Psychology and pedagogy of higher education. Actual problems of higher education pedagogy
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
State educational institution of higher professional education
"KAZAN STATE ENERGY UNIVERSITY"
HIGHER SCHOOL PEDAGOGY
Training and metodology complex
Kazan 2011
LECTURES
LECTURE 1
HIGHER SCHOOL PEDAGOGY: BASIC CONCEPTS AND HISTORY OF FORMATION
learning goals 1. Have an idea about the essence and specifics of the pedagogy of higher education; The allotted time is 2 hours. Lecture plan 1. Object, subject of pedagogy, tasks and categorical apparatus of pedagogy. Communication of pedagogy with other sciences. Methodological foundations of pedagogy. Pedagogy of higher education, its specifics and categories. Modern educational paradigms. Object, subject of pedagogy, tasks and categorical apparatus of pedagogy. Communication of pedagogy with other sciences. Methodological foundations of pedagogy In the usual view, the term "pedagogy" has several meanings. They designate pedagogical science and pedagogical practice (equalizing it already with the art of interaction); define pedagogy as a system of activity that is projected in educational materials, methods and recommendations, or as a system of ideas about certain approaches to learning, methods and organizational forms (collaboration pedagogy, development pedagogy, etc.). Such a variety rather harms pedagogy, hinders a clear understanding and scientific presentation of the theoretical foundations and practical conclusions of science. For science, there must be an immutable explicit and clear definition of the basic concepts, statements, object and subject. This allows not to be distracted and not to go sideways when explaining complex problems of science. In the most general way sciencedefined as the sphere of human activity in which the development and theoretical systematization of objective knowledge about reality takes place.Activities in the field of science - scientific research. This is a special form of the process of cognition, such a systematic and directed study of objects, in which the means and methods of science are used and which ends with the formation of knowledge about the objects under study. The object of science is the area of reality that this science explores; the subject of science is a way of seeing an object from the standpoint of this science(how the object is considered, what relations, aspects and functions inherent in it are highlighted). It is important to emphasize that there is no generally accepted point of view on the object and subject of pedagogy. Pedagogy got its name from Greek words(paidos) - child and (ago) - lead. In literal translation (paydagos) - means schoolmaster. A teacher in Ancient Greece was a slave who literally took the child of his master by the hand and accompanied him to school. The teacher in this school was often another slave, only a scientist. Gradually, the word (pedagogy) began to be used in a more general sense to denote the art of leading a child through life, i.e. educate him, train him, guide his spiritual and bodily development. Often, next to the names of people who later became famous, the names of the teachers who raised them are also called. Over time, the accumulation of knowledge led to the emergence of a special science of the upbringing and education of children. This understanding of pedagogy persisted until the middle of the 20th century. And only in recent decades, there has been an understanding that not only children, but also adults need qualified pedagogical guidance. That's why objectpedagogical science is human.In the world pedagogical lexicon, new concepts are increasingly used - "andragogy" or "andragogy" (from the Greek "andros" - a man and "ago" - to lead) and "anthropogogy" (Greek "anthropos" - a person and "ago" - lead). Currently subjectPedagogy is a special, purposeful, socially and personally determined activity to introduce a person to the life of society. Traditionally, it is referred to as upbringing.
However, this term is ambiguous. At least four meanings are distinguished. Education is understood: in a broad social sense, when it comes to the impact on a person of all the surrounding reality; in a narrow social sense, when we mean purposeful activity covering the entire educational process; in a broad pedagogical sense, when education is understood as special educational work; in a narrow pedagogical sense, when we mean the solution of a specific educational task, for example, associated with the formation of moral qualities (moral education). In this case, it is always necessary to stipulate in what sense it is said about education. The closest thing in meaning to the above designation of the very special type of activity that pedagogical science studies is socialization
, which is understood as the process of inclusion of a growing person in society due to the assimilation and reproduction by the individual of social experience, historically accumulated culture. However, the meaning of this term goes beyond the scope of proper pedagogical ideas. On the one hand, it belongs to a broader philosophical and sociological context, abstracting from the specific characteristics of pedagogical reality. On the other hand, it leaves in the shade the most important circumstance for the teacher that the essential aspect of the inclusion of a person in the life of society should be personalization
, that is, the formation of personality. It is the personality that is able to show an independent attitude to life and creativity. Closer to the reality under consideration is the concept of "education". This word means both a social phenomenon and a pedagogical process. In the law of the Russian Federation "On Education" it is defined as " purposeful process of education and training in the interests of the individual, society and the state. Teachers who traditionally use the word “education” have difficulties in communicating with foreign colleagues, especially if the conversation is conducted in English. Namely, this language, as you know, serves in our time as a means of international communication. It is impossible to translate the word "education" into English in such a way that all the nuances mentioned above are preserved. Moreover, it should be noted that in the English-speaking tradition the term "pedagogy as a science" is practically not used; instead of it, “science (or sciences) about education” is used; in relation to the field of educational