Designation of an addition in a sentence. Secondary members of the sentence

In Russian, all words that are part of sentences are either main members or secondary ones. The main ones make up and indicate the subject about which in question in the statement, and on its action, and all other words in the construction are extending. Among them, linguists distinguish definitions, circumstances and additions. Without the minor members of the sentence, it would be impossible to tell about any event in detail without missing a single detail, and therefore the significance of these sentence members cannot be overestimated. This article will focus on the role of additions in the Russian language.

Thanks to this member of the proposal, it is easy to construct full statement, which will indicate not only the action of the main character of the story, but also highlight the subject with which this very action is associated. So, in order not to get confused, you should start the analysis of this topic from the very beginning. After all, only by following the sequence, you can learn the great and mighty Russian language.

Definition

The addition is a minor member of the sentence, which indicates the subject that is the result of the action of the main person in the sentence or to which this action is directed. Can be expressed as follows:

A personal pronoun or noun used in indirect case forms. It can be used in a sentence with or without a preposition (I listen to music and think about it).
Any part of speech that functions as a noun (She glanced at the people who entered).
Often additions in Russian are expressed in the infinitive (Parents asked her to sing).
A free phraseological combination of a noun and a numeral, used in the genitive case (He opened six tabs.).
A connected and stable phraseological combination (He said not to hang your nose).

Function and add-on issues

In Russian, the addition responds to cases, namely: “Who?”, “To whom?”, “By whom?”, “About whom?”, “What?” “What?”, “What?”, “About what?” In a sentence, this minor member has an explanatory function and can refer to the following parts of speech:

To the verb used as a predicate (I am writing a letter).
To a noun as any member of the sentence (Hope for the father).
To the participle or adjective used as any of the members of the sentence (Weighing cereal; strict to daughter).
To the adverb as any of the members of the sentence (Imperceptibly to you).

Types of add-ons

If this member of the sentence depends on the verb, then it can be of two types:

Direct objects in Russian are used without prepositions and are expressed by transitive verbs in Such words denote an object to which, one way or another, the action of the main person refers. For example: I remember very well the day we met. If the predicate in the sentence is a transitive verb and is in the form of negation, then a direct object in the genitive case without a preposition can be used with it (But you can’t return the days of bygone days). In the case of impersonal predicative words in a sentence, the addition is also used in the form of the genitive case and without a preposition with the words “sorry” and “sorry” (And we are sorry for something bright).
Indirect additions in Russian are expressed in the accusative form, used with prepositions, and in others without prepositions (She jumped up and began to peer out the window with a restless look; his attempts to establish relations with classmates were crowned with success).

Values of direct additions

Direct objects in Russian, used with verbs, can denote the following objects:

The item obtained as a result of the action (I will build a house in the village).
An object or person that is exposed to the action (Father caught a fish and brought it home).
The object to which the feeling is directed (I love winter evenings and walks along a snowy street).
Object of development and knowledge (She knew foreign languages and could communicate freely; she was interested in philosophy and foreign literature).
The space that the main person overcomes (I will go around the whole Earth, I will cross the cosmic distances).
The object of desire or thought (Now I remember it).

Meanings of indirect objects without prepositions

An indirect addition in Russian, used without prepositions, can have the following meanings:

The relation of the objects referred to in the phrase or sentence, namely the object to which the action is directed (Harvested).
Object of achievement or touch (Today received a diploma; he will be happy when he touches only her hand).
The object with which the action is performed (Do not cut down with an ax what is written on the heart).
The subject or state that complements the action (The bear he killed was very large; he must be sorry).

Meaning of indirect objects with prepositions

Indirect additions, which cannot be used in a context without prepositions, in a sentence can acquire the following shades of meaning:

The material from which this or that object is made (The house is built of stone).
The subject to which the action applies (Waves splashing on a stone).
The person or object that causes the condition (Father worried about son).
An object to which thoughts and feelings are directed. (He talked about the benefits of his work.).
An object from which they are removed (He left his father's house at an early age.).
A person who participates in the main action (Upon arrival, the grandchildren surrounded the grandmother and kissed her for a long time.).

