Africa after World War 2 presentation. Asia and Africa after World War II
Description of the presentation on individual slides:
1 slide
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2 slide
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Causes In the interwar years, the role of oil fields discovered and operated by British companies in Iraq and Iran rapidly began to grow. Control over North Africa made it possible to "block" both water and land routes to India, Malaya, as well as to the British dominions - Australia and New Zealand. The same can be said about the routes connecting the Black Sea ports with the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic.
3 slide
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Mussolini's reasons attracted a tidbit of "living space" and hopes for an easy victory ... According to the Duce's plan, activity on the African front was to become an important contribution of Italy to the geopolitical strategy of the Axis countries and tie down significant allied forces in Africa. Beginning in 1940, National Socialist geopoliticians studied the project of a "small victorious safari in North Africa" extensively. However, for Hitler, this theater of operations was of secondary importance. The British were well aware of the weakness of their position in the area. They feared an Italian offensive against their strongholds in the Middle East, especially if it was supported by Germany.
4 slide
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The forces of the parties at the beginning of the war In North Africa, Italy had two armies. The total number of troops was: 236 thousand people, 1800 guns and 315 aircraft. Almost all types of tanks and armored vehicles with which the troops were equipped were inferior to British tanks and armored vehicles in speed, armament and armor quality. The commander of the troops is the Governor General of Libya, Air Marshal Italo Balbo. By June 10, 1940, the troops of Great Britain, including parts of the dominions and colonies, in Egypt amounted to 66 thousand soldiers and officers (including 30 thousand Egyptians) - the Nile Army. Air Force of England, available in Egypt and Palestine - 168 aircraft. The commander-in-chief of British forces in the Middle East was General Archibald Percival Wavell.
5 slide
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General Wavell adopted the tactic of harassing the enemy with counterattacks. In skirmishes on the border, the Italians lost 3500 people killed, wounded and captured during the first three months of the war, and the British only 150. Marshal Balbo also died at the same time: on June 28, Italian anti-aircraft gunners mistakenly shot down the plane on which he was flying, which was landing in Tobruk . He was replaced by Marshal Rodolfo Graziani. War of the Anglo-French coalition was declared by Italy on June 10, 1940. However, the rapid defeat of France and her withdrawal from the war concentrated aggressive plans in the direction of Egypt. The first three months of hostilities were positional in nature.
6 slide
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At the same time… 1940.06.22 - Capitulation of France 1940.06.28 - Annexation of the USSR from Romania to Bessarabia and North. Bukovina 1940.08.01 - Hitler issued directive No. 17 on conducting a wide air war against England, the Battle for England began German patrol on the streets of Paris
7 slide
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However, the lack of fuel, water and food stopped the offensive near the city of Sidi Barrani, where the Italians created a chain of military camps. On December 9, 1940, British troops under the command of Major General Richard O'Connor begin Operation Compass, which lasted until February 12, 1941. Within two days, all camps are destroyed. In the course of a further operation, the cities of Torbruk and Benghazi were already taken on the territory of Libya, and the 10th Italian army was defeated. 136 thousand soldiers and 7 generals surrendered. Threatened over Tripoli. However, on February 10, 1941, the British headquarters ordered the suspension of the advance of troops at El Agheila. September 16, 1940 Italian troops under the command of Marshal Graziani invaded Egypt
8 slide
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At the same time… 1940.09.23 - Japanese invasion of Indochina. 09/1940/27 - The Tripartite Pact is signed: Germany, Italy and Japan on a military alliance 10/1940/28 - Italy's invasion of Greece 01/1941/19 - The beginning of the British offensive on Eritrea. 02/1941/03 - The German High Command orders the deployment of large-scale military preparations for an attack on the East. At the signing of the Tripartite Pact
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Germany decided to take advantage of the weakening of the Italian forces in Libya in order to help them create a strategic foothold in North Africa, necessary in the future to capture all of Africa. In addition, the capture of Egypt and the Suez Canal was also in the interests of Germany. During February 1941, German troops were transferred to Libya, commanded by General Erwin Rommel. The hasty retreat of the Italian troops was halted in mid-February 1941. The Italo-German combined forces began to move back to El Agueila and on February 22 met with British troops stationed at El Agheila and on the eastern border of the Sirte desert. On March 31, the German command struck the British with a blow that turned out to be sudden. On the night of April 4, the Italo-German troops occupied Benghazi without a fight, and on April 10 they approached Tobruk, which they blocked the next day, but failed to take the city. In mid-April, Rommel was forced to stop the offensive on the border of Egypt and Libya.
10 slide
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At the same time… 1941.03.06 - Winston Churchill in his speech on March 6, 1941, in connection with the sharply increased losses of the British merchant fleet, set the task of starting the Battle of the Atlantic on 1941.04. - German troops captured Yugoslavia and Greece 1941.05.20 - German airborne assault on Crete. German motorcyclists on the streets of Belgrade
11 slide
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In June 1941, the British command made an attempt to release Tobruk with large forces. On June 15, 1941, in the area of Es Sallum and Fort Ridotta Capuzzo, an attack by British troops began, recapturing several settlements from the Germans. However, the German counterattack on the night of June 18 threw the British back to their positions. On November 18, 1941, British troops under the command of Claude Auchinleck launched their second offensive in Cyrenaica - Operation Crusader (Crusader), the purpose of which was to push Rommel back to Tripolitania. Thorbrook has been released. The offensive stopped on December 31 in the El Agheila area. The British were already celebrating their victory.
