Basic functional styles of speech. Characteristics of speech styles

A primitive man from an animal began to be distinguished by the ability to think, speak and create images. Using symbols and sound signals, people created languages ​​and writing. The ability to materialize thoughts through language and signs is called speech - oral and written. Speech and language is what helps people communicate with each other, unites or separates them.

The concept of language

Language as a part of speech originated in the days of the tribal system. The transmission of information through symbols and sounds became part of the culture of a particular tribe. When the tribes united, their languages ​​mixed, complemented each other, and the community of people united by a single language was called nationality.

receiving further development and distribution, the language became the property of the nation. Today, there are peoples who have their own language and speech, the culture of speech of their country differs from the language of neighboring peoples. There are also countries that have different nations, but a single language. For example, in England and the United States, English is the national language, as is Spanish in Mexico, Spain, Argentina, and Chile.

Thus, language is a set of sound signals and written symbols inherent in a certain community of people and understandable to them. In every nationality, in addition to the main language, there are its varieties - dialects. They developed through the mixing of peoples and the interaction of their languages ​​​​with each other.

Another concept inherent in language is dialect. For example, the Russian language and culture of speech: the northern Russian dialect is distinguished by a clear “okan” compared to the southern Russian dialect “akan”.

There is also the concept of language families, which include languages ​​that have common roots, such as the Romano-Germanic group, the Turkic-Mongolian and others.

The concept of speech

Speech is a way of voicing thoughts through spoken language or writing. With the help of speech, people communicate and transmit information in the languages ​​they speak. The concept of "speech" in psychology refers to psycholinguistics - the ability of a person to create mental images and transmit them using language.

Speech and language are always inseparable. At the same time, the language can exist and develop without the direct participation of certain person, as it belongs to the whole nation, even to those who have died long ago. Speech without knowledge of languages ​​is impossible, but at the same time it characterizes the thinking of each individual person.

By the manner in which a person expresses his thoughts, by what his language and speech, the culture of speech, one can create his psychological portrait, level of education, belonging to a certain stratum of society. By how competently, consistently, colorfully or logically people express their thoughts, one can judge the type of their thinking.

The speech and language that a person uses has certain uses:

• the impact option helps to influence the actions, worldview and actions of other people;
• a message variant is used to transfer data between individuals or communities;
• a variant of expressing feelings and emotional perception of the surrounding reality;
• the designation option allows you to give definitions to objects and phenomena.

People can use several variants of speech at once in a form convenient for them.

Forms of speech

Scientists divide human speech into two forms.

1. External speech, which includes writing, sound signals and the materialization of thoughts. In its turn, external speech divided into oral and written. Oral is reproduced by the voice when using language sounds and is perceived by the ear of other people. It has 2 forms:

2. Inner speech is the pronunciation of thoughts within the consciousness of the individual. It refers to the human thought process. As soon as he voices his thoughts, speech goes into the external category.

External speech is subdivided according to the types of information presentation.

Written speech is a system of graphic design of words using signs and symbols. When applied writing the rules for writing and constructing words and sentences accepted in the given language are used.

Types of speech

Types of speech in Russian depend on what exactly the speaker wants to convey to the audience, regardless of whether he uses written or oral speech.

• The narrative type is used to convey a sequence of actions, events or phenomena. Texts that tell about something have a certain plot twist, a presentation of the main successive climactic events and a denouement. The narrative always has a development of the plot, its dynamic movement from beginning to end, while the main ones are independent parts of the speech of the Russian language: the verb and words indicating the time and place of the event (yesterday, morning, here, etc.).

Narrative is used in both spoken and written language.

• Description - a way of conveying by signs and sounds the basic properties of objects, phenomena, events and actions. This type of speech has a beginning, body and ending. The beginning is the presentation of the object, the main part includes a description of its features and properties, and the end is the conclusion that follows from the listed qualities. The description uses verbs in the same tense, adjectives and participles.

The description is used both in texts of any style, and in oral speech.

• Reasoning is the ability to reveal cause-and-effect relationships in events and actions. It has the structure of the thesis, argument and conclusion. In this type of speech, the unity of time does not matter; it can be used to prove, explain and reason on various themes both in writing and orally.

