Language means by which sentences are connected. Preparing for the exam

The sentences in the text are related in meaning and grammatically.
Accordingly, lexical and grammatical means of communication can be distinguished.
Lexical means of communication
1. Lexical repetition
For example: Clusters of rowan bent over earth. Earth as if she was also reaching for the tree.
2. Root words
For example: Gratitude It's a way to show others your attitude. be able to thank- Be smart and understanding.
3. Synonyms.
For example: The whole field that opened before our eyes was dotted with daisies. Flowers expanded to the horizon.
4. Antonyms.
For example: rancor makes a person unhappy. BUT kindness and kindness On the contrary, they make life easier.
5. Descriptive phrases.
For example: a lion doesn't like being interrupted. terrible king animals are not accustomed to the fuss.
Grammatical means of communication
1. Personal pronouns.
For example: Tuesday Sergey came again. He I wanted to see Olga again, to see her eyes and brown hair.
2. Demonstrative pronouns (such, that, this)
For example: You can buy a plane ticket online. Such the method is very convenient: it saves you time and allows you to calmly make a decision.
3. Pronominal adverbs (there, so, then, etc.)
For example: I love and at the same time hate the old, abandoned villages. There I have a strange and conflicting feeling.
4. Unions(mostly writing)
For example: Michael left. But Anya, though upset, remained.
5. Particles
For example: In the morning he bought a ring and a huge bouquet. Really did that day come?
6. Introductory words and constructions (maybe, first of all and etc.)
For example: All tickets were sold out. May be, and that's for the best.
7. The unity of the tense forms of verbs
For example: smelled fresh grass. warmed up rays of the sun.
8. Incomplete sentences and ellipsis, referencing previous text elements
For example: We have planned a walk in the park tomorrow. The day after tomorrow - a visit to the children's exhibition.
9. Syntactic parallelism
For example: These people did not buy groceries in stores. These people did not wear their usual clothes.

With the concept of "text" each of us encounters regularly. However, not everyone can give a clear definition of this seemingly simple concept.
In the Russian language lessons, we have heard more than once that a text is a few sentences held together by a semantic and grammatical connection.

In this article we will find the answer to the question "What are the types in the text?". Let's refresh the theoretical knowledge and consider illustrative examples.

What are the sentences in the text?

Let us turn to the grammatical rules of the Russian language. In modern science, there are the following types of connection of sentences in the text: chain, parallel.

The most common way to connect phrases is the first one. Chain (its other names: sequential, linear) connection is widely used in texts of any type of speech. This is explained by the fact that the linear type does not conflict with the usual way of thinking of a person. With the help of a chain connection, the speaker has the opportunity to express himself consistently, gradually developing his thought.

Features of the chain type connection

For a chain type of connection are characteristic:

replacement of adjectives, nouns, numerals used in the first sentence with pronouns in the next one;
use of synonymous words and phrases;
lexical and syntactic repetitions;
pronominal adverbs;
conjunctions and allied words.

In order to easily determine the types of connection of sentences in the text, it is necessary to analyze several examples:

Once I got seriously ill. The fever plagued me for several days. Completely exhausted by the disease, I called the doctor. He arrived in the evening, examined me and prescribed treatment.
In a kingdom far, far away, there lived a beautiful princess. Her hair was golden as the sun. And the face is as white as fresh milk. The girl was more beautiful than the first spring flower.

Both texts are a vivid example of a linear relationship. Each sentence is connected to the next one with the help of synonyms, pronouns, lexical repetitions.

Parallel communication

As we know, there are two common ways to connect sentences in a text. Let's move on to the second one.

With parallel (centralized) they do not depend on each other. Each phrase is considered independent in its content. But it can also be part of an enumeration, comparison, or opposition.

Parallel connection is most often used in descriptive and narrative texts. This is due to the fact that the centralized type is perfect for a one-time story about several phenomena, objects, events.

For proposals using a parallel type of connection, the following are typical:

the same construction structure (the same word order);
the use of verbs of the same form in each phrase.

Let's consider several examples of sentences with a parallel type of connection. This practice will help you cope with tasks from the category: "Identify the types of sentence connections in the text."

