The Russian language allows you to express your thoughts in five different ones, each of which is something special and is used in a particular field of activity. In the administrative and public - used formal business style speech, applied both in written and oral form.

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Peculiarities

At this style there are pronounced characteristics , which are clearly seen in the morphology and syntax of texts. The stylistic features are as follows:

Concerning lexical features, then there are only three of them:

1. A certain set of lexical phrases and the use of official words: prescribe, allow, notify, plaintiff, law, etc.
2. Dry vocabulary, full of purely clerical expressions: there is a place to be, etc.
3. The use of set phrases: based on, taking into account, etc.

Important! Despite the necessary impersonality, these texts allow the use of first person verbs and pronouns.

Syntactic constructions- these are the signs that easily allow the reader to determine the type of presentation. AT this type texts have several characteristic syntactic features:

1. The presence of small structures - simple sentences, the absence of homogeneous members of the sentence or introductory words.
2. High structural standardization - each type of document has its own structural features. So, all statements begin with a stamp at the top of the sheet, and all protocols are characterized by signatures at the end of the document.

This form of presentation of ideas is quite actively used in different areas vital activity. Everyone should be able to use it, since any relationship with organizations take place in business language.

Usage

The scope of application is extremely narrow, and at the same time quite extensive. Examples of text of this nature are often found in government organizations and are divided into:

1. Legislative level - legislative documents, official papers, charters, rules.
2. Everyday business level - official correspondence, private office work.

Both types are used in different areas:

• jurisprudence;
• economy;
• politics;
• business;
• international relations;
• marketing.

An example of official business style documents is office and official papers, starting with explanatory and ending with the Constitution.

Cliche

As in any other, in an official business text there are some clichés. Usually, the use of such stamps is considered unacceptable and negative.

Stamps are words that are overused and have an indefinite meaning (defined, therefore, some), deforming the meaning, or losing it altogether in an abundance of unnecessary phrases.

In spite of negative meaning stamps, they can and should be used in business conversations and papers. It was stated above that business speech uses standards as the main means of language. The presence of a certain standard or stamp at times simplifies creation and filling all questionnaires, forms and other documents.

Important! In such forms, it is unacceptable to freely express one's thoughts: the secretary cannot be answered in business correspondence“We are waiting for an answer, like a nightingale of summer” - this is unacceptable.

Official speech, standard situations - all this determines essence and purpose of such documents, as well as their clear structure and arrangement of all elements of the proposal. It does not allow:

• conversational elements;
• poeticisms;
• archaisms;
• emotional words and colorings;
• artistic elements: hyperboles, metaphors, etc.;

Any text of this category, which is correctly built in terms of grammar and vocabulary, is correct and fully complies with the requirements of the official business style of speech. And if it contains the above elements, even with the correct structure, it is perceived as incorrect. Standardness in this type of speech is a lexical feature, and has its own markers, for example:

• to fine;
• express gratitude;
• call to account;
• put forward an argument;
• be responsible;
• delivery notice.

Thus, cliches in general are a negative phenomenon, but their use in this category acceptable and even welcome.

However, there is another side overuse clericalism - texts should carry information, despite the use of many clichés.

Therefore, you should carefully proofread all papers to make sure that the recipient and reader get the necessary information load from them.

Style Text Analysis

Any text is subject to analysis to determine the style to which it belongs and other features. Examples of texts can be found in legislative documents, official notices and other official papers. To define a style, analyze text:

Reveal style features:

• accurate presentation of information and detailed;
• the severity of the composition;
• lack of expression and emotion.

Lexical features:

• use of special terminology;
• an abundance of bureaucracy (taking into account, have the right);
• words of necessity and duty.

Morphological features:

• use and verbs in the present tense;
• frequent use of verbal nouns;
• naming people based on their actions.

Syntactic:

• high particularity of homogeneous members;
• the presence of complicated sentences;
• frequent use of the genitive;
• use of passive and impersonal constructions;
• the presence of simple unemotional sentences;
• direct word order.

If all these features are found in the text, then it belongs to the official business style. Examples of texts of a similar plan are found in educational literature, stationery and personal documents. For example, an autobiography is often written in a similar language, and certain rules should be followed when writing it:

1. Structured text: each important date starts with a paragraph and is followed by a new paragraph, the date is always indicated at the end of the document.
2. Strict observance of the chronological sequence, from birth to last year before writing the document, illogical transitions are not allowed.
3. Conciseness: the autobiography is not written on more than 2-3 pages.
4. A statement of accurate, reliable facts that can always be confirmed by evidence papers.