Supplement as part of turnover

In Russian, there are such concepts as real and passive turnover. In both cases, this is a special phrase, the construction of which includes the main and considered secondary member of the sentence.

A turnover is considered valid when the addition is the person to whom the action is directed, and main member sentences are expressed by a transitive verb. For example: picked a bouquet, mowed the lawn.

Passive is a turnover in which the subject is the subject, which is subject to action, and the object indicates the main object of the statement. For example: the colonel was quickly picked up by privates and sent to the infirmary.

How to find an addition in a sentence?

Complement questions in Russian are very simple, and therefore, no matter what part of speech the given member of the sentence is expressed, it is not too difficult to find it in the context. For this, you must follow standard scheme parsing. First, highlight grammatical basis, and then determine the relationship of words in the sentence through the questions posed. First, from the subject and the predicate to the secondary members, and then directly and between the secondary members. On the letter, each word, depending on which category it belongs to, is indicated special kind underscores. To complement this

Secondary members of the sentence - the basis of complete statements

Minor members sentences - the topic is quite voluminous and contains many rules, but if you do not spend enough time studying it, you will not be able to master such a great science as the Russian language. Circumstance, addition and definition are those that will allow you to form a statement that reveals the whole meaning of the story. Without them, the language would lose all its charm. Therefore, it is very important to approach this topic with all responsibility in order to know how to use this or that word correctly in the context.

Today, I will tell you about such a thing as "Minor members in a sentence." I'll start with the minor members called "Addition".

Supplement in Russian

The addition is a secondary member of the sentence, answering questions of indirect cases, as well as denoting the subject to which this or that action is directed or connected. Sometimes denotes an action or state of an object.

Additions that designate an object of action are used with verbs or from nouns formed by them.

Objects that name an object are used with adjectives or with nouns derived from them.

Direct objects are objects that depend on a transitive verb and are used in the sense of a noun or pronoun (and any other parts of speech that are expressed by a noun) in the accusative case without a preposition.

For example:

Build a (what?) building

Fix (what?) computer

Kiss (who?) Mom

The direct object can also be formed using the genitive case in two cases:

1. When there is a negative particle "not" before the transitive verb

A. Eat soup do not eat soup

B. Earn not earn

2. Or when the action does not pass to the whole object, but only to its part

for example

A. Buy bread buy bread

B. Drink milk drink milk

B. Sprinkle rice pour rice

The direct object denotes the object on which the action is directed, which can create, appear or disappear in the course of the action.

Circumstance in Russian: 7 types

Circumstance is a secondary member of a sentence that indicates how and under what circumstances an action occurs.

There are 7 types of circumstances:

1. Circumstance of time (indicates the time and date of the action)

A. Work from morning to evening

B. Leave late

2. The circumstance of the place (indicates the place or direction of what is happening)

A. Move to the left

B. Live in the forest

3. Circumstance of measure and degree (indicates the weight, measure and degree of what is happening)

A. Shoot twice

B. Three hundred thirty-two kilograms

3. Circumstance of the manner of action (indicates the manner in which the action is performed)

A. Answer clearly

B. Live in peace

4. Circumstance of the cause (indicates the cause of the action)

A. Do not come because of illness

V. Oversleep because of the movie

5. Circumstance of the goal (indicates the goal)

A. Go to rest

B.Come to study

6.Circumstance of the condition (indicates the condition of the action)

A. Do not come because of the snowfall

B. Do not swim because of the cold

7. Circumstance of concession (indicates the condition in spite of which the action is performed)

A. Drive against your will

B. Despite nothing to run first

Definition: agreed and not agreed

A definition is a minor member of a sentence that denotes a sign, quality or property of an object and answers the questions what? whose?

There are 2 types of definitions agreed and inconsistent:

1. Agreed definitions - consistent with the word being defined in number, case, in singular- and in the genus; expressed by an adjective, pronoun-adjective, participle, ordinal number.