It was a beautiful summer day. The sun illuminated the dusty road with warm rays. Bright glare merrily ran through the green foliage. Somewhere in the distance, birds sang softly.
Varvara rode in an old bus to work. The weather was gloomy. It has been raining non-stop for several hours now. And the girl already began to feel like it would never end. But suddenly the clouds parted, and a modest ray of sunshine appeared.

The examples presented refer to two and narration. The offers in both are independent. They are not a direct extension of each other.

The phrases are similar in their construction model: first comes the subject, then the predicate. In addition to the characteristic parallel structure, in each example verbs were used in the singular or plural form of the past tense.

Are there other types of sentence connections in the text?

In some Internet sources, a third type of combination of independent phrases in the text is distinguished - attachment. With this type of connection, part of the statement becomes independent, concretizing and supplementing the basic information.

This type can be recognized by the use of its characteristic coordinating and connecting conjunctions: even, mainly, moreover, first of all, in particular, for example, first of all.

Let's consider a few suggestions:

Every item in the room, especially clothes and books, was sloppily scattered.
Everyone in the house was extremely embarrassed, especially my uncle.

On the example of these phrases, it can be seen that the part of the statement responsible for detailing the main idea becomes isolated, independent. However, it does not turn into an independent proposal.

From the works of famous Russian linguists L.V. Shcherba, V.V. Vinogradov, one can learn that the addition works only within the phrase and does not apply to the types of connection between sentences in the text.

Combination of types of communication

It should be remembered that parallel and chain types of connections can occur not only one by one. Quite often come across voluminous texts with various types of communication.

Depending on what the author wants to say, he uses a certain type of sentence connection in the text. For example, to describe nature, he will choose a parallel way. And for a story about how the day went - chain.

Means of communication. What are they like?

We learned what types of connection sentences exist in the text. Identified their characteristic features and learned to recognize. Now let's move on to the second part of our plan.

They are divided into three large groups: lexical, morphological, syntactic. We will get acquainted with each of them and consider examples for better assimilation of the topic.

Lexical means of communication

This group in modern Russian includes:

Lexical repetitions of words or phrases. This technique is used quite often, as it gives the text a special expressiveness. Example: “A boy took a book from the library for home reading. The book was very interesting."
in neighboring sentences. For example: “Spring day was so beautiful! No wonder spring is called the most beautiful time of the year.
Synonyms. Often found in fiction and journalistic texts. Make speech more expressive, colorful. For example: “His novel was well received by critics. Loyal readers also appreciated the work.
Antonyms (including contextual). Here is an example: “He had many friends. Enemies are an order of magnitude smaller.
Descriptive turns replacing one of the words of the previous sentence: “He looked at the sky. The blue dome struck the young man with its immensity.

Morphological means of communication

Consider what morphological means of connecting sentences in the text we can meet:

Third person personal pronouns: “I've been waiting for my best friend for an hour. She was late as always.
Demonstrative pronouns. For example: “I really like the red dress. It seems that in such an outfit it is impossible to go unnoticed.
Pronouns. Let's give an example: “Alexander just needed to pretend that he was in a great mood. That's how he behaved."
Particles, unions. Consider an example: “Everyone really liked Mom’s soup. Only my brother, as always, refused to eat the first course.
Compliance with the unity of the form and tense of verbs. For example: “We decided to have a romantic dinner. Prepared a delicious dessert. They set the table. They lit the candles."
Comparative adjectives and adverbs: “It was a wonderful day. It seemed like it couldn't get any better."
Adverbs with the meaning of time, place. Example: “Today he looked wonderful. Not at all like five years ago.”

Syntactic means of communication

The group of syntactic means includes:

Introductory words and constructions. For example: “First of all, he was too young. Second, too stupid.
Incomplete offers. For example: “The weather was terrible today. Because of the pouring rain."
(using the same construction to build adjacent sentences). Example: “You have to be wise. You have to be responsible."
Parceling (dividing a sentence into several parts for greater expressiveness). Consider an example: “To be successful, one must become responsible, purposeful. We need to change our approach."
A combination of forward and reverse word order: “I will be waiting for you to return. You will return and we will live happily.”
Use of braces sentences starting with "let's move on to the next part", "this has already been discussed above", "as noted earlier".

We learned what are the means and types of communication between the sentences of the text. And they consolidated theoretical knowledge by examining examples.

Now, having stumbled upon the task "Determine what are found in and means of communication", you can easily cope with it.

