Functional styles of speech colloquial style. Handbook "text

The functional style of speech is a certain language system that is responsible for the goals and conditions of communication in a certain area and combines a set of stylistic language means. In essence, functional styles are heterogeneous, they differ from each other in a well-defined genre variety, terminology and literary presentation.

Types of functional speech styles

Depending on areas public life, in which the language is currently used, there are such functional styles: official business, scientific, journalistic, colloquial and artistic.

Formal business style

The official business style of speech is used to convey information in an official setting (legislative, administrative and legal activities, office work). This style creates regulations, protocols, certificates, receipts, etc.

The official business style has a number of features that distinguish it from other styles of speech: imperativeness, accuracy (two interpretations are not allowed), lack of emotional coloring, strict textual composition. This style makes extensive use of clichés, nomenclature names, abbreviations, and verbal nouns.

scientific style

The main function of this style is the transmission and dissemination of scientific information, as well as proof of its truth. The main properties of the scientific style is the use of general scientific terms, abstract vocabulary, description of any discoveries or precedents. The scientific style is dominated by short real nouns.

The most common scientific style is found in articles, research papers, school essays, monographs and educational literature.

Journalistic style

This functional style of speech is used to influence, most often ideologically, on the general public through the means mass media and oratory. Publicistic style is most often found in such genres as essay, article, reportage, interview. From other speech stylistics, the scientific style is distinguished by its inherent increased emotionality and the use of socio-political vocabulary.

Conversational style

This style acts as a tool for the direct transmission and exchange of information relating to everyday issues and does not require an official setting. It uses mostly simple vocabulary, which carries emotionality, expressiveness and logical saturation. The most common genre is dialogue. Great importance in conversational style have non-verbal factors: gestures and facial expressions. It also allows repetitions incomplete sentences and introductory words.

Art style

Artistic style is used in the creation of fiction. With its help, the author influences the reader, controls his feelings. In the artistic style, the inherent richness of vocabulary, imagery and emotionality. It is also possible to mix all other styles. Artistic style performs an aesthetic function, this is its main difference from colloquial and journalistic styles.

Instruction

conversational style.

The conversational style is used for everyday, when sharing your feelings or thoughts with others in an informal setting. It contains colloquial and colloquial vocabulary. This style differs from others in its great semantic capacity, colorfulness, it gives your speech and brightness.
Speech genres: dialogue, conversation, private conversation or private letters.

Language means: figurativeness, simplicity, emotionality, expressiveness of vocabulary, the use of introductory words, interjections, repetitions, words-addresses.

scientific style.

The main function of the scientific style is information, facts and their truth.

Speech genres: scientific article, monograph, educational literature, dissertation, etc.

Language means: terminology, the presence of general scientific words, professionalisms, abstract vocabulary.

Style features: the predominance of nouns in, consistency, accuracy, evidence, unambiguity, generalization, objectivity.

Formal business style.

Used to inform people in a formal setting. The official business style is used in the following documents: laws, orders, receipts, certificates, protocols, etc. The scope of this style is law, it can act as a lawyer, diplomat, jurist or just a citizen.

Style features: accuracy, standardization, lack of emotionality, presence speech cliches, use of terminology, abbreviations.

Journalistic style.

Publicistic style serves to inform people in the media. This style can be used in reports, articles, interviews, essays, oratory. Information transmitted in a journalistic style is not intended for a narrow circle of people, but for the general public.

Style features: emotionality, invitingness, logic, appraisal.

Art style.

Used in fiction. Target artistic style- influence the reader, convey the feelings and thoughts of the author, his.

Style features: the emotionality of speech, figurativeness, the use of all the wealth of vocabulary.

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• how to change text style

The word "journalism" comes from the Latin publicus, which means public. The journalistic style is used for agitation and propaganda of social and political ideas in newspapers and magazines, on radio and television.

Instruction

A scientific-informative text is a creatively revised presentation of the primary material, which completely coincides with it in meaning. However, it does not contain all, but only basic information, only the most essential information about the subject. Writing works in this genre requires the ability to work with scientific literature, evaluate sources and transmit their content in a compressed form without distortion.