activity, there is the term “Art”. The term "pedagogy" is adopted mainly in German-speaking, French-speaking, Scandinavian and Eastern European countries. In the 2nd half of the 20th century, the designation "science of education" penetrated into some countries where the term "pedagogy" has long come into use, however, the experience accumulated here in the theoretical development of educational problems in the categories of pedagogy is often not taken into account in the English-language scientific literature, the problems of correlation and the delimitation of the main pedagogical categories has been studied little. The International Encyclopaedia of Education (1994) does not have an article “Pedagogy”, just as there is no article “Education” (which quite eloquently indicates the difficulties of a holistic scientific characterization of these phenomena themselves). Only in the preface to the publication it is noted that in the Scandinavian countries and Germany the term "pedagogy" is used, which has a narrower meaning than English. "education", namely, relating primarily to schooling. Thus, there is no final, generally accepted solution today. If all of the above is taken into account, then the most concise, general, and at the same time relatively precise definition contemporary
Pedagogy is the science of education (training and upbringing) of a person. Reflecting on the purpose of science, D.I. Mendeleev came to the conclusion that every scientific theory has two main and final goals - purpose and benefit. Pedagogy is no exception to the general rule. Pedagogical science performs the same functions as any other scientific discipline: description, explanation and prediction of the phenomena of the area of reality that it studies.However, pedagogical science, the subject of which lies in the social and humanitarian sphere, has its own specifics. So, although the process of obtaining pedagogical knowledge is subject to general laws scientific knowledge and the introduction of accurate, rigorous research methods into this process is necessary, the nature and results of pedagogical research are largely determined by the influence of the attitudes of practical value consciousness. The prognostic function of pedagogical theory, unlike, for example, theory in physics, consists not only in foresight, but also in transformation. Pedagogical science cannot confine itself to an objective reflection of what is being studied, even if it is the most reliable one. It is required from it to influence the pedagogical reality, to improve it. Therefore, it combines two functions that in other scientific fields are usually divided between different disciplines: - scientific and theoretical -reflection of pedagogical reality as it is, as a being (knowledge about the success and failure of teachers' work on new textbooks, about the difficulties that students experience when studying educational materials of a certain type, about the composition, functions and structure of the content of education, etc.); - constructive and technical (normative, regulatory)- reflection of pedagogical reality as it should be (general principles of education and upbringing, pedagogical rules, guidelines etc.) .
It is necessary to distinguish between scientific and practical tasks of pedagogy. Practical work in this area is aimed at specific results of the activities of educating and educating people, and scientific work is aimed at obtaining knowledge about how this activity objectively proceeds and what needs to be done to make it more effective, as much as possible corresponding to the goals set. In general, the tasks of pedagogy as a science can be represented as follows: 1. Opening patterns in the field of education and management of educational systems.Patterns in pedagogy are considered as connections between specially created or objectively existing conditions and the results achieved. The results are education, upbringing and personal development. 2. Study and generalization of practice, experience of pedagogical activity.This task presupposes, on the one hand, the theoretical substantiation and scientific interpretation of the advanced pedagogical experience, identifying in innovative author's approaches what can be transferred to mass pedagogical practice, and on the other hand, a thorough study of pedagogical errors and the causes of negative phenomena in the educational process. . Development of new methods, means, forms, systems of training, education, management of educational structures.The solution to this problem is largely based on the study of new discoveries in related scientific fields (psychology, physiology, sociology, etc.), and is also determined by the understanding of the specifics of the modern social order in the field of education (for example, today school and university graduates are more required to have creative abilities and, consequently, pedagogical science is forced to more intensively develop ways to solve this problem). . Forecasting education.Theoretical models of the proposed development of the educational infrastructure are necessary, first of all, for managing the policy and economics of education, and improving pedagogical activity. . Implementation of research results into practice.One of the ways to solve this problem is scientific and practical centers, laboratories, associations. The effectiveness of solving this problem is largely achieved by involving teachers-practitioners in the preparation and conduct of research and the creation of a new pedagogical product (technology, methodology, methodological equipment, etc.) .Development of theoretical, methodological foundations of innovative processes, rational connections between theory and practice, interpenetration of research and practical activities. Much richer and more varied are those tasks that arise promptly, under the influence of the needs of practice and science itself. Many of them are not predictable, but require a quick solution. Education studies not only pedagogy, but a number of other sciences: psychology (psychological aspects of education, the personality of the teacher, the personality of the pupil, etc.), sociology (the team and the individual, relationships in communities, etc.), philosophy, history, cultural studies , valeology and many others. Pedagogy is undoubtedly closely related to the results of research conducted in these sciences. In general, there are two types of connection between pedagogy and other sciences: 1.
Methodological connection.
