Social movement under Alexander II - presentation. Social movements Popular movements under Alexander 2

Lesson topic: "social movements under Alexander 2"

Lesson type- modeling lesson.

The purpose of the lesson.

Know:

the reasons for the activation of the social movement in the 19th century in Russia;

• 
  main directions of social movement;
• 
  goals and objectives of each direction;

Be able to:

• 
  highlight the new in the social movement in accordance with the changed political situation;
• 
  generalize the received information in the form of a model;
• 
  highlight the main thing in each direction by converting the model into a scheme;

Lesson plan

1. Organizational moment.

2. Creating a situation of success through knowledge optimization:

• 
  creating a problem situation;

3. Work on new material:

• 
  problem solving through the acquisition of new knowledge;
• 
  creation and analysis of a new model.

4. Transformation of the model into a schema for the generalization of knowledge.

5. Homework.

During the classes

1. Organizational moment.

2. Optimization of the educational process, creating a situation of success.

teacher actions.	Student actions.
- When and why did the social movement become more active?	-After the uprising of the Decembrists regarding the limitation of the power of the king and the abolition of serfdom.
-What directions emerged in the social movement in 30-50 years. XIX century in Russia?	- Conservative, liberal, revolutionary.
-What are the goals of each direction?	-The purpose of the conservative movement is the protection of the existing order and state power. The liberal movement believed that the transformation in the country should go through the reforms carried out by the government. Radical changes in a country can only come about through a revolution.
-Remember what criteria underlie the model of social movement in Russia in the first half of the 19th century?	- We have identified three criteria: political directions, ways of solving problems, ideologies.

Model of social movement in the first half of the XIX century.

1. Political direction.

3. Ideologists.

3. Work on new material.

A) creating a problematic situation.

B). Work on new material for section 22 of the textbook.

What new criteria will help analyze the social movement?

Read section 1 of the paragraph.

What has changed in the liberal movement?	- The liberal movement has become more active; They are in favor of further reforms with the aim of expanding local self-government bodies; Establishment of democratic freedoms in the country; The social base is the bourgeois strata of the nobility; Ideology - zemstvo liberalism.
Read section 2 of the paragraph. What has changed in the conservative movement?	- The conservative movement has become heterogeneous; A conservative-liberal wing emerged; The social base is the large landed nobility, government officials; Ideology is the theory of official nationality.
Read section 3 of the paragraph. What has changed in the revolutionary movement?	- Social base - intelligence, raznochintsy, workers; - ideology - populism; the task is to prepare the socialist revolution through propaganda.
Let's summarize: What's new in the social movement?	- An ideology has taken shape in every direction of the social movement; The social base of each direction was determined; Their activities have intensified.
What new criteria for evaluating a social movement can you single out?	- We can distinguish the following criteria - ideology, social base, form of activity.

Create a new model.

Model of social movement at the end of the 19th century.

Social movement:

1. 
   political direction;
2. 
   ideology;
3. 
   goals;
4. 
   social base;
5. 
   form of activity.
6. 
   ideologists.

4. Generalization.

and on the basis of the model, draw up a diagram on a given topic.

Social movement during the reign of Alexander II.

60-70s of the XIX century.

Criteria.	conservative movement.	liberal movement	revolutionary movement.
1.Goals.	Protection of the existing order	Reforming public policy	Change the state order through revolution.
2.Ideology.	The theory of official nationality.	Zemsky liberalism.	Populism.
3. Ideologists.	S.S. Uvarov, M.N. Katkov.	N.K.Mikhailovsky, V.P.Vorontsov, S.N.Krivenko.	N.G. Chernyshevsky, P.N. Tkachev, P.N. Lavrov.
4. Social base.	Large landowners, government officials.	The bourgeois strata of the nobility, the intelligentsia.	Intelligentsia, raznochintsy, workers.
5. Forms of activity.	Establishment of a third department for the protection of order, the persecution of dissidents, censorship.	Submission of addresses in the name of the emperor, 1879 - a secret congress of supporters of liberal reform.	The activities of circles and secret societies, the activation of the labor movement.

5. The result of the lesson. Homework - 22 paragraphs. Questions - 3, 4, 5.

The victory over Napoleon brought the long-awaited peace to Europe, but did not solve any internal problems of the Russian Empire. The post-war period is characterized by a new direction of civic activity - the social movement. For the first time in Russia they acquired organized forms. The social movement under Alexander 1 laid the foundation of its activities on the foundation of liberal ideas.

liberalism in the country

The ideas of European liberalism spread in Russia during the time of Catherine II, who actively corresponded with such ideologists of this direction as Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot, and others. However, later the empress rejected such teachings, rightly fearing that they would damage the monarchical system of Russia.

