Letter abbreviations, compound words and graphic abbreviations. Compound words

Compound words are a type of abbreviations that are formed by the initial elements of each name. Simply put, if you add the first few letters of each word in the phrase “local committee”, you get “local committee”. This is one of the ways to shorten long names, which was widely used in the USSR and remains popular to this day.

What are complexly abbreviated samizdat, cultural enlightenment, the Ministry of Defense, Gosstandartmetrologiya, social security, collective farm, educational program.

There are several rules that determine how certain words are written and used. compound words.

Spelling

• All compound words are written together. Examples: local committee, wall newspaper, Mosodezhda.
• Each part of the resulting word is written in the same way as it would be written in the original word. Thus, the letters "b" and "b" cannot stand between these parts. On the other hand, soft sign it is written at the end of the part if it is followed by the letter “a”, “o”, “u”, “e” (for example, costutil).
• At the beginning of the second part, “s” is not written: Gospolitizdat, pedagogical institute.
• "E" after consonants is written only if the original word begins with it: Mosenergo, NEP.

Lowercase and uppercase letters

• Abbreviated words are always written in small letters, if the first abbreviated word is not a proper name: work correspondent, cultural work, overalls.
• Abbreviations that are read not by the names of letters, but by sounds, are written in small letters: rono, university, bunker.
• If compound words mean a name, then they are capitalized: Mossovet, Oblgaz.

Writing abbreviations

An abbreviation is similar to compound words, but, unlike them, is formed only by the first letters of each constituent element. For example, the Ministry of Internal Affairs - the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

• If the entire abbreviation is read by the names of the letters, then it is written in capital letters: USSR, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Central Committee, MTS, CPSU.
• The entire abbreviation is written in capital letters if it denotes the name of the organization. For example: EEC Society), MFA (Ministry of Foreign Affairs), UN (United Nations Organization).
• If the abbreviation can be inclined, then its ending is written in small letters: MFA, TASS.
• If one part of the abbreviation is read by sounds, and the other by letters, then the whole word is written in capitals: CDSA (read "tse-de-sa").
• If a proper name is abbreviated, and at the same time one of the words is truncated to several letters, and the rest to one, then only the first letter is written in capital: AzSSR.

Usage in literature

Almost all compound words are intended for use in oral speech and not in literature. But there are a few that can be used in all literature, except for those intended for novice readers:

• etc. - the like
• etc. - others
• others - others
• see - see
• i.e. - i.e.
• etc. - so on
• cf. - compare
• year - year
• gg. - of the year
• e.g. - for example
• in. - century
• Art. Art. - old style
• t. - volume
• centuries - centuries
• tt. - volumes
• region - region
• n. e. - ad
• lake - Lake
• city ​​- city
• R. - river
• well. e. - railway
• n. Art. - a new style
• Assoc. - docent
• acad. - academician
• prof. - Professor
• page - page
• them. - name
• gr. - citizen

Other words are abbreviated according to several rules:

• It is impossible to abbreviate by a vowel and by "b": Karelian - "k.", "Kar.", but not "ka.", "kare.", "Karel.".
• When reducing, you need to do after the first of them: wall - “wall.”, grammatical - “gram.”. If several different consonants coincide, the reverse rule applies: the reduction is made to the last consonant. For example, folk - “folk”, Russian - “Russian”, artificial - “art”.

Look at several newspapers that are read in your family. Find articles about events in our country. Look at the complex abbreviated words used by the authors of the articles (they are easy to see, since these words are written in capital letters). Write down such words, explain what they mean ( ask adults for help if you can’t do it yourself). Ask the elders what other compound words they know, write them down. Compose and write down 3-4 sentences with some of the words so that the verb-predicate is in the past tense (like in exercise 199) please help me urgently

1. Decipher complex abbreviated words, indicate their gender

KVN, RF, university, Sberbank, supermarket, foreign tourist, chief accountant, Ministry of Emergency Situations, special correspondent, HPP, gas station, UFO
2. Find and write in pairs of phrases in which the same word is: a) adjectives; b) noun
On duty detachment, wounded elk, young military man, new dining room, brave soldier, clockwork, conscientious duty officer, native songs, tablespoon, fearless wounded, sentry at the post, military ID, sick dog, the patient is recovering, go to relatives.

in the word breathed are hidden words that are spelled the same, pronounced the same, but completely different in lexical meaning. you will find them by removing them from

some letters of the given word. form them, and explain the lexical meaning.