This type includes: the use in pedagogy of fundamental ideas, general concepts that arise in other sciences (for example, from philosophy); use of research methods used in other sciences (for example, from sociology). 2.
subject connection.
This type of connection is characterized by: using specific results of other sciences (for example, from psychology, medicine, physiology of higher nervous activity, etc.); participation in complex research. In principle, any scientific knowledge can be useful to pedagogy; it can interact with almost any scientific discipline. However, with two of them her relationship is special. It is philosophy and psychology. The longest and most productive is connection of pedagogy with philosophy,performing a methodological function in pedagogy. The direction of pedagogical search and its results depend on the system of philosophical views of researchers (materialistic, idealistic, dialectical, pragmatic, existential, etc.). Philosophy develops a system of general principles and methods of scientific knowledge, is the theoretical basis for understanding the pedagogical field and creating pedagogical concepts. Pedagogical facts and phenomena cannot receive a scientific status without their philosophical substantiation. On the other hand, pedagogy is a "testing ground" for the application and testing of philosophical ideas. It develops ways and means of forming a person's worldview. Undoubtedly the closest connection of pedagogy with psychology. However, it is necessary to realize very clearly that the subject of study of psychology as a science is the psyche and the psychological structure of the personality (the main components of which are consciousness, activity, self-consciousness), which means that it provides the starting data on which it is necessary to scientifically build the entire system of education and upbringing. And this is what pedagogy does. Among the most important connections with psychology pedagogy refers to:
1. Age characteristics of groups of pupils and trainees. Ideas about mental processes. Interpretations of individual personality characteristics, first of all - independence, activity, motivation. Presentation of the goal of education in a form that pedagogy can perceive in the form of content. In its development, general pedagogy both integrates with other sciences (pedagogical psychology, pedagogical ethics, etc. have appeared), and differentiates itself - i.e. stands out in a number of relatively independent scientific sections, branches of pedagogy. The separate independent branches of pedagogy that have developed to date form a system (interconnected set) of pedagogical disciplines that make up the unity, which is characterized by the term "pedagogy as a science". Common to all such disciplines is the subject of pedagogy, that is, education. Each of them specifically considers the side of education, highlighting its own subject. The classification of pedagogical disciplines can be carried out for various reasons. 1.
The sciences of education, training and pedagogy itself. General Pedagogyas a basic discipline that studies the basic patterns of education; Didactics (learning theory), which gives a scientific justification for the learning process theory of education,giving scientific substantiation of the process of education Private methods(subject didactics) explore the specifics of the application of general patterns of learning to the teaching of individual subjects; History of Pedagogy and Educationstudying the development of pedagogical ideas and educational practices in different historical eras; Comparative Pedagogyexplores the patterns of functioning and development of educational and upbringing systems in different countries by comparing and finding similarities and differences. Methodology of Pedagogy- the science of pedagogy itself, its status, development, conceptual composition, methods of obtaining new reliable scientific knowledge. 2.
Branches of the application of pedagogical provisions to various stages of education, certain contingents of pupils and students, and to areas of activity. Age Pedagogy- studying the features of training and education in different age periods (preschool, school pedagogy, adult pedagogy); professional pedagogy,studying the theory and practice of vocational education (pedagogy of primary vocational education, pedagogy of secondary vocational education, pedagogy of higher education, industrial pedagogy) Correctional (special) pedagogy- develop the theoretical foundations, principles, methods and forms and means of upbringing and education of children and adults with deviations in the physical and social development of deaf pedagogy (training and education of the deaf and hearing impaired), typhlopedagogy (training and education of the blind and visually impaired), oligophrenopedagogy (training and education of mentally retarded and children with mental retardation), speech therapy (training and education of children with speech disorders); Branch Pedagogy(military, sports, criminological, etc.) social pedagogy- science and practice of creating a system of educational activities to optimize the education of the individual, taking into account the specific conditions of the social environment. Correctional labor pedagogycontains the theoretical justification and development of the practice of re-education of offenders of all ages. The main pedagogical concepts expressing scientific generalizations are usually called pedagogical categories. These are the most general and capacious concepts that reflect the essence of science, its established and typical properties. In any science, categories play a leading role, they permeate all scientific knowledge and, as it were, link it into an integral system. For example, in physics it is mass, force, and in economics the main categories are money, cost, etc. In pedagogy, there are many approaches to the definition of its conceptual and categorical apparatus. Nevertheless, with regard to pedagogy, it should be said that the personality, or rather, the processes that influence its formation, is at the center of all pedagogical knowledge. Thus, to major categoriespedagogy include: education, training, education, development, formation.