When writing a biography use of words from other styles is allowed, but the presence of cliches is welcome. Often you can find autobiographies and in full art style, but such a document is already more like an autobiographical story than a dry statement of facts.

Dialog

Oral speech can also be delivered in a business style. Cliche compliance official style is also welcomed in dialogues, despite the fact that the usual arrangement of information on papers differs from oral speech.

She is usually full of emotion and rather asymmetrical. If a oral speech emphatically logical, the atmosphere of communication is clearly official.

Main characteristic oral business communication- this is the flow of a conversation in a positive way in the key of sympathy, respect or goodwill. Oral speech differs depending on the varieties of style:

• clerical and business - oral speech is full of clericalism and cliches, but it also allows the use of ordinary, non-business words;
• public administration - the use of phraseological units, anarchisms, slang expressions and other words that are not related to the business style is unacceptable.

To main features oral official speech include:

• brevity;
• accuracy;
• influence;
• corresponding words;
• well-designed structures;
• correct syntax;
• standardization of mentally prepared speech.

Oral business speech cannot be emotional. good example the following business dialogue can serve:

- Hello!

- Hello. How can I help you?

— I would like to submit my resume to your company.

- You have higher education?

— Yes, I graduated from the university with a degree in Management.

Are you familiar with our terms and conditions?

— Yes, in full.

- Good. Then take your resume and other documents, and come tomorrow at 9:00 to the main office for an interview. All the best!

- Thanks. Goodbye.

Official business style in Russian, examples where it is applied

We study speech styles in Russian - official business style

Conclusion

Business speech may seem boring and dry at first glance, but when mastering it, it becomes clear that it is as rich as artistic speech, just the scope of its application requires certain conditions and rules, to which it corresponds. Formal business style is feature of the state and business sphere, and sooner or later you will have to learn to own it in order to become a full-fledged member of society.

Official business style is a style that serves the legal and administrative-public spheres of activity. It is used when writing documents, business papers and letters in public institutions, court, and different types business oral communication.

Among book styles, the formal business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes, but many of its features: historically established genres, specific vocabulary, morphology, syntactic turns - give it a generally conservative character.

The official business style is characterized by dryness, the absence of emotionally colored words, conciseness, compactness of presentation.

In official papers, the set of language tools used is predetermined. The most striking feature of the official business style is the language stamps, or the so-called clichés. A document is not expected to show the individuality of its author, on the contrary, the more clichéd a document is, the more convenient it is to use.

Official business style is the style of documents of different genres: international treaties, government acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers, etc. But, despite the differences in content and variety of genres, the official business style as a whole is characterized by common and most important features. These include:

• one). accuracy, excluding the possibility of other interpretations;
• 2). locale.

These traits find their expression:

• a) in the selection of language means (lexical, morphological and syntactic);
• b) in the preparation of business documents.

Consider the features of the official business style.

The main area in which the official business style functions is administrative and legal activity. This style satisfies the need of society for documenting various acts of state, social, political, economic life, business relations between the state and organizations, as well as between members of society in the official sphere of their communication.

The texts of the official business style of speech represent a huge variety of genres: charter, law, order, order, contract, instruction, complaint, prescription, various kinds of statements, autobiography, explanatory note, questionnaire, statistical report, etc.

The expression of the legal will in business documents determines the properties, the main features of business speech and the socially organizing use of the language. Genres of the official business style perform informational, prescriptive, ascertaining functions in various fields of activity, therefore, the main form of implementation of this style is written.

Despite the differences in the content of individual genres, the degree of their complexity, official business speech has common stylistic features: accuracy of presentation, which does not allow for the possibility of differences in interpretation; detailed presentation; stereotyping, standard presentation; obligatory-prescriptive nature of the presentation. To this we can add such features as formality, strictness of expression of thought, objectivity, logic - which is characteristic of scientific speech.

The function of social regulation, which plays the most important role in official business speech, imposes on the corresponding texts the requirement of unambiguous reading. In this regard, each text should be characterized by such accuracy of presentation of information that would not allow the possibility various interpretations. An official document will serve its purpose if its content is carefully thought out and the language design is impeccable.

It is this purpose that determines the actual standard design of many business documents (a personnel record sheet, a questionnaire, a receipt for payment of housing and communal services, etc.).

