Is it possible to determine the gender of nouns. Morphological norms for determining the gender of a noun

The gender of nouns is a grammatical category, manifested in the ability of nouns to be combined with specific forms of agreed words. The category of gender can be expressed semantically (that is, in meaning, only for animate nouns), grammatically and syntactically. Semantically, all nouns are male, female and average. Words indicating animals and males are masculine (brother, grandfather, student, goose, rooster, horse); nouns naming animals and females (sister, grandmother, student, goose, chicken, horse) are feminine; animals and persons, regardless of gender (monster, monster, person (person), child) - to the middle gender.

The gender of nouns is grammatically expressed using the ending in the nominative case. This category of gender is characteristic of both animate and inanimate inflected nouns. In this case, in addition to the 3 main genera, a common genus is also distinguished. The differences between them are presented in the table:

masculine	Feminine	Neuter gender	Common gender
The ending is zero, the stem ends with a solid consonant or with -y (chair, hero); The ending is zero, the stem ends with a soft consonant, and in the genitive case the endings are -a, -ya (horse - horse, doctor - doctor, ivy - ivy).	The ending -а, -я (hand, earth), except for words naming males (servant, governor) and words with the suffix -in, showing a magnifying subjective assessment (domina, mostina); The ending is zero, the stem ends in a consonant, and in the genitive case the ending is -i (rye - rye, silence - silence, notebook - notebooks).	Ending -o, -e (grain, sea); Words child, monster, monster, face; 10 dissimilar nouns for -mya (tribe, time, name, banner, seed, stirrup, udder, crown, burden, flame); Some indeclinable inanimate nouns foreign origin(taboo, taxi, jury, stew, interview, bra).	The ending -a, -ya, in words that name male and female persons (sleepy, grumpy, dirty, bully, stammerer, couch potato, orphan, licker, roar, ignoramus).

Syntactically, the gender of nouns can be determined by the form of the agreed word, which depends on the noun. So, participles, adjectives, ordinal numbers, consistent with masculine nouns, end in -y, -y, -oy ( beautiful garden, singing boy, fighting soldier); with nouns female- on -th, -yaya (beautiful street, summer time); with neuter nouns - into -oe, -ee ( beautiful sky, winter morning). Also, the gender of nouns is determined by the ending of the predicate, expressed by the verb in the past tense in the subjunctive or indicative mood, or by the participle or short adjective. Masculine - the predicate has a zero ending (the rain has passed, the plan has been completed); feminine - ending -a (work completed, the moon has risen); neuter - ending -o (letter received, the sun has risen).

There are also indeclinable nouns. Most of them belong to the middle gender (depot, interview and all substantiated indeclinable nouns like "hello", "cheers", "yes", "tomorrow", "I don't want to"). Exceptions are the following cases:

Ha (hectare), coffee, poppies, penalties, suluguni, sirocco, ecu, tornado, shimmy, as well as the names of languages ​​(Bengali, Urdu, Suomi, Pashto, Hindi) - masculine;

Avenue, bere, salami, kohlrabi are feminine.

The gender of indeclinable nouns, such as geographical names, the names of newspapers, magazines, can be determined by the gender of the noun with the meaning of the generic concept (full-flowing (lake) Ontario, Japanese (city) Tokyo, wide (river) Mississippi, published (newspaper) "Times"). The gender of abbreviations must be determined by the gender of the main word (MSU - masculine - Moscow State University; UN - feminine - United Nations; CIS - middle gender - Commonwealth of Independent States). It is impossible to establish the gender of nouns that are not used in the singular, but only in the plural, since they do not have a gender category (trousers, pitchforks, pasta, mangers).

2. Definition of the kind of abbreviations

Abbreviation as a way of forming new words by reducing the original complex phrase is relatively young for the Russian language. The beginning of mass abbreviation dates back to the 20s of the 20th century, when many new institutions with long names appeared in the young Soviet Republic. Along with this, there was a need to designate them abbreviated. For example: Moscow Art Theater, RSFSR, NEP; ROSTA windows(Russian Telegraph Agency.

Abbreviation as a way of word formation does not disappear, the number of abbreviations is growing, despite the protests of writers, journalists, and other representatives of the Russian-speaking intelligentsia, who from the very beginning criticized compound abbreviated words for their cumbersome, often dissonant character. This method remains one of the most powerful and persistent language processes of our time, as it reflects the dynamic nature of modern history. The abbreviation is not actually Russian, but universal way word formation, characteristic of many national languages.

At the first stage of their formation, abbreviations demonstrated the meaning of the gender of the core word of the original phrase. So, Moscow Art Theater agrees in the masculine gender in accordance with the gender of the reference word (Moscow Art Academic theatre them. M. Gorky); RSFSR- in the women's (Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic); housing department- middle class (housing-operational control).