Other genres of scientific style of speech

Linguists often combine texts of scientific-reference, educational-scientific and popular science genres of scientific style into one large group. These sub-styles are characterized by the focus of information not so much on specialists, but on those who are far from the specifics of the subject placed at the center of the publication. Importance at the same time, they not only have results scientific research but also the form.

In the educational and scientific genre, most often they write study guides and texts of lectures. The scientific reference genre, characterized by extreme clarity and conciseness, is typical for reference publications, scientific dictionaries, encyclopedias and catalogues. Texts compiled in the popular science genre are less tied to special terminology. They are often used in books intended for a mass audience, as well as in television and radio programs covering scientific topics.

Language styles are its varieties that serve one or another side of social life. They all have a few parameters in common: the purpose or situation of use, the forms in which they exist, and the set

The concept itself comes from Greek word"stilos", which meant writing stick. As a scientific discipline, stylistics finally took shape in the twenties of the twentieth century. Among those who studied the problems of stylistics in detail were M. V. Lomonosov, F. I. Buslaev, G. O. Vinokur, E. D. Polivanov. D. E. Rosenthal, V. V. Vinogradov, M. N. Kozhina and others paid serious attention to individual functional styles.

Five in Russian

Functional styles of the language are certain features of the speech itself or its social variety, specific vocabulary and grammar that correspond to the field of activity and way of thinking.

In Russian, they are traditionally divided into five varieties:

• colloquial;
• official business;
• scientific;
• journalistic;
• art.

The norms and concepts of each depend on historical era and change over time. Until the 17th century, colloquial and book lexicons differed greatly. The Russian language became literary only in the 18th century, largely thanks to the efforts of M. V. Lomonosov. Modern styles languages ​​began to form at the same time.

Birth of styles

In the Old Russian period there were church literature, business documents and annals. Colloquial everyday language quite different from them. At the same time, household and business documents had much in common. M. V. Lomonosov made quite a lot of efforts to change the situation.

He laid the basis for the ancient theory, highlighting the high, low and middle styles. According to her, the literary Russian language was formed as a result of the joint development of book and colloquial variants. She took as a basis stylistically neutral forms and turns from one and the other, allowed the use of folk expressions and limited the use of little-known and specific Slavic words. Thanks to M. V. Lomonosov, the styles of the language that existed at that time were replenished with scientific ones.

Subsequently, A. S. Pushkin gave impetus to the further development of stylistics. His work laid the foundations of the artistic style.

Moscow orders and Peter's reforms served as the origins of the official business language. Ancient chronicles, sermons and teachings formed the basis of the journalistic style. In the literary version, it began to take shape only in the XVIII century. To date, all 5 styles of the language are well-defined and have their own subspecies.

Conversational and household

As the name implies, this style of speech is used in everyday communication. Unlike jargon and dialects, it is based on literary vocabulary. His sphere is situations where there is no clear official relationship between the participants. AT Everyday life use mostly neutral words and expressions (for example, "blue", "horse", "left"). But you can use words with colloquial coloring (“locker room”, “lack of time”).

Within the colloquial, there are three subspecies: everyday-everyday, everyday-business, and epistolary. The latter includes private correspondence. Colloquial and business - a variant of communication in a formal setting. The colloquial and official-business styles of the language (a lesson or a lecture can serve as another example) in a certain sense divide this subspecies among themselves, since it can be attributed both there and there.

Allows familiar, affectionate and reduced expressions, as well as words with evaluative suffixes (for example, "house", "bunny", "boast"). The colloquial and everyday style can be very bright and figurative due to the use of phraseological units and words with an emotionally expressive connotation (“beat the bucks”, “near”, “child”, “blessed”, “skirt”).

Various abbreviations are widely used - “bad”, “ambulance”, “condensed milk”. Colloquial easier than bookish - the use of participles and participles, complex multi-part sentences is inappropriate. In general, this style corresponds to the literary one, but at the same time it has its own characteristics.

scientific style

He, like the official business one, is very strict in the choice of words and expressions, sharply narrows the boundaries of what is permissible. The Russian language does not allow dialectisms, jargon, colloquial expressions, words with emotional overtones. Serves the spheres of science and production.