Education
- this is a purposeful, systematic process of interrelated activities of a teacher and a student (teaching + learning), aimed at forming a system of knowledge, skills and abilities among students and developing their abilities. Upbringing
- the process of purposeful formation of personality in the conditions of a specially organized system that ensures the interaction of educators and educatees. Development -
process
quantitative and qualitative changes in the inherited and acquired properties of a person. Formation
- the process and result of personality development under the influence of external and internal factors (upbringing, training, social and natural environment, personal activity of the individual, training, development, formation.
1.
Philosophical categories
reflect the most common features and connections, aspects and properties of reality, help to understand and display the patterns and trends in the development of pedagogy itself and that part of reality that it studies. It is impossible to talk about the object of pedagogy without using the word socialization, or - about the theory, dispensing with concepts: essence, phenomenon, general, singular, contradiction, cause, effect, possibility, reality, quality, quantity, being, consciousness, law, regularity, practiceand etc. 2.
General scientific categories
- common to many special sciences, but different from philosophical categories. It is hardly possible, when conducting pedagogical research, to do without such concepts as: system, structure, function, element, optimality, state, organization, formalization, model, hypothesis, leveland etc. 3.
Private scientific
- own concepts of pedagogy. These include: pedagogy, education, upbringing, learning, self-education, self-education, teaching, teaching, teaching method (education), educational material, learning situation, teacher, student, teacher, student, etc. Comprehension of general scientific concepts in relation to pedagogical science leads to the enrichment of its own terminology with such combinations: pedagogical system, pedagogical activity, pedagogical reality, educational (pedagogical) process, pedagogical interaction.Let's give them a brief description. Systemdefined as an integral complex of elements connected in such a way that with a change in one, others change.Pedagogical system
- a set of interconnected structural components united by a single educational goal of personality development.
Activity,considering from philosophical positions, acts as a specifically human form of an active relationship to the surrounding world, the content of which is its expedient change and transformation.
Pedagogical activity -
a set of activities that implement the function of introducing human beings to participate in the life of society. Pedagogical reality
- that part of reality taken for scientific consideration in the aspect of pedagogical activity. Processdefined as change system states,Consequently,
educational (pedagogical) process
- change in the state of the education system as an activity.
Pedagogical interaction
- the essential characteristic of the pedagogical process, which is a deliberate contact (long-term or temporary) between the teacher and the pupil, which results in mutual changes in behavior, activities and relationships. 4.
Categories borrowed from related sciences:
psychology - perception, understanding, mental development memorization, ability, skill, cybernetics - feedback, dynamic system.
Unlike sciences such as mathematics, physics or logic, pedagogy uses mostly common words. But, getting into the everyday life of science, the words of a natural language must acquire the inherent quality of a scientific term - unambiguity, which allows them to be understood by all scientists in this field. Among the concepts that a teacher has to deal with, the concept of "methodology" appears as one of the most difficult and, therefore, often not in demand. The very word "methodology" is associated in the minds of many with something abstract, far from life, reduced to quotations from philosophical texts, ideological and administrative documents, weakly connected with pedagogy in general and the current needs of pedagogical theory and practice in particular. However, overestimate the value methodology of pedagogy
(however, like the methodology of any other science) is impossible. Without methodological knowledge, it is impossible to competently conduct pedagogical (any) research. Such literacy is provided by the mastery of a methodological culture, the content of which includes methodological reflection (the ability to analyze one’s own scientific activity), the ability to scientific justification, critical reflection and creative application of certain concepts, forms and methods of knowledge, management, design. Back in the 19th century the researcher had to substantiate only the result obtained. He was required to show that this result was achieved in accordance with the rules accepted in this field of knowledge and that it fits into a wider system of knowledge. Currently, the study must be substantiated even before its implementation. It is necessary to indicate the starting points, the logic of the study, the intended result and the method for obtaining this result. In order to determine the place of the methodology of pedagogy in common system methodological knowledge, it must be taken into account that its four levels are distinguished. The content of the higher - philosophical -level constitute the entire system of philosophical knowledge: categories, laws, patterns, approaches. So, for pedagogy, the philosophical law of the transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones is manifested in the levels of development and education of a person. Second level - general scientific methodology- represents theoretical provisions that can be applied to all or most scientific disciplines (system approach, activity approach, characteristics of different types of scientific research, their stages and elements: hypothesis, object and subject of research, goal, tasks, etc.) . Thus, a systematic approach in pedagogy provides for the need to consider objects and phenomena of pedagogical reality as complete systems having a certain structure and their own laws of functioning. Third level - concrete scientific methodology- a set of methods, principles of research and procedures used in a particular scientific discipline. Fourth level - technological methodology- make up the methodology and technique of research, i.e. a set of procedures that provide reliable empirical material and primary processing. To date, after many years of discussions, discussions and specific research developments, the following definition of the methodology of pedagogy (the third level of methodology) has been formed: the methodology of pedagogy is a system of knowledge about the foundations and structure of pedagogical theory, about the principles of approach and obtaining knowledge that reflect pedagogical reality, as well as a system of activities to obtain such knowledge and substantiate programs, logic and methods, quality assessment research work.
