How to determine which sentence is common or not common. Educational and methodological material in the Russian language (Grade 3) on the topic: Common and non-common sentences

A common sentence is a simple sentence (see), which (in contrast to a non-common sentence; see) includes secondary members that explain and clarify the subject, predicate or the sentence as a whole. The expansion of the composition of the sentence occurs due to words and phrases that appear in the form predetermined by the subject or predicate, or in the form fixed in the language system to express certain components of the meaning of the sentence, for example: Did not come due to illness; * Snow clogged into the collars of windbreakers - squeezed the throat with an ice hoop * (Semyonov-Spassky); *Shut up about this! Morozna tried not to remember the trip to the hospital* (Fadeev). In the phrase formed on the basis of various types of subordination (coordination, control, adjoining), there are definitive, object or subject relations, for example: do not remember the trip - management, object relations; a trip to the hospital - poor management, defining relationships.
The syntactic position of word forms that spread the entire sentence as a whole is at the beginning or less often at the end of the sentence. In one sentence there can be several such distributors (determinants, see), characterizing the sentence from different angles, having a subjective, objective or adverbial meaning, for example: “She has sea-colored eyes, She has an unfaithful soul * (Balmont); * On your face, tenderly unsteady. The white beam pretended to smile...* (Annensky); * With the rink and parents became much calmer * (Nosov).
The internal composition of a sentence can be extended by a name, more often by a pronoun, in the form of dates. etc., which indicates the direction of the action, for example: * The bullet went through his very heart * (Turgenev). This role can be played by the infinitive, for example: Give paper to write a letter; gerund: Go away, go away.
A sentence is widespread if it contains open or closed rows of clarifying definitions, additions or circumstances united by an allied or non-union connection, for example:<Лишь снег порхает - вечный, белый. Зимой - он площадь оснежит...* (Блок); *Вся моя жизнь озарилась любовью, именно вся, до самых мелочей, словно тёмная, заброшенная комната, в которую внесли свечку* (Тургенев).
The sentence is also extended by adding clarifying groups of word forms that are in a semi-predicative relationship with the sentence or a single word. These isolated semantic groups are distinguished intonationally, in writing - by commas or dashes, for example: ^ Throwing it [net], to the complete surprise of everyone, missed and captured only a jug with it ... * (Bulgakov); * So whispered Margarita Nikolaevna, looking at the crimson curtains pouring with the sun, restlessly dressing, combing her short curled hair in front of a triple mirror * (Bulgakov).
A common sentence is the introduction of syntactically independent word forms - appeals, plug-in structures, for example: * You are dear to me, it's sunset time * (Pleshcheev); * A wonderful musician came to her (I was friends with him) I. Dobrovsin * (Pasternak).
The terms R. P." and "uncommon sentence" are accepted primarily in school grammar.

The syntactic system of the Russian language is quite complex. All simple sentences in it are divided into common and non-common. This topic is studied in the Russian language lesson in the 5th grade, and it is very important to understand it.

Common and non-common sentences: what does it mean

Such a classification of syntactic units is based on a simple principle: whether there are secondary members in the sentence or not. So, an uncommon sentence is one in which there is only a subject and a predicate, that is, a basis. "I'm going."- the simplest example of a non-common sentence, in which there are only main members.

If the sentence consists of only one main member - no matter the subject or predicate, then it also belongs to the category of uncommon: Rain. It got cold. That is, one-part sentences without secondary members are always uncommon.

As for common sentences, these are those in which, in addition to the main members of the sentence, there are also secondary ones (namely, addition, definition and circumstance).

For example: It was raining heavily in the forest.

How to distinguish a common proposal from a non-common one?

Everything is quite easy. First of all, you need to find a grammatical basis in the sentence - it can be both a subject and a predicate, or it can be only one of the main members. If, after its underlining, there are no other significant words left in the sentence (prepositions, conjunctions and interjections are not considered), then it is definitely not common. If there are other significant words to which questions can be asked from the stem, then the syntactic unit under consideration belongs to the category of common sentences.

The easiest way to explain this is with examples of a common and non-common sentence.

So, in a syntactic unit "The forest was on fire" there is a subject "forest" and predicate "burned". There are no other words, so this is an uncommon sentence.

And here is another example: "The spring forest was filled with smells." Having disassembled it, it is possible, in addition to the base "the forest is full" find another definition "spring" and addition "smells". The presence of these members of the sentence, which are classified as secondary, indicates that the syntactic unit is common.

If in the sentence, in addition to the grammatical basis, there are also introductory words or phrases, then it is still not common. This simple rule is based on the fact that introductory words (and also phrases) are not any members of the sentence, and therefore cannot extend it.

Sentences can have exactly the same grammatical basis, but the presence or absence of secondary members immediately separates them into different categories.

What have we learned?

In Russian, there is a classification of sentences depending on whether they have secondary members or not. Uncommon are those that have only a grammatical basis (moreover, it can consist of both two main members, and only one). Common ones, on the contrary, also include minor members - all three, that is, addition, circumstance and definition, or only some. One-part sentences (those in which only one main member is included in the grammatical basis) can be common if they have minor members related to the main one or to each other. Sentences with a grammatical basis and introductory words, but without minor members, are not common.