However, over a period of almost a century of active functioning, the abbreviations were divided into two groups according to the method of formation, which in different ways acquire the meaning of the genus.

letter abbreviations, formed using the initial letters of the original name, retain the meaning of the kind of the core word. For example: Moscow State University, KPP, USSR, IVTs - male; ORT, CIS, Ministry of Emergency Situations, KB - average; LDPR, GTS, FSB - female. The letter abbreviation from the very beginning of its formation acquires the status neologism- such a new word that does not fit into the grammatical system of a given national language. Indeed, neoplasms of the type NTV, CSKA, EVM, GRU, UMPO does not correspond to the phonetic appearance of the Russian word, since in their structure there is no harmonious alternation of vowels and consonants. These words are spelled: Ministry of Emergency Situations[uh-che-es], checkpoint[ka-pe-pe]. So letter abbreviations fall into the category of immutable words, and to determine their gender, it is necessary to “open” them outer shell- decipher, while restoring the original phrase, find the core word and only after that carry out coordination with dependent words in accordance with the gender of the core word. For example: take me to the first checkpoint(checkpoint); GTS(city telephone exchange) has not yet entered into an agreement with a new enterprise; UMPO(Ufa motor-building production association) fully restored the previous volume of production orders.

Sound abbreviations are formed by merging the initial sounds of the original name: university, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, registry office, hydroelectric power station, housing office, ROE, GUNO, Labor Code, NOT, RIO, traffic police, media, FIFA, TsGALI. The sound abbreviations show significant variations in gender.

If the appearance of a new word is a harmonious alternation of vowels and consonants, such as SGS, SGSG, SGSS, then the abbreviation quickly adapts in the language environment, speakers begin to change this word in number and case, and also form new derivatives from it. This is what happened with abbreviations. UNIVERSITY, REGISTRY OFFICE, MFA, CEC. Due to the frequency of use, some sound abbreviations have been spelled using lowercase letters, since the speakers have almost completely lost touch with their appearance with the contents of the original name. Compare: study at a technical university best universities countries, university textbooks; go to a new registry office, documents from the registry office; The Russian Foreign Ministry said…; representatives of the CEC.

Another reason for fluctuations in the grammatical gender was the very difficulty of etymological decoding of the original phrase, which served as the basis for the creation of this or that abbreviation. K. S. Gorbachevich, the author of the textbook “Norms of the Modern Russian Literary Language”, interviewed dozens of people (of course, not medical specialists) regarding the grammatical gender of the well-known abbreviation ROE. Compare: take blood for ESR, he has an increased ESR. Almost everyone ranked this compound abbreviated word as neuter (on a formal basis). Few remembered (and some did not know) about the core word of the abbreviation: ROE - reaction erythrocyte sedimentation. Here K. S. Gorbachevich remarks: “The rule itself, which prescribes the abbreviation to have the grammatical gender of its core word, apparently needs to be revised.”

Thus, the genus of sound abbreviations, similar in phonetic structure to ordinary Russian words, is determined formally - by the last sound of the stem. Nouns Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ZhEK, university, registry office, BAM, similar to monosyllabic masculine words such as house, poppy, ace, age, cake, function as masculine names: our Housing Office(housing and maintenance office), prestigious university(higher education institution), city ​​registry office(registration of acts of civil status), unfinished BAM(Baikal-Amur Mainline). Nouns ROE, ESR, RONO, RIO were automatically approximated to neuter names such as hay, window, sky: increased ESR(sedimentation rate of erythrocytes) , RONO(district department of public education) sent documents, RIO(Editorial and Publishing Department) submitted comments. Recently, sound abbreviations have appeared that have the form of a feminine noun: TEA(Forwarding Agency), ASTA(astatic ammeter). They are used in the text as feminine names: TEA was created, ASTA was used in the study.

The contradiction that arises between the etymological meaning of the gender (the meaning of the gender of the core word) and the new formal motivation of the gender leads to such a phenomenon as fluctuations in the use of one or another gender. For example: MFA(Ministry of Foreign Affairs) declared and stated; ITAR-TASS(Information Telegraph Agency of Russia - Telegraph Agency of Sovereign Countries) informed and reported. Observations show that the inflected variant prevails in colloquial speech. It gradually replaces the non-inflected variant when using sound abbreviations. However, in strict official documents, the meaning of the gender of the pivotal word and the non-inflected variant are retained. Compare: Foreign Ministry statement(in official document) - documents from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs(in oral speech).

If the sound abbreviation has no analogies in the language, that is, it does not correspond to ordinary nouns in its sound structure, such neologisms retain the meaning of the gender of the core word and function as unchangeable names. For example: modernized automated control system (automated system management), ultrasound appointment(ultrasound procedure), UN(United Nations) organized a press conference, USATU(Ufa State Aviation Technical University) sent documents.