The sentences in the text are interconnected both in meaning and grammatically. Grammatical connection means that the forms of words depend on other words in the adjacent sentence, which are consistent with each other.
Lexical means of communication:
1) Lexical repetition - repetition of the same word
Around the city on the low hills are forests, mighty, untouched. In the forests there were large meadows and deaf lakes with huge old pines along the banks.

2) single-root words
Of course, such a master knew his own worth, felt the difference between himself and a not so talented person, but he knew perfectly well another difference - the difference between himself and a more gifted person. Respect for the more capable and experienced is the first sign of talent. (V.Belov)

3) Synonyms. We saw an elk in the forest. Sukhaty walked along the edge of the forest and was not afraid of anyone.

4) Antonyms Nature has many friends. She has fewer enemies.

5) Descriptive phrases
They built a highway. A noisy, swift river of life connected the region with the capital. (F. Abramov)

Grammar means of communication:
1) personal pronouns
1. And now I am listening to the voice of an ancient stream. He coos like a wild dove.2. The call for the protection of forests should be addressed primarily to the youth. It is for her to live and manage on this earth, for her to decorate it. (L.Leonov).3. He unexpectedly returned to his native village. His arrival delighted and frightened his mother. (A. Chekhov)

2) demonstrative pronouns (such, that, this)
1. A dark sky with bright, spiky stars floated over the village. Such stars appear only in autumn. (V. Astafiev). 2. Corncrake screamed with a distant, sweet twitch. These corncrakes and sunsets are unforgettable; pure vision preserved them forever. (B.Zaitsev) - in the second text, means of communication - lexical repetition and demonstrative pronoun "these".
3) pronominal adverbs (there, so, then, etc.)
He [Nikolai Rostov] knew that this story contributed to the glorification of our weapons, and therefore it was necessary to pretend that you did not doubt it. So he did (L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace").

4) unions (mainly composing)
It was May 1945. Thundered spring. The people and the earth rejoiced. Moscow saluted the heroes. And joy soared into the sky with lights. (A. Alekseev). With the same accent and laughter, the officers hurriedly began to gather; again put the samovar on the dirty water. But Rostov, without waiting for tea, went to the squadron ”(L.N. Tolstoy)

5) particles

6) introductory words and constructions (in a word, so, firstly, etc.)
Young people spoke about everything Russian with contempt or indifference and, jokingly, predicted the fate of the Confederation of the Rhine for Russia. In a word, the society was rather disgusting. (A. Pushkin).

7) the unity of the types of tense forms of verbs - the use of the same forms of grammatical time, which indicate the simultaneity or sequence of situations.
The imitation of the French tone of the time of Louis XV was in vogue. Love for the fatherland seemed pedantry. The wise men of the time praised Napoleon with fanatical obsequiousness and joked about our failures. (A. Pushkin) - all verbs are used in the past tense.

8) incomplete sentences and ellipsis referring to previous elements of the text:
Gorkin cuts the bread, distributes slices. Puts me too: huge, you cover your whole face (I. Shmelev)

9) syntactic parallelism - the same construction of several adjacent sentences. Knowing how to speak is an art. Listening is culture. (D. Likhachev)

The semantic and grammatical coherence of parts of the text is achieved using various means of communication. The lexical, morphological and syntactic means of communication of sentences in the text are distinguished.

Lexical means of communication include:

1	Words from one thematic group	Winter in these parts is harsh and long. Frosts reach 60 degrees. Snow lies until June. And in April there are blizzards.
2	Lexical repetitions (repetitions of words and phrases), including repetitions of key words, the use of cognate words	We discussed the book we read for a long time. This book was exactly what we were waiting for. And our expectations were not in vain.
3	Synonyms and synonymic substitutions (including contextual synonyms, synonymic and descriptive phrases and generic designations)	The work of A. S. Pushkin was of particular importance for the development of the Russian literary language. The great Russian poet managed to organically combine high Old Slavonicisms, foreign borrowings and elements of live colloquial speech in his works.
4	Antonyms (including contextual ones)	The enemy agrees. A friend is arguing.
5	Words and phrases with the meaning of logical connections of sentences and summarizing words like this is why, therefore, it follows from this, to summarize, in conclusion, etc.	Sea water contains a lot of salt. That is why it is not suitable for cooking.

