Russian language. §12

The lexical system of the modern Russian language did not arise immediately. The process of its formation was very long and complicated.

New words are constantly appearing in the Russian language, but there are many of them whose history goes back to the distant past. These ancient words are part of modern vocabulary as groups of native vocabulary of the Russian language.

The following genetic groups of words of the original vocabulary of the Russian language (original Russian vocabulary) are distinguished:

1) Indo-European vocabulary ( Indo-Europeans´zms ) - words that have been preserved in modern Russian from the era of the Indo-European community (2nd millennium BC) and which, as a rule, have correspondences in other Indo-European languages:

Kin terms ( mother, father, son, daughter);

Animals ( sheep, mouse, wolf, pig);

2) Common Slavic vocabulary ( Common Slavs´zmy ) - words whose existence dates back to the era of the common Slavic language (before the 6th century). These include:

Names of parts of the human body eye, heart, beard);

Animal names ( rooster, nightingale, horse, doe);

Names of natural phenomena and periods of time ( spring, evening, winter);

Plant names ( tree, branch, oak, linden);

Color names ( white, black, blond);

Names of settlements, buildings, tools, etc. ( house, canopy, floor, shelter);

Names of sensations warm, sour, stale);

3) East Slavic (Old Russian) vocabulary ( Eastern Slavs´zmy, ancient Rus´zmy ) - words that appeared in the Russian language during the period of the settlement of the Slavs in Eastern Europe (VI-IX centuries), as well as during the formation of the Old Russian language (IX-XIV centuries);

4) Actually Russian vocabulary ( Rus'zmy ) - words that appeared in the language of the Great Russian people (XIV-XVII centuries) and the national Russian language (from mid-seventeenth in. Until now).

Along with the original vocabulary in the Russian language, there are groups of words borrowed from other languages ​​at different times.

Borrowing called the transition of elements of one language to another as a result of language contacts, the interaction of languages. Borrowed words are mastered by the borrowing language, adapting to its features. In the course of this adaptation, they are assimilated to such an extent that their foreign origin may not be felt at all and is discovered only by etymologists. For example: gang, hearth, shoe, Cossack(Turk.) . Unlike fully assimilated (learned) words foreign words keep traces foreign origin in the form of peculiar sound, spelling and grammatical features. Often, foreign words denote little-used, special, as well as concepts peculiar to foreign countries and peoples. For example: kimono- Japanese men's and women's dress in the form of a bathrobe, guava- fruit plant from tropical America.

Borrowed vocabulary

Slavic borrowings are usually divided into Old Slavonicisms and Slavonicisms.

Old Church Slavonic borrowings ( old Slavs´zmy ) became widespread in Russia after the adoption of Christianity, at the end of the 10th century. They came from a closely related Old Church Slavonic language, which long time used in a number of Slavic states as a literary written language used for the translation of Greek liturgical books. Its South Slavic basis organically included elements from the West and East Slavic languages, the Greek language. From the very beginning, this language was used primarily as the language of the church (which is why it is sometimes called Church Slavonic or Old Church Bulgarian). From the Old Slavonic language came to Russian, for example, church terms ( priest, cross, rod, sacrifice etc.), many words denoting abstract concepts ( power, grace, consent, disaster, virtue and etc.).

The Russian language has Slavs´zmy - words borrowed at different times from Slavic languages: Belarusian ( Belarus´zmy ), Ukrainian ( Ukrainianism ), Polish ( Polonies ) and others. For example: borsch(ukr.), dumplings(ukr.), vareniki(ukr.), sweater(Polish), place(Polish), monogram(Polish), bekesha(Hungarian), farm(Hungarian).

Since ancient times, through language contacts on everyday, economic, political, cultural grounds, borrowed elements from unrelated languages ​​also entered the Russian language.

There are several classifications of foreign borrowings.

Depending on the degree of mastery of foreign words, their structure and features of functioning, borrowed words, exoticisms and barbarisms are distinguished.

Borrowed words - words that are completely (graphically, phonetically (orthoepic), semantically, word-formation, morphologically, syntactically) assimilated in the successor language.

Depending on the structure, three groups of borrowed words are distinguished:

1) words that structurally coincide with foreign language samples. For example: junior(fr. junior), anaconda(Spanish) anaconda), darts(English) darts);

2) words morphologically formed by affixes of the successor language. For example: wedge-to-a(fr. tankette), kibit-k-a(tat. kibit);

3) words in which part of a foreign word is replaced by a Russian element. For example: shorts (short-s; Russian ending plural -s replaces English plural - s).

Exoticisms - words that are national names of household items, rituals, customs of a particular people, country. These words are unique and have no synonyms in the successor language. For example: cab- one-horse carriage in England; geisha- in Japan: a woman trained in music, dancing, the ability to conduct small talk and invited to the role of a hospitable hostess at receptions, banquets, etc.; dehka'nin- on Wednesday. Asia and Iran: Peasant.

Barbarians (foreign inclusions) - words, phrases and sentences that are in a foreign language environment, not mastered or poorly mastered by the successor language and transmitted in the successor language by means of the source language. For example: NB (nota bene) - "pay attention", happy end- "a happy ending".

A special group is internationalism - words presented in various, and not the closest related languages ​​( association, bureaucracy etc.)

According to the source language, foreign borrowings are divided into various groups:

Borrowings from the Scandinavian languages ​​make up a small part in the Russian language. These include mainly maritime terms and trade vocabulary. For example: scrub(dutch. draaien), wake(dutch. kielwater), receipt(dutch. kvitantie);

Borrowings from Greek ( Greekism ) began to penetrate into the original vocabulary even in the period of common Slavic unity. Borrowings from the field of religion, science, and everyday life were significant in the period from the 9th to the 11th centuries. and later. Later borrowings are mainly related to the field of art and science. For example: apathy(gr. apatheia), apocrypha(gr. apokryphos), helium(gr. helios), dolphin(gr. delphis (delphinos)), cypress(gr. kyparissos);