Types of speech in Russian are rarely used in their pure form, most often they are mixed for better presentation of information.

Scientific style of speech

The speech and language that people use to convey information have their own styles, which depend on its content. Each of the styles has its own characteristics, manner of presentation, vocabulary and a special set of language tools for the correct presentation of information.

Speech styles in Russian depend on the scope of its application.

scientific style used to convey accurate scientific information and is used both in speech and in writing. His distinguishing feature- concise presentation of information, strict selection of language techniques and terms, deliberation of the selected statements. In this style, emotional images are rarely used for description, and the construction of sentences is characterized by brevity, distinctness, consistency, which are achieved by such parts of speech as a noun, participle, participle and verbal nouns.

A variation of this style is the popular science style, which has the features of the main one, but the terms and complex language character sets are replaced with vocabulary that is understandable to a large audience that does not have deep knowledge in scientific disciplines.

This style tends to give explanations of complex scientific facts using common vocabulary. The popular science style is used in the literature of a developing nature, accessible to the general reader or specialists who wish to go beyond highly specialized knowledge.

business speech style

The category "styles of speech in the Russian language" includes the so-called business (official business) style, the scope of which is documentation. Its scope is written speech. The main types of texts in a business style are official documents, business papers, statements, protocols, laws, decrees and much more.

This style is characterized by brevity of presentation, conciseness, specificity, sequence of words in a certain order.

In the official business style, abbreviations, speech stamps, and special terminology are often used. Texts in this style are impersonal, and from the parts of speech, verbs are most often used in imperative mood, verbal nouns.

Also, this style has ready-made standard forms, for example, statements, acts or protocols.

Journalistic style

Journalistic texts, like styles of speech in Russian, are most often used for propaganda purposes. These include publications in newspapers, magazines, news on radio and television, leaflets and speeches to the public.

The main purpose of the journalistic style is agitation, a call to action, an impact on the minds and actions of other people. Texts written in this style are distinguished by the accuracy of the facts, their logical presentation, but at the same time they are emotionally colored and allow the use of the author's attitude to the information provided.

This style is rich in means of conveying the main idea, since it uses speech turns characteristic of other styles. It can be an accurate statement of figures and facts with evidence, as in a scientific style. Also, an artistic-emotional or evaluative style can be attached to them.

The construction of a sentence in a journalistic style can vary from a “dry” scientific presentation to a pictorial description, in which there are both phraseological units and foreign terms. Most often, incentive and exclamatory sentences are used.

Art style

The Russian language and the culture of people's speech are replete with linguistic means that are characteristic of the artistic style. This is the language of literature, the main purpose of which is the transfer of information through emotional description.

In artistic speech, metaphors, comparisons, lofty words and turns are used in abundance. The main task of this style is to touch the emotions of the reader or listener. IN Everyday life people use art style to convey information that has touched their feelings and made an impression, such as describing the content of a movie, book, or event.

The artistic style is characterized by the presentation of information both based on real events and on the fiction of its author. Comparative turns, which he uses in this case, can have an abstract form. For example, a lead bullet and lead clouds create images that are completely different in imagery in the reader's imagination. Often in this style there are in abundance the turns characteristic of the colloquial style.

Conversational style

This style exists only in the field of informal communication or correspondence. He is characterized by everyday, family, friendly topics of communication. Perhaps this is the most extensive type of style in the Russian language, as it contains topics characteristic of other styles, but with its characteristic vernacular and simplicity of presentation.

Conversational style is characterized by the use of not only speech turns, but also facial expressions and gestures. They are an integral part of it.

Depending on the emotional coloring, in the vocabulary conversational style both jargon and profanity may be used. By the way a person betrays his thoughts in a conversation, one can judge the level of his culture, upbringing and education.

Parts of speech of the Russian language

Each language goes through a path that includes the development of speech. The Russian language is no exception. To transmit information, parts of speech are used, which are divided into independent and service parts. A separate category includes interjections.