Consider an example: “When studying any international agreement, and in particular, an agreement on the elimination of double taxation, it is first of all necessary to clearly define the scope of its application in two aspects:

• - taxes covered by the agreement;
• - the territories covered by the agreement.

Even in this short passage there are words and phrases with an official legal coloring (international agreement, double taxation, taxes), the phrase “must be determined” that expresses the obligation, such features as the severity of the expression of thought, an impartial statement, the complete impersonality of the presentation.

The official business style is characterized by a tendency to reduce the number of meanings of words, up to a narrow terminology. Therefore, texts of this style often give precise definitions of the words and concepts used. Polysemy (polysemy), metaphorical use of words, use of words in figurative meanings, synonyms are used to a small extent (as a rule, they belong to the same style).

Typical for business language are Difficult words, formed from two or more words: tenant, employer, logistical, above, below named, etc. The formation of such words is explained by the desire of the business language to accurately convey the meaning and unambiguous interpretation. The same purpose is served by phrases of a “non-idiomatic” nature, for example, destination, higher educational institution, tax return, joint-stock company, housing cooperative, etc. The uniformity of such phrases and their high repetition lead to the use of clichéd language means, which gives the texts of the official business style a standard character.

Official business speech reflects not individual, but social experience, as a result of which its vocabulary is extremely generalized in a semantic sense, i.e. everything that is sharp, concrete, unique has been eliminated, and the typical has been brought to the fore.

Business speech is characterized by the use of verbal nouns (replenishing the budget, providing housing, serving the population, taking measures) and participles (given, indicated, above named). Complex denominative prepositions are widely used (in part, along the line, on the subject, in order to avoid, upon reaching, upon returning).

Typically, a sentence contains a fairly large amount of information and is designed for re-reading. Simple sentences often complicated homogeneous members, which is due to the need to exhaust the subject of the message. Passive structures are actively used; complex sentences with an additional condition: “The procedure for conducting a meeting and examining additional evidence, if any, in appellate instance determined by the chairman. By general rule First, the explanations of the persons participating in the case and their representatives are heard. First, the person who filed appeal and his representative. In the event of an appeal against the decision by both parties, the plaintiff shall act first.”

In this passage, the first sentence is a complex one with a subordinate clause. In the following sentences, there are several participles (participants, submitter), a passive verb (are heard), a complex denominative preposition (in case). Strict logic and accuracy of presentation determine the sequence of actions in the presented situation. This text acts as a regulation and establishes the procedure for considering an appeal.

Introduction

Currently, the term "rhetoric" is used in a narrow and broad sense. Rhetoric (in the narrow sense) is the designation of a philological discipline that studies the theory of eloquence, ways of constructing expressive speech in all areas of speech activity (primarily in various oral and written genres). rhetoric (in broad sense) is called neo-rhetoric or general rhetoric. Its rapid and productive development was caused by the emergence of new linguistic sciences - text linguistics, semiotics, hermeneutics, the theory of speech activity, and psycholinguistics. Neo-rhetoric is looking for ways practical application these disciplines, developed at the intersection of linguistics, literary theory, logic, philosophy, ethics, aesthetics, psychology.

The purpose of the work is to master the culture of business speech and communication, develop your own style of service relationships, and form an image.

For a management specialist, a businessman, achieving this goal means gaining essential component professional activity.

Thus, speech, the ability to communicate, etiquette are the main "tools" for creating an image. business man, i.e. self-presentation, constructing one's image for others. A noble image guarantees a leader, an entrepreneur, half the success and constant job satisfaction. We must not forget that harmonious communication is always based on the awareness of the importance for being and the observance of ethical standards, such as tact, delicacy, respect for the honor and dignity of the individual, justice. Intelligence as a quality of internal culture - a tolerant attitude towards the world and towards people - is invariably reflected in outward behavior manifests itself in charm.

Features of the official business style

The modern formal business style is functional variety Russian literary language used in the field of public relations. Business speech serves as a means of communication between states, states with individual and society as a whole; a means of communication between enterprises, institutions, organizations; a means of official communication between people in production and in the service sector.

The official business style refers to the book-written styles of the literary language. It is implemented in the texts of laws, orders, decrees, orders, contracts, acts, certificates, certificates, powers of attorney, in business correspondence of institutions. The oral form of official business speech is represented by a speech and a report at meetings and conferences, judicial speech, official telephone conversation, verbal order.