(V.V. Kraevsky, M.A. Danilov) To the leading tasks of the methodology of pedagogy V.V. Kraevsky relates: Definition and clarification of the subject of pedagogy and its place among other sciences. Identification of the most important issues of pedagogical research. Establishment of principles and methods of obtaining knowledge about pedagogical reality. Determination of directions for the development of pedagogical theory. Identification of ways of interaction between science and practice, the main ways of introducing the achievements of science into pedagogical practice. Analysis of foreign pedagogical concepts. Methodological culture is needed not only for a scientific worker. The mental act in the pedagogical process is aimed at solving the problems that arise in this process, and here one cannot do without reflection, i.e. thinking about your activities. In order to more clearly imagine the meaning of the methodological basis of science, let us recall what kind of knowledge is scientific. F. Bacon once said that scientific knowledge is knowledge that goes back to the knowledge of causes. K. Jung spoke about this in a somewhat different interpretation when he considered the fact connected with the reaction of the layman and the scientist to an ordinary puddle. If the first is concerned only with how to get around it, then the second is interested in the question - why did it arise. A well-known philosopher and no less famous psychologist agree that scientific knowledge is knowledge that leads people to identify cause-and-effect relationships in the functioning of a particular phenomenon. Knowing them, people can identify the conditions under which these dependencies work. Reliable knowledge of such conditions and the corresponding cause-and-effect relationships is the methodological basis of science, including pedagogy. The main features of the methodological culture of a practical worker in education (teacher, teacher, lecturer) are: understanding of methodology as a system of principles and methods for constructing not only theoretical, but also practical (productive) activities; mastering the principles of dialectical logic; understanding the essence of pedagogy as a science of education and the main categories of pedagogy; installation on the transformation of pedagogical theory into a method of cognitive activity; mastering the principles of the unity of education and social policy, a systematic and holistic approach, expanding the total subject of education, the priority of developing and educational goals in a holistic pedagogical process. the focus of the teacher's thinking on the genesis of pedagogical forms and methods; the desire to reveal the unity and continuity of pedagogical knowledge in its historical development; critical attitude to the arguments and provisions that lie in the plane of everyday pedagogical consciousness; understanding of the ideological, humanistic functions of pedagogy; design and construction of the educational process; the ability and desire to use scientific pedagogical knowledge to analyze and improve their work; awareness, formulation and creative solution of pedagogical problems; reflection on their own cognitive and practical activities. Thus, the possession of the methodology of pedagogy allows the teacher, the teacher to competently carry out the pedagogical process, to eliminate the method of "trial and error". Modern educational paradigms At present, in pedagogy, the term "paradigm" has received enough wide use, however, very different concepts are often put into its meaning. For example, there are calls for a transition to a “humanistic paradigm”, the paradigms of a technical society and Orthodox pedagogy are substantiated, and so on. The term "paradigm" (from the Greek "sample") was introduced into the science of science by T. Kuhn in 1962. Paradigm
- recognized by all scientific achievements, which for a certain time provide a model for posing problems and their solutions to the scientific community.The paradigm approach has been at the center of research by domestic and foreign science scholars for four decades: J. Agassi, I. Lakatos, J. Holton, P.P. Gaidenko, L.A. Markova and others. Let us limit the classification of educational paradigms to two polar ones in terms of their characteristics: 1. Traditionalistic paradigm (or knowledge).
