary education make mistakes in the following types of spelling and punctograms: unstressed and alternating vowels at the root of the word, prefixes PRE- and PRI-, O and Yo after hissing in all parts of the word,

b after hissing in all parts of speech, unstressed personal windows-

1 Rozeptal D, E., Telenkova ML. Dictionary-reference linguistic terms. - M, 1976. S. 250.

2 Ibid. p.350

3 Rozentpal D.E., Golub I.B.. Tglenkova ML.Modern Russian language. - M "2000. S. 428.

* There. S. 429.

verbs, spelling of suffixes of nouns, adjectives, verbs and participles, NOT with parts of speech, spelling of adverbs, homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions, complex sentence, isolation of definitions and circumstances, introductory words and constructions, direct and indirect speech. Anyone who does not have practical skills in applying the relevant rules and makes such mistakes cannot consider himself a literate person. Let us consider some of the reasons for the current situation, which seem to us the most important. Practice shows that grammar (Greek gramma - a written sign) is not assimilated well, not because it is complex - many rules are quite simple and do not even contain exceptions. The first reason, it seems to us, is the lack of interest in working with the word and the sentence. When the correct spelling of a word is required, it is most often perceived as a set of sounds and letters in which students do not see the grammatical meaning. Meanwhile, the word is a living organism. It is born, develops (changes its meaning and scope of use), can become obsolete and even die. The birth, development, life of native speech words should be as interesting to native speakers as the life history of their relatives and friends.

The second reason for speech illiteracy is a misunderstanding of the relationship and interdependence of language elements. If you don’t know how to isolate a part of a word and determine which part of speech it belongs to, you won’t be able to write it correctly. You do not know what parts of speech can be expressed in the main and minor members sentences, - it will not be possible to put punctuation marks correctly. As a third reason, we venture to name the increasingly complex school programs in the course "Russian language" and the lack of uniformity of textbooks. When a ten-year-old student in an exercise is asked to “characterize a sentence in terms of the presence or absence of secondary members in it”, then not everyone will be able to cope with the task, since, of course, they will “stumble” on the verb “to characterize” and the expression “from the point of view of the presence or absence." The desire of the authors to be "scientific" leads to a misunderstanding educational material children, and where there is misunderstanding, there is no interest. No wonder great thinker In ancient times, Aristotle emphasized: “What is written must be legible and pronounceable, which is one and the same.” This testament is still relevant today.

It is unacceptable when Russian people know their native language superficially. After all, he is exceptionally rich in expressive

means, many semantic shades of words, their many-sided life. About the Russian language N.V. Gogol wrote with admiration: “You marvel at the treasures of our language: every sound is a gift; everything is grainy, large, like pearls themselves, and, really, a different name is even more precious than the thing itself.

No less remarkable reflections on the Russian language were left by M.V. Lomonosov, who claimed: “Charles the Fifth, the Roman emperor, used to say that it was decent to speak Spanish with God, French with friends, German with the enemy, Italian with the female sex. But if he were skilled in the Russian language, then, of course, he would add to that that it was decent for them to speak with all of them, for he would find in it the splendor of Spanish, the liveliness of French, the strength of German, the tenderness of Italian, moreover, richness and strength in images brevity of Greek and Latin.

The study of the Russian language is especially important for representatives of technical specialties, because the language is one of the most important elements humanitarian culture. Comprehending the life of the words of the native language, the engineer overcomes the tendentiousness of the technical orientation in thinking, gets the opportunity to express himself deeper and more fully, and better understands the ideas of other people.

Many words live, changing their appearance in various forms. These are inflected parts of speech. Others are stable and unchanging, such as adverbs. The word, like any organism, has the most important (root) and simply important parts - morphemes, and they must be handled with care, for example, do not tear the letter from the root when transferring. Each of the words has a special meaning. A noun denotes an object, an adjective denotes its sign, with the help of a verb we express the action of an object, a number or order in counting denotes a numeral, a sign in action is a participle, additional action- gerund, sign of action - adverb. Indicates one of these meanings of a pronoun. And it is important to know this both for working with a word and for working with a sentence.