Help me decide =) 1. A special graphic sign in the form of a short horizontal line, which is used between parts of complex and

abbreviated words, between two words, to indicate the transfer of part of the word to another line:

2) colon;

4) ellipsis.

2. The main members of the proposal are:

1) circumstance;

2) predicate;

3) addition;

4) subject.

3. Significant parts of speech are:

1) pronoun;

3) preposition;

4) adverb.

4. Which of the presented adjectives is in initial form:

1) beautiful;

2) beautiful;

3) beautiful;

4) beautiful.

5. Part of speech denoting a non-procedural feature (quality, property) and expressing this meaning in grammatical categories gender, number and case.

1) verb;

2) adverb;

3) noun;

4) adjective.

6. Which of the submitted proposals used possessive pronoun:

1) I saw them suddenly;

2) They were not here before;

3) Their books were on the table;

4) He did not need their care.

7. The affix, which is part of a simple stem before the root:

1) prefix;

2) suffix;

3) interfix;

4) ending.

8. In which of the presented sentences is there no subject:

1) Nobody lives there;

2) I love a thunderstorm in early May;

3) How cheerful is the roar of summer storms;

4) Spring has already come.

9. Single separator sign punctuation, which serves for internal articulation of the sentence:

2) comma;

3) colon;

4) semicolon.

10. Which of the examples presented are sentences:

1) The station is far away;

2) Recently returned;

3) It is written in the book;

4) The sun is rising.

11. Name the sentences in which the verb is used in the infinitive form:

1) You can't stand here;

2) He read while standing;

3) He could not defend his point of view;

4) He decided to become a teacher.

12. Which of the presented adjectives are in the form comparative degree:

1) smarter;

2) the smartest;

4) the smartest.

13. Name adjectives that are qualitative:

1) hare;

2) cowardly;

3) summer;

4) warm.

14. Name the words with a hard consonant before "e":

1) parterre;

2) compartment;

3) bench;

4) thermal.

15. Indicate sentences with lexical errors:

1) He put his signature under the contract;

2) The lesson was canceled due to the teacher's illness;

3) He was a complete ignoramus in literature;

4) It was his weapon of labor.

16. Indicate the sentences in which grammatical errors:

1) Locksmiths have not left yet;

2) We have just talked with the head of the department;

3) The coffee was very strong;

4) The USSR was a big and strong state.

17. Mark which of the examples provided is a sentence:

1) Read the book;

2) New interesting film;

3) It's dawning;

4) The forest was silent.

18. Old Slavonic in origin are the following words:

1) citizen;

2) a citizen;

3) lonely;

4) the only one.

19. Name adjectives that do not have an antonym:

1) light;

2) birch;

3) green;

4) fast.

20. Determine the phrases in which the syntactic connection "coordination" is carried out:

1) smart people;

2) live beautifully;

3) an old friend;

4) take care of others.

1) Pick up synonyms for the word PURPLE, arranging them in order of strengthening the feature.

2) Choose synonyms for the word ROYAL.
3) Match the word Illuminated with cognate words various parts speech. Specify the parts of speech: _______________________________________________________________

What do the underlined words mean? What parts are they made from? Why do these words have to be "deciphered"?

Why are compound words underlined in the table called compound abbreviations?

A compound word with abbreviated stems is called compound abbreviated.

1. The artist showed in humorous drawings how one well-known abbreviated word was formed. Tell the pictures about his education. And how is the neologism supermarket formed?