The main goal of training and education in the conditions of this paradigm is to give a person deep, strong versatile academic knowledge. The main source of knowledge is the educator (teacher). The learner is seen mainly as an object to be filled with knowledge. Personal aspects of learning are reduced to the formation of cognitive motivation and cognitive abilities. Therefore, the main attention is paid to the information support of the individual, not to its development, which is considered as a “by-product” of educational activity. As a kind of knowledge can be distinguished technocratic paradigm (or pragmatic). Its main goal of training and education is to give a person the knowledge, skills and abilities that will be practically useful and necessary in life and professional activity, will help to interact correctly with modern technology. The main principle is polytechnics in teaching. Thus, the knowledge and technocratic paradigms of education do not focus on the student's personality as a subject of the educational process. The student is only an object of pedagogical influence. It is planned to standardize the educational process, in which learning technologies are focused mainly on the capabilities of the average student. A direct (imperative) style of managing students' learning activities is used. Models of education built on the principles of these paradigms are characterized by monologized teaching, underestimation of the role of initiative and creativity of the subjects of the educational process. Both models are aimed at the formation of a personality with predetermined properties and the transfer of the content of teaching methods in finished form. At present, in Russian education, the outdated educational and disciplinary model is being replaced by a humanistic, personality-developing model, centered around the approach to students as full partners, in terms of cooperation and denying a manipulative approach to them. . Person-oriented (humanistic or subject-subject) paradigm. The main goal is to promote the development of a person's abilities, the development of his personality, his spiritual growth, his morality and self-improvement, self-realization. A person may not know much, but it is important that a truly spiritual and moral person is formed, capable of self-development and self-improvement; at the center of this paradigm is a person with all his weaknesses and virtues. The essence of the humanistic paradigm lies in the consistent attitude of the teacher (teacher) to the student (student) as an individual, an independent and responsible subject of his own development and, at the same time, as a subject of educational influence. The main difference between this paradigm and the traditional one lies, first of all, in the fact that subject-object relations are replaced by subject-subject ones (Table 1). The subject-object paradigm of learning has inherent shortcomings that are largely characteristic of higher education in modern Russia: · a natural lag in the pace of transformation of the social sphere from the pace of transformation of the economy - Russia, whose market status of the economy is officially recognized by the international community, essentially preserved the state system of higher education in its original form, created and effectively working in the conditions of the planned economy of the Soviet state. Table 1 Comparative characteristics of the traditionalist and humanistic paradigms of education Comparable indicators Educational paradigmTraditionalistic (subject - object) Humanistic (subject - subject) 1 The main mission of education Preparing the younger generation for life and work Providing conditions for self-determination and self-realization 2 Axiological basis The needs of society and production The needs and interests of the individual 3 The goals of education The formation of a personality with predetermined properties The development of the individual as a subject of life and a person of culture 4 The role of knowledge, skills and skills The content of education Transfer to the student of ready-made samples of knowledge, skills and abilities Creation by a person of the image of the world in himself through active positing himself in the world of subject, social and spiritual culture6. The position of the pupil (student) The object of pedagogical influence, trainableThe subject of cognitive activity, student7. The role position of the teacher (teacher) Subject-oriented position: source and controller of knowledge Person-oriented: coordinator, consultant, assistant, organizer8. The relationship between the teacher and the student is subject-object, monologicrelationships: imitation, imitation, following patterns. Rivalry prevails over cooperation. Subject-subjective, dialogicrelations - joint activities to achieve the goals of education8. The nature of educational and cognitive activity Reproductive (response) activity of the student Active cognitive activity of the student · psychological stability and inertia of the stereotypes of imperative pedagogy. Any attempts only to draw attention to the positive aspects of the organization and functioning of modern foreign educational systems cause violent protests from many adherents of the Soviet system of higher education, which was really effective for its time. The gap between the knowledge, skills and abilities of students and the rapidly changing requirements of real life -in practice, education is more often directed to the past rather than to the future. In this regard, we will only point out the cumbersome, which has no analogues in the world, is reviewed according to the legislation no less than one once every ten yearsthe system of Russian state educational standards that significantly limit the autonomy of universities and the initiative of teachers to continuously improve and develop the content of education. · the extremely limited possibilities of individualization of the educational process, academic mobility of students and educational programs declared in our higher education in the conditions of a flow-group organization. The absence of the majority of students who are forced to combine their studies at the university with work, the ability to flexibly plan their study time has become the reason for the decrease in interest in studies and performance indicators, which is uncharacteristic for previous years and is now observed among many senior students. With flow-group training, it is very difficult to consistently master the educational programs of primary, secondary and higher vocational education in a shortened time frame, which is very inefficient in terms of public spending on education. In the modern world, the humanistic paradigm is gaining more and more priority. LECTURE 2. DIDACTICS OF THE HIGHER SCHOOL
learning goals 1. Have an idea about the essence of didactics of higher education; Know the object, subject, tasks, functions and categories of didactics of higher education Know the laws and principles of teaching in higher education. The allotted time is 4 hours. Lecture plan 1. 2.Pedagogy of higher education, its specifics and categories. .Principles of teaching as the main guideline in teaching The concept, functions and main categories of didactics, didactics of higher education. The origin of the term "didactics" goes back to the Greek language, in which "didaktikos" means teaching, and "didasko" - studying. It was first introduced into scientific circulation by the German teacher Wolfgang Rathke (1571-1635), in a course of lectures entitled “A Brief Report from Didactics, or the Art of Ratichia Teaching” (“Kurzer Bericht von der Didactica, oder Lehrkunst Wolfgangi Ratichii”). The great Czech educator Jan Amos Comenius (1592-1670) used this concept in the same sense, publishing in 1657 in Amsterdam his famous work “The Great Didactics, Representing the Universal Art of Teaching Everyone Everything”. In the modern sense, didactics is the most important branch of scientific knowledge that studies and investigates the problems of education and training. Didactics is a theoretical and at the same time normative-applied science. Didactic studies make real learning processes their object, provide knowledge about the regular connections between its various aspects, reveal the essential characteristics of the structural and content elements of the learning process. This is the scientific and theoretical function of didactics. The theoretical knowledge obtained allows us to solve many problems associated with learning, namely: to bring the content of education in line with changing goals, to establish the principles of learning, to determine the optimal possibilities of teaching methods and means, to design new educational technologies, etc. All these are features of normative and applied (constructive) function of didactics. Consider the basic concepts of didactics. Education
- purposeful, pre-designed communication, during which the education, upbringing and development of the student is carried out, certain aspects of the experience of mankind, the experience of activity and knowledge are assimilated. Learning as a process is characterized by the joint activity of the teacher and students, which has as its goal the development of the latter, the formation of their knowledge, skills, skills, i.e. general orienting basis for specific activities. The teacher carries out the activity denoted by the term "teaching", the learner is included in the activity teachingsthat satisfies his cognitive needs. The process of learning is largely generated by motivation. Knowledge
-
it is a person's reflection of objective reality in the form of facts, ideas, concepts and laws of science. They represent the collective experience of mankind, the result of the knowledge of objective reality. Skill
- is the willingness to consciously and independently perform practical and theoretical actions based on acquired knowledge, life experience and acquired skills. Skills
-
these are the components of practical activity, manifested in the performance of the necessary actions, brought to perfection through repeated exercise. Pedagogical process
-
this is a way of organizing educational relations, which consists in the purposeful selection and use of external factors for the development of participants.