A sentence is born from words, and this is also a living organism. In the grammatical basis of a Russian sentence, most often we see a doer (subject) and an action (predicate) that is committed by this doer. Secondary members of the sentence are grouped around them. The agent may be implied (definitely personal and indefinitely personal sentences), it may not be (impersonal sentences).

One way or another, but highlighting the grammatical basis of the sentence is key point in correct punctuation. In real practice, it is precisely the inability to distinguish grammatical basis leads to numerous punctuation errors.

The interdependence of language knowledge, the assimilation of material by students in a complex, in our opinion, is a difficult problem, primarily due to their age characteristics at the time of assimilation of one or another element of knowledge. The rule in such a situation is memorized mechanically and “does not work” in practice, it exists on its own, and hard word or a proposal - in itself.

To overcome the gap between knowledge of the rule and its productive use, it is necessary to apply the algorithm of the rule, a certain system of actions. The term "algorithm" came to Russian from Latin: it is the Latin form of the name of the Central Asian mathematician al-Khwarizmi - "Algorithmi", meaning "system of operations". Applying the rule algorithm means restoring the chain "spelling (jaunctogram) - learned rule - the way it is applied - productively used knowledge". school practice aims at mastering the second and fourth links, not paying due attention to the first (high school graduates for the most part cannot answer the question “What is a spelling, punctogram?”) and the third - the way the rule is applied. Let us find out what the essence of such an algorithm is when we are talking about spelling? How to work with a word in which it is? First, let's remember what a spelling is.

Orthogram (from the Greek orthos + gramma - correct + written sign, line, line) - a letter whose spelling is determined by one or another rule1. There are orthograms in all words of the language, except for monosyllabic pronouns in the nominative case (I, you, you, he), monosyllabic and monosyllabic conjunctions (and, but, yes), prepositions (in, to, for) and interjections (ah, oh, oh). An orthogram can be a letter denoting a vowel sound, a consonant sound and not denoting a sound (b and b), continuous, separate and hyphenation words, uppercase and lowercase letter, transferring a letter from one line to another in the word to be separated.

So, we start working with the word with the definition of orthograms denoting vowel sounds. In Russian, the vowels are mo-

1 Rozentpal D.E., Telenkova ML. Dictionary-reference linguistic terms. S. 249.

Name: Russian language and culture of speech for technical universities.

The textbook has been prepared taking into account the requirements of the State Educational Standard. It discusses the features of improving the spelling, punctuation and speech skills of writing, provides algorithms for spelling with a word and syntactic work with a sentence. The characteristic of the language as a sign system of information transfer is given.
The functions, basic units and types of communication, its methods are considered. Particular attention is paid to the quality of speech, compliance with language norms, the main functional styles of the modern Russian literary language are described. The elements of classical rhetoric are outlined, the specifics of the formation of skills in creating a scientific and technical text are analyzed.
For technical areas and specialties of universities.

In our country, it has historically developed in such a way that for a long time the study of the Russian language was limited for a significant part of the younger generation to the framework of secondary school. In higher educational institutions of a non-philological profile, it simply was not carried out. Today, this kind of educational orientation has clearly demonstrated its inferiority. It became obvious that the training of highly qualified specialists without thorough training in their Russian language is unproductive. An engineer who has the necessary technical knowledge, but who has a meager vocabulary, is not able to choose the appropriate words to convey a clear thought and finds it difficult to correctly present the information received, undoubtedly, loses in front of colleagues who have received serious language training.