Sign or serving as its tool. Distinguish between direct and indirect addition. direct complement denotes the object directly covered by the action. Criteria for its selection in different languages different. В is expressed accusative without , combined only with verbs. Depending on the nature of the action, such an object can be external (invariable): “buy a house”, “throw a stone”, and internal (effective): “build a house”, “crush a stone”. A kind of internal object is an object of content (“related addition”, figura etymologica), that is, an object, as it were, extracted from the action itself: “think a thought”, “click a cry”, “grieve grief”. An object denoting the subject of speech, thought, perception (“to report news”, “plot a crime”, “see a ship”) is called deliberative.

indirect the object is expressed by the noun in oblique cases with and without prepositions. Associated with the concept of indirect object is the idea of an object affected by an action not directly (cf. “to report the news” and “... about the news”) and not completely, but partially (cf. “drink water” and “... water”) . The idea of a smaller object (cf .: “wait for the train” in contrast to “wait for the train”) and its peculiar activity (cf .: “be scared of the dog”, “rejoice for the son”, where the object is thus stimulates the activity of the subject). In classical linguistics, the concept of indirect object covers various types of object meanings. In particular, the objects that an action is aimed at (“beg for bread”, “succeed”) and from which it is sent or evaded (“lose an inheritance”, “avoid a quarrel”); destination objects (“smile at a child”, “help a neighbor”); object-tools (“reap with a sickle”, “conquer with beauty”). In the structure of the utterance, all types of objects are in principle compatible and hierarchically ordered: “tell friends (O - addressee) the truth (deliberative direct O) about the war (deliberative indirect O) with the words of an eyewitness (tool indirect O)”, and some objects are associated with the verb as the core of the message is a more mandatory, others are a less mandatory link.

A variation of the addition is sometimes considered a member of the sentence, expressed and denoting a dependent verb sign (“hope to relax”, “promise to help”, “be afraid to make a mistake”, “persuade to stay”). With an even broader understanding of the addition, various types of subordinate clauses related to the main explanatory relations (“I want to be helped”, “I know that they will help me”, “I’m afraid I’m afraid to make a mistake”) are also summed up under it. In school grammars, along with verbal objects, adjectival objects are distinguished, which in most cases are derived from verbs, cf.: "read a book" and "reading a book", "love the motherland" and "love for the motherland", "thirst for fame" and " thirst for glory”, “fill with content” and “filled with content”.

Chess A. A., Syntax of the Russian language, 2nd ed., L., 1941;
Grammar of the Russian language, vol. 2, part 1, M., 1954; M., 1960;
Peshkovsky A. M., Russian syntax in scientific coverage, 7th ed., M., 1956;
Jespersen O., Philosophy of Grammar, trans. from English, M., 1958;
Gabuchan K. V., Supplement, in the book: Russian language. Encyclopedia, M., 1979.

I. N. Kruchinina.

Linguistic encyclopedic Dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ch. ed. V. N. Yartseva. 1990 .

Synonyms:

Antonyms:

See what "Addition" is in other dictionaries:

ADDITION- ADDITION, additions, cf. (book). 1. Action according to Ch. supplement supplement. He was engaged in the addition and correction of old articles for the collection. || Part added to clarify or correct what was previously written. In the new circular... Dictionary Ushakov

addition- See addition, addition in addition ... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under. ed. N. Abramova, M .: Russian dictionaries, 1999. supplement augmentation, replenishment, addition, addition, supplement, allowance, increase, ... ... Synonym dictionary

ADDITION- a minor member of the sentence, expressing the relationship of one subject of thought to another, called a verb (verbal object) or a name (nominal object). The function of the complement is predominantly the indirect case of the name (with ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

ADDITION- ADDITION, I, cf. 1. see supplement. 2. What n. added, addition. D. to the resolution. In d. (over, besides what, n. another). Clothing accessories (ties, belts, scarves, bags, jewelry). 3. In grammar: a minor member of the sentence ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

complement to 1- reverse code bitwise complement - [L.G.Sumenko. English Russian Dictionary of Information Technologies. M.: GP TsNIIS, 2003.] Topics information Technology in general Synonyms reverse code bitwise complement EN one s complement ...

ADDITION- (amendment to the document) (rider) An American term meaning a clause or condition introduced in addition to an important bill, but not directly related to its content. In most cases, such additional items would not be included in ... ... Political science. Vocabulary.

