A textbook on history for the 1st year of all specialties of secondary specialized educational institutions under the basic training program Form of study full-time. The national composition of the population of Russia Based on the materials of the table, the national composition

The 2002 census confirmed that the Russian Federation is one of the most multinational - representatives of over 160 nationalities live in the country. During the census, the implementation of the Constitution of the Russian Federation in terms of free self-determination of nationality was ensured. During the census, more than 800 different variants of the population's responses to the question of nationality were received.

The seven peoples inhabiting Russia - Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, Bashkirs, Chuvashs, Chechens and Armenians - have a population of more than 1 million people. Russians are the most numerous nationality, their number was 116 million people (about 80% of the country's inhabitants).

For the first time after the 1897 census, the number of people who identified themselves as Cossacks (140 thousand people) was obtained, and also for the first time after the 1926 census, the number of people who called themselves Kryashens was obtained (about 25 thousand people). About 1.5 million people did not indicate their nationality.

The population of Russia by national composition

79.8% (115,868.5 thousand) are Russians;

1% (1457.7 thousand) - nationality is not specified;

19.2% (27838.1) are other nationalities. Of them:

All the peoples inhabiting our country can be divided into three groups:

The first is ethnic groups, most of which live in Russia, and outside of it they make up only small groups (Russians, Chuvashs, Bashkirs, Tatars, Komi, Yakuts, Buryats, etc.). They, as a rule, form national-state units.
The second group is those peoples of the countries of the “near abroad” (i.e., the republics of the former USSR), as well as some other countries that are represented on the territory of Russia by significant groups, in some cases by compact settlement (Ukrainians, Belarusians, Kazakhs, Armenians, Poles , Greeks, etc.).
And, finally, the third group is formed by small subdivisions of ethnic groups, most of them living outside of Russia (Hungarians, Abkhazians, Chinese, etc.).

Thus, about 100 peoples (the first group) live mainly on the territory of Russia, the rest (representatives of the second and third groups) - mainly in the countries of the "near abroad" or other countries of the world, but are still an essential element of the population of Russia.

The peoples living in Russia (representatives of all three groups identified earlier) speak languages that belong to different language families . The most numerous of them are representatives of four language families: Indo-European (89%), Altaic (7%), North Caucasian (2%) and Uralic (2%).

Indo-European family

The most numerous in Russia - Slavic group, including Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, etc. Originally Russian regions are the territories of the European North, North-West and central regions of Russia, but they live everywhere and prevail in most regions (in 77 out of 88 regions), especially in the Urals, in southern Siberia and the Far East. Among other peoples of this language group, Ukrainians stand out (2.9 million people - 2.5%), Belarusians (0.8 million)

Thus, it can be argued that it is primarily a Slavic state (the share of Slavs is over 85%) and the largest Slavic state in the world.

Second largest among the Indo-European family German group (Germans).Since 1989, their number has decreased from 800 to 600 thousand people as a result of.

Iranian group - Ossetians. Their number has increased from 400 to 515 thousand largely as a result of emigration from the territory as a result of the armed conflict in South Ossetia.

In addition to those listed, the Indo-European family in Russia is also represented by other peoples: Armenians ( Armenian group); and Romanians ( roman group) and etc.

Altai family

The largest Turkic group in the Altai family (11.2 million people out of 12), which includes Tatars, Chuvashs, Bashkirs, Kazakhs, Yakuts, Shors, Azerbaijanis, and others. Representatives of this group - the Tatars - are the second largest people in Russia after the Russians.

The largest Turkic peoples (Tatars, Bashkirs, Chuvashs) are concentrated in the Ural-Volga region.

Other Turkic peoples are settled in the south of Siberia (Altaians, Shors, Khakasses, Tuvans) up to the Far East (Yakuts).

The third area of settlement of the Turkic peoples is (, Karachays, Balkars).

The Altai family also includes: (Buryats, Kalmyks);Tungus-Manchu group(Evens, Nanais, Ulchis, Udeges, Orochs),

Ural family

The largest of this family Finno-Ugric group, which includes Mordvins, Udmurts, Mari, Komi, Komi-Permyaks, Finns, Hungarians, Saami. In addition, this family includessamoyed group( , Selkups, Nganasans),Yukagir group(). The main area of residence of the peoples of the Uralic language family is the Ural-Volga region and the north of the European part of the country.