The liberal movement in Russia received a second wind in 1812. Soldiers and officers who visited Europe returned to their homeland as staunch opponents of serfdom and the autocratic system. The absolute disregard by the authorities of the need to transform the country caused a dull dissatisfaction among the progressive sections of the population. It was in such conditions that the social movement under Alexander 1 was born and began its activities.

Masonic lodges were the first public organizations in Russia. The idea of ​​the emergence of the Masonic movement came from Europe. By the 20th year of the XIX century. members of the Masonic lodges were about 3 thousand nobles, merchants and people of the middle class. Freemasonry gave society the experience needed to organize and operate secret societies.

Basically, under Alexander 1, it is known for such secret societies: the Union of Salvation, the Union of United Slavs and others.

Union of Salvation

This is the first major society. Its founder was A.N. Muravyov - Colonel of the General Staff, hero of the Patriotic War.

The main goal of the Salvation Union was the elimination of serfdom and the restriction of the rights of the monarchy. There were isolated calls for conspiracy and regicide, but they did not spread among most members of the union.

After the decision was made to attract broad public support, the Salvation Union disbanded, and on its basis the Welfare Union arose. The secret society program had its own charter, which was known as the "Green Book". The society was based on the same ideas as before - the overthrow of the autocracy and the destruction of the serfdom. But at the same time, the members of the union agreed to participate in the reforms of the state together with the government, attached great importance to the ideas of upbringing and education. When the government refused to reform the state, the social movement under Alexander 1 was under threat. Successful military coups in Russia prompted the idea of ​​organizing a military mutiny in Russia and forcing the government to make concessions.

Therefore, after the Union of Welfare, new societies were created, which received the names of Northern and Southern.

northern society

Petersburg became the center of the Northern society. E. P. Obolensky, S. P. Trubetskoy, N. M. Muravyov and others became members of the union. According to the program outlined by N. M. Muravyov in his Constitution, Russia was to renounce autocracy and become a constitutional monarchy. He also laid the foundation for the idea of ​​a federal division of Russia into 15 "powers". The rights of the emperor were limited. The personal freedom of the peasants was envisaged, and civil rights were also introduced for every inhabitant of Russia. These theses give an idea of ​​what the social movement was striving for under Alexander 1.

Southern Society

This civil formation united officers who served on the territory of Ukraine. The head of the Southern Society is the hero of the Battle of Borodino, Colonel P. I. Pestel.

Under his leadership, a draft Constitution of Russia was created under the name "Russian Truth", but with more radical theses than Muravyov's. Thus, the Russian Empire was to become a republican country, not a monarchy. The state was to be governed by a supreme council and a people's council. The peasants were given not only freedom, but also land plots.

Thus, the abolition of serfdom and radical transformations in the state were the foundations that characterized the social movement under Alexander 1. A table illustrating the brief goals of public organizations is presented below.

Members of secret societies actively discussed real ways to achieve their goals. The result was a decision on a state military action.

Despite the conspiracy, the government was aware of the threats posed by the social movement under Alexander 1. In 1822, a decision was made to ban all Masonic lodges and secret societies. A few days before his death, the king ordered the arrest of the participants in the rebellion. The unexpected death of the emperor pushed the people to the uprising of 1825.

Liberalism in the Russian Empire originated in the 18th century. But it acquired special significance and poignancy during the reign of Emperor Alexander II in 1860-1880. after the so-called liberal reforms. Many progressive nobles and liberals were dissatisfied with the half-heartedness of the peasant reform and demanded that the authorities continue it. In addition, a movement of “zemstvo constitutionalism” also arose in Russia, the main requirement of which was the granting of civil rights. You will learn more about all this in this lesson.

The word "liberalism" appeared in Europe in the 18th century. It is derived from the word liberalis, which means free. In general, liberals are people whose main goal of political struggle is to ensure human rights and freedoms.

in Russia in the first half of the 19th century. the word "liberal" was almost a dirty word. The fact is that Nicholas I at the beginning of his reign was seriously frightened by the Decembrists, and all revolutions in Europe in the middle of the 19th century. held under the banner of liberalism. Therefore, the authorities were hostile to the liberals.

The peasant reform of 1861, with its half-heartedness, caused discontent not only among the peasants, but also among a significant part of the progressively minded nobles. Many nobles began to turn to the king or speak at local provincial meetings with a request to change the order of the reform. The most famous action of this kind was the performance in December 1864 of the Tver nobles, headed by the former marshal of the nobility A.M. Unkovsky (Fig. 2). For this, he was forbidden to deal with peasant issues, and was also removed from office. 112 nobles of Tver presented to Emperor Alexander II a document called "Loyal Address". However, the provisions of this document were almost revolutionary. The nobles themselves insisted on creating a system absolutely equal for all estates, abolishing the estate privileges of the nobility, creating an independent court, and even allocating land to the peasants.