Since the purpose of scientific texts is to present research data, objective facts, this puts forward requirements for their composition and the words used. As a rule, the sequence of presentation is as follows:

• introduction - setting the task, goal, question;
• the main part is the search and enumeration of answer options, drawing up a hypothesis, evidence;
• conclusion - the answer to the question, the achievement of the goal.

A work in this genre is built consistently and logically, it presents two types of information: facts, and how the author organizes them.

The scientific style of the language makes extensive use of terms, prefixes anti-, bi-, quasi-, super-, suffixes -ost, -ism, -ni-e (antibodies, bipolar, supernova, sedentary, symbolism, cloning). Moreover, the terms do not exist by themselves - they form a complex network of relationships and systems: from the general to the particular, from the whole to the part, genus/species, identity/opposites, and so on.

Mandatory criteria for such a text are objectivity and accuracy. Objectivity excludes emotionally colored vocabulary, exclamations, artistic turns of speech, here it is inappropriate to tell a story in the first person. Precision is often associated with terms. As an illustration, one can cite an excerpt from the book by Anatoly Fomenko “Methods mathematical analysis historical texts.

At the same time, the degree of “complexity” of a scientific text depends primarily on target audience and from the purpose - for whom exactly the work is designed, how much knowledge these people supposedly have, whether they can understand what is at stake. It is clear that at an event such as school lesson of the Russian language, styles of speech and expression are needed simple, and complex scientific terminology is also suitable for lectures for senior students of the university.

Of course, other factors also play an important role - the topic (in the technical sciences, the language is stricter and more regulated than in the humanities), genre.

Within this style, there are strict requirements for the design of written works: candidate and doctoral dissertations, monographs, abstracts, term papers.

Substyles and nuances of scientific speech

In addition to the actual scientific, there are also scientific and educational and popular science substyles. Each is used for a specific purpose and for a specific audience. These styles of language are examples of different, but at the same time similar outwardly communicative streams.

The scientific and educational sub-style is a kind of lightweight version of the main style in which literature is written for those who have just begun to study a new area. Representatives - textbooks for universities, colleges, schools (high school), part of the tutorials, other literature created for beginners (below is an excerpt from a psychology textbook for universities: authors V. Slastenin, Isaev I. et al., “Pedagogy. Study Guide ").

The non-fiction substyle is easier to understand than the other two. Its purpose is to explain complex facts and processes to the audience in a simple and plain language. A variety of encyclopedias "101 facts about ..." were written by him.

Official business

Of the 5 styles of the Russian language, this one is the most formalized. It is used to communicate between states, and institutions with each other and with citizens. It is a means of communication between citizens in production, in organizations, in the service sector, within the limits of their performance of their official duties.

The official business style is classified as bookish and written, it is used in the texts of laws, orders, orders, contracts, acts, powers of attorney and similar documents. The oral form is used in speeches, reports, communication within the framework of working relationships.

Components of the official business style

• Legislative. Used in oral and written form, in laws, regulations, resolutions, instructions, explanatory letters, recommendations, as well as in instructions, article-by-article and operational comments. It is spoken orally during parliamentary debates and appeals.
• Jurisdictional- exists in oral and written forms, is used for indictments, sentences, arrest warrants, judgments, cassation complaints, procedural acts. In addition, it can be heard during judicial debates, conversations at the reception of citizens, etc.
• Administrative- is implemented in writing in orders, charters, decisions, contracts, labor and insurance contracts, official letters, various petitions, telegrams, wills, memos, autobiographies, reports, receipts, shipping documentation. The oral form of the administrative substyle - orders, auctions, commercial negotiations, speeches at receptions, auctions, meetings, etc.
• Diplomatic. This genre is writing can be found in the form of treaties, conventions, agreements, pacts, protocols, personal notes. Oral form - communiques, memorandums, joint statements.

AT officially- business style stable phrases, complex conjunctions and verbal nouns are actively used:

• based…
• in accordance with…
• based…
• due to…
• by virtue of…
• due to...