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At the same time… 1941.06.22 - Plan "Barbarossa" in action: German troops invaded the USSR 1941.08.14 - "Atlantic Charter" between England and the United States on the post-war order of the world 1941.08.25 - Entry of Anglo-Russian troops into Iran. 12.05-06 1941 - The failure of the German offensive on Moscow. 12/1941/07 - Japanese aircraft raid Pearl Harbor 12/1941/08 - US and UK declare war on Japan. June 22, 1941. German bombers over Soviet territory on December 7, 1941. After the attack on Pearl Harbor
13 slide
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However, the Italians managed to lead a large convoy to Libya that delivered tanks and other weapons. On January 21, 1942, Rommel attacked the British troops and pushed them back to Thorbrook. British troops fortified on the line near Ain el Ghazal. On the heels of the retreating British 8th Army, Rommel's troops invaded Egypt. The offensive was stopped at 100 km. from Alexandria near the town of El Alamein on July 1, 1942. Despite the reinforcements received (164th Light Division "Africa"), it was not possible to break through the defenses of the 8th Army immediately. Hot battles broke out. Until 27 July, Rommel unsuccessfully tried to break through the Allied defenses. On August 15, General Harold Alexander was appointed to replace General Claude Auchinleck. The 8th Army was led by General Montgomery. From August 31 to September 5, Rommel resumed attacks in the Alam Halfa area near El Alamein, but Montgomery successfully repulsed them. From May 26 to 27, 1942, Rommel launched a new offensive, attacking the British positions on the "Gazala Line" west of Tobruk, and broke through the British defenses. On June 20, German-Italian troops captured Tobruk.
14 slide
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Simultaneously… 01/1942/20 Japanese troops cross Thailand, invade Burma. 06/04/1942 - From June 4 to June 6, a naval battle took place off Midway Atoll. 1942.07.01 - Capture of Sevastopol by German troops 1942.07.17 - Battles for Stalingrad began. Stalingrad. Fight on the streets of the city
15 slide
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On October 23, 1942, British troops under the command of General Montgomery went on the offensive against the Italo-German troops and in early November broke through the enemy defenses in the El Alamein area. On November 2, British troops broke through the enemy defenses after 3 days and the German-Italian tank army "Africa" was forced to retreat under enemy attacks. During the pursuit, British troops occupied the city of Tobruk on November 13, 1942. Operation Torch (Torch) began on November 8, 1942 - the American-English divisions under the command of General Eisenhower, having met only symbolic resistance from the troops of Vichy France, landed in Algiers, Oran and Casablanca. By the end of November, Anglo-American troops occupied Morocco and Algeria and entered Tunisia. By order of Hitler on November 9, 1942, German troops begin to land in Tunisia. On November 11, the Germans enter troops into French territory controlled by the Vichy government. Meanwhile, the persecution of the Rommel group in Libya continues. Overcoming the minefields left by the retreating British troops on January 23, 1943, they occupied Tripoli and in the first half of February they stopped at the Maret line west of the Tunisian border with Libya.
Causes In the interwar years, the role of oil fields discovered and operated by British companies in Iraq and Iran rapidly began to grow. Control over North Africa made it possible to "block" both water and land routes to India, Malaya, as well as to the British dominions of Australia and New Zealand. The same can be said about the routes connecting the Black Sea ports with the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic.
Mussolini's causes beckoned a tidbit of "living space" and hopes for an easy victory over the understaffed "Nile group" of the British commander-in-chief, General Wavell. As conceived by the Duce, activity on the African front was to become an important contribution of Italy to the geopolitical strategy of the Axis countries and to tie down significant allied forces in Africa. Beginning in 1940, National Socialist geopoliticians studied the project of a "small victorious safari in North Africa" extensively. However, for Hitler, this theater of operations was of secondary importance. Meeting with Hitler at the Berghof July 13, 1940 - ... In Africa, we claim the coast (apparently, together with Spain). Italy wants rear areas. We ourselves claim the French and Belgian Congo. The British were well aware of the weakness of their position in the area. They feared an Italian offensive against their strongholds in the Middle East, especially if it was supported by Germany. From the memoirs of W. Churchill - ... the war cabinet was determined to defend Egypt against anyone using any resources that could be allocated in the situation of that decisive struggle that took place at home ...
The forces of the parties at the beginning of the war In North Africa, Italy had two armies. The total number of troops was: 236 thousand people, 1800 guns and 315 aircraft. Almost all types of tanks and armored vehicles with which the troops were equipped were inferior to British tanks and armored vehicles in speed, armament and armor quality. The commander of the troops is the Governor General of Libya, Air Marshal Italo Balbo. By June 10, 1940, the troops of Great Britain, including parts of the dominions and colonies, in Egypt amounted to 66 thousand soldiers and officers (including 30 thousand Egyptians) - the Nile Army. Air Force of England, available in Egypt and Palestine aircraft. The commander-in-chief of British forces in the Middle East was General Archibald Percival Wavell.
General Wavell adopted the tactic of harassing the enemy with counterattacks. In skirmishes on the border, the Italians lost 3500 people killed, wounded and captured during the first three months of the war, and the British only 150. Marshal Balbo also died at the same time: on June 28, Italian anti-aircraft gunners mistakenly shot down the plane on which he was flying, which was landing in Tobruk . He was replaced by Marshal Rodolfo Graziani. War of the Anglo-French coalition was declared by Italy on June 10, 1940. However, the rapid defeat of France and her withdrawal from the war concentrated aggressive plans in the direction of Egypt. The first three months of hostilities were positional in nature. R. GrazianiA. WavellI. BalboItalian soldiers 1940 British patrol
Capitulation of France Annexation of the USSR from Romania Bessarabia and North. Bukovina, Hitler issued Directive 17 on conducting a broad air war against England, the Battle for England began. At the same time ... German patrol on the streets of Paris
However, the lack of fuel, water and food stopped the offensive near the city of Sidi Barrani, where the Italians created a chain of military camps. On December 9, 1940, British troops under the command of Major General Richard O'Connor begin Operation Compass, which lasted until February 12, 1941. Within two days, all camps are destroyed. In the course of a further operation, the cities of Torbruk and Benghazi were already taken on the territory of Libya, and the 10th Italian army was defeated. 136 thousand soldiers and 7 generals surrendered. Threatened over Tripoli. However, on February 10, 1941, the British headquarters ordered the suspension of the advance of troops at El Agheila. A column of Italian troopsTank "Matilda" On September 16, 1940, Italian troops under the command of Marshal Graziani invaded Egypt R. O'ConnorItalian prisoners of war
Invasion of Japanese troops in Indochina Signed "Triple Pact": Germany, Italy and Japan on a military alliance Italy's invasion of Greece Beginning of the British offensive on Eritrea The German High Command orders the deployment of large-scale military preparations to attack the East. At the same time... At the signing of the "Triple Pact"
E. RommelGerman officers in TripoliCaptured British soldiers. Germany decided to take advantage of the weakening of the Italian forces in Libya in order to help them create a strategic foothold in North Africa, necessary in the future to capture all of Africa. In addition, the capture of Egypt and the Suez Canal was also in the interests of Germany. During February 1941, German troops were transferred to Libya, commanded by General Erwin Rommel. The hasty retreat of the Italian troops was halted in mid-February 1941. The Italo-German combined forces began to move back to El Agueila and on February 22 met with British troops stationed at El Agheila and on the eastern border of the Sirte desert. On March 31, the German command struck the British with a blow that turned out to be sudden. On the night of April 4, the Italo-German troops occupied Benghazi without a fight, and on April 10 they approached Tobruk, which they blocked the next day, but failed to take the city. In mid-April, Rommel was forced to stop the offensive on the border of Egypt and Libya.