HEAD
Preface 3
CHAPTER 1
1.1. Working with spelling 6.
1.2. Working with punctograms 14
2.1. Improvement of speech skills 28
CHAPTER 2. VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION AS A KIND OF INTERACTION OF PEOPLE 36
2.1. The concept of communication 36
2.2. Basic functions and units of communication 37
2.3. Types of communication 40
2.4. Conditions for the effectiveness of everyday communication 42
2.5. Business communication: code, national characteristics, forms of business communications 43
2.6. Non-verbal means of communication 51
CHAPTER 3. LANGUAGE AND ITS PROPERTIES 75
3.1. Language as a sign system for transmitting information 75
3.2. Properties of the language as a whole (universals) 80
3.3. The word as a unit of language. Concept and word. Ways of developing the meanings of a word, transferring meanings 88
3.4. The systemic nature of vocabulary. Types of word formation 96
CHAPTER 4. QUALITIES OF LITERAL SPEECH 102
4.1. The concept of the Russian national language 102
4.2. Varieties of the Russian national language 105
4.3. Oral and written forms of the Russian literary language 107
4.4. The concept of a culture of speech 109
4.5. Correctness as a quality of literate speech. The concept of the norm and types of norms of the modern Russian literary language 111
4.6. Violations of the norms of the modern Russian literary language and ways to overcome them 112
4.6.1. Violations of orthoepic norms and ways to overcome them 112
4.6.2. Violations morphological norms and ways to overcome them 118
4.6.3. Violations of syntactic norms and ways to overcome them 142
4.7. Accuracy as the quality of literate speech 151
4.8. Logic as a quality of literate speech 156
4.9. Purity as a quality of literate speech 160
4.10. Relevance as a quality of literate speech 169
4.11. Expressiveness and richness as qualities of literate speech 170
CHAPTER 5. FUNCTIONAL STYLES OF THE MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE. STYLE OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL LITERATURE 188
5.1. From the history of Russian style 188
5.2. Stylistic richness of the Russian language 194
5.3. Key Features formal business style 198
5.4. Specificity conversational style 203
5.5. The main features of the journalistic style 206
5.6. Style of scientific, scientific and technical» popular science and educational literature 211
CHAPTER 6. FOUNDATIONS OF CLASSICAL RHETORIC 225
6.1. Oratory of antiquity 225
6.2. Rhetorical Traditions in Russia 241
6.3. Invention 256
6.4. Disposition 264
6.5. Elocution 269
6.6. Memory 269
6.7. Azscio 273
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC TERMS 278
GLOSSARY OF LINGUISTIC TERMS 305
Literature 314
Dictionaries 316

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MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY OF COMMUNICATIONS (MIIT)

Department of the Russian language

M.B. Serpikov

RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE OF SPEECH

Tutorial

for students of all specialties of the university

MOSCOW - 2008

MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY OF COMMUNICATIONS (MIIT)

Department of the Russian language

M.B. Serpikov

for students of all specialties

MOSCOW - 2008

Serpikova M.B. Russian language and culture of speech. Textbook for students of all specialties of the university. - M.: MIIT, 2008. - 216 p.

The present tutorial compiled taking into account the requirements of the State Educational Standard for the training of non-humanitarian specialists and contains the necessary theoretical and regulatory information regarding difficult cases pronunciation, word usage, use of grammatical forms of the modern literary language in situations of written and oral communication; introduces the requirements for the language of business papers and the rules for the design of a written scientific text, as well as the main aspects oratory, culture of oral public speech and business etiquette.

Reviewers:

Mikhailova S.Yu., candidate of pedagogical sciences, leading editor of the Russian language editorial office of OJSC “Publishing House “Prosveshchenie”,

Uvarov I.V., Candidate of Philological Sciences, Lecturer of the Department I - 003 "Theory and Practice of Second Foreign Languages" of the Institute of Foreign Languages ​​of the Moscow Aviation Institute.

© Moscow State University means of communication (MIIT), 2008

FOREWORD

Possession of a culture of speech is an important condition for the professional success of a modern specialist, it significantly increases the rating of a business person and makes him competitive in the labor market.

The proposed textbook has been compiled taking into account the requirements of the State Educational Standard for Higher vocational education Russian Federation(M., 2000) to the discipline "Russian language and culture of speech" and is intended for students of all specialties of the university, because knowledge of the norms of the Russian language and understanding of the principles speech communication, the ability to write business papers and conduct a conversation are the main requirements of modern professional training.