For borrowed sound abbreviations, the gender is most often determined by the external form: wonderful FIAT(tracing paper from Italian FactoryItalianadicardiTorino), DEFA released a new film(from German DeutscheFilmatellier– studio). The exception is NATO, w(Organization of the North Atlantic Treaty from English NorthAtlantictreatyOrganization) and UNESCO(United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization from English United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization).

Thus, a holistic perception of a sound abbreviation as independent word, easily supplied by morphological trait(the final sound of the stem) under one or another categorical-generic category of nouns, as well as the difficulty of establishing the core word (sometimes completely forgetting it) lead to a significant movement of abbreviations in relation to gender.

One of the pressing problems of speech culture is the creation of dissonant abbreviations and compound words. AT Soviet time abbreviations such as scrub(school worker), Minbumdrevprom(Ministry of Paper and Wood Industry), UzODKS(Uzbek Society of Friendship and Cultural Relations with foreign countries). Cacophonous neologisms still appear today (traffic police, RUBOP, Bumizdeliya). To eliminate this problem, it is necessary to remember that the abbreviation is the result of the word-creative activity of the speakers themselves. Dissonant abbreviated names appear as a result of the indifferent attitude of their creators to language and speech, and in general - as a result of the aesthetic illegibility of a native speaker.

Gender of nouns

(das Geschlecht der Substantive)

noun in German, just as in Russian, it can be masculine (Maskulinum), feminine (Femininum) and neuter (Neutrum).

It varies by case and has the singular (Singular) and plural (Plural) forms. The gender of nouns in German and Russian may be the same.

Compare:

der Tisch - table

die Tasse - cup

das Fenster - window

Often the gender of nouns does not match. Compare: der Staat - state, das Buch - book, die Stadt - city.

The gender of nouns in German can be determined by meaning and suffixes.

Determining the gender of nouns by meaning

To masculine relate:

1. Words denoting:

a) masculine persons:

der Mann - the male, der Held - hero, der Junge - boy;

b) masculine animals: der Bär - bear, der Lowe - a lion.

2. Names

a) seasons:

der Winter - winter, der Fruhling - Spring, sommer - summer, der Herbst - autumn;

b) months:

der Januar - January, der Februar - February, der Marz - March and etc.;

c) days of the week:

der Montag - Monday, der Dienstag - Tuesday, der Mittwoch - Wednesday and etc.;

d) parts of the day:

der Tag - day, der Abend - evening, der Morgen - morning.

3. Names of heavenly bodies (common and proper): der Stern - star, der Planet - planet, der Mond - moon, der Mars - Mars, but: die Venus - Venus.

4. Names of parts of the world:

der Norden - north, der Suden - south, der Osten - East, der Westen - west.

5. Names of many mountains:

der Ural - Ural, der Harz - Harz, der Olympus - Olympus.

6. Names of precipitation:

der Regen - rain, der Schnee - snow, der Hagel - deg.

7. Names of monetary units:

der Rubel - ruble, der Schilling - shilling, der Pfennig- pfenning, but die Mark - stamp, die Kopeke - penny, die Crown - crown.

To feminine relate:

l. Words denoting:

a) female persons:

die Frau - female, die Mutter - mother, die Tochter - daughter;

b) female animals:

die Kuh - cow, die Katze - cat, but das huhn - hen, Das Schaf - sheep;

and the names of most of the trees and flowers:

die Tanne - spruce, die Linde - Linden, die Tulpe - tulip.

2. Names of many fruits and berries:

die Byrne - pear, die Tomate - tomato, die Nuss - nut, but der Apfel - Apple, der Pfirsich - peach.

3. Most of the ship names:

die Russia - Russia, die Titanic - Titanic.

To neuter relate :

1. Names of children and cubs:

das Kind - child, das Lamm - lamb, das Ferkel- piglet.

2. Names of most countries:

Das Russland - Russia, das deutschland - Germany, das Osterreich - Austria, das frankreich - France.

3. City names: (das) Moskau, (das) Berlin, (das) Wien.

Definition of gender by form (by suffixes)

To male

-er, -ner, -ler, -ling, -el, -at, -et, -ant, -ent, -ist, -ismus, -är, -ier, -eur, -or, -ot, -it .

For example:

der Flieger - pilot, der Redner - speaker, der Poet - poet, der Jungling - boy, aspirant - graduate student, der Student - student, der Offizier - the officer, der Ingenieur - engineer, der Professor - Professor, der Patriot - patriot.

To female gender includes nouns with suffixes:

-in, -ung, -heit, -keit, -schaft, -el, -ei, -ie, -ik, -ion, -tion, -tät, -ur.

For example: die Lehrerin - teacher, die Bildung - education, die Freiheit - freedom, die Tapferkeit - bravery, die Studentenschaft - students, die Malerei - painting, die Poesie - poetry, die Politik - politics, die Union - union, die University - university, die Nature - nature.

To average gender includes nouns with suffixes:

-chen, -lein, -tel, -um, -ment, -nis.