At the same time ... Winston Churchill in his speech on March 6, 1941, in connection with the sharply increased losses of the English merchant fleet, set the task of starting the Battle of the Atlantic. German troops captured Yugoslavia and Greece. The Germans landed an airborne assault on Crete. German motorcyclists on the streets of Belgrade
German soldiers near Thorbrook AuchinleckEnglish soldiers in Torbruk In June 1941, the British command made an attempt to release Tobruk with large forces. On June 15, 1941, in the area of Es Sallum and Fort Ridotta-Capuzzo, an attack by British troops began, recapturing several settlements from the Germans. However, the German counterattack on the night of June 18 threw the British back to their positions. On November 18, 1941, British troops under the command of Claude Auchinleck launched their second offensive in Cyrenaica - Operation Crusader (Crusader), the purpose of which was to push Rommel back to Tripolitania. Thorbrook has been released. The offensive stopped on December 31 in the El Agheila area. The British were already celebrating their victory.
Plan "Barbarossa" in action: German troops invaded the USSR The battle of Smolensk began "Atlantic charter" between England and the United States on the post-war order of the world Entry of Anglo-Russian troops into Iran Failure of the German attack on Moscow base at Pearl Harbor, the United States and Great Britain declared war on Japan. Simultaneously… June 22, 1941. German bombers over Soviet territory on December 7, 1941. After the attack on Pearl Harbor
E. Rommel at the head of the tank column H. Alexander B. Montgomery However, the Italians managed to lead a large convoy to Libya that delivered tanks and other weapons. On January 21, 1942, Rommel attacked the British troops and pushed them back to Thorbrook. British troops fortified on the line near Ain el-Ghazal. On the heels of the retreating British 8th Army, Rommel's troops invaded Egypt. The offensive was stopped at 100 km. from Alexandria near the town of El Alamein on July 1, 1942. Despite the reinforcements received (164th Light Division "Africa"), it was not possible to break through the defenses of the 8th Army immediately. Hot battles broke out. Until 27 July, Rommel unsuccessfully tried to break through the Allied defenses. On August 15, General Harold Alexander was appointed to replace General Claude Auchinleck. The 8th Army was led by General Montgomery. From August 31 to September 5, Rommel renewed his attacks in the Alam Halfa area near El Alamein, but Montgomery successfully repulsed them. From May 26 to May 27, 1942, Rommel launched a new offensive, attacking British positions on the "Gazala Line" west of Tobruk, and broke through the British defenses. On June 20, German-Italian troops captured Tobruk. German column in Egypt
Japanese troops cross Thailand, invade Burma The Treaty of the USSR and England on alliance against Germany was signed From June 4 to 6, a naval battle took place near the Midway Atoll. Capture of Sevastopol by German troops. The battles for Stalingrad began. At the same time… Stalingrad. Fight on the streets of the city
Australian soldiers 1942German prisoners of warD. EisenhowerThe landing of American troops On October 23, 1942, British troops under the command of General Montgomery went on the offensive against the Italo-German troops and broke through the enemy defenses in the El Alamein area in early November. On November 2, British troops broke through the enemy's defenses after 3 days and the German-Italian tank army "Africa" was forced to retreat under enemy attacks. During the pursuit, British troops occupied the city of Tobruk on November 13, 1942. Operation Torch (Torch) began on November 8, 1942 - the American-English divisions under the command of General Eisenhower, having met only symbolic resistance from the troops of Vichy France, landed in Algiers, Oran and Casablanca. By the end of November, Anglo-American troops occupied Morocco and Algeria and entered Tunisia. Italian soldiers in Tunisia By order of Hitler on November 9, 1942, German troops begin to land in Tunisia. On November 11, the Germans enter troops into French territory controlled by the Vichy government. German soldiers in Tunisia Meanwhile, the persecution of the Rommel group in Libya continues. Overcoming the minefields left by the retreating British troops on January 23, 1943, they occupied Tripoli and in the first half of February they stopped at the Maret line west of the Tunisian border with Libya.