The textbook on the discipline "Russian language and culture of speech" includes nine topics that provide the necessary theoretical information about the language and its norms, about the lexical system of the modern Russian literary language; the difference between the concepts of language and speech is revealed, the specificity of speech in interpersonal and public relations in both oral and written forms; the features of the functional subsystems of the modern literary language are analyzed. A significant place in the textbook is occupied by material related to the culture of speech communication and, in particular, to professional communication in the business sphere; the role of non-verbal means of communication in the conditions of business communication. In addition, the manual discusses the main features of the scientific style of speech in its oral and written varieties, structural organization scientific text and rules

speech behavior in the situation of oral scientific communication. The textbook also introduces the basics of oratory, some features of oral public speech, a variation of which is oratory, and the rules of speech etiquette.

This textbook has a practical orientation: special attention is paid to orthoepic, lexical and grammatical norms and their variants; analyzed typical mistakes associated with the violation of these rules in different situations communication; guidelines are given when choosing one or another language tools required for both compiling different kind documents, and for writing academic papers.

The theoretical knowledge gained by students should be fixed on practical exercises provided for curriculum. In addition, after studying each topic, students are offered questions and tasks focused both on checking the assimilation of theoretical information and the practical application of the acquired knowledge.

The order of passage and the volume of the studied material presented in this work can be changed at the discretion of the teacher, taking into account the actual study time, the future specialty of students and their interest in a particular section of the course. Some questions may be asked to students self-study, and questions and tasks for each topic can be used for self-control.

Theme one.

Modern Russian literary language and culture of speech

Issues for discussion

1. Basic concepts of the course: LANGUAGE, MODERN LANGUAGE, LITERARY LANGUAGE, SPEECH CULTURE, SPEECH ETIQUETTE.

2. National language and its varieties.

3. Functional varieties of the modern Russian literary language.

4. Features of oral and written speech.

5. Language norm and culture of speech.

1. Basic concepts of the course:

LANGUAGE, MODERN LANGUAGE, LITERARY LANGUAGE, SPEECH CULTURE, SPEECH ETIQUETTE

LANGUAGE is a system of signs and ways of connecting them, it serves as a tool for expressing thoughts, feelings and will, and is the most important means human communication. In addition, it is also a means of cognition, which allows you to accumulate knowledge and transfer it from person to person, from generation to generation.

With the help of language, we learn the world, determine our place in it. People, receiving and processing information about objects or phenomena, operate with the help of language no longer with them, but with their signs, designations of concepts. There are artificial signs created in accordance with the needs of practice (signs traffic, For example). They can be replaced if necessary, improved. But natural language, constantly

spinning like a living organism, it changes under the influence of science, everyday life, and technological progress.

Without language, human communication is impossible, and without communication there can be no society, a full-fledged personality cannot be formed. Everyone knows cases when children, finding themselves in the position of Mowgli, grew up outside of human society, without verbal communication. Returning to people, they did not know how to speak, move correctly, behave in the company of other people, and with difficulty learned the simplest skills. Without language, there can be no thinking; a person's awareness of himself as a person, and the development of reality.

Language helps to store and convey information. In written monuments, oral folk art, the life of a people, nation, the history of native speakers is recorded. This is the accumulative function of language. In addition, the language performs an emotional function (expresses feelings and emotions) and voluntarily (the function of influence).

Thus, basic language functions- cognitive (cognitive), communicative(communication), accumulative, voluntarily and emotional.

The term MODERN LANGUAGE is usually used in two meanings: 1) modern language- this is the language from Pushkin to the present day; 2) modern - the language of living generations, which has developed as a system by the middle of the twentieth century and functions to this day.

Since more than 150 years have passed from the era of Pushkin to the present day, and the language has changed during this time (this applies to both pronunciation and grammar rules; the meaning of some words has changed), we will understand the term MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE as a language that has developed as a system by the middle of the twentieth century and exists today.

LITERARY LANGUAGE is the main means of communication (communication) between people of the same nationality, the main properties of which are processing and normalization.

The processing of the literary language arises as a result of the purposeful selection of all the best that is in the common, or national, language. This selection is carried out in the process of using the language by masters of the word (writers, poets, actors), public figures, and also as a result of special studies of philologists.

normalization literary language is manifested in the fact that the use of its linguistic means is regulated by a single universally binding norm.