North Caucasian family

North Caucasian family represented mainly by the peoplesNakh-Dagestan group(Chechens, Avars, Dargins, Lezgins, Ingush, etc.) andAbkhaz-Adyghe group(Kabardians, Abaza). The peoples of this family live more compactly, mainly in the North Caucasus.

Representatives also live in Russia Chukchi-Kamchatka family( , Itelmens); Eskimo-Aleut family( , Aleuts); Kartvelian family() and peoples of other language families and peoples (Chinese, Arabs, Vietnamese, etc.).

The languages of all the peoples of Russia are equal, but the language of interethnic communication is Russian.

Russia, being a multinational republic in its own way state structure, is a federation built according to the national-territorial principle. The federal structure of the Russian Federation is based on its state integrity, the unity of the system of state power, the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between state authorities of the Russian Federation and state authorities of the subjects of the Russian Federation, equality and self-determination of peoples in the Russian Federation (Constitution of the Russian Federation, 1993). The Russian Federation consists of 88 subjects, of which 31 are national entities (republics, autonomous regions, autonomous regions). The total area of national formations is 53% of the territory of the Russian Federation. At the same time, only about 26 million people live here, of which almost 12 million are Russians. At the same time, many peoples of Russia are dispersed in different regions of Russia. As a result, a situation has arisen where, on the one hand, part of the peoples of Russia are settled outside their national formations, and on the other hand, within many national formations, the share of the main or “titular” (which gave the name to the corresponding formation) nation is relatively small. So, out of 21 republics of the Russian Federation, only eight major peoples make up the majority (Chechen Republic, Ingushetia, Tyva, Chuvashia, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia, Tatarstan and Kalmykia. In multi-ethnic Dagestan, ten local peoples (Avars, Dargins, Kumyks, Lezgins, Laks , Tabasarans, Nogais, Rutuls, Aguls, Tsakhurs) form 80% of the total population. The lowest proportion of "titular" peoples have (10%) and Khakassia (11%).

A peculiar picture of the settlement of peoples in the autonomous regions. They are very rarely inhabited and for many decades have attracted migrants from all the republics of the former USSR (Russians, Ukrainians, Tatars, Belarusians, Chechens, etc.), who came to work - to develop the richest deposits, build roads, industrial facilities and cities. As a result, the main peoples in most autonomous regions (and in the only autonomous region) make up only a small percentage of their total population. For example, in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - 2%, in the Yamal-Nenets - 6%, Chukotka - about 9%, etc. Only in one Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug, the titular peoples make up the majority (62%).

The dispersal of many peoples and their intensive contacts with other peoples, especially with Russians, contribute to their assimilation.

Question 01. Describe the features of the territory and population of the Russian Empire. How did they influence the development of the country?

Answer. Peculiarities:

1) Russia was the second largest state in the world after Great Britain with its colonies, but Londok was connected with the colonies by sea, and St. links between regions;

2) a significant part of the territory of Russia was located in zones of an unfavorable (extremely cold or desert) climate, which hampered the development of the country;

3) Russia was a multi-confessional state with the domination and state support of Orthodoxy, because of this, territories with great economic potential (the Baltic states, the territory of the former Commonwealth) and economically active peoples (for example, Jews) were discriminated against on religious grounds, which hampered the development of the country generally;

4) Russia was a multinational state with the unresolved national Question, interethnic conflicts also hampered the development of the economy;

5) Russia was rich in minerals, such as oil;

6) Russia had access to both the Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean (through the Baltic Sea);

7) in addition to land unsuitable for life, in Russia there were also many sown areas with good yields.

Question 02. On the basis of the materials of the paragraph, make up theses of the answer on the topic "Ethnic and religious composition of the population of Russia."

Answer. Theses:

1) Characteristics of the ideological triad "Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality";

2) war in the Caucasus;

3) accession to Russia of the territories of Central Asia;

4) attitude towards Muslims in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century;

5) the relationship of the center with the Catholic and Protestant outskirts;

6) the special situation of Finland and the change in this situation at the beginning of the 20th century;

7) attitude towards the Jews in the Russian Empire.

Question 03. What role did foreign capital play in the development of the Russian economy during the period of industrialization?

Answer. Foreign capital provided great support to the development of Russian industry (accounting for 40% of all capital investments in the country). However, the Russian economy did not become dependent on him, nor did it lead to the creation of special economic zones with foreign influence. Coming to Russia, foreign capital merged with local. However, precisely because of this, the imperial government did not look for reserves for the development of the economy within the country. And precisely because of this, part of the profits went abroad.