The pedagogical process is created by the teacher. Main subjects of the pedagogical processin higher education are teacherand students.
The structure of the pedagogical process in both secondary and higher education remains unchanged: Purpose - Principles - Content - Methods - Means - Forms Learning objectives
- the initial component of the pedagogical process. In it, the teacher and the student understand the final result of their joint activities. Learning principles
- serve to establish ways to implement the goals of training. Content of training
- part of the experience of previous generations of people, which must be passed on to students in order to achieve their learning goals through the chosen ways of realizing these goals. Teaching methods
- a logical chain of interrelated actions of a teacher and a student, through which the content is transmitted and perceived, which is processed and reproduced. Means of education
- materialized subject methods of processing the content of training in conjunction with teaching methods. Forms of organization of training
- provide the logical completeness of the learning process. Laws and patterns of teaching in higher education.
The teacher, dealing with the design of the educational process, certainly sets himself the task of understanding the learning process. The result of this knowledge is the establishment of the laws and patterns of the learning process. Pedagogical Law
- internal, essential, stable connection of pedagogical phenomena, which determines their necessary, natural development. Law social conditionality of goals, content and teaching methodsreveals the objective process of the determining influence of social relations, the social system on the formation of all elements of education and training. It is a question of using this law to fully and optimally transfer the social order to the level of pedagogical means and methods. Law educational and developmental education.Reveals the ratio of mastery of knowledge, methods of activity and comprehensive development of the individual. Law conditionality of training and education by the nature of students' activitiesreveals the relationship between pedagogical guidance and the development of students' own activity, between the ways of organizing training and its results. Law integrity and unity of the pedagogical processreveals the ratio of the part and the whole in the pedagogical process, the need for a harmonious unity of the rational, emotional, reporting and search, meaningful, operational and motivational components, etc. the law of unity and relationship between theory and practice in teaching.
One of the tasks of didactics is to establishlearning patterns
and, thereby, to make the learning process for him more conscious, manageable, effective. Didactic patterns establish connections between the teacher, students and the material being studied. Knowledge of these patterns allows the teacher to build the learning process optimally in different pedagogical situations. Patterns of learning are objective, essential, stable, recurring connections between the constituent parts, components of the learning process (this is an expression of the operation of laws in specific conditions).