In one of the sections of the textbook "Russian language" - "Parts of speech" - the table very clearly explains everything with examples.

This topic is covered in more detail in the textbooks "Russian Language" by Nikitin, "Russian Speech" for grades 5-9.

Introduction ……………………………………………………………………….

1. Style. general characteristics functional speech styles …………

2. Official business style of speech ……………………………………….

3. Scientific style ………………………………………………………………

4. Journalistic ………………………………………………………..

5. Artistic ………………………………………………………….

6. Conversational …………………………………………………………………

Conclusion ………………………………………………………………….

Appendix …………………………………………………………………

List of used literature ………………………………………..

INTRODUCTION

§one. General understanding of styles

The Russian language is a broad, comprehensive concept. Laws and scientific works, novels and poems, newspaper articles and court records are written in this language. The Russian language has inexhaustible possibilities for expressing thoughts, developing various topics, and creating works of any genre. However, it is necessary to use language resources skillfully, taking into account the speech situation, the goals and content of the statement, its targeting. How different, for example, in style are a private letter and a memorandum addressed to the boss! The same information receives a different language expression.

What is style?

The word style comes from Latin(stilus), where it denoted a pointed stick for writing. At present, the word style, in short, means the manner of writing. In linguistics, there are more detailed definitions of the term.

1) Style - a kind of language, fixed in a given society by tradition for one of the most common areas social life and partially different from other varieties of the same language in all the main parameters - vocabulary, grammar, phonetics.

2) Style - the generally accepted manner, the usual way of performing any particular type of speech act: oratory, newspaper article, scientific lecture, judicial speech, household dialogue.

3) Style - an individual manner, the way in which a given speech act or literary and artistic work is performed.

§3. Functional styles of speech (general characteristics)

Our speech in a formal setting (lecturing, speaking at a scientific conference or at a business meeting) differs from that used in an informal setting (speaking festive table, friendly conversation, dialogue with relatives).

Depending on the goals and objectives that are set and solved in the process of communication, language means are selected. As a result, varieties of a single literary language, called functional styles .

Functional styles are understood as historically established and socially fixed systems. speech means used in a particular area of ​​communication or area of ​​professional activity.

In the modern Russian literary language, there are bookstores functional styles:

scientific,

formal business,

publicist,

Literary and artistic

which appear primarily in written language, and

· colloquial , which is characterized mainly by the oral form of speech.

Each of the five styles has a number of specific speech characteristics.

In the field scientific activity(when writing scientific articles, coursework and theses, monographs and dissertations) it is customary to use scientific style, the main properties of which are the clarity and logic of presentation, as well as the lack of expression of emotions.

Formal business style serves to convey information in the field of management. The official business style is used in statements, powers of attorney, business letters, orders and laws. For him, even more than for the scientific style, clarity and unemotional presentation are important. Another important property formal business style- standard. People who draw up statements, orders or laws are obliged to follow tradition and write as they wrote before them, as is customary.

Another bookish style of literary language - journalistic. It is used in cases where it is necessary not only to convey information, but also to influence the thoughts or feelings of people in a certain way, to interest them or to convince them of something. Journalistic style is the style of informational or analytical broadcasts on television and radio, the style of newspapers, the style of speaking at meetings. Unlike the scientific and official-business style, the journalistic style is characterized by expressiveness and emotionality.

As opposed to all book styles, as mentioned above, conversational style. This is the style that is used in informal household, everyday communication between people in previously unprepared oral speech. Therefore it character traits- this is incompleteness of expression and emotionality.

In a special way correlates with all listed styles style fiction. Since literature reflects all spheres of human life, it can use the means of any styles of the literary language, and if necessary, not only them, but also dialects, jargons and vernacular. The main function of the language of fiction is aesthetic.

The main feature of the style of artistic speech is the search for the specifics of a literary text, creative expression word artist.

§4. Genres of functional speech styles

Functional styles of speech are realized in various genres.

1. Scientific: textbooks on the specialty, monograph, scientific article, abstract, abstract, synopsis, theses, course work, lecture, thesis.