Ordering, bringing into unity, into a system, into a coherent, consistent set of linguistic phenomena is called codification, and the means of codification are dictionaries, language guides, textbooks, scientific linguistic studies that set the norm, as well as an example of people who are fluent in Russian, and the best examples artistic, scientific, journalistic works. It is codification that is the main task of SPEECH CULTURE, which is understood as “possession of the norms of oral and written literary language (rules of pronunciation, stress, word usage, grammar, style), as well as the ability to use the expressive means of the language in various conditions communication in accordance with the goals and content of the speech.

Thus, the literary language is a consciously codified language, highest form national language, is-

Linguistic encyclopedic Dictionary. - M., 1990. -

used in science, print, education, government agencies, radio and television. It serves a wide variety of areas human life and activity and plays a leading role among other varieties of the national language (they will be discussed below), since it includes the best ways to designate concepts and objects, express thoughts and emotions.

The normative aspect of speech culture is one of the most important, but not the only one. Another important aspect culture of speech - ethical. Each society has its own moral norms of behavior, which also relate to various situations of communication and are defined as speech etiquette within the framework of speech culture.

ETIQUETTE is a set of good manners rules adopted in a given society and establishing norms for the behavior and communication of people in certain situations. Communication rules are nationally specific and can vary significantly in different countries.

Etiquette is a special language of communication that makes it possible, while maintaining the sovereignty of each individual, to achieve mutual understanding and mutual respect and, ultimately, success in communication.

Etiquette norms are a historical category, i.e. changing over time. In addition, as already noted, they depend on the national mentality. Each nation has its own ideas about the norms of behavior in everyday life, in professional activity, in trade, diplomacy, politics, economics.

Everyday etiquette is based on the qualities accepted all over the world: politeness, tact, naturalness, dignity. All these qualities are expressed through specific speech actions, rules of speech behavior, i.e. through SPEECH ETIQUETTE - a system of

reotype, stable formulas of communication, reflecting the moral state of society, national and cultural traditions.

Etiquette oral speech- this is a manifestation of respect for the interlocutor; courtesy appropriate to the situation; non-imposition of one's own judgments and assessments.

The etiquette of writing is based on general principles speech etiquette, but at the same time takes into account the following rules:

- the form of address must strictly correspond to the situation of communication;

- the text must comply with the norms of the genre, and the business letter must comply with the standard;

- The tone of the presentation must be respectful and correct.

Speech etiquette, therefore, considers for various situations of communication the possibility or impossibility of referring to you and to you; prescribes the choice of a full or abbreviated name, calls like

citizen, comrade, sir, master etc., as well as the choice of ways of greeting, farewell, refusal, consent, gratitude, etc. The choice of speech formulas depends on gender, age, social status, nationality of the addressee or interlocutor. For example, the Chinese, when addressing, put the surname in the first place, and in Western practice, on the contrary, the surname is often put in the second place. There are no established forms of address in Russia now. Therefore, when addressing, they usually say: “Sorry”, “For-

please”, “Be so kind”, etc.

In more detail, issues related to the ethics of speech communication and etiquette formulas of speech will be discussed in the topic of the ninth present. benefits.

The textbook is intended for students studying the course of the Russian language and culture of speech. It has been prepared in accordance with the State Educational Standards for Higher Professional Education. The manual consists of theoretical and practical parts. The theoretical part reflects the main aspects of the program on the Russian language and culture of speech. The practical part is represented by questions and tasks for self-testing the assimilation of knowledge, test tasks, exemplary questions for the test or exam in the discipline, topics of term papers and qualification papers.

FOREWORD

The introduction of the new discipline "Russian Language and Speech Culture" into the educational standards of higher educational institutions is a significant and natural fact. A society in which freedom of speech has come to be recognized as one of the highest values ​​has come to understand that knowledge of the native language, the ability to communicate, conduct a harmonious dialogue and achieve success in the communication process are important components of professional skills in various fields of activity. In whatever field the specialist works with higher education, he must be an intelligent person, freely navigating in a rapidly changing information space. The culture of speech is not only an indispensable component of well-trained business people, but also an indicator of the culture of thinking, as well as the general culture. The well-known linguist T. G. Vinokur very accurately defined speech behavior as “ business card person in society.