External patterns of the learning processcharacterize the dependence of learning on social processes and conditions: · socio-economic, · political situation, · cultural level, · the needs of society in a certain type of personality and level of education. Internal patterns of the learning process- links between its components: goals, content, methods, means, forms, i.e. it is the relationship between teaching, learning, and the material being studied. Consider these patterns: The teaching activity of the teacher is predominantly educational in nature.The educational impact can be positive or negative, have a greater or lesser force, depending on the conditions in which learning takes place. Relationship between teacher-student interaction and learning outcomes.Learning cannot take place if there is no interdependent activity of the participants in the learning process, there is no their unity. A particular manifestation of this regularity is between the student's activity and the results of learning: the more intense, more conscious the student's educational and cognitive activity, the higher the quality of education. The strength of assimilation of educational material depends on the systematic direct and delayed repetition of what has been studied, on its inclusion in previously studied and new material.The development of mental abilities and skills of students depends on the use of search methods, problem-based learning and other methods and means that activate intellectual activity. The next pedagogical regularity is modeling (recreation) in the educational process of the conditions of future professional activityspecialists. The formation of concepts in the minds of students will take place only in the case of organizing cognitive activity to identify essential features, phenomena, objects, technological operations for comparing, delimiting concepts, establishing their content, volume, etc. All the regularities of the pedagogical process are interconnected, manifest themselves through a lot of accidents, which significantly complicates it. At the same time, acting as stable trends, these patterns clearly determine the direction of the work of teachers and students. These patterns serve as the basis for developing a system of strategic ideas that form the core of modern pedagogical learning concepts:
· the orientation of training and education to the formation of a personality, an individuality with spiritual wealth, universal values, morality, comprehensively and harmoniously developed, capable of preparatory and productive activities; · the unity of the organization of educational, cognitive, search, creative activity of the student as a condition for the formation of personality; · the organic unity of teaching and upbringing, which requires considering teaching as a specific way of upbringing and giving it a developing and upbringing character; · optimization of content, methods, means; installation on the selection of methods that bring the maximum effect with relatively low cost time and labor. The implementation of the considered laws and patterns in the educational activities of the university allows us to consider the pedagogical process as an integral phenomenon that provides high-quality training of future specialists for professional activities. Summarized are the following requirements for the process of education in higher education:
· The content of the program material should reflect scientific truth, correspond to the current state of science, connection with life, and its presentation should correspond to the level of the latest achievements of didactics. · Systematically create problem situations, observe the logic of the cognitive process and teach strict evidence of judgments and conclusions, which determines the developmental nature of the learning process. · A mandatory combination of words and visualization, the use of a complex of modern technical teaching aids, the development of imagination, technical thinking as the basis of creative search activity. · Compulsory combination of education and upbringing, give examples of the connection between theory and practice, with life, develop the ideological aspect of education. · Systematically arouse interest in learning, form cognitive needs and creative activity. The emotionality of teaching is a must! · Be sure to take into account the individual and age characteristics of students in the design of each lesson. · Consistency in training, the need to rely on previous knowledge, skills and abilities, thus ensuring the availability of training. · To constantly form the skills and abilities of students by applying their knowledge in practice, the obligatory performance of laboratory and practical work by them. · Systematic and systematic accounting and control of knowledge, its quality and application in practice, systematic assessment of the work of each student, the indispensable encouragement of any success. · Overloading students with training sessions is unacceptable. Pedagogy of higher education, its specifics and categories L.I. Gurie gives the following definition of higher education pedagogy: "Pedagogy of higher education is a field of knowledge that expresses the main scientific ideas that give a holistic view of the patterns and significant connections in educational, cognitive, scientific, educational, professional training and the comprehensive development of students"
First of all, it should be noted that the pedagogy of higher education is a branch, a section of general pedagogy, or rather, professional pedagogy, studying regularities, carrying out theoretical substantiation, developing principles, technologies for upbringing and educating a person focused on a specific professional sphere of reality. Subjectstudying the pedagogy of higher education is only one stage in professional development - the process of training and education of specialists with higher professional education.
Thus, we will understand higher education pedagogy
- branch (section) of general (professional) pedagogy, studying the main components(regularities, principles, forms, methods, technologies, content ) the educational process at the university, as well as features and conditions (requirements for the process of interaction between a teacher and a student, requirements for personalitiesteacher and student, etc. .) effective implementation of professional training of the future specialist.
Let's bring tasks of professional pedagogy, which can be attributed to tasks of higher education pedagogyas the general to the particular. They include: Development of theoretical and methodological foundations of vocational education and research methods in professional pedagogy. Substantiation of the essence, aspects and functions of vocational education. The study of the history of the development of vocational education and pedagogical thought. Analysis of the current state and forecasting of the development of vocational education in our country and abroad. Identification of regularities of vocational training, education and personal development. Substantiation of educational standards and content of vocational education. Development of new principles, methods, systems and technologies of vocational education. Determination of the principles, methods and ways of managing professional and pedagogical systems, monitoring the professional educational process and professional development of students. In addition, one can distinguish tasks of pedagogy of the higher schoolin the practical field :
1. Formation of the skills and abilities of teachers of higher education methodologically sound conduct of all types of educational, scientific and educational work. Establishing a connection between training, professional readiness and the formation of students' stable skills for conducting research work based on this connection. Transformation of the educational process into the process of development of independent, creative thinking. Formation, development, manifestation of pedagogical skills in order to mobilize students for a variety of creative activities. Analysis of the socio-pedagogical factor, laws and features of the formation of students' pedagogical knowledge, skills, pedagogical consciousness. Arming teachers with psychological knowledge. The use of the content of pedagogy of higher education as a program of action for the organization and conduct of diverse types of pedagogical activities. K to ategorical apparatus of higher education pedagogy, in addition to general pedagogical, it is possible to include professional and pedagogical categories, such as: Professional education- the process and result of the professional development of the individual through scientifically organized vocational training and education. Professional education
- the process and result of mastering professional knowledge, skills and abilities by students. professional education- the process and result of the formation of professionally important qualities(distinguish between general and special PVK) .