Only the scientific and official business styles of the language have clear forms and structure. In this case, this is a statement, resume, identity card, marriage certificate and others.

The style is characterized neutral tone narrative, direct word order, complex sentences, conciseness, conciseness, lack of individuality. Special terminology, abbreviations, special vocabulary and phraseology are widely used. Another striking feature is the cliché.

journalistic

The functional styles of the language are very peculiar. Journalism is no exception. It is he who is used in the media, in social periodicals, during political, judicial speeches. Most often, its samples can be found in radio and television programs, in newspaper publications, in magazines, booklets, at rallies.

Publicism is designed for a wide audience, so special terms are rarely found here, and if they are, they are sought to be explained in the same text. It exists not only in oral and written speech - it is also found in photography, cinema, graphic and visual, theatrical and dramatic and verbal and musical forms.

The language has two main functions: informational and influencing. The task of the first is to convey facts to people. The second is to form the right impression, to influence the opinion about the events. The information function requires the reporting of reliable and accurate data that are of interest not only to the author, but also to the reader. The influence is realized through the personal opinion of the author, his calls to action, as well as the way the material is presented.

In addition to the specific this style, there are common features for the language as a whole: communicative, expressive and aesthetic.

Communicative function

Communication is the main and general task of the language, which manifests itself in all its forms and styles. Absolutely all styles of language and styles of speech have a communicative function. In journalism, texts and speeches are intended for a wide audience, Feedback implemented through letters and calls from readers, public discussions, and polls. This requires that the text be readable and readable.

expressive function

Expression should not go beyond reasonable limits - it is necessary to observe the norms of speech culture, and the expression of emotions cannot be the only task.

aesthetic function

Of all the 5 styles of Russian speech, this function is present in only two. In literary texts, aesthetics plays an important role; in journalism, its role is much less. However, reading or listening to a well-designed, thoughtful, harmonious text is much more pleasant. Therefore, it is desirable to pay attention to aesthetic qualities in any of the genres.

Genres of journalism

Within the main style, there are quite a few actively used genres:

• oratory;
• pamphlet;
• feature article;
• reportage;
• feuilleton;
• interview;
• article and others.

Each of them finds application in certain situations: a pamphlet as a kind of artistic and journalistic work is usually directed against a particular party, social phenomenon or political system as a whole, a reportage is a prompt and impartial report from the scene, an article is a genre with which the author analyzes certain phenomena, facts and gives them its own assessment and interpretation.

Art style

All styles of language and styles of speech find their expression through the artistic. It conveys the feelings and thoughts of the author, affects the reader's imagination. He uses all the means of other styles, all the diversity and richness of the language, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality, and concreteness of speech. Used in fiction.

An important feature of this style is aesthetics - here, unlike journalism, it is an indispensable element.

There are four types of artistic style:

• epic;
• lyrical;
• dramatic;
• combined.

Each of these genera has its own approach to displaying events. If we talk about the epic, then the main thing here will be detailed story about a subject or event, when the author himself or one of the characters will act as a narrator.

In lyrical narration, the emphasis is on the impression that the events left on the author. Here the main thing will be experiences, what happens in the inner world.

The dramatic approach depicts an object in action, shows it surrounded by other objects and events. The theory of these three genera belongs to V. G. Belinsky. In the "pure" form, each of the above is rare. Recently, some authors have identified another genus - combined.

In turn, epic, lyrical, dramatic approaches to describing events and objects are divided into genres: fairy tale, story, short story, novel, ode, drama, poem, comedy and others.

The artistic style of the language has its own characteristics:

• a combination of language tools of other styles is used;
• the form, structure, language tools are chosen in accordance with the intention and idea of ​​the author;
• the use of special figures of speech that give the text color and figurativeness;
• aesthetic function is of great importance.

Tropes (allegory, metaphor, comparison, synecdoche) and (default, epithet, epiphora, hyperbole, metonymy) are widely used here.

Artistic image - style - language

The author of any work, not only literary, needs the means to contact the viewer or reader. Each art form has its own means of communication. This is where the trilogy appears - an artistic image, style, language.