For example: das Mädchen - girl, Das Tischchen - table, das Buchlein - little book, Das Drittel - third, Das Studium - studies, das Parliament - parliament, Das Ereignis - event.

Determining the gender of a noun

rule	Wrong option	Right option
1. Indeclinable (invariable in cases) nouns that denote:
inanimate objects- belong to the middle class. Exceptions: avenue, broccoli, salami, kohlrabi(female); penalty(m.r.); coffee(m.i.s.r.)	beautiful bra, fashion cap	beautiful bra, fashion cap
Person - refers to the male or female gender, depending on the real gender of the designated person. Note: vis-a-vis, protege - words of a general gender	pleasant bourgeois dear fraulein	pleasant bourgeois dear fraulein
Animals are masculine. Exceptions: 1) iwashi, tsetse- female; 2) the designations of the female animal (such as kangaroo feeding a baby)	little pony big zebu	little Pony big zebu
Geographic concepts are of the same genus as common nouns denoting generic concepts. For example: Sochi - m.r. (because city), Erie - cf. (because the lake ). But: Mali cf. (because the state) and zh.r. (due to country)	old Tbilisi	old Tbilisi
The names of press organs belong to the same gender as the corresponding noun denoting a generic concept. For example: "Figaro literer"- m.r. (because the magazine), "News Chronicle"- f.r. (since newspaper)	these "Humanites"	this "Humanite"
2. Indeclinable abbreviations belong to the same grammatical gender as the reference word in the phrase. For example: Moscow State University - m.r. (because the university); Nuclear power station- f.r. (because the station).
	distant USA	distant USA
3. Declining abbreviations (such as TASS, VAK, Youth Theater) are masculine
	TASS reported...	TASS reported...
4. Gender of inflected nouns with zero ending type swan, shampoo is defined by the dictionary. For example: piano, tulle, shampoo- m.r.; corn, parcel, utensils- f.r. Note: report card- m.r., but in the phrase table of ranks- f.r.
	admiring the swan old corn	admiring the swan old corn

How to determine the gender of a noun?

How is the gender of nouns determined?

Ksyushenka

The gender of nouns is fairly easy to determine.

Nouns female genders end in and I.(My mother- the most best mom in the world. Noun - mother refers to feminine nouns).

Nouns male genders end in hard consonant.(Today I dreamed of a beautiful dream. Noun - dream refers to masculine nouns).

Nouns middle genders end in oh e. (Window was open and you could hear him talking to someone. Noun - window refers to neuter nouns).

However, one should not forget about the gender of indeclinable nouns.

Here is information from the grammar of the Russian language for foreigners:

In general, indeed, the genus in most cases is determined by the end. However, there are very, very many exceptions, so there is no need to talk about the rules at all. For example:

Masculine: nouns ending in:

• solid consonant - gender, chair;
• soft consonant (including th) - nail, fire, January, hero; ( but what about "splash"?)
• f, w, h, u (without a soft sign) - a knife, a pencil, a key, a raincoat.

Feminine: nouns ending in:

a) -a, -i, -iya - country, land, party ( But what about the man, uncle, Vanya?);

b) soft consonant - spruce, bed, square, laziness ( but what about the stump?);

c) w, w, h, u (with a soft sign) - rye, mouse, night, speech, help.

Neutral gender: nouns ending in:

a) -o, -e, -e, -e - window, towel, gun, splendor;

b) -mya - time, banner, flame.

So, nouns of the neutral gender correspond best to the rules, and in order to determine the masculine and feminine gender, foreigners are advised to consult the directions in the dictionary.

Nelli4ka

It is necessary to ask a question regarding a specific word, the gender of which needs to be determined: WHOSE / WHOSE / WHOSE is / she / he, respectively?

I remember how we asked this question in chorus in class and also answered it together: it is mine (neuter), she is mine (female) or he is mine (male).

The ending of a noun in this matter will not help much, since, for example, often in masculine words there is a so-called "female" ending "a": man, grandfather, etc.

Vladsandrovich

We were taught in school like this:

If the word answers possessive form - HE IS MINE, then it is of course masculine.

If this very form sounds like - SHE IS MINE, then it is undoubtedly feminine.

And finally, if the word fits the wording - IT IS MINE, then it is undoubtedly neuter gender.

gender is determined by the end

feminine - ending a, zero (you can substitute it is mine)

masculine - zero ending (OH MY)

neuter gender - zero ending, ie (it's mine)

Ni nochka

To understand how to determine the gender of a noun, for clarity, we use this picture

Now we see that in order to determine the gender of a noun, we can at help auxiliary words. But, this is not the only thing that will help us. To determine the gender, we can also use hints in the form of word endings. As a rule, feminine nouns have an ending in the form of "a" or "I", the middle one has the endings "e" or "i", but the masculine either does not have an ending at all, or in "b" or a consonant.

But. In any rule, there is what is called an exception. When determining the gender of a noun, there are also "buts", that is, exceptions that must be remembered.