2. What are correspondents? To answer this question, form words according to the model.

Children's correspondent - detkor; young correspondent, special correspondent, own correspondent, work correspondent, village correspondent.

Make up a sentence with homogeneous members with any of the resulting words.

When forming a compound abbreviated word, the following is taken: 1) a part consisting of several sounds: collective (lective) household (egg) - collective farm; 2) the initial letter, for example: Ts (central) K (omitet) - TsK, pronounced [tseka], 3) the initial sound, for example: s (triple) m (montage) y (board) - SMU, pronounced (smu).

3. Divide compound words into three groups according to the way the words from which they are formed are reduced. In order not to be mistaken, pay attention to the pronunciation (for some words it is indicated in square brackets). What does each compound word mean?

State farm, RTS, regional committee, VDNKh, Moscow Art Theater [Moscow Art Theater], Youth Theater, USSR, special correspondent, GTO, TASS [tas], CPSU, Komsomol organization, Komsomol, RSFSR, oblono, vocational school, traffic police, hydroelectric power station.

What abbreviated word means the same as the VLKSM? Decode it.

What compound word did you write out twice? Why?

4. Determine the gender of verbs with missing endings. Write by inserting the missing letters.

Sample reasoning: RTS prepared .. all the equipment for sowing. Let's decipher the word RTS: repair and technical station. Station is the main word in the phrase, it female, so the verb in the past tense must be in feminine A: RTS has prepared.

1. The Central Committee adopted.. an important decision on compulsory secondary education (committee). 2. The CPSU raised high.. the banner of the struggle for peace (party). 3. The USSR won .. the love of the working people of the whole world (union). 4. RSFSR ra .. threw .. (sya, sya) for thousands of kilometers from north to south, from east to west ..d (republic). 5. VLKSM pr..called..youth to study and work in Leninist way (union). 6. VDNKh aroused .. great interest (exhibition). 7. APS of the USSR prepared .. new textbooks (academy).

5. Write off. Name difficult words. Underline compound words. What do they stand for?

What other compound words do you know related to the Soviet Army?

1. The division commander immediately after the r..ensure categorically ordered to carry himself not to the first-aid post, but here, to the command post. 2. The adjutant of the general appeared on the path that went around the ruins. He went from m..markers. “Where is the commander? Left?" he asked as they walked. 3. The door swung open, and the battalion commander, senior lieutenant Ryabchenko, poured into the basement. (K. Simonov.)

Write down how the underlined word is formed.

Build a sentence scheme with direct speech.

6. Tell the diagram about the formation of words by addition. Use not only the examples given, but also your own.

Make an offer with compound word pilot-cosmonaut; underline the main terms in it.

7. Dictation. Indicate the case of nouns that are dependent words in these phrases. Underline alternating vowels in word roots.

Pick up speed, unfold in the east, pr..land with a parachute ..tom, r..stet with pr. , t .. the temperature overboard the plane, pr .. cheer up a comrade, in .. splendidly sit .. to eat, jump .. out of the cockpit, pr. .page, ra..skaz (pilot) tester.

Abbreviated words and abbreviations have their roots in the distant past. The first abbreviations appeared in Ancient Greece and in Ancient Rome. Any written language, sooner or later in history, comes to the reduction of frequently used forms of literature. The need to use abbreviations is justified by the reduction in the resource of writing media.

From Antiquity to the Middle Ages

Earlier, as you know, wrote on papyrus, birch bark, clay tablets. It was quite difficult to make them. They were very expensive. That is why it was necessary to save media and write as briefly as possible.

In ancient times, we meet the first abbreviations in the Roman Empire when writing names. So, Quintus in abbreviation was the first letter "Q". In Greece, they are found not only on textual media, but also on coins.

In Rome, until the Middle Ages, an official set of abbreviations for legal terminology was used. It was called "Tyron's Badges". With these icons, you could not only save paper, but also record quickly. This was important in the passage of litigation on the forums and in court. The art of quickly writing texts using Tyrone Badges is called tachygraphy.