The image is a generalized attitude to the world and life, expressed by the artist using the language he has chosen. This is a kind of universal category of creativity, a form of interpretation of the world through the creation of aesthetically active objects.

An artistic image is also called any phenomenon recreated by the author in a work. Its meaning is revealed only in interaction with the reader or viewer: what exactly a person will understand, see, depends on his goals, personality, emotional state, culture and values ​​in which he was brought up.

The second element of the triad "image - style - language" is related to a special handwriting, characteristic only for this author or era of the totality of methods and techniques. In art, there are three different concepts- the style of the era (covers the historical period of time, which was characterized by common features, for example, the Victorian time), national (it means the features common to a particular people, nation, for example, and individual ( we are talking about an artist whose works have special qualities that are not inherent in others, for example, Picasso).

Language in any art form is a system visual means designed to serve the goals of the author when creating works, a tool for creating an artistic image. It enables communication between the creator and the audience, allows you to "draw" an image with those very unique style features.

Each type of creativity uses its own means for this: painting - color, sculpture - volume, music - intonation, sound. Together they form a trinity of categories - artistic image, style, language, help to get closer to the author and better understand what he created.

It must be understood that, despite the differences between them, styles do not form separate, purely closed systems. They are capable of and constantly interpenetrate each other: not only the artistic one uses the language means of other styles, but also the official business one has many mutual points with the scientific one (jurisdictional and legislative subspecies are close in their terminology to similar scientific disciplines).

Business vocabulary infiltrates and vice versa. The journalistic type of speech in oral and written form is closely intertwined with the sphere of colloquial and popular science styles.

Moreover, the current state of the language is by no means stable. It would be more accurate to say that it is in dynamic equilibrium. New concepts are constantly emerging, the Russian dictionary is replenished with expressions that come from other languages.

New ones are created with the help of existing ones. The rapid development of science and technology also actively contributes to the enrichment of the scientific style of speech. Many concepts from the field of artistic science fiction have migrated to the category of quite official terms that name certain processes and phenomena. BUT scientific concepts entered into common speech.

A primitive man from an animal began to be distinguished by the ability to think, speak and create images. Using symbols and sound signals, people created languages ​​and writing. The ability to materialize thoughts through language and signs is called speech - oral and written. Speech and language is what helps people communicate with each other, unites or separates them.

The concept of language

Language as a part of speech originated in the days of the tribal system. The transmission of information through symbols and sounds became part of the culture of a particular tribe. When the tribes united, their languages ​​mixed, complemented each other, and the community of people united by a single language was called nationality.

receiving further development and distribution, the language became the property of the nation. Today, there are peoples who have their own language and speech, the culture of speech of their country differs from the language of neighboring peoples. There are also countries that have different nations, but a single language. For example, in England and the United States, English is the national language, as is Spanish in Mexico, Spain, Argentina, and Chile.

Thus, language is a set of sound signals and written symbols inherent in a certain community of people and understandable to them. In every nationality, in addition to the main language, there are its varieties - dialects. They developed through the mixing of peoples and the interaction of their languages ​​​​with each other.

Another concept inherent in language is dialect. For example, the Russian language and culture of speech: the northern Russian dialect is distinguished by a clear “okan” compared to the southern Russian dialect “akan”.

There is also the concept of language families, which include languages ​​that have common roots, such as the Romano-Germanic group, the Turkic-Mongolian and others.

The concept of speech

Speech is a way of voicing thoughts through spoken language or writing. With the help of speech, people communicate and transmit information in the languages ​​they speak. The concept of "speech" in psychology refers to psycholinguistics - the ability of a person to create mental images and transmit them using language.

Speech and language are always inseparable. At the same time, the language can exist and develop without the direct participation of certain person, as it belongs to the whole nation, even to those who have died long ago. Speech without knowledge of languages ​​is impossible, but at the same time it characterizes the thinking of each individual person.

According to the manner in which a person expresses his thoughts, according to what his language and speech, the culture of speech, one can create his psychological portrait, level of education, belonging to a certain stratum of society. By how competently, consistently, colorfully or logically people express their thoughts, one can judge the type of their thinking.