Azamatik

Determining the gender of nouns by ending is not entirely correct.

And all because many words that end in a vowel (for example, in -а-, -я-, etc.)) are not always feminine.

And nouns that have a soft sign at the end can be both feminine and masculine.

To determine the gender of a noun, it is best to resort to the help of other parts of speech: an adjective or a pronoun.

Dad - he is mine; strict dad (masculine); the horse is mine; gray horse (masculine); the shadow is mine; small shadow (feminine) and so on.

Thus, auxiliary words will help determine the gender of a noun.

In order to determine the gender of a particular noun, you just need to agree or easier to apply pronouns with it: mine, mine or mine, or replace it with the word: he, she or it:

Thus, we get one of the three genders that exist in the Russian language.

For greater clarity and memorization, I will give a table-scheme below, referring to which, you can quickly and correctly determine the desired genus.

Moreljuba

In order to determine the gender of a noun, it is worth resorting to the use of auxiliary words, which will help determine the gender of the noun.

As for such auxiliary words, they are given in this plate:

It turns out that if we take the word "man", then to determine the gender we substitute the auxiliary word "he" is a man "and we get the masculine gender, respectively.

well-read doug

We were taught to determine the gender of a noun in school by asking the appropriate question to it.

Example: Pen whose? - My! So the noun "handle" is feminine.

Chair whose? - My! Here the noun chair is masculine. There is also a neuter gender and it answers the question " whose". For example, the task " whose"? My!

Dimasonus

The gender of a noun is determined by the end of the word.

Feminine has the endings а\я_\ Auxiliary question: she is mine

The masculine gender has the ending _\ (zero). Sub-question: He is mine

The neuter gender has the ending u\e_. Sub-question: it's mine.

Genus. There are three genders in Russian: masculine, feminine and neuter. Each noun belongs to one of these genders: father, boy a body, wolf, oak, house- masculine nouns; mother, girl, piss a vest, fox, pine, school about la- feminine nouns animal, tree, wing, field, building, feeling- neuter nouns.

morphological analysis words answers

Nouns animate kind has a real meaning, indicating belonging to a male or female gender. Inanimate nouns have no connection between the meaning of the noun and its gender (even nouns belonging to the same thematic group may have different kind: so, in the names of the days of the week nouns Monday, Tuesday, Thursday- male, Wednesdays a. Friday, Saturday about that- female, Sunday- neuter). Thus, for most nouns, the gender has a grammatical character and is determined by a formal feature - by endings in the nominative case of the singular. Nouns that are used only in the plural have no gender (for example: spirit and. holidays, days).

hot analysis of the word by composition

Masculine nouns are nouns that end in :
chick word parsing a) into a hard consonant - house, table, world, city, view;

frost adjectives

b) to a soft consonant (including and) - nail, fire, January, stream, hero;
composition of the word seaside c) on w, w, h, w(without soft sign) - knife, pencil, key, cape .

table noun grade 5

Some masculine nouns denoting males, as well as proper names men (often diminutive) have an ending - and I(man, young man, uncle, Borya, Vanya, Sasha, Nikita) .
determine the case of a noun

killed morphological analysis

a) on -a, -i, -ya - country, land, party ;
have long been disassembled by composition b) into a soft consonant - spruce, bed, area ;
union example c) on w, w, h, w(with soft sign) - rye, mouse, night, speech, help .
big word parse as part of speech

a) on -o, -e, -e, -e- window, sea, towel, gun, skill ;
b) on -me - vr e me,and me, banner, flame .

Thus, nouns of the middle gender are most easily distinguished. Masculine and feminine nouns have overlapping forms of the nominative case (on a soft consonant, on w, w, h, w); their gender is best remembered in accordance with the instructions of the dictionary.

• masculine and feminine nouns in w, w, h, w. coinciding in pronunciation, in writing they differ in the presence of a soft sign after the final consonant in feminine nouns and in the absence of it in masculine nouns ( rye is a knife, night is a ball);

• all animate nouns with suffix -tel- male ( writer, reader);

• all inanimate nouns with suffix -awn- female ( youth,
  nationality, independence).

Morphologically, the gender of nouns is manifested in case endings, syntactically - in the form of agreement with adjectives, pronouns, participles, as well as verbs in the past tense, cf. last e daysday, day ' ;passed(m.), last autumn, autumn has passed(f.), last e this summer the summer has passed(cf.).

Number. Nouns have two numbers: singular and plural ( book - books, table - tables, teacher - teachers).

Only in the singular some nouns are used denoting substances, materials ( milk, salt, gold), abstract concepts (study, walking,presence, courage), the names of some plants ( potatoes, carrots, onions, strawberries), names of the countries of the world, as well as proper names (south, from e ver, Moscow, Volga, Caucasus, France,Warsaw).