Addition- 1. The same as addenda, additional text with clarifications, changes or new considerations, placed by the author after the work or its part (section), when to enter new material into a previously written text or inappropriate (required ... ... Publishing Dictionary

ADDITION- (Supplement), Poland, 2001, 108 min. A film about choosing a life calling and attitude to faith. The protagonist rushing about in search of his vocation between the monastery and everyday life, in which he has a girlfriend and a brother. Cast: Pavel Coloring, Monica... ... Cinema Encyclopedia

Addition- ADDITION. A grammatical term for a noun in the oblique case as part of a sentence. In some traditional grammars, the term D. is used in a narrower sense to refer to a noun in the indirect case, ... ... Dictionary of literary terms

ADDITION- (complement) A good whose demand changes in the same direction as the demand for some other good whose prices have changed. For example, an increase in the price of bread may lead to a fall in the demand for it; if at the same time the demand for ... ... Glossary of business terms

addition- Structural part of the main text, made up of materials selected by the author for placement at the end of the work or its section. [GOST R 7.0.3 2006] Topics of the publication, main types and elements Generalizing terms parts and elements of the text ... ... Technical Translator's Handbook

An addition is a minor member of a sentence that has general meaning object and referring either to a separate member of the sentence, denoting an action or sign, or to the entire basis of the sentence.

The complement answers the questions of all cases except the nominative. These so-called Additions are in most cases expressed by nouns ( Grandma always asked(whom?) Nikita(about what?) about school performance.), as well as pronominal nouns ( He was very proud of him.), infinitive ( offer to return, ask to meet), substantiated adjectives ( have lunch in the cafeteria, deal with the underachievers), cardinal numbers ( add three).

The addition can be expressed by any part of speech that replaces a noun - subjective and objective infinitive, adverb, interjection, syntactically indecomposable phrases, phraseological turns. By examples, you can understand what question the supplement answers.

Vanka lies on the grass under a tree and dozes under the bird's "tweet-tweet".

I send you from Gorlenko big(what?) Hi.

filed(what?) have supper.

He managed to find it(what?) Achilles heel.

What questions does the supplement answer and what types is it divided into

Distinguish between indirect and Supplement, which is expressed in the form without a preposition and refers to that member of the sentence, which is expressed by a transitive verb, is called direct. It denotes the object to which the action is directly directed ( write an essay give advice).

The predicate can have direct objects in the form of the genitive case without a preposition:

a) if expressed by a transitive verb with negation ( not to notice mistakes, not to understand the question);

b) if the action that is expressed by the transitive verb has the meaning of a part of the whole ( drink some water);

c) when used with words of the category of state ( sorry, sorry - sorry for life, sorry for time).

The addition, which is expressed in the form of the accusative case with prepositions, as well as the forms of other (indirect) cases with and without prepositions, is called indirect ( speak(about what?) about the motherland, cluttered(how?) books, rattle(how?) spoons, spend the summer(who?) by Grandma).

What questions does the adjectival and verbal object answer?

When classifying according to the subordinate word, they differ: the addition of the verb ( listen to music, edit the manuscript) and a nominative object that depends on the noun ( caring for parents, choosing a profession) or adjective ( praiseworthy, ready to march).

What questions does the object answer with a noun and how is it expressed

Additions with a noun respond to cases and are expressed:

a) parent object: reading a book, defending the motherland;

b) parental relationship to the manufacturer: book author, plant manager;

c) parent content: verification of performance, the purpose of the study;

d) dative of the addressee: helping the needy, answer to the correspondent;

e) creative content: a briefcase with books, a jar of water, math classes;

e) creative collaboration: tea with sugar, magazine with applications.

What questions does an addition that combines two meanings answer?

Additions in which two meanings are combined are of a special nature:

1) attributive and object: dream of a trip(what dream? dream about what?), negotiation report, fire rumor, financial statement, memories of the past, dream of the future, fisherman case. Such constructions are called defining additions;

2) objective and circumstantial: fish breathe with gills(what?, how?); Spend the summer with family(who?, where?); The first leaves appeared on the trees(on what?, where?). Such constructions are called circumstantial complements.