The speech and language that a person uses has certain uses:

• the impact option helps to influence the actions, worldview and actions of other people;
• a message variant is used to transfer data between individuals or communities;
• a variant of expressing feelings and emotional perception of the surrounding reality;
• the designation option allows you to give definitions to objects and phenomena.

People can use several variants of speech at once in a form convenient for them.

Forms of speech

Scientists divide human speech into two forms.

1. External speech, which includes writing, sound signals and the materialization of thoughts. In its turn, external speech divided into oral and written. Oral is reproduced by the voice when using language sounds and is perceived by the ear of other people. It has 2 forms:

2. Inner speech is the pronunciation of thoughts within the consciousness of the individual. It refers to the human thought process. As soon as he voices his thoughts, speech goes into the external category.

External speech is subdivided according to the types of information presentation.

Written speech is a system of graphic design of words using signs and symbols. When using written speech, the rules for writing and constructing words and sentences adopted in a given language are used.

Types of speech

Types of speech in Russian depend on what exactly the speaker wants to convey to the audience, regardless of whether he uses written or oral speech.

• The narrative type is used to convey a sequence of actions, events or phenomena. Texts that tell about something have a certain plot twist, a presentation of the main successive climactic events and a denouement. The narrative always has a development of the plot, its dynamic movement from beginning to end, while the main ones are independent parts of the speech of the Russian language: the verb and words indicating the time and place of the event (yesterday, morning, here, etc.).

Narrative is used in both spoken and written language.

• Description - a way of conveying by signs and sounds the basic properties of objects, phenomena, events and actions. This type of speech has a beginning, body and ending. The beginning is the presentation of the object, the main part includes a description of its features and properties, and the end is the conclusion that follows from the listed qualities. The description uses verbs in the same tense, adjectives and participles.

The description is used both in texts of any style, and in oral speech.

• Reasoning is the ability to reveal cause-and-effect relationships in events and actions. It has the structure of the thesis, argument and conclusion. In this type of speech, the unity of time does not matter; it can be used to prove, explain and reason on various topics both in writing and orally.

Types of speech in Russian are rarely used in their pure form, most often they are mixed for better presentation of information.

Scientific style of speech

The speech and language that people use to convey information have their own styles, which depend on its content. Each of the styles has its own characteristics, manner of presentation, vocabulary and a special set of language tools for the correct presentation of information.

Speech styles in Russian depend on the scope of its application.

Scientific style is used to convey accurate scientific information and is used both in speech and in writing. His distinguishing feature- concise presentation of information, strict selection of language techniques and terms, deliberation of the selected statements. In this style, emotional images are rarely used for description, and the construction of sentences is characterized by brevity, distinctness, consistency, which are achieved by such parts of speech as a noun, participle, participle and verbal nouns.

A variation of this style is the popular science style, which has the features of the main one, but the terms and complex language character sets are replaced with vocabulary that is understandable to a large audience that does not have deep knowledge in scientific disciplines.

This style tends to give explanations of complex scientific facts using common vocabulary. The popular science style is applied in the literature of a developing nature, accessible to the general reader or specialists who wish to go beyond highly specialized knowledge.

business speech style

The category "styles of speech in the Russian language" includes the so-called business (official business) style, the scope of which is documentation. Its scope is written language. The main types of texts in a business style are official documents, business papers, statements, protocols, laws, decrees and much more.

This style is characterized by brevity of presentation, conciseness, specificity, sequence of words in a certain order.

In the official business style, abbreviations, speech stamps, and special terminology are often used. Texts in this style are impersonal, and from the parts of speech, verbs are most often used in imperative mood, verbal nouns.

Also, this style has ready-made standard forms, for example, statements, acts or protocols.

Journalistic style

Journalistic texts, like styles of speech in Russian, are most often used for propaganda purposes. These include publications in newspapers, magazines, news on radio and television, leaflets and speeches to the public.

The main purpose of the journalistic style is agitation, a call to action, an impact on the minds and actions of other people. Texts written in this style are distinguished by the accuracy of facts, their logical presentation, but at the same time they are emotionally colored and allow the use of the author's attitude to the information provided.