The battle began (from November 12 to 15) near the island of Guadalcanal (Solomon Islands) between the naval forces of the United States and Japan. The beginning of the offensive of the Soviet troops near Stalingrad. Victims of the shelling of German artillery
Von Arnhem German tanks on the Kesserin Pass American soldiers on the Kesserin Pass On February 19, Rommel attacked American troops in the area of the Kesserin Pass, but the Allies repelled the attack, counterattacked, and by the end of February, Rommel retreated, after which he was recalled to Germany, and the post of commander of the countries Axis in Africa was occupied by Colonel-General von Arnhem. On March 21, 1943, Anglo-American troops launched an offensive from the south to the Maret line and from the west in the Maknasi region and broke through the defenses of the Italo-German troops, who retreated to the city of Tunis in early April. On May 7, the allies captured the cities of Bizerte and Tunisia. On May 13, 1943, the Italo-German troops, surrounded on the Bon Peninsula (250 thousand people), capitulated. Italian prisoners of war May 1943 Allied victory parade. Tunisia
Hitler's order for total mobilization (January) - Conference of the President of the United States and the Prime Minister of Great Britain in Casablanca (Morocco) The battle of Stalingrad ended At the same time ... Interrogation of Field Marshal Paulus who surrendered
Results In connection with the defeat at El Alamein in 1942, the plans of the German command to block the Suez Canal and gain control over Middle Eastern oil were destroyed. After the liquidation of the German-Italian troops in Africa, the invasion of the Anglo-American troops into Italy became inevitable. The defeat of the Italian troops in Africa led to the strengthening of defeatism in Italy, the overthrow of the Mussolini regime and Italy's withdrawal from the war. Side losses British Empire USA Fighting France Germany Italy Vichy French state total losses total losses, aircraft, artillery, tanks and vehicles
1. India achieved its first independence in 1947. Before and after 1960.
more than 100 countries have achieved independence declared as the year of Africa.
With the light hand of a French journalist, it was customary to call them
third world countries.
Proclamation
independence in
Algiers in 1962
The era of decolonization
- 1947 - Great Britain providedindependence for India and Pakistan;
- - 1954 - Vietnam gained independence;
- Italian colonies are taken under the guardianship of the UN
and received freedom (Libya - 1951,
Somalia - 1960);
- 1960 - Year of Africa (17 countries received
independence. 1. The Arab-Israeli conflict turned out to be difficult, which developed into
massive wars. Despite many attempts at truces, this
the confrontation continues to this day.
Israeli air strike on Beirut, the capital
Lebanon in 1973
Change in Israeli territory after
conflicts.
The problem of modernization
2 development paths:1. Socialist (like the USSR);
2.Capitalist (like the USA and Countries
Europe). 1. In the post-war world, for influence on new states that appeared in
as a result of the collapse of colonial empires, fought two
superpowers of the USSR and the USA, it is natural that as a result of this
struggle was the division of new states into socialist and
capitalist.
Aswan Dam on the Nile built by
financial support of the USSR. 1970
Khrushchev and Egyptian President Nasser. 2. Most of the decolonized states were in power
military dictatorships or authoritarian-monarchist regimes. By
economic and political development of these countries can
divide by:
the USSR
Arabic Muslim
region
Southeast Asian and Hindu Muslim
region
APR
3 Cultural and civilizational regions of the "third world"
1. Asia-Pacific region (Japan, China.South Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam, Hong Kong, Singapore);
2. Indo-Buddhist-Muslim region (India,
Pakistan);
3. Arab-Muslim region (Middle East,
Maghreb countries):
- Countries of "secular Islam": Turkey, countries
Maghreb and Levant;
- Countries of "pure Islam": Iran, Afghanistan 2. At the end of the 20th century, the Asia-Pacific region turned into the “young tigers” of a new
economy. This is primarily Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore,
Malaysia, South Korea.
Hong Kong 2. The Muslim world has also changed. First model
development - secular Islam, or rather Europeanized. characteristic
for Turkey, Egypt and a number of North African countries.
Turkish youth. 2. The second development model is traditional Islam. It is typical for
Iran, parts of the Arab countries. In 1979, after an attempt to Europeanize
country in Iran, there was an anti-Shah supported by the clergy
Islamic revolution that pushed the country back to the Middle Ages.
Reza Shah, the last Shah of Iran since 1941
to 1979
Leader of the Islamic Revolution Ayatollah
Khomeini. 2. Great success was achieved by the oil-producing monarchies of the Persian
bay. The money received from the sale of oil was spent on the modernization of these
countries and improving the life of people, and also allowed to save
absolute monarchy.
King of Saudi Arabia Abdullah.
Dubai 2. A strong difference in the development of different parts of Africa. Relative
the well-being of the Maghreb and the south of the mainland and the incredible backwardness
Central and Tropical Africa. The region is torn apart by inter-tribal
wars and conflicts, South Africa is getting rid of the remnants of apartheid.
Dictator
Johannesburg,
Uganda
oneGo
of the largest
Amine. 1971cities
1979
SOUTH AFRICA.
Emperor
Demonstration
CAI, against
cannibal
racism
Bokassav I.
1966-1979
SOUTH AFRICA. 70s
The results of the development of the countries of the "Third World"
- Uneven development ("youngtigers" have gone far ahead);
- frequent financial crises;
- external debt of African countries;
- hunger, poverty. Illiteracy;
- frequent wars and regime changes 3. After the defeat in the war, the control of Japan was taken over by the general
MacArthur. Under his leadership, the constitution was adopted,
the emperor was removed from government, economic
reforms. If in the 50s Japan is an agricultural country, then in 1983 GDP
increased by 24 times.
General MacArthur and
Emperor Hirohito. 3. The Japanese economic miracle is not accidental. Content opt-out
army, introduction of innovative technologies, modernization
production turned the country into an economic giant. Also
said the preservation of tycoon families, zaibatsu in the economy after
wars such as Hyundai, Toyota, Mitsubishi, etc.
Mitsubishi
Hyundai.
Giants of the Japanese car industry.
Causes of the Japanese "economic miracle"
- American Occupation Reforms- cheap labor force
- confidence in the banking system
- control over foreign trade
- export orientation
- support of the national manufacturer
- US loans
- political stability
- development of new technologies by Japanese science
- Japanese mentality 3. Japan successfully combined tradition and modernity. could
abandon militaristic ideas and switch energy to
development of the economy, achieving great success in this.
TOKYO
Emperor of Japan Akihito 4. After the defeat of Japan in China, the Soviet army
handed over captured Japanese weapons to the PLA. PLA led
Mao Zedong. A large-scale war broke out between
communists /PLA/ and the government of General Chiang Kai-shek.