Borrowing from Turkic languages (Turks´zmy ) penetrated into the Russian language as a result of the development of trade and cultural ties, as a result of military clashes. The main part of Turkisms are words that came from Tatar language(this is explained by historical conditions - the Tatar-Mongol yoke). For example: ambal(Arab. hammal), gazelle(Kazakh. ž ijran), horseman(Turk. jigit), ass(Turk. äšä k), caravan(tat.), mound(tat.), box(tat.);

Borrowings from Latin ( Latinisms ) mainly replenished the Russian language in the period from the 16th to the 18th centuries. For example: vote(lat. vōtum), hegemon(gr. hēgemōn), quint(lat. quinta);

Borrowings from English ( anglicisms ) belong to the XIX-XX centuries. A significant part of the words associated with the development of social life, technology, sports, etc., entered the Russian language in the 20th century. For example: volleyball(English) volleyball), dandy(English) dandy), boat(English) cutter);

Borrowing from French (gallicisms ) XVIII-XIX centuries. This is household vocabulary. For example: accessory(fr. accessoir), gallop(fr. gallop), decorator(fr. de´ corateur);

Borrowings from Germanic languages ​​( germanism ) are represented by a number of words of trade, military, everyday vocabulary and words from the field of art, science. For example: equipment(German Apparatur), guardhouse(German Hauptwache), generals(German Generalitat);

Borrowing from Italian presented mainly in musical terms. For example: allegro(it. allegro), adagio(it. adagio), soprano(it. soprano), coach(it. careta);

Borrowings from other languages. For example: karma(Sanskrit karma), chum salmon(Nanaisk. keta), kefir(Oset. k'æru), kimono(jap. kimono), Mayan(language of American Indians), lane(Finnish mainas), fiesta(Spanish) fiesta), castanets(Spanish) castanetas).

Borrowed words also include calques.

Tracing - the process of creating words from native material according to foreign language samples.

Word-forming ka'lki - words that have arisen as a result of the translation of foreign words according to morphological parts with the preservation of the word-formation structure of the borrowed word. In this case, only the word-formation structure of the word is borrowed. For example: french solid-ite´ in Russian is morphematically replaced by the word density; self service(English) - self-service; sky scraper(English) - skyscraper, selbst-kosten(German) - cost price etc.

Semantic phrases - words that have an additional meaning under the influence of the corresponding foreign language sample. For example: under the influence figurative meaning French word clou (nail) - “the main lure of a theatrical performance, program” - expressions appear in Russian highlight of the season, highlight of the concert; influenced by the figurative meaning of the German word Plathform (platform) - “a program, a set of principles political party» in Russian the expression appears economic platform and the like.

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LECTURE 10. RUSSIAN VOCABULARY AND ITS DESCRIPTION

Study questions:

Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of its origin.

Vocabulary of the Russian language in terms of its active and passive stock.

Vocabulary of the Russian language from the point of view of the scope of its use.

Vocabulary of the Russian language in terms of its stylistic differentiation.

1. Vocabulary of the Russian language in terms of its origin. The vocabulary of the modern Russian literary language has been formed over many centuries, and the main source of its replenishment has always been its own resources - native Russian words, of which there are more than 90% in the vocabulary of the SRL. From the point of view of the formation of native Russian vocabulary, several historical layers can be found in it:

The words of the common Indo-European fund (the most ancient layer) are those words that passed from the common Indo-European language to Proto-Slavic, from Proto-Slavic to Old Russian, and from Old Russian to Russian in its modern sense - terms of kinship, names of animals, trees, substances, minerals, natural phenomena (mother, brother, daughter, sheep, bull, willow, meat, bone, command, see, barefoot, decrepit);

Words of the Proto-Slavic (common Slavic) language (until the 6th century AD) - words now known to all Slavic peoples(oak, pine, pea, branch, lush, forge);

Words of the Old Russian language (common Eastern Slavic) (from the 6th to the 14th-15th centuries AD) (uncle, nephew, blond, selfless, while away);

Words of the modern Russian language (after 14-15 centuries AD)

In the formation and development of the Russian literary language, an important role was played by Old Church Slavonic - the language of Slavic translations of Greek books, translations made by Cyril and Methodius and their students in the 2nd half of the 9th century.

Old Church Slavonicisms have their signs:

1) phonetic:

dissonant combinations ra, la, re, le (in relation to the Russian full-tone oro, olo, ere);

initial combinations of ra, la (with Russian ro, lo);

consonant u (usually alternating with st) (with Russian h);

initial e with Russian o (esen);

sound e under stress before hard consonants in Russian e (o);

a combination of railway in the root (with Russian railway);

2) derivational:

prefixes: pre-, through- (with Russian re-, through);

suffixes: -action, -s, -zn, -yn (ya), -tv (a), -esn (th);

parts compound words: good (o) -, good (o) -, victims (o) -, evil (o) -;

3) morphological:

suffixes superlatives–eysh-, -aysh-;

participial suffixes -ash- (-yash-), -usch- (-yusch-)

(with Russians -ach- (-yach-), --uch- (-yuch-)).

The fate of Old Church Slavonicisms in the Russian language developed in different ways: in some cases they completely replaced the original Russian words, while in others Old Slavonicisms are used along with Russian words.

With direct contact between peoples, borrowing took place orally. It was these ways that words from the Scandinavian, Finnish and Turkic languages ​​​​came into the Russian language. In writing, words were borrowed from the Latin language. Grecisms were borrowed both orally and in writing.

The earliest borrowings go back to the Scandinavian (Swedish and Norwegian) languages, to Finnish, Turkic, etc.

In the 11th-17th centuries from Turkic languages the names of household items, clothes, fabrics, animals, plants, words related to military affairs, trade, etc. are borrowed. These include such as a shoe, chest, ataman, infidel, etc.

Greek words (borrowed at the end of the 10th century) through liturgical books: the altar, the bible.

Latinisms (borrowed in the 15th-17th centuries through Polish and Ukrainian languages after the adoption of Christianity by Russia). Currently widely used in international terminology (quorum, colloquium, accommodation).