The general extralinguistic and proper linguistic features of this style include the following:

1) accuracy, detail of presentation;

2) standardization of presentation;

3) the obligatory prescriptive nature of the presentation.

Indeed, the language of laws requires, above all, accuracy, which does not allow any discrepancies; the speed of understanding is not important, since the interested person, if necessary, will read the article of the law two or three times, striving for a complete understanding. The standardization of the presentation is manifested in the fact that the heterogeneous phenomena of life in a business style fit into a limited number of standard forms.

Business speech is impersonal, stereotyped, it lacks an emotional beginning.

A specific property of business speech is the expression of will. Voluntaryness in texts is expressed semantically (selection of words) and grammatically. So, in management documentation, we constantly meet with the forms of the first person of the verb (I ask, I suggest, I order, congratulations), with modal forms, must (should, must, should, be offered).

Depending on the scope of business speech and the stylistic originality of the corresponding texts, three substyles are usually distinguished within the OD:

1) diplomatic (types of documents: international treaties, agreements, conventions, memorandums, notes, communiques, etc.; oral forms are practically not used);

2) legislative (types of documents, such as laws, decrees, civil, criminal and other acts of state significance; the main oral form is judicial speech);

3) managerial (types of documents: charters, contracts, orders, instructions, statements, characteristics, powers of attorney, receipts, etc.; oral forms - report, speech, official telephone conversation, verbal order).

Diplomatic style. This kind of OD style serves the area international relations. The scope of documenting the diplomatic sub-style is law, and to a greater extent than in other sub-styles. - politics, as it is related to the implementation international politics states.

Legislative framework. Legal documents are more stylistic and linguistically homogeneous than documents of other sub-styles. The extensive use of legal terminology can be noted in these texts.

The legislative substyle uses abstract vocabulary and there is practically no expressive-emotional language tools, evaluative vocabulary. Estimated words of this kind, such as a parasite, a criminal acquire a terminological meaning in legal texts. There are many antonyms here, since legislative speech reflects opposing interests, opposes and compares concepts: rights and obligations, work and leisure, personal and public, plaintiff and defendant, crime and punishment, marriage registration and divorce, adoption of a child and deprivation of parental rights, voluntarily and forcibly, withhold and accrue.

The language of laws had a great influence on the formation of the entire official business style; it has always been the basis of business speech. Of course, the language of laws should be a model for the language of management documentation. But the managerial substyle, like the diplomatic one, has its own norms and linguistic diversity, due to the content and composition of documents.

Management style. The scope of the managerial substyle is a variety of administrative, departmental, industrial relations. The types of documents of the administrative substyle differ most from each other in compositional, stylistic and linguistic terms.

In the texts of the administrative substyle, along with neutral and bookish vocabulary, words and set phrases with official business style coloring are used (undersigned, proper, following, housing tax, lump sum, notify).

The managerial substyle has its own administrative and managerial terminology, for example: the name of institutions, positions, types of official documents. Due to the fact that this sub-style serves different areas of public and production activities, the most diverse terminology is used in the texts of the substyle. It is not recommended to use synonyms in official texts, replacing the direct names of objects and actions with them. Unlike the legislative sub-style, there are few antonyms here. The texts of the managerial substyle often use abbreviations, compound words, various means codification.

Only in the texts of the managerial sub-style are used forms of the verb in the 1st person, sometimes personal pronouns. This is due to concretization, with an exact indication of the author of the text. In the managerial substyle, verbs are not used in imperative mood and relatively rarely - constructions with the words must, must. The meaning of obligation is softened in the texts by the use of such phrases as oblige, oblige, impose an obligation.

Sometimes, after reading the next contract, it becomes clear why it is customary to use specially trained people to work with them. This happens due to the peculiarities of the official business style, making it difficult to understand. But this style of presentation has its advantages, otherwise it would have been abandoned long ago.

Signs of an official business style of speech

Of course, for us, the main indicators of the officiality of the document are the seal of the organization and the signature of the responsible person, but when we are talking about the style of speech, completely different signs come to the fore.