Morphological means of communication include:

1	Conjunctions, allied words and particles at the beginning of sentences	Outside the window, the rain rumbles. But the house is warm and cozy.
2	The use of personal (in 3rd letter), demonstrative and some other pronouns instead of words from previous sentences	Language is not transmitted to a person by inheritance. It develops only in the process of communication.
3	The use of adverbs of time and place, which in meaning can refer to several independent sentences at once	To the left were mountains. The river gleamed in a narrow strip. Small groves were green. Everywhere here it was quiet and calm.
4	The unity of tense forms of verbs-predicates	The night came unexpectedly. It became dark. The stars lit up in the sky.
5	Using degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs	The place was great. It couldn't have been better. We were above the clouds. There was nothing above.

The syntactic means of communication of sentences include:

1	Syntactic parallelism, assuming the same word order and the same morphological design of the members of adjacent sentences	Youth is a time of hope. Maturity is the time for accomplishments.
2	Parcellation (division) of constructions, removal of any part from the sentence and its design (after the dot) in the form of an independent incomplete sentence	To love the Motherland means to live one life with it. Rejoice when she has a holiday. Suffer when the Motherland is hard.
3	Using incomplete sentences	Do you know what we were arguing about? - About literature, music, painting.
4	Use of introductory words and sentences, appeals, rhetorical questions	First, you need to decide what is most important right now. And secondly, you need to take action. Is it possible to forget the land where you grew up?
5	Use of direct and reverse word order	I will come in the evening. I will come to finally see you.

In addition to those noted, the text can also use the semantic and associative links of the parts: Evening came, the sun was already setting, but the stuffiness did not decrease. Ephraim was exhausted and hardly listened to Kuzma. (A.P. Chekhov)

Attention! 1. The indicated means of communication are not obligatory for all texts. Their use depends on the content of the topic of the text, the features of the author's style, the form of narration, etc. 2. The connection of sentences in the text can be not only contact, but also distant (that is, sentences that are distant from each other can also be connected). 3. The connection between individual sentences in the text should not be confused with the connection between parts of a complex sentence.

The semantic and grammatical means of connecting sentences in the text are the basis for distinguishing between two main types (methods) of connecting sentences in the text: chain and parallel. Chain (sequential) connection reflects the consistent development of thoughts, actions, events. In texts with such a connection, each new sentence is related to the words and phrases of the previous sentence; The proposals seem to be intertwined. The "new" in each preceding sentence becomes the "given" for the next sentence. Finally we saw the sea. It was huge and very calm. But this calmness was deceptive. The means of chain communication are usually repetition, synonymous substitutions, pronouns, conjunctions, semantic correspondences and associations. With a parallel connection, sentences are not connected with each other, but are compared or contrasted. Parallel communication is based on parallel, i.e., sentences that are identical or similar in structure, in which verbs-predicates of the same tense and form are usually used. In many texts with a parallel connection, the first sentence becomes “given” for all subsequent ones, which concretize, develop the idea expressed in the first sentence (while the “given” in all sentences except the first one turns out to be the same). Forests heal the earth. They are not only gigantic laboratories providing oxygen. They absorb dust and poisonous gases. They are rightly called the "lungs of the earth." The main means of parallel communication are: syntactic parallelism, introductory words (firstly, secondly, finally), adverbs of place and time (right, left, there, first, etc.).

Ex. 4 Read the text. What means of sentence communication (lexical, morphological and syntactic) are used in this text?

I live in a small house on the dunes. The entire Riga seaside is covered in snow. He constantly flies from tall pines in long strands and crumbles into dust. It flies from the wind and from the fact that squirrels jump over the pines. When it is very quiet, you can hear them peeling pine cones. The house is right next to the sea. To see the sea, you need to go behind the gate and walk a little along the path trodden in the snow past the boarded-up cottage. Curtains have been left on the windows of this dacha since the summer. They move in the light wind. The wind must be penetrating through imperceptible cracks into the empty cottage, but from a distance it seems that someone is picking them up and carefully watching you. The sea is not frozen. Snow lies to the very edge of the water. There are traces of hares on it. When a wave rises on the sea, it is not the sound of the surf that is heard, but the crunch of ice and the rustle of settling snow. The Baltic is deserted and gloomy in winter. (Yu. V. Bondarev)

Ex. 5 Put the sentences in the correct order. Write down the resulting texts. Emphasize those linguistic means that serve to connect sentences.