Borrowings from Western European languages

Germanic languages ​​Romance languages

German Goll. English Fr. It. Use

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

The emergence of this layer of vocabulary is associated with the reforms of Peter I (bridgehead, soldier);

The emergence of this layer of vocabulary is associated with the development of maritime affairs under Peter I (shipyard, pilot, flag, fleet);

The emergence of this layer of vocabulary is associated with the development of shipbuilding under Peter I (barge, brig, schooner, midshipman);

These words have final stressed vowels in invariable nouns, combinations -ue-, -ua- in the middle of the word, final -azha, etc. (luggage, stained-glass window, blinds, muffler);

First of all, art history terms (aria, bravo, solfeggio) passed from Italian into Russian;

There are few words in Russian that have passed from Spanish (corrida, torero, guitar, castanets).

The words that have passed into the Russian language differ in the degree of development:

Words that have firmly entered the lexical system of the Russian language and are perceived as originally belonging to it;

Exoticisms - words that are felt by the borrowing language as foreign and for the most part untranslatable (spaghetti, sir, blinds);

Barbarisms are foreign words. not fully mastered by the borrowing language, most often due to the difficulties of grammatical development.

Tracing paper - a word built on the model of the corresponding foreign word by transferring its constituent parts with the help of Russian word-building elements (spelling and spelling).

Word-building tracing paper - words that borrowed from their foreign language equivalents the semantics of certain word-forming parts.

Semantic calques - words that have borrowed from their foreign language equivalents one of the lexical meanings - usually figurative (nail, touch).

Half-calki - words consisting of borrowed and original elements, but according to the word-formation structure corresponding to the foreign word-prototype (humanity, radio broadcast, television).

2. Vocabulary of the Russian language in terms of its active and passive stock. The central part of the vocabulary is made up of words that are relevant for modern speakers of a particular language. These include, first of all, common vocabulary. Such words define the composition active vocabulary of the language .

However, active vocabulary includes not only commonly used words: it also includes special terms and professionalisms that are limited in their use, book words, emotionally expressive vocabulary, etc. The words of the active vocabulary have neither a shade of obsolete nor a shade of novelty.

Passive vocabulary is a part of the vocabulary, which includes words that are rarely used in everyday communication and are not always clear to native speakers. They either ceased to be relevant, necessary in the process of communication, became outdated (obsolete words), or vice versa, appeared relatively recently and have not yet become familiar, relevant, have not finally come into common use (neologisms).

Obsolete - words that have gone out of active use, but have been preserved in passive vocabulary. They are divided into two groups: historicisms (words that have fallen into disuse due to the fact that the objects or phenomena they designate have gone out of life) and archaisms (obsolete names of modern objects, phenomena, replaced by synonyms from the composition of the active vocabulary).

Types of archaisms : phonetic, accentological, morphological, derivational, lexical proper, semantic.

Neologisms - new words created to designate new objects, phenomena, to express new concepts. At the moment of their appearance, they enter the passive vocabulary and remain neologisms until now, until they lose their shade of novelty and freshness. Then they become common and enter the active vocabulary, ceasing to be neologisms.

Lexical neologisms are newly created and borrowed words.

Semantic neologisms - words that have acquired new meanings in a certain historical period.

Occasionalisms - words formed "in case" and used once. They are also called individual-author's neologisms, created with some kind of violation, deviation from the word-formation norm.

Potential - words created according to the laws of systemic word formation and opposed to real words. Occasional words are opposed to the usual ones accepted in a given society.

3. Vocabulary of the Russian language in terms of the scope of its use. In the vocabulary of the modern Russian language, from the point of view of its use, two main layers are distinguished: common words and words limited in their use (functioning) by the dialect and social environment.

Common vocabulary - this is a common vocabulary for all speakers of Russian. She happens to be necessary material to express concepts, thoughts and feelings. The bulk of these words are stable and common in all styles of the language.

Dialect vocabulary is characterized by limited use. It is not included in the lexical system of the national language. This or that dialect word belongs to one or several dialects of the national language.

Dialect - a variety of a language that functions in a certain territory and is characterized by specific dialect features (in addition to the features inherent in the whole language).

Dialect vocabulary - these are words characteristic of any one dialect / several dialects. By the nature of the differences in the dialect vocabulary, opposed and non-opposed words are distinguished (words that exist in some dialects and are not used in others due to the lack of corresponding objects, concepts, etc.).

Terminology - a set of special words (terms) of various fields of science and technology, functioning in the field of professional communication.

Term is a word or phrase that is the name of a scientific or technical concept.

Term functions : 1) nominative (nominative); 2) definitive (determinative).

Methods of term formation :

Semantic: metaphorical transfer of the meanings of ordinary words to name special concepts - in this case, one of the meanings of a polysemantic word is terminologized;

Morphological: methods of suffixation, prefixation, suffix-prefix, addition, abbreviation;

Syntactic: the formation of terms-phrases, which can consist of two, three or more words.

Nomenclature - this is a set of special terms-names used in a given scientific field, the names of typical objects of a given science (as opposed to terminology, which includes the designations of abstract concepts and categories).

Professionalisms - words or expressions characteristic of the speech of the team, united by any profession.

Jargon - words or expressions characteristic of the speech of a social or other group of people, united by a commonality of interests, occupations. Jargonisms are devoid of structural and linguistic initiative and differ from common vocabulary primarily in vocabulary and phraseology.

Argotic vocabulary - this is the vocabulary of groups of people who want to make their language "secret", incomprehensible to others. The main purpose of slang is to classify the content of speech, the desire to use specially invented or artificially deformed words that are completely incomprehensible to others. This "language" served as one of the ways to protect professional interests or a means of self-defense in the conditions of a wandering life, for example, among itinerant artisans and merchants, impoverished musicians. Argotic vocabulary also includes words from the speech usage of declassed groups (thieves, vagabonds, card cheats).

4. Vocabulary of the Russian language in terms of its stylistic differentiation. The language exists as a system of styles, i.e. its functional varieties, each of which is characterized by a certain choice and use of language means corresponding to a particular area of ​​communication.

In the style of the Russian language, the following functional styles are usually distinguished: journalistic, official business, scientific and colloquial everyday.

The vocabulary is divided into interstyle (neutral usage in all styles) and stylistically painted (peculiar to the use of a well-defined style and not capable, due to its attachment to it, to be used in another).

The starting point in the stylistic differentiation of the vocabulary is neutral vocabulary , which is the main array of words, against which other lexical units are perceived as stylistically colored, fixed in their use for a certain style, one or another functional type of written or oral speech.