Mao Zedong. Chairman
PRC from 1948 to 1976
President of China and Taiwan
1925 to 1975 4. October 10, 1947 began a large-scale offensive
communists. Chiang Kai-shek with the remnants of the army evacuated to
Taiwan. On October 1, the Chinese People's Republic was proclaimed in Beijing. So
two Chinas appeared, the PRC on the mainland led by the communists,
the second in Taiwan is capitalist.
President of China and Taiwan from 1925 to 1975 October 1, 1949 was proclaimed
People's Republic of China. 4. "Great MAO", begins to copy the Soviet model of development and
throws the country from one extreme to the other. After cultural
revolutions, collectivization, accelerated industrialization, almost
led the country to famine. 4. Mao's utopian ideas reached the point of idiocy. People killed for it
order first "harmful sparrows", then bred flies, and in
As a result, a furnace for melting cast iron appeared in every house. During
"cultural revolution" and purges of the party apparatus, detachments
Red Guards Red Guards, flooded the country with blood in the name of the Great
Mao.
Demonstration execution by Red Guards in
China. 60s
Coat of arms and flag of China Tan'anming Square
Beijing mausoleum entrance
great helmsman
Mao's body in the mausoleum 4. Normal reforms began to be carried out only after the death of Mao.
On the III captivity of the Central Committee of the CPC in 1978, a decision was made on reforms, headed
which the economist Deng Xiaoping. By avoiding shock therapy, he was able to
turn China to the market, while maintaining the communist dictatorship.
Attempts at democracy were flooded with blood in the riots of 1989.
China, summer 1989
The author of the Chinese miracle
D.Xiaoping
Deng Xiaoping (1978-1989)
4. The reforms have paid off. By the beginning of the 21st century, according to someindicators, China has become a world leader. Cheap Chinese
goods filled the world. However, there is a huge difference between living in a city
and a village in a country with a population of more than 1 billion 200 million people.
Chinese President Hu
Jintao, since 2002
Beijing 5. On August 15, 1947, the last viceroy of India confirmed
independence of India. The British divided India into two
states on religious grounds, Muslims departed
Pakistan, Indians - India. All this was accompanied by a massacre and
unrest.
Lord Moutbatten, the last
Viceroy of India in 1947
Symbols of India
D. Nehru, the first prime minister
independent India, in 1947-1964. SECTION OF INDIA 5. In 1950, India adopts a constitution. Divided into 25 states
principalities are abolished. English becomes the common language
in addition, 16 more languages \u200b\u200bhave official status in this
billionth population country. in power in the 20th century. changed each other
the Gandhi and Singkha families.
Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister
India in 1966-1977 and 1980-1984
gg.
Benazir Bhutto, Prime Minister
Pakistan in 1988-1990 and 1993-1996
gg. 5. The army is strong in India, but there are no military coups and revolutions, for
except for the unrest of the Sikhs. The government of I. Gandhi in the 60s.
divided the landlords' land among the peasants, improved
land legislation. The industry is actively developing
however, living standards remain among the lowest in Asia.
Slums in the suburbs
Delhi. 5. Relations with Pakistan remain difficult. In 1947-1949, 1965, 1971
gg. there were wars between countries, but the appearance of both powers
nuclear weapons forced them to establish contact through peaceful means.
Indian missiles targeting Pakistan 5. Another problem of the country is the persistence of the caste system. ¾
the population belong to the lower caste and are brought up to obey.
This is good ground for extremism.
"untouchables"
Brahmins
kshatriyas Each of the countries of Asia and Africa has chosen its own path of development, and from this
his success depended. And history has shown whose path turned out to be the most
successful. In general, the problem of poverty, social
stratification, extremism.
Somali pirates
Iranian President,
Mahmoud Ahmadi Nizhat
Both world wars affected Africa. In each of them, the African continent, seemingly so far from European political conflicts, was forced to take an active part. However, the contribution of Africans to the victory over fascism remains largely underestimated.
For Africans, World War II began in 1935 when Italy invaded Ethiopia. In a sense, it continued - in the form of a struggle for independence - long after 1945, when Africans demanded recognition of their contribution to the Allied victory over Nazi Germany. The Second World War had a profound impact on the understanding of class, racial, political problems throughout the world. In fact, the Second World War became a catalyst for the crisis in the colonial empires and served to transform the nature of political activity throughout the African continent. If before 1945 the struggle of the African peoples against colonial oppression was for the most part not so much for self-government as for some degree of participation in existing governments, then after the war the demand for independence became the basis of the program of all African organizations that counted on popular support. “1945 was the greatest watershed in modern Africa. The most important factor contributing to the growing spirit of indignation in Africa during this period was the return home of African soldiers who participated in the Second World War. African troops were rarely completely reliable for the imperialists, and their uprisings and protests played an important role in the development of African national consciousness. Especially great unrest among the African troops occurred during the Second World War. Fighting in distant countries, they were imbued with the spirit of the anti-fascist war and returned home completely different. In their countries, former participants in the war were resolutely unwilling to return to low-paid hard work; in the war and post-war years, mass rallies, demonstrations, and mutinies by military personnel and former soldiers took place.
Not much is said about the African campaigns of World War II in Russia. However, by the beginning of the war, Africa (especially northeast) had become a strategic foothold, for which a fierce battle unfolded. In many ways, the fighting on the "dark continent" predetermined the delay in the opening of the second front. While the Allies were fighting for Africa, the Red Army had already launched a counteroffensive.
American soldiers land on
shore at Azreve in Algiers during an operation
"Torch"
The North African campaign (June 10, 1940 - May 13, 1943) was military operations between the Anglo-American and Italian-German troops in North Africa - on the territory of Egypt and the Maghreb during the Second World War. In its course, the famous battles of the British with the troops of the German General Rommel, known as the "desert fox", and the landing of the American-British troops in Morocco and Algeria (landing operation "Torch", November 1942) took place. The East African campaign officially lasted less than a year and a half - from June 10, 1940 to November 27, 1941, however, Italian soldiers continued to fight in Ethiopia, Somalia and Eritrea until the end of 1943, until the surrender order reached them. De Gaulle and British troops landed on Madagascar, which was a supply base for Japanese submarines in the Indian Ocean, in May 1942, and by November of that year the island was liberated from Vichy and Japanese troops.