Rice. 2. A.M. Unkovsky - leader of the Russian nobility, public figure ()

Alexander II, who seemed to be a liberal emperor and a supporter of progress, ordered the repression of these nobles. 13 people were placed for two years in the Peter and Paul Fortress, and Unkovsky was even exiled to Vyatka for his radical ideas. Other liberals, having seen such a reaction from the authorities, were afraid to openly oppose the government, even with the best of intentions. They began to group around a few magazines that began to appear in the 1860s.

The Vestnik Evropy magazine has become a kind of center of political struggle and a mouthpiece for the liberals (Fig. 3). A publication with this name was already published in Russia from 1802 to 1830, but was closed at the request of Nicholas I, who was afraid of any manifestations of opposition. Vestnik Evropy since 1866 was published under the editorship of the famous public figure and historian M.M. Stasyulevich (Fig. 4). The magazine published sharp political materials. Such famous scientists as I.M. Sechenov, K.A. Timiryazev; the works of L.N. Tolstoy, A.N. Ostrovsky, I.A. Goncharov, and in the 1880s. even the works of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin - one of the sharpest and most caustic satirists.

Rice. 3. Journal "Bulletin of Europe" ()

Rice. 4. M.M. Stasyulevich - editor of the journal "Bulletin of Europe" ()

The most influential publication can be considered the newspaper "Voice" (Fig. 5), which was published in Russia for twenty years and also united supporters of the liberal idea. It briefly united even the Slavophiles and the Westernizers, representatives of two opposite currents that had been at enmity with each other since the 1830s.

One of the conductors of the liberal idea was the famous Slavophil Yu.F. Samarin (Fig. 6). In the 1870s the Moscow Zemstvo invited him to participate in the development of a tax reform project, in which he actively took part. According to his project, all estates of the Russian Empire were to become taxable, or taxable, that is, the tax burden fell not only on the peasants and philistines, but also on the nobles and the clergy. For Alexander II, all this was too radical. Samarin was not touched only because he went abroad and soon died there.

Rice. 6. Yu.F. Samarin is a Slavophil, a conductor of the ideas of liberalism in Russia ()

The Slavophiles continued to consider Russia an original civilization, but they saw that the changes that were taking place in the country clearly led to a better position for it. From their point of view, perhaps Russia should use the experience of Western countries, provided that it would lead to good results.

At the end of the 1870s. Liberal sentiments also intensified among the Zemstvos. In liberalism, a current of "zemstvo constitutionalism" arose. Representatives of this direction demanded that Alexander II continue the reforms. They believed that the rights of zemstvos, that is, local governments, should be expanded. Their main demand was "the crowning of the building of the zemstvo reform", which meant the creation of some kind of nationwide elected body (as if crowning the building of regional elected bodies - zemstvo assemblies). At first it was supposed to be deliberative, but in the long run (this was understood by everyone, although not always pronounced) - a legislative body, that is, a parliamentary type body that limits the power of the monarch. And this is constitutionalism - hence the name of the movement. Zemstvo constitutionalists demanded an equal position for all estates, and some of their representatives even demanded the adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Empire. The key point in the political program of the zemstvo constitutionalists was the demand for the granting of civil liberties: speech, press, and assembly. However, Alexander II, despite the liberal fervor at the beginning of his reign, was not ready to make such serious concessions. This was also greatly hindered by the revolutionary activity that was taking place in Russia at that time.

A feature of the zemstvo constitutionalists was the hope for cooperation with Emperor Alexander II. At the very end of the emperor's reign, they had some hope. The fact is that M.T. became Alexander’s right hand. Loris-Melikov (Fig. 7), who was considered an adherent of the ideas of liberalism. But the hopes of the liberals did not come true and the Constitution of Loris-Melikov was never adopted in the Russian Empire.

Rice. 7. M.T. Loris-Melikov - Russian statesman, closest associate of Alexander II ()

The liberals tried to convince the emperor and his entourage that it was easier to make gradual changes in the country than to wait for a surge of revolutionary sentiment. Some representatives of liberal circles even made contact with the populists, urging them to stop terrorist acts, thereby forcing the authorities to cooperate. But all the efforts of the liberals were useless.

Some liberals wanted to revive at least the Zemsky Sobor, through which one could try to influence the emperor. But such an idea seemed too radical even to Alexander II.

Thus, we can say that the liberal movement of the 1860s - 1870s. in Russia did not fulfill the tasks that it set for itself. To a large extent, the failures of Russian liberalism were connected with the pressure on the authorities of another political trend - conservatism.

Homework

1. What is liberalism? How was the liberal movement born in Russia and what contributed to it?
2. Describe the liberal nobles from a socio-political point of view. Why did the progressive nobles take the liberal movement as a basis?
3. What reasons contributed to the birth of zemstvo constitutionalism and what was it like? Describe the political program of the zemstvo constitutionalists.