Vocabulary writing bears a pronounced imprint of bookishness and belongs exclusively or predominantly to written speech.

high vocabulary used in the field of journalism and public speaking. It is an integral part of the expressive means of fiction, where it implements special aesthetic functions. Such words are characterized by evaluative meaning, which explains their expressive effect.

Official business vocabulary - is a characteristic affiliation of the language of official documents and clerical and administrative speech. Official business vocabulary is limited to a certain area of ​​communication and usually does not go beyond it.

Vocabulary is stylistically marked. It is not used in special forms of written speech and has a colloquial flavor.

colloquial vocabulary - these are words that are used in informal, relaxed communication. Being a stylistically colored layer of vocabulary, colloquial vocabulary does not go beyond the vocabulary of the literary language.

colloquial vocabulary - stylistically reduced words, which, unlike colloquial vocabulary, are outside the strictly standardized literary language.

Colloquial and colloquial vocabulary serve as an important constructive element in the organization of colloquial and everyday style.

SubjectRussian vocabulary in terms of its origin

(originally Russian vocabulary, borrowed vocabulary,Old Slavonicisms)

Lesson Objectives:

Summarize theoretical basis questions of the section "Lexicology and Phraseology".

Apply linguistic knowledge when working with language material: determine the lexical meaning of a word, phraseological unit; use words according to their meaning; to characterize the studied language units and features of their use in speech.

Develop key competencies students: analysis, synthesis, classification, generalization, systematization of the material.

Technology developmental learning, games

During the classes

I. Organizing time

II. Explanation of new material

Formation of the vocabulary of the Russian language

By the similarity of words, roots, affixes, a number of phonetic, grammatical and other features, as well as by the similarity of origin and development, the Russian language is included in the Slavic language family, which is divided into three groups: 1) East Slavic;

2) West Slavic;

3) South Slavic.

Until about the 17th century. BC e. there was a so-called. common Slavic, or Proto-Slavic, a language characteristic of a relatively unified early Slavic ethnic community. It, in turn, goes back to an even earlier time of occurrence and functioning - a single Indo-European parent language, which gave rise to the modern Indo-European language family with its numerous groups and subgroups, which also includes the Slavic group of languages.

1 Original Russian vocabulary

The words of the original vocabulary are genetically heterogeneous, among them are

1) Indo-European;

2) common Slavic;

3) East Slavic (or Old Russian);

4) actually Russians.

Indo-European words are called that, after the collapse of the Indo-European ethnic community at the end of the Neolithic era, were inherited by the ancient languages ​​\u200b\u200bof this language family, incl. and common Slavic. So, for many Indo-European languages, some

kinship terms: mother, brother, daughter ;

names of animals, plants, food: sheep, bull, wolf; willow, meat, bone ;

actions: take, carry, command, see ;

qualities: barefoot, old .

It should be noted that in the period of the so-called. In the Indo-European linguistic community, there were differences between the dialects of different tribes, which, in connection with their subsequent settlement, moving away from each other, were increasing. But the obvious presence of similar lexical layers of the very basis allows us to conditionally speak of a once single basis. – parent language.

Common Slavic (or Proto-Slavic) called the words inherited by the Old Russian language from the language of the Slavic tribes, who by the beginning of our era occupied a vast territory between the middle reaches of the Dnieper, the upper reaches of the Western Bug and the Vistula. As a single means of communication, as already noted, it was used approximately until the 6th-7th centuries, i.e. until the time when, in connection with the settlement of the Slavs (it began earlier, but reached its greatest intensity by the 6th-7th centuries), the relative linguistic community also broke up.

During this period, there were also territorially isolated dialect differences, which later served as the basis for the formation of separate groups of Slavic languages: South Slavic, West Slavic and East Slavic. But in the languages ​​of these groups, words that appeared in common Slavic period development of language systems. This, for example,

names, related to the plant world: oak, linden, spruce, pine, maple, ash, mountain ash, forest, tree, leaf, branch ; cultivated plants: peas, poppy, oats, millet, wheat, barley ;

labor processes and tools: weave, forge, hoe, shuttle;

housing and its parts: house, canopy, floor, shelter;

with domestic and forest birds: rooster, nightingale, starling, sparrow, crow;

food: kvass, jelly, cheese, lard;

names of actions, temporary concepts, qualities: mutter, wander, share, know; spring, evening, winter; pale, close, violent, cheerful, angry, affectionate, mute.

Common Slavic words included in the original vocabulary of the Russian language make up a relatively small part of the modern dictionary, but, as N.M. Shansky, they “are the most common in our speech, frequent and common and in everyday communication are at least 1/4 of all words. It is these words that are the core of our modern vocabulary, the most important and essential part of it.

East Slavic, or Old Russian, words are called that, starting from the VI-VII centuries. already arose only in the language of the Eastern Slavs, who united by the 9th century. into a great feudal ancient Russian state – Kievan Rus. Among the words known only in the East Slavic languages, one can single out

names of various properties, qualities, actions: blond, selfless, lively, brown, cheap, dense, vigilant, brown, chill, excuse, fidget, boil, sway;

kinship terms: uncle, stepdaughter, nephew;

household names: hook, twine, rope, basket, samovar;

names of birds, animals: squirrel, viper, jackdaw, chaffinch, cat, kite, bullfinch, marten;

count units: forty, ninety;

words with temporary meaning: today, after, now.

Proper Russian all words are called (with the exception of borrowed ones) that appeared in the language after it became independent language Russian nationality (since the XIV century), and then the language of the Russian nation (the Russian national language was formed during the XVII-XVIII centuries). Note that by the period of the XIV-XVI centuries. also includes the formation of two other East Slavic languages ​​- Ukrainian and Belarusian. Properly Russian are many diverse

action names: coo, influence, explore, uproot, loom, crush, defuse, bake;

household items: fork, spinning top, cover, wallpaper;

food items: jam, cabbage rolls, kulebyaka, flatbread;

natural phenomena, plants, fruits, animals, birds, fish: blizzard, ice, bad weather, desman, rook, chub; the names of the sign of the object and the sign of the action, state: convex, idle, flabby, down to the ground, by the way, briefly, in reality;

names of persons by occupation: carter, racer, bricklayer, pilot;

names of abstract concepts: total, deceit, neatness, caution and many other words with suffixes -ost-, -stv(o)–, etc.