Academician A.B. Davidson wrote that during the Second World War, military operations in Tropical Africa were conducted only on the territory of Ethiopia, Eritrea and Italian Somalia. “In 1941, British troops, together with Ethiopian partisans and with the active participation of the Somalis, occupied the territories of these countries. There were no hostilities in other countries of Tropical and South Africa. But hundreds of thousands of Africans were mobilized in the armies of the mother countries. An even greater number of people had to serve the troops, work for military needs. Africans fought in North Africa, Western Europe, the Middle East, Burma, Malaya. On the territory of the French colonies, there was a struggle between the Vichy and supporters of the "Free France", which, as a rule, did not lead to military clashes. The policy of the metropolitan countries in relation to the participation of Africans in the war was ambivalent: on the one hand, they sought to use the human resources of Africa as fully as possible, on the other, they were afraid to allow Africans to modern species. Most of the mobilized Africans served in the auxiliary troops, but many still completed full combat training, received military specialties as drivers, radio operators, signalmen, etc. ”
By the beginning of the war, Africa (especially northeast) had become a strategic foothold, for which a fierce battle unfolded.
Over a million African soldiers fought on the side of the colonial powers in World War II. Few of them initially understood the causes of the war and the meaning of what they fought for. Only a few soldiers knew more about Hitler and fascism.
One of the veterans, John Henry Smith of Sierra Leone, recalled that his teacher gave him Hitler's Mein Kampf to read. “We read what this man was going to do to black Africans if he came to power. It was a book that would make every African revolt against someone like it happened to me." So John volunteered and joined the Royal Air Force of Great Britain, where he served as a navigator.
Africans in World War II found themselves, as in 1914, drawn into a "not their own" war. Since 1939, hundreds of thousands of soldiers from West Africa have been sent to the European front. Many inhabitants of the British colonies served as porters or did other work in the service of the troops. Although there were Africans willing to fight fascism voluntarily, in most cases there was a forced mobilization of Africans to the front.
French African soldiers
colonial army
Whether soldiers or prisoners of war, Africans at the front were in close contact with European soldiers and the realities of European life. They realized that Europeans are the same mortal, vulnerable people, no higher and no better than themselves. It should be noted that the attitude towards black soldiers on the part of their white comrades in arms and commanders was often biased and unfair. The well-known South African politician Ronnie Kasrils noted in his article dedicated to the visit of South African President J. Zuma to Moscow to celebrate the 70th anniversary of the Victory over Nazi Germany that “racial discrimination in the South African army was so deeply rooted that the dead, black and white were buried separately. He gave examples of the feats that some of the South African soldiers had accomplished and noted that if they were not black, they would undoubtedly have received the highest British military award, the Victoria Cross. Instead, black soldiers received overcoats and bicycles as rewards at the end of the war.
The war experience has changed Africans' understanding of their own situation in many ways. Many veterans, upon returning to their homeland, took part in the liberation movements, but some of them were reproached by the fighters for independence for fighting on the side of the colonialists and oppressors. Many of the living African veterans of the second world feel bitterness, because their contribution to the victory over fascism was not appreciated. Deutsche Welle quotes 93-year-old war veteran Albert Kuniuku from Kinshasa (DR Congo), chairman of the Veterans Union: “I receive a monthly pension for participation in the war in the amount of 5,000 Congolese francs (this is equal to 4.8 euros, 5.4 dollars ). This is not worthy of someone who defended the Belgian interests.
Africans in World War II found themselves, as in 1914, drawn into a "not their own" war.
Africans also knew about the role of the Soviet Union in the fight against fascism. More educated, politically active Africans who participated in the war had, apparently, a sufficient idea about this. However, there were also curiosities. The oldest employee of the Institute for African Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, veteran of the Great Patriotic War P.I. Kupriyanov, at the celebration of Victory Day within the walls of the Institute in 2015, told a curious incident: a few years after the end of the war, he visited Liberia, where an elderly Liberian once came to his hotel, who, in wartime, listened on the radio about the successes of the Red Army and came look at the Soviet soldier. He noted with surprise that the Soviet soldier was quite young, not huge, and his skin color was not red. From listening to the radio, he got the image of a giant soldier with a red skin tone, because only such amazing people, as it seemed to a simple African, could crush the Nazi army.
Congolese bugler, 1943
In the article already mentioned above, the South African politician Ronnie Kasrils noted that “the victory over fascism saved the world from slavery and catastrophe. It also led to the collapse of the colonial system and contributed to the independence of Africa and the emergence of armed liberation movements, such as ours, which received support from the USSR and the countries of the socialist camp. He noted that attempts are being made to downplay and distort the role of the USSR in the victory over fascism, to rewrite history, and pointed out the danger of such attempts. They are dangerous because the concealment of the truth about the Second World War for the sake of geopolitical interests entails the oblivion of the lessons of history by modern youth around the world. R. Kasrils noted that fascism is now on the rise in different parts of Europe and that the world must jointly prevent its new spread.
Despite the efforts to present England and America as the main winners, and despite the real importance of the Allied victories in North Africa, the Battle of Britain, the opening of the second, Western, front, R. Kasrils emphasized that the main theater of the war was the Eastern Front, the confrontation between the USSR and Nazi Germany where the outcome of the war was decided. “Propaganda and lies are generated by the West in order to hide the true nature of the Second World War and the huge debt that humanity owes to the Russian people and the peoples of the former USSR. They, without any doubt, took the brunt and saved the world from fascism.
For the countries of Africa, as well as for Russia, it is important to remember the history of their participation in the Second World War as it was, not allowing its distortion, downplaying the role of those who fought against fascism, forgetting their important contribution to the common victory over this evil.