The Middle Ages is the heyday of the Christian religion. In theological texts in Latin, short forms of literature are also used, sacred signs and symbols are introduced. Iconography is replete with specific abbreviations. In Orthodoxy, there are always specific abbreviations above or below the image of a saint. Old Church Slavonic which is very difficult for the uninitiated believer to read. There were many abbreviations in medical and alchemical texts. This trend continues to this day in various fields. scientific knowledge.

Abbreviations of modernity

Use of short forms in modern life moved from a written form of expression of thoughts to oral, colloquial speech. Speech modern man replete with compound words. In Russian, these word forms began to appear not so long ago - about 100 years ago. Massively began to introduce them and use them in the formation Soviet power in the USSR.

Contractions can form different ways. Consider complex word abbreviations and examples:

Initial abbreviations:

• SB - security service;
• RSU - Rostov State University;
• MIA - Ministry of Internal Affairs;
• STSI - State Safety Inspectorate traffic;
• USA - United States of America.

Compound words based on initial sounds:

• Youth Theater - Theater of the Young Spectator;
• USE - Unified State Examination;
• MOU - municipal educational institution;
• GITIS - state institute theatrical art.

Words from root associations are the most diverse group. Compound abbreviated noun examples:

• chief accountant - Chief Accountant;
• special correspondent - special correspondent;
• collective farm - collective farm;
• yunnat - young naturalist;
• battalion commander - battalion commander.

Short forms , which consist of the root of the first word and the second as a whole:

• salary - wage;
• registration certificate - technical certificate;
• veterinarian - veterinarian;
• first-aid post - medical post;
• construction industry - construction industry;
• orphanage - orphanage.

Mixed abbreviations - may consist of the root of the first word and the first letters of the rest of the word form. Here are the most famous:

• gorono (sometimes they write gorONO) - the city department of public education;
• district (or district ONO) - district department of public education.

Declension of compound words in Russian

Many words of this group cannot be declined. For example, initial abbreviations are not declined: LLC, PAO, etc. Those abbreviations in which the reference word has a feminine or neuter gender are also not subject to decline: hydroelectric power station.

In the case of declension, the abbreviation should always be written in capital letters, and the declension itself should be indicated together lower case: Youth theaters, SBshniki.

There are many more abbreviations in Russian than in other languages. Some industries form special rules writing such words. For example, all research papers (diploma, dissertation) are written and checked for compliance with a special GOST (7.0.12−2011). By the way, "GOST" is state standard.

Abbreviations and abbreviations greatly simplify speech, as well as writing complex names and names. At the same time, in order not to be an amateur and to understand speech in which there are many such forms, it is imperative to know the decoding and meaning of these stable short expressions. Sentences with compound words can be difficult. People of Soviet hardening understand this terminology much better than the current generation of youth. Speech and consciousness Soviet man were permeated with various in short words. Modern speech is gradually getting rid of the Soviet legacy.

Sometimes, instead of a long few words, you can say just a few sounds. This can be done with compound words. You will learn about what compound words are and how to use them correctly in speech in this lesson.

Topic: Word formation

Lesson: Compound words

1. The concept of compound words.

Compound words- these are words that are both complex (that is, they consist of several stems) and abbreviated (since these stems are used in a truncated form).

In this way, compound words(or abbreviations) are words formed by adding abbreviated stems.

2. The history of the emergence and meaning of compound words.

This way of word formation declared itself in late XIX century and did not pass any of the European languages. In Russian, the first compound words appeared in the late 90s of the 19th century.

These were, for example, the words:

RSDLP- Russian Social Democratic Labor Party

sell- one of the commercial and industrial companies engaged in the sale of metal.