The original vocabulary, which forms the basis of the Russian language, is at the same time the richest source of word formation. N.M. Shansky believes that up to 90% of the entire vocabulary of the Russian language belongs to the original vocabulary.

The original vocabulary is the basis of all functionally stylistic varieties of the language, and in this sense it is one of the so-called. style-forming factors, i.e. performs a semantic function.

2 Borrowed vocabulary

in different historical periods words from other languages ​​penetrated into the original Russian language. This was due to the fact that the Russian people entered into economic, cultural, political relations with other peoples, repelling military attacks, concluding military alliances. (This, according to the researchers, is a small percentage. There are 2 types of loans:

1) from Slavic languages: from the Old Church Slavonic language, as well as from other Slavic languages ​​\u200b\u200b(more rare).

2) from non-Slavic languages: from Greek, Latin, as well as Turkic, Iranian, Scandinavian, Western European (Romance and Germanic, Polish), etc. Many words have come a long way through several languages ​​before getting into Russian. For example, many names of modern household items were borrowed from the Polish language, where they came from Western Europe.

2.1 Borrowings from Slavic languages

One of the earliest, which played a significant role in the subsequent formation and development of the Russian literary language, were borrowings from Old Church Slavonic, i.e. Old Slavonicisms. Old Slavonic is one of the Slavic languages, which, starting from the 11th century. was used as a literary written language for the translation of Greek liturgical books and the introduction of the Christian religion in the Slavic countries (in Moravia, Bulgaria, Serbia, Ancient Russia).

The Old Church Slavonic language, which was used from the very beginning as the language of the church, is also called Church Slavonic (or Old Bulgarian). From the Old Slavonic language came to Russian, for example,

church terms: priest, cross, rod, sacrifice;

many words denoting abstract concepts: power, grace, consent, universe, impotence, wandering, disaster, virtue.

Old Slavonicisms borrowed by the Russian language are not all the same: some of them are Old Slavonic variants of words that still existed in the common Slavic language (smooth, enemy) ; others are proper Old Church Slavonic (cheeks, mouth, percy, lamb). The so-called. semantic Old Slavonicisms, i.e. words according to the time of their appearance are common Slavic, but they received a special meaning precisely in the Old Slavonic language and with this meaning became part of the Russian vocabulary (sin, Lord).

Old Slavonicisms have signs:

The main sounds are:

1) disagreement, those. the presence of combinations ra-, -la-, -re-, -le- in place of the Russians - oro-, -olo-, -ere-, -barely, -elo- after hissing within the same morpheme : gates, gold, string, captivity (cf. Russian gates, gold, string, full);

2) combinations of ra-, la- at the beginning of words in place of Russian ro-, lo-: equal, boat (cf .: exactly, boat);

3) combination -zhd in place of Russian: walking (walking), Christmas (Christmas);

4) consonant u in place of Russian h(from Common Slavonic t): lighting (candle);

5) sound e under stress before hard consonants in place of Russian e (o): finger (thimble);

6) sound e at the beginning of a word in place of Russian o: esen (autumn), ezero (lake), unity (one).

Morphological features are Old Slavonic word-building elements:

1) some prefixes on -z: voz- (repay, return),

from - (with the meaning "direction from somewhere inside": expel, pour out, spew),

down - (overthrow, fall down),

over- (excessive),

pre- (to despise)

pre- (deliberate);

2) suffixes -stvi(e)(disaster), -h(th)(stalker) -zn(execution, life), - tv(a)(battle), -usch, -yusch-, -ash-, -yashch–(knowledgeable, melting, lying, speaking); -tel

3) the first parts of compound words: good, god, good, evil (grace, God-fearing, malevolence, uniformity).

Compared with similar native words of the Russian language, many Old Slavic words, functionally intended for the needs of the church, have retained their abstract meaning, i.e. still remain in the sphere of book words, possessing a stylistic shade of solemnity, elation:

shore - shore, drag - drag, hands - palms, gates - gates.

Russian has borrowings from other closely related Slavic languages. So, separate borrowings from Polish date back to the 17th-18th centuries. Some of them, in turn, go back to German, French and other languages. But there are a lot of actually Polish words ( polonisms). Those that are names of housing, household items, clothing, vehicles: apartment, belongings, dratva (thread), bike (fabric), bekesha, suede, jacket, carriage, goats;

names of ranks, military branches: colonel; sergeant major (obsolete), recruit, hussar;

action symbols: paint, draw, shuffle, beg;

names of animals, plants, food products : rabbit, parsley, chestnut, periwinkle .

From Ukrainian language words came borsch, cheese, bagel, hopak, kids.

2.2 Borrowings from non-Slavic languages

1. From Greek began to penetrate into the original vocabulary in the period of common Slavic unity. Historical lexicology refers to early borrowings such household words, as dish, bed, bread;

words from the field of religion: anathema, angel, archbishop, demon, icon, monk, philosophy, lantern, notebook.

Later borrowings refer mainly to the area

arts and sciences: analogy, anapaest, idea, comedy, logic, mantle, verse .

scientific vocabulary: antonyms, alphabet, dialect, diachrony, idiom, lexicology, spelling .

2. From Latin also played a significant role in enriching the Russian language, especially in the field of scientific, technical, social and political terminology. Most Latin words came to the Russian language in the period of the 16th-18th centuries, especially through the Polish and Ukrainian languages: audience, dean, dictation, director, office, school, exam.

in international terminology For example, in linguistics: accent, binary, valency, hyphen, intonation, communication, punctuation, subject.

3. Words from Turkic languages ​​(Tatar) By the VIII-XII centuries. include such Old Russian borrowings from the Turkic languages ​​as chieftain, infidel, drum, shoe, beshmet, pack, treasury, mound, horde, comrade, stocking, hut.

4. Scandinavian borrowings (Swedish, Norwegian) a little, and they belong to the period of East Slavic unity ( herring; hook, whip, pud, anchor ; proper names: Igor, Oleg, Rurik .