Question 04. Based on the text of the paragraph, prove that Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. entered the phase of transition to an agrarian-industrial society.

Answer. By 1914, the townspeople already made up almost 18% of the population of the empire - not the majority, but the figure is already significant. At the same time, in terms of the absolute size of iron ore mining, iron and steel smelting, the volume of engineering products, the industrial consumption of cotton and sugar production, Russia took fourth or fifth place in the world, and in oil production at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries it even became the world leader thanks to the creation of the Baku oil industrial region. But with all this, the main products produced in Russia remained agricultural. For example, the empire occupied a leading position in the world in the export of grain. As before, 54-56% of the national income was brought by agriculture.

Question 05. Determine the main features of Russia's state policy in the field of industry. Describe the reforms of S.Yu. Witte.

Answer. Features:

1) the state expanded the railway network, thereby improving the interconnection of regions;

2) the state consistently contributed to the development of heavy industry, which served as the basis for the production of weapons;

3) the government did not create obstacles for the penetration of foreign capital into the Russian economy, which had a beneficial effect on the latter;

4) state control over the economy was constantly strengthened in order to protect the economic interests of the nobility and the government by limiting the freedom of enterprise and the natural development of the economy.

Reforms of the Minister of Finance S.Yu. Witte were aimed at accelerated industrialization, for which, first of all, he stabilized the ruble by carrying out a monetary reform. However, he did not implement the ideals of liberalism and give more freedom to entrepreneurship, instead he increased the revenues of the treasury, for example, due to the wine monopoly and the growth of indirect taxes.

Question 06. Name the features of the development of the agricultural sector of the economy. What problems did the village face?

Answer. Peculiarities:

1) agriculture became commercialized, thanks to which Russia was one of the leading countries in the world in grain exports, in addition, it imported timber, etc.;

2) farms (as well as agricultural land) were clearly divided into landowners and peasants;

3) in the Russian Empire, the world's largest concentration of land was observed (in landowner farms);

4) in Russia, the rural community continued to exist and actively operate with mutual responsibility.

Problems:

1) semi-middle and poor peasant farms that did not produce marketable products prevailed in Central Russia;

2) most agricultural products were produced using old methods;

3) landlords' land was used economically extremely inefficiently;

4) overpopulation of Central Russia, which led to the fact that "extra hands" were not used in agricultural production;

5) permanent redistribution of land in the peasant community.

Topic 6.3. Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century.

Plan

1. Socio-economic development

2. The internal policy of the autocracy.

3. The main measures of autocracy.

Literature

Socio-economic development

Character traits

Completion by the end of the 19th century. industrial revolution.
The formation of the capitalist structure in the economy.
The emergence of new industries (coal, oil, etc.).
Formation of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. However, Russia is an agrarian country (87% of the population are peasants).
Strong state intervention in economic life
Inconsistency of development: in industry - the emergence of monopolies, and in the countryside - feudal remnants.
Preservation of feudal serfdom, which hindered socio-economic development.

At the turn of the XIX - XX centuries. Russia has entered the imperialist stage of development of capitalism.

The main features of imperialism

The concentration of production and the formation of monopolies.
Struggle for markets of demand and sale of goods. In the international arena, the struggle for global spheres of influence is intensifying. The division of the world.
The export of capital.
The concentration of bank capital. Merging of industrial and banking capital.
Formation of a financial oligarchy.

Forms of monopolies

A trust is an association in which enterprises lose all independence, being part of a separate gigantic production.

A cartel is an association of enterprises on the terms of regulating the volume of production, marketing of products and hiring labor. Economic and legal independence was preserved.

Syndicate - unites enterprises on the terms of orders, purchases of raw materials, sales. Preservation of production and loss of commercial independence.

The first monopolies in Russia:

"Prodamet", "Pipe Sale" (since 1902), "Produgol", "Copper", "Prodarud" (from 1903 - 1907), "Roof" and "Br. Nobel”, “Prodvagon”, “Prodparovoz”.

Leading Russian banks:

Russian-Asian, Russian for foreign trade, Russian commercial and industrial, Azov-Don, St. Petersburg international commercial.

Despite the high level of concentration of production and capital, the growth in the volume of output, the Russian economy, as well as the standard of living of the population, lagged behind Western countries.

The internal policy of the autocracy

The course of Nicholas II (1894 - 1917) - the continuation of politics

Alexander III, aimed at the inviolability of autocracy and feudal serfdom.