I. 1) You barely glance at the monument standing in the square, beautiful in the midst of winter whiteness, and you can’t take your eyes off this lonely and proud figure. 2) In Odessa, on the boulevard, there is a monument to Pushkin. 3) It is set so that the profile of the poet is visible against the background of a double glowing blue: the sea and the sky. II. 1) Autumn, bright and quiet, came to us so peacefully and calmly that it seemed that there would be no end to clear days. 2) In this transparent blueness, one could discern the most remote mound in the steppe, on an open and spacious plain of yellow stubble. 3) She made the sky clear and meek, gave pale blue and deep. III. 1) The sun rises higher - its color changes, more delicate pastel colors are used. 2) The fact that it is the purest, the most transparent, almost distilled, is well known. 3) Its shades are countless. 4) He blew harder - gray-haired combs lined this blue with foamy stripes. 5) I did not know: this water in its kilometer thickness is the most beautiful. 6) On a quiet summer morning in the shade of the shore, the water is blue-dense and juicy. 7) Baikal water! 8) A breeze blew - someone added blue to the lake.

Ex. 6 Write down. Instead of dots, insert appropriate means of connecting sentences in the text, choosing from the reference material. Justify your choice.

Cyril did not teach for long at the University of Constantinople. (...) this philosopher, who was an expert in Greek, Hebrew, Arabic, Latin and Slavic, was sent to Bulgaria on an educational mission. (...) it turned out that it was impossible to educate the Slavs without books in their native language. (...) Cyril began to compose the Slavic alphabet. (According to V.D. Yanchenko)

Reference material: soon, then, then; however, but, a; therefore, therefore, consequently.

Ex. 7 Determine the way the sentences are connected in the text (chain or parallel). Underline the means of communication of sentences with one line, inscribe their names, using reference material.

1) More than half a century ago, the first edition of the world-famous Dictionary of the Russian Language by S.I. Ozhegov was published. Probably, there is no such person in our country who has never turned to this guide in his life. Moreover, the dictionary has become a desktop guide for those who care about and need the Russian language. This wonderful reference book, created by the great lexicographer of the 20th century, Sergei Ivanovich Ozhegov, has outlived its creator and compiler by a long way. (According to V.D. Yanchenko)

Reference material: personal pronoun, demonstrative pronoun, word repetition, synonym, introductory word.

2) Ancient Phoenicia was the birthplace of the very first alphabetic letter. Then, in the era of Antiquity, the alphabetic-sound writing invented by the ancient Phoenicians was adopted by the Greeks. It is believed that the ancient Greeks borrowed writing from the Phoenicians, somewhat changing and supplementing their alphabet with new letters. Moreover, if there were 22 letters in the Phoenician alphabet, then in Greek there were 24. (According to V. D. Yanchenko)

Reference material: words of one thematic group, adverb of time, cognates, demonstrative pronoun, word repetition.

Ex. 8 Determine the way the sentences are connected in the text (chain or parallel). Bring evidence.

1) Among the first minerals discovered by man was gold. It very quickly became a symbol of power: the more this metal was in the treasury of a leader or ruler, the higher their authority was. Gold not only surrounded the monarchs in this world, but also accompanied them to the other world. Suffice it to recall the tomb of Tutankhamen, in which many beautiful gold items were found. But the sarcophagus itself, made of a single block of gold weighing 110 kg, was most striking. 2) We rented a dacha near the city for many years in a row. A simple gray wooden house under a rusty iron roof. A ladder from the lower balcony descends directly into the lilac. swing pillars; the old bench under the huge willow is barely visible - so densely around. In a high fence - a gate to the road. If you stand facing the Oka, to the left - beds, behind them - raspberries, currants and gooseberries, behind the house - a croquet ground. (A. I. Tsvetaeva)

Thematic unity and semantic completeness of the text is created by means of various language levels.

Lexical means of connecting sentences in the text:

1) lexical repeat- this is the repetition of a word or the use of a single-root word to achieve the accuracy and coherence of the text, allows you to maintain the unity of the topic. In different styles and genres, lexical repetition is used in different ways: for example, for scientific and official texts, word repetition is the main means of coherence. Repetition is also used quite often in this type of text as a description.