5. In the group of Western European borrowing a lot of words from German(German, English, Dutch) and Romanesque(French, Italian, Spanish) languages.

German borrowings are ancient period, for example Gothic: armor (shell), beech, camel (originally velbud - welb - camel), brand, prince, cauldron . Most of the words appeared in the Russian language in the XVII-XVIII centuries. in connection with the reforms of Peter I (corporal, commander, camp, carriage, headquarters, package, office, price list, tie, gaiters, decanter, hat; potatoes, onions, leek, poodle, radish, quartz, nickel).

Dutch words appeared in Russian mainly during the time of Peter I in connection with the development of navigation (ballast, boat, water level, shipyard, pennant, harbor, tack, berth, pilot, sailor, fleet, flag, boat, darn).

From English languages ​​were borrowed terms: barge, boat, brig, midshipman, yacht, schooner , and later (XIX-XX centuries) words from spheres of social concepts, technical terms, sports and everyday words: (boycott, club, leader, rally, parliament, station, elevator, rail, football, basketball, sports, sweater, jacket; grog, gin, cake, pudding, punch).

French words penetrate only in the XVIII-XIX centuries: boudoir, bureau, stained-glass window, couch, blouse, shoe, bracelet, frock coat, waistcoat, corsage, medallion, cognac, jelly, cream, broth, marmalade, salad; actor, play, juggler; aggression, assembly, exploitation.

Italian and Spanish borrowings: allegro, aria, bravo, cello, cavatina, libretto, short story, script, serenade, caramel, marshmallow, cigar, tomato (Spanish).

Several words entered the Russian language from Finnish (flounder, walrus, sockeye salmon, mink, dumplings, fir, blizzard, herring, salmon) , from Japanese (bonza, geisha, mikado, rickshaw, soy, typhoon, tsunami) languages.

1.15. Russian words in other languages

Many Russian words were assimilated northern peoples- Icelandic, Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish. Starting from the XVI century. Russian words are being actively mastered by Western European peoples.

The vocabulary includes words from the most different areas and the concepts of Russian life: governor, decree, tsar (prince, princess, queen); thought, zemstvo; arshin, penny, pood, ruble; verst, whip, polynya, samovar; balalaika, button accordion, vodka, yeast, kalach, kvass, groats, cabbage soup, beluga, greyhound, sterlet, gopher, siskin.

AT English language included many stable phrases: a wedding palace, a five-year plan, a rest home, Soviet Union.

The French also included: boyar, cossack, kulak, partisan, hut, chaise, steppe, taiga, pancakes, appetizers, wheels; grandmother, girl, matryoshka.

The "space" terminology was reflected: astronaut, cosmodrome, orbital.

Words from the Russian language are widely reflected in the vocabulary of the Bulgarian, Hungarian, Polish, Slovak, Czech, Romanian languages.

In the ancient Bulgarian monuments there are such words as wake up, cackle, hold, horse, first-born, mouth, hands.

At the beginning of the twentieth century. a movement for mastering the Russian language began in the Czech Republic and partly in Slovakia. Borrowings include the following:

1) the name of the socio-political, historical and cultural life - master, boyar, power, thought, state, capital, official, chronicle, syllable, dictionary;

2) the name of the food, the realities of everyday life - pancakes, caviar, kvass, kopeck, samovar;

3) the name of natural phenomena, abstract concepts, actions - air, height, channel, protection, threat, space.

Russian words have long penetrated into the Hungarian language (communism, socialism, party life, tractor driver, norm).

There are many Russian words in the Polish language (collectivization, collective farm, Komsomol).

The words entered the language of Americans: satellite, Soviet miracle, giant of space, lunar, docking.

For a long time, Russian words have penetrated into the Japanese language: samovar, snack, sea lion, steppe, tundra; asset, Leninism, collective farm, state farm, comrade.

So, the penetration of Russian words into other languages ​​and the development of foreign words by the Russian language is a completely natural process, contributing to the mutual enrichment of language systems.

III. Fixing the material

Performing exercise number 8

IV. Lesson summary, grades for the lesson

V. Homework

Choose from the proposed text native Russian words, Old Slavonicisms, borrowed words.

(text attached)

To original vocabulary include all the words that came into the modern Russian language from the ancestral languages.

1 layer: foreign words in V- IVthousand years BC There was an ancient Indo-European civilization. Words denoting plants, animals, tools, types of kinship, etc. go back to the Indo-European languages. (water, oak, sheep, wolf, copper, bronze, mother, son, daughter, snow, etc .). These words are original not only for Russian, but also for many other Indo-European languages.

2 layer: Common Slavonic. In the 1st millennium AD, the tribes that spoke the Proto-Slavic language spread widely across Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe and gradually lost their linguistic unity. Approximately to the VI-VII century AD, the disintegration of the Proto-Slavic language is attributed. The words of this layer have correspondences in many Slavic languages, are primordial (n.:head, heart, pig , potter. Verbs:see, hear, lie (adj.: kind, young, old . Numbers. 2,3,5. Pronouns:I, you.

They have been preserved since the time of Slavic unity (from III - Y to YIII - ninth century). Common Slavic vocabulary is a semantically diverse category of words, which includes the names of parts of the human body and animals: head, nose, forehead, lip, throat, leg, paw, horn, shoulder, and etc.; names of time periods : day, evening, winter, summer, century, hour, month, year and etc.; names of plants and animals: carrot, walnut, grass, poplar, pea, willow, elm, beech, spruce, bull, ox, cow, crow, goat, horse; words naming phenomena and objects of nature: rain, snow, wind, storm, frost, lake, mountain, field, stone, river, forest, storm; tools, persons by gender activities: scythe, saw, yarn, harrow, hammer, weaver, seamstress, potter, architect, watchman; non-derivative conjunctions and prepositions : and, a, y, in, on, for. Common Slavic also includes some adverbs and pronouns ( where, there, how, little, I, who, myself, etc.).

Only about two thousand words belong to the Indo-European and Proto-Slavic layers, but they make up 25% of the words of our everyday communication. This is easy to understand: the first, of course, were the words that reflected the urgent human needs.