2. Official business: documents, business letters, reports, orders, orders, contracts, decrees, business conversations.

3.journalistic: parliamentary speech, reports, interview, essay, feuilleton, discussion speech, informational note.

4. Art Key words: novel, short story, short story, short story, essay, poem, poem, ballad.

5.Colloquial: conversations in the family, showdown, discussion of plans, friendly communication, anecdote.

TOPIC 2. OFFICIAL-BUSINESS STYLE OF SPEECH

§one. Official business style of speech (general characteristics)

Official business style is a style that serves the legal and administrative-public spheres of activity. It is used when writing documents, business papers and letters in public institutions, court, and different types business oral communication.

Among book styles, the formal business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes, but many of its features: historically established genres, specific vocabulary, morphology, syntactic turns - give it a generally conservative character.

The official business style is characterized by dryness, the absence of emotionally colored words, conciseness, compactness of presentation.

In official papers, the set of language tools used is predetermined. The most striking feature of the official business style is the language stamps, or the so-called clichés (French. clich). A document is not expected to show the individuality of its author, on the contrary, the more clichéd a document is, the more convenient it is to use.

Formal business style is the style of documents of different genres: international treaties, government acts, legal laws, regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers, etc. But, despite the differences in content and variety of genres, the official business style as a whole is characterized by common and most important features. These include:

1) accuracy, excluding the possibility of other interpretations;

2) locale.

These features find their expression a) in the selection of language means (lexical, morphological and syntactic); b) in the preparation of business documents.

Consider the features of the vocabulary, morphology and syntax of the official business style.

§2. Linguistic signs of an official business style of speech

Lexical features of the official business style of speech

The lexical (dictionary) system of the official business style, in addition to common book and neutral words, includes:

1) language stamps (stationery, cliches) : raise a question, based on the decision, incoming-outgoing documents, impose control over the execution, after the expiration of the deadline.

2) professional terminology : arrears, alibis, black cash, shadow business;

3) archaisms : I hereby certify this document.

In an official business style, the use of ambiguous words, as well as words in figurative meanings, and synonyms are used extremely rarely and, as a rule, belong to the same style: supply = supply = collateral, solvency = creditworthiness, depreciation = depreciation, appropriation = subsidization and etc.

Official business speech reflects not individual, but social experience, as a result of which its vocabulary is extremely generalized. In an official document, preference is given to generic terms, for example: arrive (instead of arrive, arrive, arrive etc.), vehicle(instead of bus, plane, Zhiguli etc.), locality(instead of village, town, village etc.), etc.

Morphological features of the official business style of speech

TO morphological features This style includes the repeated (frequency) use of certain parts of speech (and their types). Among them are the following:

1) nouns - names of people on the basis of the action ( taxpayer, tenant, witness);

2) nouns denoting positions and titles in the form male (Sergeant Petrova, Inspector Ivanova);

3) verbal nouns with a particle not- (deprivation, non-compliance, non-recognition);

Style is the main element of speech. In fact, this is the “clothing” of the text, its design. And people's clothes say a lot.

A man in a formal suit is probably a business worker, and a guy in sneakers and stretched sweatpants either went out for bread, or is still an athlete.

So, according to the stylistic “clothing” of the text, one can understand in what area it “works” - it functions.

Workshop "Tasty text"

For those who want to write brightly, figuratively, stylishly. Come if your texts have such problems:
… boring to read;
… the texts are like an information guide;
… there is a narrative, but no emotion
... the text is impersonal and gray, it has no brightness, but there are a lot of repetitions and clericalism.

Speaking scientifically, style is a system of various linguistic means and ways in which they are organized, which has developed over the entire historical period language development. The use of each of the existing systems is characteristic of a strictly defined sphere of human communication: for example, scientific field, official-business, spheres of activity means mass media, fiction or the sphere of communication in everyday life or the Internet.

By the way, pay attention: in some sources, text styles are called speech styles. Both phrases are one and the same.

Types of text (speech) styles

The Russian language has historically developed four functional styles. Later, the style of fiction emerged from the journalistic style.