This style is rich in means of conveying the main idea, since it uses speech turns characteristic of other styles. It can be an accurate statement of figures and facts with evidence, as in a scientific style. Also, an artistic-emotional or evaluative style can be attached to them.

The construction of a sentence in a journalistic style can vary from “dry” scientific presentation to a pictorial description, in which there are both phraseological units and foreign terms. Most often, incentive and exclamatory sentences are used.

Art style

Russian language and speech culture of people abound language means that are characteristic of the artistic style. This is the language of literature, the main purpose of which is the transfer of information through emotional description.

In artistic speech, metaphors, comparisons, lofty words and turns are used in abundance. The main task of this style is to touch the emotions of the reader or listener. In everyday life, people use art style to convey information that has touched their feelings and made an impression, such as describing the content of a movie, book, or event.

The artistic style is characterized by the presentation of information both based on real events and on the fiction of its author. Comparative turns, which he uses in this case, can have an abstract form. For example, a lead bullet and lead clouds create images that are completely different in imagery in the reader's imagination. Often in this style there are in abundance the turns characteristic of the colloquial style.

Conversational style

This style exists only in the field of informal communication or correspondence. He is characterized by everyday, family, friendly topics of communication. Perhaps this is the most extensive type of style in the Russian language, as it contains topics that are characteristic of other styles, but with its characteristic vernacular and simplicity of presentation.

Conversational style is characterized by the use of not only speech turns, but also facial expressions and gestures. They are an integral part of it.

Depending on the emotional coloring, both jargon and profanity can be used in the colloquial style vocabulary. By the way a person betrays his thoughts in a conversation, one can judge the level of his culture, upbringing and education.

Parts of speech of the Russian language

Each language goes through a path that includes the development of speech. The Russian language is no exception. To transmit information, parts of speech are used, which are divided into independent and service parts. A separate category includes interjections.

In one of the sections of the textbook "Russian language" - "Parts of speech" - the table very clearly explains everything with examples.

This topic is covered in more detail in the textbooks "Russian Language" by Nikitin, "Russian Speech" for grades 5-9.

The style of the text is the design and purpose of speech.

There are 5 styles of text in Russian:

1. scientific
2. business
3. journalistic
4. art
5. colloquial

Each style has its own canons and features and, accordingly, the scope of use.

Scientific text style

You can get acquainted with the scientific style by reading articles that describe phenomena, identify patterns, and make discoveries. This is the style of scientific conferences and seminars, monographs and dissertations. It is characterized by the use of precise terminology, a logical presentation of facts and conclusions that follow from the results of research, the use impersonal pronouns. Scientific style is also used in textbooks.

Business text style

Business style is used to inform. Most often used in the field of legislation, administrative and legal activities. This is the style of official documents: laws, orders, resolutions, protocols. Each of these documents is compiled according to a specific and generally accepted cliché. A simple layman in his life also uses this style more than once in the preparation of statements, characteristics, and when submitting certificates. This style is characterized by a direct word order, strict adherence to the established cliche.

These two styles are not emotionally colored. Characterized by precision and dryness.

Journalistic text style

Journalistic style is the language of the mass media. They are used when creating a report, an interview. This style is characterized by logic, emotionality and appeal. Its purpose is to convey information, to arouse interest in an existing problem, to influence people's attitude to the pressing problems of society. Indirectly, journalistic style is involved in the formation of the worldview a large number people, people.

Conversational text style

The purpose of the conversational style is direct communication. They use it to discuss urgent needs, share their feelings, thoughts in an informal setting. It is characterized by emotionality. It often contains colloquial and vernacular vocabulary. Moreover, each region has its own typical folk speech, called dialects.

Artistic text style

Artistic style affects us through literature. It's style works of art. It is characterized by the richness of vocabulary, and its emotionality, the use of various artistic techniques to enhance the perception and imagination of readers (allegorical images, metaphors, hyperbole, etc.). This style is easy to understand, there are often deviations from the norms of speech, foreign, outdated words are used. When reading the texts of the artistic style, one gets the impression of the constant presence of the author, his feelings about the fate of the heroes of the work.