The main feudal-serf survivals in Russia

The absolute power of the monarch.
estate system; lack of political rights and freedoms.
Feudal duties (corvee labor, dues); redemption payments.
Peasant community.
Landownership. There were practically no peasant proprietors in Russia.

Objective necessity (the socio-economic backwardness of Russia) forced Nicholas II to take timid steps of bourgeois transformation.

Main economic policy measures

S.Yu. Witte (1892 - 1903)

1895 - the introduction of a state monopoly on the sale of alcoholic beverages as an additional source of revenue for the treasury.

1897 - monetary reform. The convertibility of the ruble has strengthened.

1899 - the release of imported capital from obstacles, which increased the flow of investment in industry.

1902 - the creation of a "Special Meeting" under the government in order to develop measures to reform the countryside.

Government methods for solving a working issue:

suppression of the labor movement;
an attempt to create a mechanism for regulating social conflicts (“Zubatovism”).

The creation of workers' organizations under the control of the police to fight for the improvement of their financial situation was not successful.

Questions and tasks

1. Describe the features of the territory and population of the Russian Empire. How did they influence the development of the country? Based on the materials of the table "The national composition of the population of the Russian Empire" and the text of the paragraph, make up the theses of the answer on the topic: "The ethnic and religious composition of the population of Russia."

2. What are the most common points of view on the nature of Russia's economic development. Express your attitude to the thesis about "the deep backwardness and semi-colonial dependence of Russia on economically developed powers at the beginning of the 20th century." To what extent is your position consistent with this conclusion?

3. What role did foreign capital play in the development of the Russian economy during the period of industrialization? Based on the text of the paragraph, prove that Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. entered the phase of transition to an agrarian-industrial society.

4. Determine the main features of the state policy of Russia in the field of industry. Describe the reforms of the SU. Witte. To what extent did they influence the success of the industrial development of the country?

5. Name the features of the development of the agricultural sector of the economy. What problems did the village face?

Topic 6.4. Russian legal system.

Plan

1. Foreign policy in the late XIX - early XX centuries.

2. Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905

3. The first Russian revolution of 1905 - 1907

4. The origin of Russian parliamentarism.

Literature

Samygin P.S. History Ed. 14th, Rostov-on-Don, 2010

Artemov V.V., Lubchenkov Yu.N. History - 9th ed., Ster. - M., 2011

Zagladin N.V., Simoniya N.A. History of Russia and the world of the XX-XXI centuries. Textbook for grade 11. 8th ed. TID "Russian word - PC", 2008.

Foreign policy in the late XIX - early XX centuries. International position in the Far East

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as a result of China's defeat in the war with Japan and the loss of Korea, Liaodong, Taiwan and other territories, China was greatly weakened.

Relations between Russia and China:

1896 defensive alliance against Japan.

The right to build a railway through Northern China.

1898 - Russian lease of Port Arthur as a naval base (for 25 years).

Rivalry for Chinese heritage and influence in the Far East is intensifying between Russia and Japan.

In the conditions of the brewing conflict between Russia and Japan, France and Germany adhered to neutrality. The United States and Britain provided military and economic assistance to Japan. On the eve of the war with Japan, Russia, in fact, found itself in international isolation.

Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905

Peace of Portsmouth 1905 between Russia and Japan:

Russia's loss of the southern part of Sakhalin Island.
Transfer of Port Arthur to Japan.

Reasons for the defeat of Russia

Weak preparation of Russia for war. Military-technical superiority of Japan.
Mistakes and ill-conceived actions of the Russian command.
Dispersal of Russian troops. The inability to quickly transfer reserves to the Far East.
Support for Japan from Britain and the United States.

Consequences of Russia's defeat in the war with Japan

Public dissatisfaction with the autocracy, shamefully lost the war with Japan.
Weakening of Russia's positions in the Far East.
The destabilization of the internal political situation in Russia is the growth of the revolutionary struggle.

The first Russian revolution 1905 - 1907

Tasks

The liquidation of the feudal-serf orders.
The solution of the agrarian question, the fundamental question of the revolution.
solution of the national question.

The beginning of the revolution - "Bloody Sunday". January 9, 1905

The main means of struggle are strikes.

January 1905 - St. Petersburg (40 thousand workers).

May 1905 - a general strike of textile workers. (Ivanovo-Voznesensk. About 200 thousand people).

October 1905 - All-Russian political strike - the pinnacle of the revolution

Army and Navy in the Revolution of 1905-1907.

June 1905 - uprising on the battleship Potemkin.

July 1905 - a wave of discontent among sailors in Kronstadt, Sveaborg.