Thus, five styles of speech are currently distinguished:

How to distinguish one style from another? For example, a men's business suit is a combination of trousers, shirt, tie, jacket and shoes. And style is also a combination of certain "objects" - elements: words, sentences (syntactic constructions) and text structure.

Characteristics of speech styles

So, how to identify the scientific style by "clothes"?

Rich expressive-emotional vocabulary. Metaphors and comparisons at every turn. "Tint" words - slang, abusive, outdated. Sentence constructions that are easy to understand (“Darkness”). Bright author's position.

How to recognize?

First of all, it is a style for everyday live communication between people. In writing, it is used when the author wants to establish closer, personal contact with his readers. In a conversational style, personal blog posts are often written, selling texts, notes with social networks etc. It is characterized by lively speech, pronounced expression, colloquial and colloquial words and phrases, colorfulness, high subjectivity and evaluativeness, repetitions, incomplete sentences. Sometimes obscene language is also used.

Thus, when working on a text, it is important to combine stylistic elements. Otherwise, you run the risk of being left without a reader, and the manuscript is closed in the table. Why? Are you going to get a job in the office in torn jeans and an elongated T-shirt? It seems not.

So you shouldn't write in a scientific style. However, in an artistic style, you can use elements of each - scientific, colloquial, journalistic ... The main thing is to understand why you are doing this, for what purpose, what effect you want to achieve.

Therefore, in order not to look stupid, find out the features different styles, their elements and - learn how to work with them.

And do not forget - they are greeted by clothes. And not only people, but also texts.

Functional speech styles

Each functional style of language is based on its inherent literary norms. There are five language genres:

• Scientific;
• Official business;
• journalistic;
• Colloquial;
• Art.

Scientific style of speech

The scientific style of speech, called the style of scientific narration, has the following features:

1. Scope - science and research articles;
2. Addressees - scientists, specialists and people competent in scientific terminology;
3. The purpose of the style is to describe patterns, events and to educate the readership;
4. The function of style is to communicate and prove the truth of information by citing established facts or statistical forecasts;
5. Genres of scientific style - monograph, essay, article, etc.;
6. Type of speech - written, monologue.

The scientific style of speech characterizes the use of abstract vocabulary, real and small terms, mainly nouns, evidence and unambiguity.

Formal business style

The official business style of speech has the following features:

1. Scope of application - law, narration in an official environment (legislation, office work). Through the business style, official documents are drawn up - a law, a resolution, a protocol, a certificate;
2. Addressees - lawyers, diplomats, citizens, the state;
3. Type of speech - reasoning (written, oral) in the form of a monologue;
4. A kind of interaction - public communication;
5. Style features - imperative, standard and accurate, lack of emotional coloring;
6. The function of style is the transmission of information.

The official business style of speech characterizes the presence speech cliches, abbreviations, complex irreducible words.

Journalistic style

The journalistic style of speech, narrating through the media, has such features as:

1. Scope of application - articles, essays, interviews;
2. Addressees - specialists, society;
3. Style features - emotionality, used vocabulary, logic, nationality, publicity, appeal, imagery;
4. The function of style is the narration of events taking place in the country and the world, the impact on the masses and the formation of a certain opinion regarding what is announced;
5. Type of speech - written, oral;
6. Direction - the feelings of opponents.

The journalistic style is characterized by the use of socially widespread and political vocabulary.

Conversational style

Conversational style is used in the process of normal interaction and communication. The author conveys to the addressee his own subjective thoughts and perception of reality in an informal environment. Characteristic features of the style:

Artistic style is distributed exclusively in literary genre, influencing the addressees - readers through sensory perception and a wealth of lexical devices. In the style, a preliminary selection of language means is made. Characteristic features of the style:

1. The type of vocabulary used is descriptive (artistic) narration;
2. Style features - emotionality, coloring, fantasy;
3. Form of style - written, monologue;
4. Language tools- all types of language means are used when creating book images;
5. Addressees - society, possibly divided by gender and age composition;
6. Direction - feelings of opponents;
7. Genre type - novel, story, short story, fable, comedy, etc.