Only inplural nouns are used denoting the so-called paired or compound objects (trousers. gate, scissors, glasses), names of some substances ( perfume, cream, ink).

morphological analysis of the word

In Russian, nouns come in three genders: masculine (table, young man, contract), female (wall, bird, night) and middle (window, happiness, subway). It is necessary to correctly determine the gender of nouns in order to correctly coordinate them with other members of the sentence in speech. In most cases there are no difficulties: we know, for example, that the combinations taxi drove up, sore callus are correct, while the phrases taxi drove up, sore callus- this is a gross violation of the morphological norms of the Russian language.

However, there are nouns for which the definition of gender can be difficult. Further, groups of such nouns are considered and rules for determining the gender are given.

1. Indeclinable nouns Correct: funny pony or funny pony, sweet kiwi or sweet kiwi, beautiful Tbilisi or beautiful Tbilisi

Indeclinable nouns are called nouns that do not change in cases, i.e. have no case endings and retain the same form in any case and number. Their gender is determined based on which thematic group the word belongs to.

1. Words denoting inanimate objects, are mostly nouns neuter:city ​​taxi, elegant muffler, crystal sconce, ripe mango, dangerous tsunami etc. The exceptions in this group are:

- the words male: sirocco (dangerous sirocco), suluguni (delicious suluguni), tornado (destructive tornado)

- the words female: avenue (first avenue), kohlrabi (fresh kohlrabi), salami (delicious salami).

A number of inanimate nouns have two generic forms: coffee - masculine and, as a valid option, neuter (tasty/delicious coffee); penalty - masculine and neuter (fair/fair penalty).

2 . Words denoting animals, birds, fish, insects, should be considered nouns male(funny chimpanzee, white cockatoo, kangaroo jumped up). However, if the female animal is meant, then the name refers to the feminine gender. (the kangaroo was carrying a cub in a bag). Remember exceptions: nouns female are ivasi (delicious ivasi), hummingbird (colorful hummingbird), tsetse (dangerous tsetse).

Names of languages(Hindi, Swahili, Bengali etc.) refer to masculine. Word Esperanto It is permissible to use both in the masculine and in the neuter gender ( famous/famous Esperanto).

place names belong to the same gender as common nouns denoting generic concepts (i.e., according to the gender of words city, river, mountain etc.). For example: Sochi - this is the city, the word city masculine, hence the word Sochi also masculine (sunny Sochi); Mississippi→ river→zh.r. ( full-flowing Mississippi).

Names of newspapers, magazines, enterprises, organizations etc. belong to the same gender as common nouns denoting generic concepts ( newspaper, magazine, company etc.). For example: "Daily World" - newspaper, word newspaper feminine, hence the name "Daily World" also feminine ( "Daily World" published); "Geo"→journal→m.r. ( interesting "Geo").

Most of the words for a person(by profession, social status, etc.), are nouns male(even if it's a woman): attaché (military attaché), croupier (experienced croupier), entertainer, maestro, rentier, referee etc.

The words lady, miss,madam refer to feminine(young lady, pretty miss).

Nouns counterpart, incognito, protégé are bigenetic: the use of these words in the masculine or feminine gender depends on the gender of the person called (my counterpart, my counterpart).

What is a gender in relation to the Russian language, how many genders are in the Russian language and which are distinguished?

Students begin to get acquainted with this category in primary school gradually deepening and consolidating their knowledge. In the fifth grade, information about the genus is replenished and fixed on more complex material.

How many genders are in Russian?

The following system is presented in Russian:

• Feminine.
• Male gender.
• Neuter gender.
• Common gender.

The gender of words used only in the plural is not determined.

How many genders does a noun have in Russian?

To determine the gender of a noun, we ask a semantic question to this word: is it mine? She is mine? is it mine?

As can be seen from the table, gender is determined only for nouns in the singular. Nouns used only in the plural (trousers, glasses, sleigh) are outside the category of gender.

When determining the gender of nouns, schoolchildren often find it difficult to use words like "knowledgeable", "clever", "fidget" and the like. For example: he was a big fidget and she was a big fidget. Are these words feminine or masculine? This is where the question posed in the title arises: how many genders are there in the Russian language? Scientists have two points of view on this matter: some attribute them to male or female, depending on the context, others single out such words in a special gender - general.

Indeclinable foreign nouns also cause difficulties. In spelling, they resemble words belonging to the middle gender. Indeed, most of them belong to this genus, but there are (let's say so) exceptions to the rule.

So, according to the literary norm, the noun "coffee" refers to the masculine gender. It would be wrong to say "my coffee". This is a mistake, the correct option is "my coffee".

The noun "euro", by analogy with other names of monetary units, refers to the masculine gender. By the same principle, the nouns "suluguni", "sirocco", "penalty" are masculine. Based on the same analogy, the nouns "avenue", "salami", "kohlrabi" are feminine.

If you have any doubts about the gender of a noun, then you should refer to the dictionaries of the Russian language.

How to determine the gender of an adjective?