Secondary members play an important role in the sentence, enriching it, bringing clarity, explaining the subject and predicate. Among them stands out and addition. The error in isolating this minor member is that it is often confused with the subject, especially when it is in the accusative case. To avoid inaccuracies, you need to know what questions the add-on answers. We will talk about this in the article.

General information

The addendum answers the questions of indirect cases. They include everything except the nominative (the subject answers it).

Usually, a question is asked to the addition from the members of the sentence (secondary and main), which are expressed either by verbs or close in meaning to them (participles, gerunds).

Meaning

The values of the complement can be completely different. Let's analyze such relations with the predicate in the sentence and see how the object answers the questions. Examples below.

Olga makes (what?) an injection.

Olga gives an injection (to whom?) to her mother.

Olga makes an injection (with what?) With a syringe.

Sometimes there are additions that depend on verbal nouns and adjectives: conquering the top, moving to the end of the line, fish fried in a pan.

If you systematize the values, taking into account what the complement responds to, you get the following:

This minor term defines an object that experiences an action: choose (what?) A profession, wash (what?) linen.
The subject in whose interests the action is performed: write to your brother, go to your sister, come to your parents.
A means of performing an action or an instrument of labor: write with a pen, swim with a breaststroke, draw with a brush and paints.

What is an addition?

The addition, like the subject, is expressed by the following parts of speech:

A noun in the indirect case form or a noun pronoun in the same form. At the same time, the pretext is variable: she went (to whom?) To her mother; satisfied with (what?) work; I think (about whom?) about him; bring (who?) him.
Any substantive part of speech (endowed with the function of a noun). Everyone was interested (by whom?) in the reader.
Infinitive. The audience asked the troupe (about what?) to dance again.
Numerical name. I'll multiply (what?) fifteen (by what?) by ten.
Phraseologism. I ask my sister (about what?) not to hang up her nose.

What is the supplement?

Since the object answers the questions of indirect cases, it most often refers to the verb-predicate. In this way, it brings clarity to the main action reported in the sentence. We walk (with whom?) With my daughter through the store. In this case, the addition "with my daughter" extends the verb-predicate "walk".

However, this minor term can also apply to a noun that has some action in its meaning. For example, "He is the driver of (what?) a heavy vehicle." The complement "car" refers to the noun "driver".

Short adjectives are close in form and meaning to the verb-predicate, so this minor term can also apply to them: I am angry (at whom?) At my neighbor. The addition with the preposition "on a neighbor" refers to short adjective"evil". It rarely refers to full adjective: Looks like (to whom?) Father.

Often the addition explains the adverb or adjective in comparative degree. For example: She looks younger than (what?) her years. Jasmine is more fragrant than (what?) roses.

direct

Depending on what questions the addition answers, it can be either direct or indirect. The first requires setting in the accusative case, and there can be no preposition with it.

Such an addition defines the object of the action. It refers to a transitive verb or adverb. For example: to hate the enemy is direct, it is in the accusative case, and the verb "to hate" is transitive. Another example: I'm sorry for your friend. The complement "friend" refers to the adverb "sorry", which plays the role of a predicate in this sentence.

What questions does a direct complement answer? Only genitive or accusative questions. Let's look at the options:

The most common is the accusative form with a missing preposition: We decorated the Christmas tree with the whole family. Complement "Christmas tree" - direct, used in the form of the accusative case, there is no preposition.
The genitive form when denoting a part of something whole: I poured tea leaves into a cup, and then diluted with boiling water and put a lemon. The addition of "brewing" is direct, it is in the genitive case. Also, the genitive case can indicate any result of an action combined with the meaning of quantity: I need to go buy flour and bread.
In impersonal sentences, when the adverb acts as a predicate: What a pity for the years spent.

indirect

What questions does the indirect object answer? To all the rest: accusative with a preposition, dative, instrumental and prepositional. The last three can be used with or without a preposition.

In our childhood dreams there were bright travels and carefree everyday life (indirect additions - dreams, everyday life).
We pretended to be adults to ride this attraction (indirect addition - adults).
Talking about the upcoming celebration occupied all the free time (indirect addition - about the celebration).