2. Purpose: deepen work on the definition of speech styles; learn to find elements in texts that indicate style; independently draw conclusions and justify their answers; develop the ability to use socio-political vocabulary, means of journalistic style, emotional impact on the listener, reader;

3. Learning objectives:

The student must know:

- develop logical thinking, memory, ability to analyze; develop self-control skills; develop the ability to highlight the main thing from the text and generalize the material received; develop vocabulary skills.

The student must be able to:

- practical knowledge of the modern Russian literary language in different areas the functioning of the Russian language, in its written and oral varieties; mastering new knowledge and skills in this area and improving existing ones, deepening the understanding of the main characteristic properties the Russian language as a means of communication and information transmission;

4. Main questions of the topic:

1. General characteristics of functional speech styles.

General characteristics of functional speech styles

Functional speech styles- a historically established system of speech means used in a particular area human communication; a kind of literary language that performs a specific function in communication.

scientific style

Scientific style - the style of scientific messages. The scope of this style is science, the recipients of text messages can be scientists, future specialists, students, just any person who is interested in a particular scientific field; the authors of the texts of this style are scientists, experts in their field. The purpose of the style can be called the description of laws, the identification of patterns, the description of discoveries, training, etc. Its main function is to communicate information, as well as to prove its truth. It is characterized by the presence of small terms, general scientific words, abstract vocabulary, it is dominated by a noun, a lot of abstract and material nouns.

Scientific style exists mainly in written monologue speech. Its genres are scientific article, educational literature, monograph, school essay etc. The stylistic features of this style are emphasized logic, evidence, accuracy (uniqueness), clarity, and generalization.

Formal business style

business style used for communication, informing in an official setting (the sphere of legislation, office work, administrative and legal activities). This style is used to draw up documents: laws, orders, decrees, characteristics, protocols, receipts, certificates. The scope of the official business style is law, the author is a lawyer, jurist, diplomat, just a citizen. Works are addressed to this style to the state, citizens of the state, institutions, employees, etc., in order to establish administrative and legal relations. This style exists more often in the written form of speech, the type of speech is predominantly reasoning. The type of speech is most often a monologue.

Style features- imperative (dutiful character), accuracy that does not allow two interpretations, standardization (strict composition of the text, precise selection of facts and ways of presenting them), lack of emotionality.

The main function of the official business style is information (transfer of information). It is characterized by the presence of speech clichés, the generally accepted form of presentation, the standard presentation of the material, the widespread use of terminology and nomenclature names, the presence of complex unabbreviated words, abbreviations, verbal nouns, the predominance of direct order words.

Journalistic style

Journalistic style

serves to influence people through the media. It is found in the genres of article, essay, reportage, feuilleton, interview, oratory and is characterized by the presence of socio-political vocabulary, logic, emotionality, appraisal, invocativeness. This style is used in the spheres of political-ideological, social and cultural relations. The information is intended not for a narrow circle of specialists, but for the general public, and the impact is directed not only to the mind, but also to the feelings of the addressee. It is characterized by abstract words with a socio-political meaning (humanity, progress, nationality, publicity, peace-loving). The task is to provide information about the life of the country, influence the masses, form a certain attitude to public affairs

Art style

The art style is used in fiction. It affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of speech.

The emotionality of the artistic style differs from the emotionality of the colloquial and journalistic styles. The emotionality of artistic speech performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style involves a preliminary selection of language means; all language means are used to create images.

Conversational style

The colloquial style serves for direct communication, when the author shares his thoughts or feelings with others, exchanges information on everyday issues in an informal setting. It often uses colloquial and colloquial vocabulary. Differs in great semantic capacity and colorfulness, gives speech liveliness and expressiveness.

The usual form of implementation of conversational style is dialogue, this style is more often used in oral speech. There is no pre-selection of language material in it. In this style of speech, extralinguistic factors play an important role: facial expressions, gestures, and the environment.

Language means of conversational style: emotionality, expressiveness of colloquial vocabulary, words with subjective evaluation suffixes; use incomplete sentences, introductory words, invocation words, interjections, modal particles, repetitions, inversion, etc.

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