Unlike the name of a noun, for which the category of gender is invariable, for an adjective it is an inflected category and is determined depending on the context. The rule by which the gender of this part of speech is determined is as follows: the gender of the adjective is determined by the word being defined, that is, by the noun.

For example:

• The girl was wearing a beautiful (cf. R.) dress. ("Dress" - it is mine, therefore - it is a neuter gender, which means that the adjective "beautiful" refers to the neuter gender).
• He was a handsome (m.r.) man. The street is beautiful (female).

There are also indeclinable adjectives. For example: khaki trousers.

Now you know the answer to the question of how many genders there are in Russian. We also analyzed their definition with examples. It is very important to be able to determine the gender of a noun or adjective - this will help to avoid grammatical errors.

In this lesson, you will learn what kind of nouns are, practice in determining the gender of nouns in the singular and in the plural, observe the generic endings of nouns. Why is the genus constant sign nouns? What nouns cannot have gender? Are there common nouns? These questions will be answered in the lesson.

Introduction

Our ancestors, the ancient Slavs, once divided all things and creatures into three classes - masculine, feminine, and "real" (or "proper"). They deified many objects, endowing them with a feminine or masculine gender.

For example, the word child real kind among the ancient Slavs. Children have never had the right to own personal property. (V. Volina)

Do you know that there are languages ​​thatnouns have no gender. These are English, Finnish, Turkish, Chinese, Japanese and others.

There are languages ​​in which nouns have onlytwo kinds. It's French, Spanish, Italian.

There are languages ​​thatthere are many more genders than in our language.

For example, in many languages ​​of the peoples of the Caucasus and Africa there can be up to 40 genera. They are called "classes". (N. Betenkova)

Lesson topic: “The gender of nouns. Generic endings of nouns.

How to recognize the gender of nouns

Read the nouns. Which of them are men and which are women?

Grandfather, mother, sister, father, grandmother, son, brother, granddaughter, uncle, aunt, daughter, great-grandfather, man, woman.

In Russian, nouns are both masculine and feminine. What kind of words did we write in each column?

Grandpa

dad

brother

uncle

great grandfather

the male

These are masculine words, since you can substitute the word for them is he.

These are feminine words, since you can substitute the word for them she is.

What word can be substituted for these words?

Wheel, hollow, insect, towel - IT. These are neuter words.

Nouns are masculine, feminine and neuter. The gender of nouns is determined by substituting pronouns.

To nouns male you can substitute words he is mine.

To nouns female you can substitute words She is mine.

To nouns neuter you can substitute words it is mine.

Determine the gender of plural nouns

If it is necessary to determine the gender of a noun used in the plural, the word is first put in the singular, in the initial form. initial form The noun answers the questions who? what?

The cranes have flown

And the rooks are already far away.

Didn't have time to look back

Blizzards covered the snow. (Vl. Prikhodko)

Cranes- in plural, initial form - who? crane, he, m.r.

Rooks- in plural, initial form - who? rook, he, m.r.

Blizzards- in plural, beginning. form - what? blizzard, she, f.r.

Snow- in units, early form - what? snow, he, m.r.

Why gender is a constant feature of nouns

If a noun, for example, is feminine, can it be masculine or neuter?

Nouns are already born with masculine, feminine or neuter words. By birth, they do not change. That is why gender is a constant feature of nouns.

March.

sketched the sky

White drifts.

The sun burned on them

Doors and windows.(I. Zagraevskaya)

March- he, m.r.

Sky- it, cf.

snowdrifts- in plural, beginning. form - what? snowdrift, he, m.r.

The sun- it, cf.

doors- in plural, beginning. form - what? door, she, f.r.

windows- in plural, beginning. form - what? window, it, cf.

What nouns cannot have gender?

Eyes, curlers, blinds, mustaches, sleds, skis, skates, holidays.

eyes- what? eye, it, cf.

Curlers, blinds

Mustache- what? moustache, he, m.r.

Sled- cannot be used in the singular.

Skis- what? ski, she, female

Skates- what? horse, he, m.r.

holidays- cannot be used in the singular.

For nouns that do not have a singular form, gender cannot be determined.

For example, trousers, tongs, scissors, day, cream, sawdust, ink, hide and seek, chess, yeast, tongs, twilight.

General nouns

Interesting nouns: orphan, clever, crybaby.

good girl- who can be praised with this word, a boy or a girl?

Compare: He was an orphan. She was an orphan.

These nouns, depending on the specific circumstances, can act as masculine nouns. (He was so smart!), then as feminine nouns(She was so smart!)

These are nouns general kind.

Let's pick up more common nouns: the ringleader, fidget, quiet, why, smarty, sweet tooth.

Generic endings for nouns

What endings can masculine, feminine and neuter nouns have?

dad a

Slav a

uncle I

You I

daughter a

natures a

Dash a

tet I

cf.

movements e

fun e

linen yo

Borodin about

lace about

cloth about

Finish the diagram: write the endings.