1. Objectivity, informativeness and reliability.
2. The absence of words that can be interpreted in two ways.
3. The perfection of the construction of phrases and the document from a legal point of view.
4. Conciseness of wording, the desire for maximum brevity, the use complex sentences with frequent use of complex conjunctions and verbal nouns.
5. Neutrality of presentation, lack of emotional coloring, preference direct order words, almost complete disregard for the individualization of style.
6. Usage speech cliches when constructing sentences.
7. The use of standard phrases in the case of describing typical situations.
8. Logical presentation, its narrative character.

All these features of the official business style of speech make it the most closed and stable among all book styles. Time brings its changes to this language, but the main points - phraseological units, specific speech and syntactic turns, remain unchanged. In other styles of speech, the use of stamps has long been considered a disadvantage, but in formal conversations they are only welcome. Actually, such a stereotyped text, combined with the lack of emotional coloring and large quantity enumerations, which are also a sign of official style, and make documents so difficult to read and .

The purpose of the official business style of speech

At first glance, all this linguistic inertia and conservatism are invented to emphasize the isolation of business from other spheres of life. As a result, the average person gets headache from trying to figure out all the intricacies, and is forced to carry money to specialists.

On the one hand, it is true, a number of specialists (documentation specialists, lawyers, archivists) are partially translators from official business speech to colloquial, understandable to most of the population. But you should not look for the tenacious paws of a world conspiracy here, because on the other hand, the official business style of speech is designed to minimize the likelihood of errors and simplify work with different kind documentation. AT colloquial speech we often use expressions with a bright emotional coloring, love ambiguity, often use slang and do not disdain irony. Can you imagine how, for example, a supply contract written spoken language? About observance of terms of delivery, responsibility for violation of the agreement and conformity of the delivered goods ordered could be forgotten. That is, a special style of presentation for official papers was created to exclude the possibility of speculation and various interpretations information depending on the education of the people working with them. And to speed up work with documents of various kinds, drafting standards were invented. Everything is regulated: from the location of the details to the order of writing the address on the envelope. This allows you to quickly find the information you need without revisiting the entire document. For example, an accountant paying for the rent of a room is only interested in the terms of payment, details and the duration of the contract. The clear structure of the document allows you to quickly access this information, otherwise, the time for processing the contract would have increased greatly.

Characteristic for legal, administrative and social activities. For such a phenomenon as the culture of speech, the official business style is very important, because it is used to draw up documents and business papers related to state tasks, court cases and diplomatic communication. It is characterized by isolation, the stability of many speech turns, specific vocabulary and special syntactic turns. Documents written in a formal business manner are compact and filled with clichés and language clichés. This is international treaties, government decrees and acts, legal laws and court orders, various charters and official correspondence, as well as other types of business papers that differ in accuracy and language standard.

This is a special culture of speech. The official business style, in addition to clichés and language clichés, includes professional terminology and archaisms in abundance. Polysemantic words are not used at all when using this style. Documents also avoid synonyms, and if they are used, then their style is also strictly observed and the vocabulary, as it were, is shackled into a framework, beyond which it is forbidden.

But the official business style uses nouns in abundance, naming people on the basis of activity, positions are always called in the masculine gender. Often words with a particle are used not as antonyms for the same words when they are used without a negative particle. Popular in business documents are both complex and infinitives in the designations of actions performed or being performed. Enough great place in this style of speech, complex words are also assigned.

Formal business style favors homogeneous members. Passive constructions are often used, that is, impersonal sentences without specifying the person performing the action. The genitive case of nouns forms a chain of syntactic constructions; sentences are often very common and burdened with a clause clause.

The official business style has two varieties: official documentary and everyday business style. The first group is the language of such legislative acts as the Constitution Russian Federation and its subjects, statutes and programs of parties, as well as diplomatic documents of international importance, such as a communiqué, memorandum, convention, etc. The second group includes the language used in the process of conducting official correspondence and compiling private business papers. These include various certificates, business letters, powers of attorney, announcements, statements, receipts, autobiographies, etc. It is known how the listed papers are standardized, which greatly facilitates their compilation. The information they contain is brief and used in a minimal amount.

English is known to be a means international communication. Therefore, formal business style in English used in the diplomatic substyle when business papers are to be translated. Varieties of business speech in this case are determined by the scope of use. Trade agreements and contracts are maintained in the style of commercial correspondence. In the field of law, the language of codes, legal provisions, state and parliamentary decisions is used. Separately, the language of paramilitary business papers stands out.

Thus, the official business style of the English language is intended to play the role of a tool by which an understanding of the essence of the matter is achieved by the parties, which leads to the signing of various agreements.