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A presentation on the topic "General characteristics of Africa" can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: Geography. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you keep your classmates or audience interested. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the appropriate text under the player. The presentation contains 27 slide(s).
Presentation slides
slide 1
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AFRICA
Lesson plan:
1. Territory and composition of Africa.
2. Natural conditions and resources.
3. Population: reproduction, composition, distribution.
4. Economy: sectoral and territorial structure.
Africa occupies 1/5 of the land (30.3 million km2), on which there are 53 states (with islands). Half a century ago, the entire political map of Africa was full of colors of colonial powers: England, France, Belgium, Portugal, Spain, Italy. The colonial past of the mainland largely determined its backwardness. According to the main economic and social indicators of development, Africa lags noticeably behind other regions of the world, and in some countries this gap is even increasing.
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S O S T A W T E R R I T O R I I A F R I K I
53 states 47 mainland 6 island
According to the state system, only three states retain a monarchical form of government, the rest are republics. According to the administrative structure - four federal republics, the rest are unitary.
Federal republics
slide 3
The main criterion for assessing the economic and geographical position of African countries is the presence or absence of access to the sea. 15 states have no access to the sea, no other continent has so many inland countries, most of these countries are among the most backward.
EXERCISE. Using the map, find the inland countries.
Young African states have not yet fully formed politically, therefore, cruel inter-clan and inter-ethnic struggle, political conflicts are common here. The borders inherited by these countries from the colonial past became the hotbed of territorial disputes and border conflicts. Acute conflicts of this kind exist between Morocco and Western Sahara, Ethiopia and Somalia, etc.
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In order to strengthen the unity and cooperation of the states of the African continent, to preserve their integrity and independence, the Organization of African Unity was created in 1963. It includes 53 states. The headquarters is located in Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia.
Table. African countries that gained independence after World War II.
Sl. slide
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Africa's natural resources.
Africa has exceptionally diverse natural resources. Mineral raw materials are of high quality and are often mined in an open way.
1. Algerian-Libyan; 2. Atlas; 3. Egyptian; 4. West Guinean; 5. East Guinean; 6. Copper belt; 7. South African.
The extraction of mineral raw materials is mainly carried out within seven mining regions:
EXERCISE. Using the maps of the atlas, classify the countries of Africa according to the degree of their richness in minerals. Make a table in the following form:
Slide 7
An example of filling a table.
The richest country in minerals in South Africa. Its subsoil contains the entire set of fossil resources, with the exception of oil, natural gas, and bauxite. The reserves of gold, platinum, and diamonds are especially large. ? What resources of South Africa are of global importance?
Slide 8
population of the African continent.
Schedule. African population growth dynamics.
Let's look at the chart. The population of the region in 2000 is 820 million people. ? 1) How many times has the population of Africa increased over the twentieth century. ? 2) Where is Africa in terms of population.
Africa stands out with the highest rates of population reproduction. This is due to the traditions of having many children and the lack of a demo-graphic policy. “Not having money is a disaster, but not having children means being doubly poor,” they say in Africa.
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Population in some African countries.
Diagram "African countries with a population of more than 20 million people."
Using the "calling card" on the flyleaf of V.P. Maksakovskiy: 1 - find African countries with a population of more than 10 million people; 2 - Calculate the average population density of Nigeria. Population density = population (million people) area of the country (million km2)
Slide 10
Age and sex composition of the population of Africa.
Age composition of the population.
Conventional signs
A high proportion of children's ages will further exacerbate the problems of employment, education, and health care. The quality of the population in Africa is the lowest, more than half of the adults are illiterate. The average life expectancy is 50 years.
Consider the map "The ratio of men and women." 1. What is typical for the gender composition of the population as a whole for the region? 2. List the African countries in which women predominate. 3. List the African countries in which men predominate.
Inhabitants of Nigeria
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More than 400 ethnic groups are distinguished on the continent. Large nations have developed in North Africa, but the majority of the population is at the level of nationalities. Remnants of the tribal system are preserved (figures below). The peoples of North and Northeast Africa speak the languages of the Himite-Semitic family (Arabs, Berbers). The regions of Equatorial, East and South Africa are inhabited by the Bantu peoples (the language is Swahili). Most of the countries south of the Sahara retain the languages of the former metropolises - English, French, Portuguese. In South Africa, in addition to English, the official language is Afrikaanas (heavily modified Dutch). There are no one-national states on the continent.
Racial and ethnic composition of the population of Africa.
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The religious composition of the population.
Analyze the map. What religions have spread in different regions of Africa?
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Placement of the population.
The average population density in Africa is 27 persons/km2, which is several times less than in Europe and Asia. The distribution of population across the continent is characterized by very sharp contrasts. In general, uninhabited territories are located in the Sahara Desert. It is rare to find a population in the tropical rainforest zone. But there are also quite significant clumps of population, especially on the coasts.
Pay attention to Egypt. In fact, its entire population lives in the delta and valley of the Nile River. There are approximately 1,700 people per 1 km2.
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Symbols:
Africa - the region of "urban explosion"
For many centuries Africa remained predominantly a "rural continent". And now, in terms of the level of urbanization, it still lags far behind other regions, but the rate of urbanization here is the highest, the population of cities is doubling every 10 years. The manifestation of "urban explosion" in Africa has a number of negative consequences. After all, it is mainly the capital cities that are growing, and they are growing due to the constant influx of rural residents who, having no means of subsistence, huddle in slum areas.
Growth dynamics of the share of the urban population in Africa.
Consider a map. Find out which countries in Africa have the lowest urban population. Which country in Africa has a predominantly urban population?
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The largest city in Africa is the city of Lagos in Nigeria. Back in 1950, its population was about 300 thousand people, and now it has reached 13 million.
However, living conditions in this overpopulated city are so unfavorable that in 1992 the capital of the country was transferred from here to another city - Abuja.
Abuja Lagos NIGERIA
The city of Lagos was founded by the Portuguese on a small island.