It can be not only two-part (subject + predicate), but also one-part, when only the subject or only the predicate is available. Such offers may still be common. For example: "Winter!" - uncommon one-component offer. But "Early morning!" - it's already common offer, because the subject here is equipped with a definition. Or, for example: "It's getting dark!" - uncommon offer. However: “It smelled like autumn!” - it's already common offer, with the predicate there is an addition. Incomplete sentences, where the subject or predicate are omitted, but are easily logically restored, can also be common and non-common. “I love raspberries, and Masha loves blackberries” - here offer"And Masha - a blackberry" will be incomplete offer m, but at the same time - common. After all, "blackberry" is an addition. Do not confuse the concept of "uncommon offer” with the concept of “simple offer". Simple offer may contain no more than one grammatical basis, regardless of the presence of secondary members. Simple offer is opposed to a complex sentence in which there will be several such stems and they will be separated by a comma. We wish you success in your Russian lessons! Now you are unlikely to confuse common and non-common sentences.

Sources:

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. — M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976
uncommon sentence example
Common and non-common offers

The term "incomplete offer"very often confused with the concept of" one-component offer". In fact, there is only one fundamental difference between them. If you remember it, you will never have problems with the definition of an incomplete sentence.

The grammatical basis of a one-part consists of only one main member: or a predicate. They are grammatically independent, and the second term cannot be logically attached. The meaning of such a sentence will be clear out of any context. Consider . "Night in the yard" - one-part denominative offer. “More quieter, further” - a one-part generalized personal. “They don’t smoke here” - a one-part indefinitely personal. “Dawn” is a one-component impersonal. Even if such a phrase is torn out of the text, its content will be clear to you. Incomplete offer outside the situation will be incomprehensible to the reader. One of the members (major or minor) in this is omitted and is restored only in a general context. In writing, this is often shown as a dash. What will a single phrase say to you: “And Petya - home”? Absolutely nothing. And if offer sound different? “Vasya went to the cinema, and Petya went home.” It became obvious that the second offer is simply incomplete, in which the predicate "went" is omitted. We will see the same thing in the following case: "Vasya put on a green scarf, and Petya - red." Here two members are missing at once, the predicate and. Incomplete sentences often appear in live dialogue. Taken out of context, they lose their meaning. For example: "Do you like ice cream?" "Strawberry!" The sentence "Strawberry!", Of course, is incomplete, in fact it consists of only one definition, but like this: "I love strawberry". Remember? Check sentences according to this principle, and mistakes with the definition of complete and incomplete will no longer lie in wait for you in the lessons.

Definition

The definition explains and expands the meaning of the word being defined - the subject or other minor member with an objective meaning. It names its sign and answers the questions: “What? Whose?" As a defined word form, nouns are predominantly used.

“An old invalid, sitting on a table, sewed a blue patch on the elbow of a green uniform.” (A. Pushkin)

Definitions may or may not be consistent. Agreed definitions are expressed by: adjective and participle, ordinal number and quantitative in indirect, pronoun. As inconsistent definitions are: nouns in indirect cases, possessives, names in a simple comparative form, adverb, infinitive, as well as whole phrases.

A variation of the definition is an application, which is always expressed by a noun, with in the case (from an oncologist) or standing in the nominative case (from the Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper).

Addition

The secondary member of the sentence, called the complement, denotes the object to which the action is directed, or this object itself is the result of the action, or with its help the action is performed, or in relation to which some action is performed.

"The old man was fishing with a net." (A. Pushkin)

In a sentence, an addition can be expressed by: a noun in, a pronoun, a cardinal number, an infinitive, a phrase and a phraseological unit.

Circumstance

A circumstance is a sentence member with explanatory functions that refers to a sentence member denoting an action. Circumstance denotes a sign of an action, a sign of a sign, indicates the way the action is performed or the time, place, purpose, reason or condition for its completion.

“And Onegin went out; He's going home to get dressed." (A. Pushkin);

Circumstances can be expressed by: an adverb, a noun in the oblique case, a gerund or participle, an infinitive (objective circumstance).

We continue to study the proposal. How can you make it rich, meaningful, informative? We can extend the proposal with the help of secondary members. How to do this, you will learn in this lesson.

Subject: Syntax. Punctuation

Lesson: Common and non-common sentences. Secondary members of the sentence

You have already met the main members of the sentence - the subject and the predicate. But the proposal may include minor members. They explain the main or other minor members of the sentence. The secondary members of the proposal are addition, definition, circumstance.

Read the sentences.

He's drawing. He draws well. He paints pictures. He paints beautiful pictures.

All four sentences have the same grammatical basis: he (this is the subject) draws (this is the predicate). But in the second, third and fourth sentences there are secondary members: in the second sentence there is a circumstance, in the third - an addition, in the fourth - a definition and an addition.

Proposals that consist only of main members are called non-extended. Sentences that have, in addition to the main members, at least one minor, are called common.

Rice. 1. Uncommon and common offers. ()

Homework.

Task number 1

Before you is a text consisting only of uncommon sentences. Spread them with secondary members to make the text more vivid, interesting, colorful, and finish it.

It was night. It was raining. The children didn't sleep. They were talking. There was a noise. Door opened. Someone has entered. The children got scared. The saw ….

Task number 2

In the following passage, identify which sentences are common and which are not common. Select the subject and predicate.

I drew a muzzle for a lamb. I gave the drawing to the Little Prince and my heart sank.

"You're up to something and you're not telling me..."

But he didn't answer.

Tomorrow it will be a year since I came to you on Earth...

And he was silent. Then he added:

I fell very close to here...

And blushed.

Literature:

1. Russian language. Theory. 5–9 cells: V.V. Babaitseva, L.D. Chesnokova - M .: Bustard, 2008.

2. Russian language. 5th class: ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta - M .: Bustard, 2010.

3. Russian language. Practice. 5th class: ed. A.Yu. Kupalova. – M.: Bustard, 2012.

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