3 layer: East Slavic : formed to VII – IVin. N.E. Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian nationalities. Words left from this period are known, as a rule, both in Ukrainian and Belarusian, but are absent in the languages ​​of the Western and Southern Slavs. Names of animals, birds:squirrel, jackdaw, dog, bullfinch . Items: ruble. Professions: carpenter, cook etc. Most common words in modern Russian belong to this period. Distinctive feature vocabulary of this period - the predominance of colloquial vocabulary, emotionally colored words, while in the first two groups - the words are mostly neutral.

4 layer: Proper Russian vocabulary - after the 14th century already with a derivative basis:mason, locker room, community, switch etc. There is an independent development of the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian languages.

Actually Russian

Sad

Highly

Need

Currant

Printer

Ukrainian

Sumy

duje

Consumption i bno

Steam i glasses

Drukar

Belarusian

Sumy

Velm i

Needed

Parachk i

Drukar

Actually, many different names of actions are Russian: coo, influence, explore, uproot, loom, smash, defuse, scold; household items: fork, spinning top, cover, wallpapers; food items: jam, cabbage rolls, kulebyaka, flatbread; natural phenomena, plants, fruits, animals, birds, fish: blizzard, ice, bad weather, desman, rook, chub; the names of the attribute of the object and the attribute of the action, state: convex, idle, flabby, down to the ground, by the way, briefly, awake y; names of persons by occupation: carter, racer, mason, pilot; names of abstract concepts: result, deceit, neatness, caution and many other words with suffixes -ost-, -stv(o)–, etc. The original vocabulary, which forms the basis of the Russian language, is at the same time the richest source of word formation. N.M. Shansky believes that up to 90% of the entire vocabulary of the Russian language belongs to the original vocabulary.

Borrowed words

Old Church Slavonic words or Old Slavonicisms (from the time of 988 (liturgical books). What is characteristic: 1. disagreement - ra-, - la-, - re-, - le– in the roots of words between consonants. In Russian, full-vowel combinations oro, olo, ere, ele (elo) correspond to them: gate– gates, hair– hair, shore– shore, mammal– milk, captivity– full. 2. combination of railway in place of Russian railway (clothes, hope, enmity ), 3. prefixes who, from, bottom, pre (sing, extraordinary, predict ), 4. suffixes eni (e), stvi (e), zn, usch, yush, ash, yash(prayer, torment, execution, leading, knowing ) 5. The presence of the sound u in place of the etymological tj in accordance with Russian h: power– be able, lighting– candle, day and night– night. difficult basics: morality, superstition.6) a, e, u at the beginning of a word:lamb, unity, holy fool, south, young man

Borrowed from non-Slavic ( 10% of words used).

The most significant influence on the language of Ancient Russia was the influenceGreek . Penetration began in the Byzantine period after the adoption of Christianity. Liturgical books were translated from Greek into Old Church Slavonic. Many names of household items are Greek in origin:cherry, cucumber, lantern ; words related to science, education:grammar, mathematics, history, notebook ; borrowings from the liturgical sphere:angel, altar, icon, monastery, memorial service etc. Later borrowings:magnet, planet, tragedy .

Latin language also played an important role in the enrichment of Russian vocabulary, associated mainly with the sphere of scientific, technical and socio-political life. Words related to Latin include: author, audience, student, operation, deputy, revolution, constitution, etc. Latin was in many European countries the literary language, the language of religion. Medicine still uses Latin as a special language

from the Scandinavian languages (names Oleg, Olga, Igor), fromGerman languages ​​( armor, sword, shell, prince ). In various historical periods, borrowings from different languages. So, in connection with the Tatar-Mongol yoke in the XIV-XV centuries and with the cultural and trade contacts of the Slavs and Turkic peoples there were borrowings fromTurkic languages , For example, sheepskin coat, herd, horse, chest other. During the period of transformations of Peter I (it is believed that a quarter of all borrowed words came into the Russian language under Peter), words related to navigation, shipbuilding, military affairs, fromDutch (lock, harbor, boatswain ), German (soldier, storm, bayonet ) languages. Borrowed in the 18th - 19th centuries a large number of words fromFrench, Italian, Spanish, Polish , which are associated primarily with the secular nature of the culture of this time:ballet, partner, veil (from French)aria, baritone, impresario (from Italian)guitar, cigar, serenade (from spanish) monogram ( from Polish). In Russian, borrowings fromLatin (author, audience, student, republic ), Finnish language (blizzard, flounder, walrus, tundra). In the twentieth century, the main source of borrowing isEnglish language.

The vocabulary includes words from various spheres and concepts of Russian life: governor, decree, king (prince, princess, queen); thought, zemstvo; arshin, penny, pood, ruble; verst, whip, polynya, samovar; balalaika, button accordion, vodka, yeast, kalach, kvass, groats, cabbage soup, beluga, greyhound, sterlet, gopher, siskin.

Many set phrases have entered the English language: wedding palace, five-year plan, holiday home, Soviet Union. French also includes: boyar, cossack, kulak, partisan, hut, chaise, steppe, taiga, pancakes, snacks, wheels; grandmother, girl, matryoshka. The "cosmic" terminology is reflected: cosmonaut, cosmodrome, orbital. In the ancient Bulgarian monuments there are such words as wake up, cackle, hold, horse, first-born, mouth, hands. At the beginning of the twentieth century. a movement for mastering the Russian language began in the Czech Republic and partly in Slovakia. Among the borrowings, the following stand out: 1) the name of the socio-political, historical and cultural life - master, boyar, power, thought, state, capital, official, chronicle, syllable, dictionary; 2) the name of the food, the realities of everyday life - pancakes, caviar, kvass, kopeck, samovar; 3) the name of natural phenomena, abstract concepts, actions - air, height, channel, protection, threat, space. The words entered the language of Americans: satellite, Soviet miracle, giant of space, lunar, docking. For a long time, Russian words have penetrated into the Japanese language: samovar, snack, sea lion, steppe, tundra; asset, Leninism, collective farm, state farm, comrade.

barbarisms- foreign words and expressions used in the Russian text, but not included in the Russian language. Barbarism belongs to the least mastered type of borrowed vocabulary. For example, goodbye, okay, girl, friend zone etc.