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General characteristics of the economy of African countries.
After gaining independence, African countries began to make efforts to overcome the age-old backwardness. The nationalization of natural resources has been carried out, agrarian reform is being carried out, and national personnel are being trained. The restructuring of the sectoral structure began, which was of a colonial nature, that is, the mining industry was predominant and the country received the main income from the export of mineral raw materials. At present, the colonial type of the sectoral structure of the economy is preserved - agricultural production and the mining industry predominate, while the manufacturing industries are in their infancy. The one-sidedness of the development of the economy is also characteristic - a narrow (mono-commodity) specialization of the country's economy in the production of one product intended for export.
PLAN: Industry Transport
Agriculture
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Agriculture in Africa.
Remember how commercial agriculture differs from consumer agriculture?
The map shows that consumer agriculture is common in most of Africa.
The main sphere of material production in African countries is agriculture. In some of them (Chad, Mali, Rwanda, CAR) more than 80% of the population is employed in it. Agriculture is the most important in most African countries. In the structure of agriculture, export and consumer crops are distinguished.
Africa's share in world agricultural output.
Harvesting.
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African industry
The foundations of national industry are being laid only today. The continent is still the least industrialized part of the world. Foreign capital was only interested in mineral raw materials and therefore vigorously developed the mining industry here. In the structure of the manufacturing industry, the leading place is occupied by the light and food industries. Recently, there has been a trend
tion to increase the role of metallurgy, oil refining. Industrial areas are located in places of extraction and production of raw materials and on the coast.
Analyze the map "Industry of Africa". Select the countries with the largest set of manufacturing industries.
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gas pipeline
Suburban electric train.
Africa's largest airport Cairo
Steam-powered passenger train
An important task for the development of the economy is the formation of a modern transport network and its convenient configuration. For a long time, the transport system of African countries served as a carrier of raw materials from the place of extraction to the port. Therefore, the greatest development was received by rail and sea transport. During the years of independence, other types of transport have also been developed.
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Africa ranks last among all parts of the world in terms of the main technical and economic indicators of the transport operation.
EXERCISE. Consider a map. Which countries in Africa have the highest transport density? Which countries are practically devoid of transport?
The location of Africa's transport, the density of the transport network are highly uneven. Transport in South Africa and in the countries of North Africa (with the exception of their arid regions) has reached the greatest development in terms of African scale, which reflects the general level of economic development of these countries. On the other hand, many areas of the Sahara, Namib, Kalahari, equatorial and tropical forests are practically devoid of transport. Transportation on camels, donkeys, mules, carrying cargo by porters is common.
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African rail transport.
The total length of African railways is more than 82 thousand km. In the structure of internal freight turnover, rail transport occupies a leading position, and in passenger traffic it is ahead of road transport. It should be noted the technical backwardness of this type of transport in Africa (diversity of track and locomotive traction). The first place in terms of the overall level of development of railway transport is occupied by South Africa, it accounts for up to 40% of the entire railway network, the second is North Africa (Mediterranean countries). And the most lagging behind is Tropical Africa, where the transport role of rivers is great. Until now, there are no railways in Niger, Chad, CAR, Somalia, Rwanda, Burundi, etc. Railways have a distinct character of "penetration lines" - they connect areas of mining or plantation agriculture with ports of their export products.
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Road transport in Africa.
Road transport is the main transport of passengers. In African countries, along with a relatively small number of paved roads, there are a lot of unpaved roads that are often unsuitable for movement. Since 1980, the governments of many African countries began to invest in the creation of transcontinental highways that could unite the transport network into a single whole.
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TRANSAFRICA HIGHWAYS
Until recently, there was actually only one transcontinental highway - the Trans-Maghribian (which connects all the countries of North Africa). At the beginning of the 90s. In the 20th century, the Trans-Saharan Highway (connecting Algeria, Mali, Niger and Nigeria) and the Trans-Sahel Highway (connecting Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Chad) came into operation. International organizations have developed projects for trans-African highways (see map). The implementation of their construction has already begun, however, due to political and financial and economic problems, the deadlines for completion of construction have not been determined.
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WATER TRANSPORT Suez Canal
Passenger ship on the Nile River
Port terminal in Cape Town
Of the 40 thousand km of round-wild and seasonal inland waterways, about half are used in shipping (especially in the Congo and Nile river basins, as well as the lower reaches of the Niger). See map.
Niger Congo Nile River transport
Sea transport
Maritime transport plays a huge role in foreign economic relations. Liberia formally has the largest merchant marine in the world, but almost all of the ships are owned by American, Greek, Russian and other companies that find it beneficial to register their ships in Liberia (see map), where shipping taxes are the lowest in the world. Port construction is expanding, especially in exporting countries of oil, gas, ores, and other raw materials. Egypt owns the largest sea channel in the world.
Cape Town Dar es Salaam Mombasa Dakar Casablanca Algiers Alexandria LIBERIA
Slide 27
Generalization. Check yourself.
What changes and why took place on the political map of Africa after World War II? How many countries are on the modern political map of Africa?
EGP countries, political map
Natural resources
How can one assess the natural resource potential of Africa? Which state in Africa has an exceptional set of natural resources?
Population
What is the population of the region? Which countries in Africa have more than 100 million inhabitants? What is the rate of population reproduction? What is the ethnic composition of the population of African countries? What languages do the inhabitants of the mainland speak? What are the main features of the distribution of the population of Africa? Which countries have the highest and which the lowest levels of urbanization? How does the “urban explosion” manifest itself in African countries? Name the largest cities in Africa.
Farm characteristics
What facts testify to the economic backwardness of African countries? What are the typical features of the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy of African countries? What is single product specialization? Where are the main industrial regions of these countries located? Which manufacturing industries have received the most development in African countries? What type of agriculture prevails in these countries? For which export crops does it occupy a leading position in world production? Can we say that Africa has a pan-African transport network? Why do most railways in Africa have the nature of penetration lines?
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