For a long time, the culture of speech was considered only in the aspect of mastering the norms of the Russian literary language. Many manuals on the culture of speech are built in these orientations. On the other hand, the revival of interest in rhetoric and the inclusion of this discipline in university programs contributed to a shift in emphasis towards the study of speech genres and speech behavior.

The characteristic of the culture of speech, given in the collective monograph “Culture of speech and the effectiveness of communication” (M., 1996), reflects the multidimensionality of this concept and defines guidelines for the content of the academic discipline: “Culture of speech is such a set and such an organization of language means that in a certain situation of communication, while observing modern language norms and ethics of communication, allow us to provide greatest effect in achieving the set communication goals”.

Culture of Russian speech. Textbook for high schools. Ed. prof. L. K. Graudina and prof. E. N. Shiryaeva

Introductory chapter 1
§one. Brief information from history 2
§2. Modern theoretical concept of speech culture 12
§3. The main features of the culture of speech as a linguistic discipline 25
Literature 45

Chapter II. Culture of oratory 98
§ 10. Kinds and types of oratory 98
§ 11. Oratory and functional styles of the literary language 106
§ 12. Functional-semantic types of speech 114
§ 13. The structure of oratory 129
§ 14. Preparation of speech and performance 139
Literature 148

Chapter III. The culture of discursive-polemical speech 149
§ 15. Dispute: concept and definition 149
§ 16. Disputes in Ancient Greece 151
§ 17. Disputes in modern society 154
§ 18. Dispute as a form of organization of human communication 158
§ 19. Tricks in the dispute 163
Literature 168

Chapter VI. Mass media and culture of speech 238
§ 34. General characteristics of the media 238
§ 35. Information field and information norm in the media 240
§ 36. Pragmatics and rhetoric of discourse in the periodical press. The scope of the subject and the expression of evaluation 253
§ 37. Means of speech expressiveness 264
Literature. 279

The program of the course "Culture of Russian speech" (for humanitarian universities) 281

Reader
Preface 287
I. Colloquial speech 289
Polylogues. Non-Directional Strategy Conversations 290
Dialogues 301
Telephone conversations 306
Memory story 307
Letters, notes, congratulations 309
Diary entries. 322
II. Oratory 325
Socio-political speech 325
D. S. Likhachev. Speech at the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR 327

A. I. Solzhenitsyn. Speech in the State Duma on October 28, 1994 329

Academic and lecture speech 339
A. A. Ukhtomsky. About knowledge 340
V. V. Vinogradov. On the culture of Russian speech 342
Judicial speech 348
V. I. Lifshits. Unexpected witnesses (transcript of speech). 350

I. M. Kisenishsky. Case of Sheikhon A.D. (biased investigation) 354

Spiritual (church-theological) speech 358
A. Men. Christianity 360
Archimandrite John (Krestyankin). Word on Bright Easter Week 364

III. Discussive-polemical speech 368
Yu. S. Sorokin. On the Question of the Basic Concepts of Stylistics 370

R. G. Piotrovsky. About some stylistic categories 381

R. A. Budagov. To the question of language styles 390
I. R. Galperin. Speech styles and stylistic means of language 399

V. G. Admoni and T. N. Silman. Selection of Language Means and Issues of Style 403

V. D. Levin. On some questions of style 408
I. S. Ilyinskaya. On linguistic and non-linguistic stylistic means. 415

V. V. Vinogradov. Results of the discussion of stylistics 418

IV. Scientific style of speech 435
V. V. Vinogradov. Essays on the history of the Russian literary language of the 17th - 19th centuries 437

D. S. Likhachev. On the social responsibility of literary criticism 443

D. S. Likhachev. Poetics of Old Russian Literature 447

Yu. M. Lotman. In the school of the poetic word: Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol 450