Internationalisms- a word that originally arose in one language and then borrowed from it into most other languages ​​\u200b\u200bof the world to denote this concept. These are, first of all, the special terms of most sciences, the names technical devices (microscope, telephone, satellite, Internet), public institutions ( police, republic, academy)

exoticisms- foreign words used in the Russian language, naming the phenomena of life (everyday life, culture, etc.) of other peoples. Exoticisms are, for example, the names of monetary units: gulden, dinar, krone, peso, yuan, etc.; dwellings: wigwam, yurt, yaranga; settlements: aul, kishak, etc.; garments: beshmet, epancha, kimono, veil, turban, etc.; people according to their position, rank, occupation, position: abbot, geisha, hidalgo, kaiser, chancellor, clerk, lord, policeman, peer, sir, etc .; state and public institutions: Bundestag, Cortes, Sporting, etc.



8. Origin of Russian vocabulary. The role of the Old Church Slavonic language in the development of the Russian language.

The vocabulary of the modern Russian language has come a long way of development. Our vocabulary consists not only of native Russian words, but also of words borrowed from other languages. Foreign-language sources replenished and enriched the Russian language throughout the entire process of its historical development. Some borrowings were made in antiquity, others - relatively recently. Replenishment of Russian vocabulary went in two directions. New words were created from word-forming elements available in the language (roots, suffixes, prefixes). Thus, the original Russian vocabulary expanded and developed. New words poured into the Russian language from other languages ​​as a result of the economic, political and cultural ties of the Russian people with other peoples. The composition of Russian vocabulary in terms of its origin can be schematically represented in the table.

The role of the Old Church Slavonic language in the development of the Russian language.

A special place in the composition of Russian vocabulary among Slavic borrowings is occupied by Old Slavonic words, or Old Slavonicisms (Church Slavonicisms). These are the words of the oldest Slavic language, well known in Russia since the spread of Christianity (988).
Being the language of liturgical books, the Old Church Slavonic language was at first far from colloquial speech, but over time it experiences a noticeable influence of the East Slavic language and, in turn, leaves its mark on the language of the people. Russian chronicles reflect numerous cases of mixing of these related languages.

The influence of the Old Church Slavonic language was very fruitful, it enriched our language, made it more expressive and flexible. In particular, Old Slavonicisms began to be used in Russian vocabulary, denoting abstract concepts for which there were no names yet.

As part of the Old Slavonicisms that have replenished the Russian vocabulary, several groups can be distinguished:

1) words that go back to the common Slavic language, having East Slavic variants of a different sound or affixal design: gold, night, fisherman, boat;
2) Old Slavonicisms, which do not have consonant Russian words: finger, mouth, cheeks, persi (cf. Russian: finger, lips, cheeks, chest);
3) semantic Old Slavonicisms, that is, common Slavic words that received a new meaning in the Old Slavonic language associated with Christianity: god, sin, sacrifice, fornication.

Old Slavonic borrowings have characteristic phonetic, derivational and semantic features.

The phonetic features of Old Slavonicisms include:

1. disagreement, i.e. combinations -ra-, -la-, -re-, -le- between consonants in place of full-vowel Russians -oro-, -olo-, -ere-, -ele-, -elo- as part of one morpheme: brada - beard, youth - youth, string - series, helmet - helmet, milk - milk;
2. combinations of ra-, la- at the beginning of the word in place of Russian ro-, lo-: rab, rook; cf. East Slavic robeat, boat;
3. a combination of zhd in place of Russian w, ascending to a single pan-Slavic consonance: clothes, hope, between; cf. East Slavic: clothing, hope;
4. consonant u in place of Russian h, also ascending to the same common Slavic consonance: night, baby; cf. East Slavic: night, daughter;
5. vowel e at the beginning of the word in place of Russian o: elaziness, one, cf. East Slavic: aboutlazy, one;
6. the vowel e under stress before a hard consonant in place of the Russian o (ё): cross, sky; cf. godfather, palate.

Other Old Slavonicisms retain Old Slavonic prefixes, suffixes, complex framework characteristic of Old Slavonic word formation:

1. prefixes air-, from-, bottom-, through-, pre-, pre-: vossing, exile, send down, extraordinary, transgress, predict;
2. suffixes -stvi(e), -eni(e), -ani(e), -zn, -tv(a), -h(s), -ush-, -yush-, -ash-, -yash-: advent, prayer, torment, execution, prayer, helmsman, leader, knowing, screaming, smashing;
3. complex foundations with elements typical of Old Slavonicism: bogofearful, virility, malice, superstition, gluttony.

It is also possible to classify Old Slavonicisms based on their semantic and stylistic differences from Russian words.

1. Most of the Old Slavonicisms are distinguished by their book coloring, solemn, upbeat sound: youth, breg, hand, sing, sacred, imperishable, omnipresent, etc.
2. From such Old Slavonicisms, those that do not stylistically stand out against the background of the rest of the vocabulary (many of them replaced the corresponding East Slavic variants, duplicating their meaning) sharply differ: helmet, sweet, work, moisture; cf. obsolete Old Russian: shelom, licorice, vologa.
3. A special group is made up of Old Slavonicisms, used along with Russian variants that have received a different meaning in the language: dust - gunpowder, betray - transfer, head (of government) - head, citizen - city dweller, etc.

The Old Church Slavonicisms of the second and third groups are not perceived by the speakers of the modern Russian language as alien - they have become so Russified that they practically do not differ from native Russian words. Unlike such, genetic, Old Slavonicisms, the words of the first group retain their connection with the Old Slavonic, bookish language; many of them in the last century were an integral part of the poetic vocabulary: Persian, cheeks, mouth, sweet, voice, hair, golden, young, etc. Now they are perceived as poeticisms, and G.O. Vinokur called them stylistic Slavisms

From other closely related Slavic languages, separate words came to the Russian language, which practically do not stand out among the original Russian vocabulary. From the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages, the names of household items were borrowed, for example, Ukrainianisms: borscht, dumplings, dumplings, hopak. A lot of words came to us from the Polish language: town, monogram, harness, zrazy, gentry. Through Polish language Czech and other Slavic words were borrowed: ensign, impudent, angle, etc.