November 1905 - the uprising of soldiers and sailors of the Black Sea Fleet.

Giving Russia political rights and freedoms.
Establishment of the State Duma - a class-representative legislative body.
Formal limitation of the tsar's power by the State Duma.

Significance of the Manifesto October 17, 1905

Formation of political parties in Russia.
Limitation of the autocratic power of the king.
The formation of parliamentarism.

December 1905 armed uprising in Moscow. The beginning of the recession of the revolution.

The birth of Russian parliamentarism

Party composition	Main questions	Reasons for overclocking
I Duma (April - June 1906)
Liberal parties - 43% Trudoviks and Social Democrats - 23% Nationalists - 14%	agrarian question	The Duma sows "trouble"
II Duma (February - June 1907)
Revolutionary Democratic Parties - 43% Cadets - 19% Right - 10% Nationalists - 15%	agricultural question. Reform of public education, taxation. political freedoms.	It was even more revolutionary than the first, according to the emperor

The agrarian question in the programs of political parties

Conservative-protective parties (right):

"Union of the Russian people" (since 1905).
"Party of the Russian Assembly"
"Union of Michael the Archangel" (since 1907)

Leaders: V. Purishkevich, N. Markov, A. Dubrovin.

Social support: philistines, small shopkeepers, merchants, nobility, part of the intelligentsia.

Agricultural program:

Inadmissibility of compulsory alienation of the land of landowners.
The increase in peasant allotments by resettling peasants and the voluntary alienation of landowners' lands for a fee.
Improving the culture of agriculture.

Centrists:

"Union of October 17" (since 1905).
"Democratic Union of Constitutionalists".
"Progressive Economic Party".

Leaders: A.I. Guchkov, N.N. Lvov, P.P. and V.P. Ryabushinsky.

The party represented the interests of commercial and industrial circles.

Agricultural program:

Freedom of exit of peasants from the community.
resolving the problem of land shortage at the expense of state and specific lands, landowner landownership with fair remuneration.
Establishment of the State Bank for Land Credit.

Liberal opposition parties:

1.Constitutional Democratic Party (Kadets).

Social support: intelligentsia, liberal nobility, partly peasants and workers.

Agricultural program:

Increasing land use areas at the expense of state, specific, monastic lands.
Alienation of landed estates with fair remuneration.
Organization of land credit and resettlement.
Agricultural intensification.

Revolutionary Democratic Parties (Far Left)

RSDLP - Russian Social Democratic Labor Party

(since 1903)

RSDLP (since 1903)

RSDLP (b) - the Bolshevik party led by V.I. Lenin

RSDLP (Mensheviks) headed by G.V. Plekhanov

Program minimum:

1. Return of cuts to peasants.

2. Cancellation of redemption and quitrent payments.

3. Cancellation of mutual responsibility

Program maximum:

1. Complete confiscation of all landlord, state, specific, church and monastery lands.

2. Nationalization of land - its transfer to state ownership

1. Refusal to confiscate landownership. Alienation of landlords' land by way of redemption or for a fee.

2. Transfer of land to public use under the control of self-government bodies - municipalities.

AKP - Party of Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs) (since 1905) a peasant party.

Leaders: M. Spiridonova, B. Savinkov, V. Chernov.

Agricultural program:

Transfer of land to the public domain.
Preservation of the peasant community - the cell of the future socialism and its right to dispose of the land fund.
Distribution of land for use according to the labor norm.

June 3, 1907 - the new electoral law of Nicholas II, which violated the Manifesto of October 17, 1905. A new law in the empire can only be adopted with the approval of the State Duma. Establishment of the "Third of June Monarchy". The defeat of the revolution of 1905 - 1907

The June 3rd monarchy is an unstable political regime that was established after the defeat of the revolution and relied on the landowners and the bourgeoisie; combined in his domestic policy of repression with bourgeois reforms.

The main directions of domestic policy

Suppression of the revolutionary movement.
Carrying out urgent socio-economic transformations.
Fight against the liberal opposition.
The transformation of the Duma into an obedient instrument of power through the new electoral law of June 3, 2007.

III Duma (1907 - 1912)

Left - 54 deputies

Right + Black Hundreds - 144 deputies

Center (Octobrists) - 148 people.

The adoption by the Duma of a reactionary and liberal bill depended on the position of the Octobrists (their alliance with other parties).