For example:

Lived on the edge of the old villageBobyl . Was atBobyl own house and dog.

2) synonymous replacement is the replacement of a word in one sentence with a synonym or synonymous expression in another. It is usually used where colorfulness of speech is needed, its imagery: in a journalistic style, in the style of fiction

For example:

Pictured is Brestskaya fortress. Rather, only its small - central - part. Mentally, it is necessary to continue and close the two-story brick belt of the barracks with a ring. The ruined church-club stands in the center of an almost two-kilometer ring strongholds.

The artists, discharged from Antioch, depicted, depicted hunting on the wallsArtemis . Goddess threw arrows, and a short pink tunicheavenly huntress fluttered in the wind.

3) use of antonyms.

For example:

One wastall , another - low growth .

4) generic words, i.e. words related by the relationship genus - species: genus - as a broader concept, species - as a narrower one.

For example:

There are many dear Russians in this foresttrees . But first of all you notice the trunks of your loved onesbirches .

5) use words of one thematic group.

For example:

There are many Karamazovs in Russian life, but still they are notdirect the course of the ship . Sailors important, but even more important forcaptain and sailboat tiller and star to which the ideal is oriented.

Morphological means of communication of sentences in the text:

1) the unity of types of temporary forms - the use of verbs of the same type and one tense emphasizes the temporal accuracy of the text. So, in the description, as a rule, verbs of the imperfect form are used, and in the narrative - the perfect.

For example:

Seriously wounded Sergei Muravyov-Apostol, having gathered with the vultures,costs straight. Hefits to the oven andtouches before her with stiff hands.

Aircraftswooped down so suddenly that no one had time to rush into the cracks. And allfell right there on the ground.

2)pronominal substitution, those. replacing a noun or other part of speech with a pronoun is a widespread means of communication.

For example:

And the years went on and on; quickly and inaudibly, like snowy waters, youth flowedHelena , in external inaction, in internal struggle and anxiety. girlfriendsshe has was not: of all the girls who visited the Strakhovs' house,she is did not agree with any.

3)use of conjunctions, particles, introductory words, acting as means of communication within sentences, they can also be means of communication of the entire text.

For example, introductory words so, therefore and others generally link the last part of the text to the entire previous part.

He said that after confessing in court, he could not do that.After all an appeal for pardon requires an admission of guilt.BUT he does not admit guilt and cannot write repentant words.

4)adverbs with the meaning of time and space allow to clarify the temporal and spatial characteristics of the text.

For example:

Today the ring is broken in many places. Until the forty-first year, it was solid, with three gates.

Syntactic means of connecting sentences in the text:

1) syntactic parallelism- several sentences have the same structure in terms of the order of the members of the sentence).

For example:

You have to be modern. We must be ruthless to the past.

2) parceling- the allocation of a member, often a minor one, after a period in the form of an independent sentence.

For example:

At the very end of the 80s, it was forbidden to fish in it. Not in order to save her herd, to let the juveniles work up ... But because the caught fish has become dangerous for humans.

3) juxtaposition of sentences- combining several sentences with one typical value into a syntactic whole by a parallel connection.

For example:

Shrub and undergrowth. Eerie evening silence. Silent thickets. A large flock of magpies rose in one, another place.

4) brace proposals type

For example:

Let's move on to the next part of the statement.

This was discussed above.

As already noted... etc.

5) words and phrases that do not reveal their semantics within the same sentence(most often in this role are the circumstances of place and time).

For example:

Today, the technical equipment of the topographer, surveyor, cartographer has changed. Without leaving the building, using aerial photographs, you can create a map of any region of our country. New radiometric instruments make it possible to achieve high accuracy in mapping.

Thus, we have considered the means of communication of sentences in the text. Of course, these phenomena do not exhaust the whole variety of means of connecting sentences in the text. Moreover, texts often use means of different levels at the same time:

For example:

The Department of the History of Russian Culture has a small but goodcollection windows. Created mainly by the efforts of the Pskov expeditions of the Hermitage employees,this collection allows you to trace the patterns of icon painting of the Novgorod, Pskov, Moscow schools and especially rare icons of the "northern letters".(In this case, lexical repetition and a demonstrative pronoun are used)