L. Ya. Gumilev. Ancient Russia and the Great Steppe 457

test questions

Literature

M. M. Bakhtin. The problem of speech genres 464
V. N. PETROV World of Art 469
J. M. Bitsilli. In defense of the Russian language 475
J. M. Bitsilli. In Defense of Barbarisms in the Russian Language 479

B. Ya. Vysheslavtsev. Free will and creative arbitrariness 481

B. Ya. Vysheslavtsev. Conflict of Values ​​and the Alternative of Free Choice 483

v. Official business speech 485
No. 1. Power of attorney (personal) 487
No. 2. Personal application 488
№ 3. Statement of claim 489
No. 4. Help 490
Business (service) letters 491
No. 5. Business letter - request or request 492
No. 6. Business letter - answer 492
No. 7. Business letter of guarantee 493
No. 8. Business cover letter 493
No. 9. Business letter - complaint (claim) 493
No. 10. Memorandum 494
No. 11. Explanatory note 495
No. 12. Official statement 496
VI. Media language 497
G. Ya. Fedotov. Russia and freedom 499
A. K. Ekhalov. Dear Karl Mars 514
M. Ya. Lyubimov. Operation Golgotha. Secret Rebuilding Plan 515
L. Likhodeev. Predator 537
V. Voinovich. Carpenter from Kherson 541
Interview of D. Shevarov with D. S. Likhachev. "I live with the feeling of separation..." 544

Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of the Russian Language. V. V. Vinogradova
The culture of Russian speech
Managing editors - Doctor of Philology, Professor
L. K. Graudina and Doctor of Philology, Professor E. N. Shiryaev

Culture of Russian speech. Textbook for high schools. Ed. prof. L. K. Graudina and prof. E. N. Shiryaeva. - M.: Publishing group NORMA-INFRA M, 1999. - 560 p.
The book is the first academic textbook on the culture of speech, containing the most complete systematized material on this topic. The publication is based on a fundamentally new theoretical concept of the culture of speech. The book teaches to speak not only correctly, but also expressively, using skillfully and appropriately different speech styles. Particular attention is paid to the culture of public speaking, dispute, professional communication. The book provides information about the rhetorical teachings that were widespread in pre-revolutionary Russia.
The second section of the book - an anthology on the culture of speech - includes texts representing the modern exemplary literary language in its main functional varieties.

For students, graduate students, and teachers of humanitarian universities and faculties, as well as all those who love, study the Russian language and strive to master high culture speech.
Textbook authors:
Vinogradov S. I., Candidate of Philological Sciences - § 34-37 (together with Platonova O. V.);
Graudina L. K., Doctor of Philology, Professor - § 1, 3; Danilenko V. IL, Doctor of Philology - § 20-24 (together with Novikova N. V.);
Karpinskaya E. V., researcher of the IRL named after V. V. Vinogradov - § 25-27;
Kozlovskaya T. L., candidate of philological sciences - § 15-19; Kokhtev N. N., Doctor of Philology, Professor - § Yu-14;
Lazutkina E.M., candidate of philological sciences - § 5-9; Novikova N.V., candidate of philological sciences - § 20-24 (together with Danilenko V.P.);
Platonova O. V., candidate of philological sciences - § 34-37 (together with Vinogradov S. I.);
Schwarzkopf B. S., Doctor of Philology - § 28-33; Shiryaev E. N., Doctor of Philology, Professor - § 2, 4.
Compilers of the anthology:
Vinogradov S.I., candidate of philological sciences - sec. VI; Graudina L. K., Doctor of Philology, Professor - Sec. II;
Karpinskaya E.V., researcher of the IRL named after V.V. Vinogradov - section IV (together with Novikova N.V.);
Kozlovskaya T.L., candidate of philological sciences - sec. III;
Lazutkina E. M. Candidate of Philological Sciences - Sec. I;
Novikova N.V., candidate of philological sciences - sec. IV (together with Karpinskaya E.V.);
Schwarzkopf B.S., Doctor of Philology - Sec. v.
Responsible editor of the reader - Doctor of Philology, Professor L. K. Graudina