During the First World War, military vocabulary was also reduced:

Glavkoyuz- Commander-in-Chief of the Southwestern Front

Nachresidun - head of the river forces of the Danube

And yet, before the events of 1917, compound words were almost never used in oral speech, they were used mainly in written speech.

Thus, the abbreviation E.I.V.- His Imperial Majesty.

In the 1920s, a lot of compound words appeared:

local committee, Moscow City Council, Revolutionary Tribunal, NEP etc.

This trend in the language manifested itself so clearly that names formed in this way began to appear. So, for example, in the 20-30s the following names were popular:

Vilen and Vladlen- Vladimir Ilyich Lenin,

Kim- Communist Youth International,

Dazdraperma- Long live the First of May.

After the Great Patriotic War the craving for abbreviations was manifested only in the names of institutions.

In modern Russian, the process of formation of compound words is also quite active:

Each of us has heard the word UEFA (UEFA)- European Union of Football Associations (Union des associations européennes de football)

Most of us are familiar with the company name. LUKoil- English. oil - oil; BOW - Langepas, Uray, Kogalym.

Often we no longer notice that the word is complexly abbreviated.

So, for example, it happened with the word lavsan. Lavsan is the name of artificial fiber. The word is formed from the sounds included in the name of the institution where this fiber was invented: the Laboratory of Macromolecular Compounds of the Academy of Sciences.

Also abbreviated words are foreman, motel, supermarket, university, laser, radar etc.

3. Groups of compound words according to the method of formation.

In Russian, according to the method of formation, all compound words are divided into the following groups:

1. Formed from initial sounds, letters or combinations:

university - higher education institution,

VDNH- exhibition of achievement National economy,

CSKA- central sport Club army.

2. Formed from the initial parts of words:

supply manager- Head of the household.

3. Mixed type, combining the first two ways:

IMLI- Institute of World Literature.

4. Formed from a combination of the initial part of the word with the whole second word:

spare parts- spare parts.

5. Formed from a combination of the beginning of the first word with the end of the second:

moped- motorcycle and bicycle.

6. Formed from a combination of the beginning of the first word with the beginning and end of the second:

destroyer- squadron destroyer.

In compound abbreviated words, not all words that make up full names can be represented:

Gosplan- state planning committee

Also, in complex abbreviated words, the order of the stems can be changed:

lizoblyud - platypus. These words are synonyms.

Compound words got wide use in formal business style in many languages ​​of the world.

4. The genus of compound words.

The gender of letter abbreviations and abbreviations ending in a vowel is usually determined by the gender of the main word in the full name.

VDNH- Exhibition of achievements of the national economy. The main word is Exhibition- female. This means that the abbreviated word VDNKh will also be feminine.

RIA- Russian information Agency. The main word is agency, neuter gender. This means that the abbreviation RIA will also be neuter.

Sound abbreviations ending in a consonant are mostly related to masculine. For example, the oldest university. Although, if we decipher, it will turn out highereducational institution. The main word is institution, neuter gender. But university is a masculine word.

However,

UN- United Nations - f.r.

nuclear plant- nuclear power plant - zh.r.

hydroelectric power station- hydroelectric power station - railway

Therefore, it is useful to consult a dictionary.

Bibliography

1. Russian language. Grade 6: Baranov M.T. and others - M .: Education, 2008.
2. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 cells: V.V. Babaitseva, L.D. Chesnokova - M.: Bustard, 2008.
3. Russian language. 6th grade: ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta - M.: Bustard, 2010.

1. Spelling of compound words ().
2. About compound words ().

Homework

1. Exercise number 1.

Determine the gender of compound words.

To check, underline in combination the key word by which the gender of the compound abbreviation is determined:

UN NII MES

2. Exercise number 2.

Write down, fill in the missing letters. Determine the gender of the underlined words.

For one hundred and fifty boys and girls, the path to working profession started in vocational school, which … prepares metallurgists.

In the near future, it is planned to build a two … PBX twenty thousand numbers each …

Irkutsk … HPP- the first-born of the Angara cascade of stations.