For nouns male often endings -a, -i, and zero.

For nouns feminine endings -а, -я and zero.

For nouns neuter endings -o, -e, -e.

(Some nouns ending -i, For example, dit I, flame I, time I ).

What is common in the composition of words - masculine, feminine and neuter nouns

Nouns masculine and feminine may have the same endings -a, -i, zero.

Is it possible to determine the gender of nouns only by the end?

We solve the spelling problem at the end of nouns

Jam_, rainbow_, cave_, swamp_, glade_, knee_, wheel_, patronymic_, lake_.

Knowing the gender of a noun, substituting words it, she, you can solve the spelling problem at the end, correctly write the letter of an unstressed vowel.

Jam_ heό, ending -o,

rainbow_ oná, ending -а,

cave_ oná, ending -а,

swamps_ heό, ending -o,

glade_ oná, ending -а,

knee_, wheel_, patronymic_, lake_ onό, ending -о.

Jam about, rainbows a, caves a, swamps about, polyan a, knee about, wheel about, patronymic about, lakes about.

How are borrowed words distributed by gender?

In Russian, the word sun- neuter.

In German the word sun- feminine ("di zonne").

The English just say "san" ( sun), without attributing this noun to any of the existing genders.

French sun- masculine ("le sole").

Spanish for "el sol" sun- male.

How are words distributed by gender that came from other languages, that is borrowed words?

In russian language borrowed words retain the gender they had in the foreign language.

This explains the fact that in modern Russian the words piano, coffee, kangaroo are masculine;

somersault, chassis, dominoes- to the middle gender, and the word shawl- to the feminine.

Nouns borrowed from languages ​​in which there is no gender receive it in Russian: basketball, football(from English) - masculine.

We are looking for nouns, determine their gender

Check yourself. Find nouns, determine their gender.

Who wrote what?

Once upon a time there was no paper. The first manuscripts appeared on clay tablets. In the East, paper replaced Ivory. Animal skin was often used for writing - parchment. In Ancient Russia, they wrote on birch bark, birch bark.

paper- paper, oil,

manuscripts- manuscript, female,

on the tablets- plate, female,

in the east- east, m.r.,

paper- paper, oil,

bone- female,

for writing- letter, cf.,

skin- leather, female,

animals- animal, cf.,

parchment- m.r.,

in Russia - Rus, female,

on the bark- bark, female,

birch bark- birch bark - zh.r.

Conclusion

I will remember the feminine

And I'll say, "She's mine."

And remember the masculine gender

And again I will say: "He is mine."

The neuter gender is mine!

This is your rule!(E. Semyonova)

In the lesson, you learned that if you need to determine the gender of a noun used in the plural, the word is first put in the singular, in the initial form.

Nouns do not change by gender.

For nouns that do not have a singular form, gender cannot be determined.

Bibliography

1. M.S. Soloveichik, N. S. Kuzmenko "To the secrets of our language" Russian language: Textbook. Grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
2. M.S. Soloveichik, N. S. Kuzmenko "To the secrets of our language" Russian language: Workbook. Grade 3: in 3 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
3. T. V. Koreshkova Test tasks In Russian. Grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
4. T. V. Koreshkova Practice! Notebook for independent work in Russian for grade 3: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
5. L.V. Mashevskaya, L.V. Danbitskaya Creative tasks in the Russian language. - St. Petersburg: KARO, 2003.
6. G.T. Dyachkova Olympiad tasks in Russian. 3-4 classes. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2008.

Homework

1. Match these nouns with nouns that are close in meaning. Specify genus.

   Ring - ...

   Strengthening - ...

   Border - …

   Gulf - ...

   Luck - …

   The curtain - …

   Duty - …

   Silence - ...
   Words for reference: heat, fortress, bay, success, silence, duty, ring, darkness, curtain, boundary.

2. Read the text. Determine the gender of nouns.

   Pretender.

   A large gorilla lives in the Prague Zoo. One morning the monkey suddenly fell ill. She refused food, moaned. The doctor decided that the animal had overeaten. The gorilla was given medicine and left. The monkey recovered instantly. During the inspection, she pulled the key out of the caretaker's pocket. She opened the cage with them and began to walk around the zoo.

3. Read the text. Find nouns, write them down in 3 columns:

   m. r., w. R. , cf. R.

   Petya is dreaming.

   If soap

   came

   In the morning to my bed

   And I would have washed myself -

   It would be nice!

   If, say,

   Wizard

   Gave me a textbook

   So that he would

   I myself could

   Answer any lesson...

   If I had a pen in addition,

   To solve the problem,

   Write any dictation ... (B. Zakhoder)

1. Internet portal Oldskola1.narod.ru ().
2. Internet portal School-collection.edu.ru ().
3. Internet portal Gramota.ru ().
4. Internet portal Russisch-fuer-kinder.de ().