Stolypin agrarian reform. Ways to solve the peasant question

Destruction of the peasant community. Obtaining the right to allot land in personal ownership (cut, farm).
Creation of a peasant bank to support the prosperous peasantry.
Resettlement of peasants from the central regions

Reform objectives

Solve the problem of lack of land for the peasants of Central Russia.
Overcoming the backwardness of the countryside - the elimination of feudal-serf survivals (destruction of the community).
Creation of the social support of the autocracy - the peasant proprietors.
Removal of social tension in the village.

The meaning and consequences of the agrarian reform of P.A. Stolypin

The growth of a free labor force due to the withdrawal of poor peasants from the community.
Growth of agricultural production and improvement of land use culture.
The development of entrepreneurship of the rural bourgeoisie.
The most important tasks were not solved: the destruction of the peasant community (21% of householders left the community) and lack of land.
It was not possible to create a wide layer of peasant farmers (10% of the peasants switched to farms and cuts).

April 1912 - the execution of workers at the Lena mines.

By 1914, revolutionary sentiments were growing in Russia.

The international position of Russia (1906 - 1914)

A characteristic feature of the international situation at the beginning of the 20th century. - an intensification of the struggle between the imperialist countries for markets for raw materials and goods, for dominance in the international arena.

Delimitation of spheres of influence (treaty of 1907)

1907 - Russia joins the union of both England and France. The formation of a military-political bloc - the Entente.

Questions for consolidation

Name the causes and driving forces of the revolution.
Describe the economic and political development of the country in the early twentieth century.
Compare the goals, the program, the composition of the parties: the RSDLP, the Socialist-Revolutionaries, the government parties, the liberal ones.

Question 01. Describe the features of the territory and population of the Russian Empire. How did they influence the development of the country?

Answer. Peculiarities:

1) Russia was the second largest state in the world after Great Britain with its colonies, but Londok was connected with the colonies by sea, and St. links between regions;

2) a significant part of the territory of Russia was located in zones of an unfavorable (extremely cold or desert) climate, which hampered the development of the country;

4) Russia was a multinational state with the unresolved national Question, interethnic conflicts also hampered the development of the economy;

5) Russia was rich in minerals, such as oil;

6) Russia had access to both the Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean (through the Baltic Sea);

7) in addition to land unsuitable for life, in Russia there were also many sown areas with good yields.

Question 02. On the basis of the materials of the paragraph, make up theses of the answer on the topic "Ethnic and religious composition of the population of Russia."

Answer. Theses:

1) Characteristics of the ideological triad "Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality";

2) war in the Caucasus;

3) accession to Russia of the territories of Central Asia;

4) attitude towards Muslims in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century;

5) the relationship of the center with the Catholic and Protestant outskirts;

6) the special situation of Finland and the change in this situation at the beginning of the 20th century;

7) attitude towards the Jews in the Russian Empire.

Question 03. What role did foreign capital play in the development of the Russian economy during the period of industrialization?

Question 04. Based on the text of the paragraph, prove that Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. entered the phase of transition to an agrarian-industrial society.

Question 05. Determine the main features of Russia's state policy in the field of industry. Describe the reforms of S.Yu. Witte.

Answer. Features:

1) the state expanded the railway network, thereby improving the interconnection of regions;

2) the state consistently contributed to the development of heavy industry, which served as the basis for the production of weapons;

3) the government did not create obstacles for the penetration of foreign capital into the Russian economy, which had a beneficial effect on the latter;

Question 06. Name the features of the development of the agricultural sector of the economy. What problems did the village face?

Answer. Peculiarities:

1) agriculture became commercialized, thanks to which Russia was one of the leading countries in the world in grain exports, in addition, it imported timber, etc.;

2) farms (as well as agricultural land) were clearly divided into landowners and peasants;

3) in the Russian Empire, the world's largest concentration of land was observed (in landowner farms);

4) in Russia, the rural community continued to exist and actively operate with mutual responsibility.

Problems:

1) semi-middle and poor peasant farms that did not produce marketable products prevailed in Central Russia;

2) most agricultural products were produced using old methods;

3) landlords' land was used economically extremely inefficiently;

4) overpopulation of Central Russia, which led to the fact that "extra hands" were not used in agricultural production;

5) permanent redistribution of land in the peasant community.

home > ISO classifier

A textbook on history for the 1st year of all specialties of secondary specialized educational institutions under the basic training program Form of study full-time. The national composition of the population of Russia Based on the materials of the table, the national composition

The population of Russia by national composition

Indo-European family

Altai family

Ural family

North Caucasian family

We also recommend