1. Website Sochineniye.ru ()
2. Website Examen.ru ()
3. Website School.xvatit.com ()
4. Scepsis.net website ()

Bibliography

1. Lazukova N.N., Zhuravleva O.N. Russian history. 8th grade. M.: "Ventana-Graf", 2013.
2. Lyashenko L.M. Russian history. 8th grade. M.: "Drofa", 2012.
3. Leontovich V.V. History of liberalism in Russia (1762-1914). Moscow: Russian way, 1995.
4. Liberalism in Russia / RAS. Institute of Philosophy. Rep. Ed.: V.F. Pustarnakov, I.F. Khudushin. M., 1996.
5. Tatishchev S.S. Emperor Alexander II. His life and reign. In 2 volumes. M.: Charlie, 1996.

REASONS FOR THE RISE OF THE SOCIAL MOVEMENT 1) Preservation of the old socio-political system. 2) Unresolved agrarian question. 3) The half-heartedness of the reforms of the 1990s. 4) Fluctuations in the government's course. 5) Social contradictions.

CONSERVATIVES The main goal: to protect the government from the influence of the liberals, to preserve the privileges of the nobility, to preserve the autocracy. Main ideas: We continued to develop the ideas of the theory of official nationality. They considered the reforms to be harmful for the country. they led to a rupture between the intelligentsia and the people, to the growth of the revolutionary movement. It was argued that the autocratic form of government is the most suitable for Russia. They defended the idea that only an autocratic monarch, standing above all classes, is a true spokesman for the interests of the people.

CONSERVATORS Main figures: 1. Mikhail Nikiforovich Katkov - journalist, publisher of the newspaper "Moskovskie Vedomosti" 2. Konstantin Petrovich Pobedonostsev - professor of law at Moscow University, educator of the royal children, chief prosecutor of the Synod (since 1880). 3. Petr Andreevich Shuvalov - chief of the gendarme corps and head of the III department

LIBERALS Origins: views of Westerners and Slavophiles. The main goal: to support the implementation of liberal reforms by the government, to persuade them to carry out constitutional reform. Main ideas: The number of liberals is insignificant, the social base is weak (part of the intelligentsia and the nobility). Some rise of the liberal movement in the 1970s was associated with the activities of the zemstvos. They failed to work out a common program of action and act jointly. Some believed that Russia had not yet matured to the people's representation (constitution) The reputation of the liberals was hindered by "flirting" with the socialists (an attempt to negotiate with Herzen, proposals to the populist revolutionaries)

POPULISTS (REVOLUTIONARY) Origins: views of Russian revolutionary democrats, primarily A.I. Herzen. Main ideas: based on the theory of communal socialism by A.I. Herzen; the ideas of N.G. Chernyshevsky Key figures: Alexander Ivanovich Herzen, Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky

NARODNIKI (REVOLUTIONARY) Theory of communal socialism: The peasant community contains the "embryo of socialism": collective ownership of land, egalitarian land use, periodic redistribution of land, mutual responsibility (collective responsibility) for the payment of taxes and duties. Russia will be able to move to socialism, bypassing the capitalist stage of development. Socialist sentiments among Russian peasants are of an unconscious nature, so the revolutionaries must create their own organization and prepare the peasants for the revolution. The reasons for the new upsurge of the revolutionary movement: 1) The radical intelligentsia was dissatisfied with the moderate nature of the reforms The preservation of landownership The introduction of a temporarily liable state The conditions of the redemption operation were difficult for most peasants 2) The slowness and inconsistency of the government in implementing reforms

REBELLION Ideologist: Mikhail Alexandrovich Bakunin Objectives: the Russian peasantry is ready for revolution, the intelligentsia should only push the people to take action Tactics: start a rebellion, a spontaneous peasant uprising that will destroy the state - the main weapon of oppression

CONSPIRACIOUS Ideologist: Pyotr Nikitich Tkachev Tasks: it is generally impossible to raise the peasantry to the revolution. Power should be seized by a well-organized group of revolutionaries Tactics: create a revolutionary party, undermine the state with the help of terrorist acts and seize power; maintain a strong state (revolutionary dictatorship) to carry out socialist transformations

POPULAR ORGANIZATIONS 60 - EARLY 70's. N. Ishutin's circle - set the task of preparing a revolutionary coup. The Hell group was formed in 1865 and began to prepare regicide. On April 4, 1866, a member of the group D. Karakozov tried to kill Alexander II in the center of St. Petersburg, at the exit from the Summer Garden. Consequences of the Karakozov case: Karakozov hanged by a court verdict; Members of the Ishutinsk circle were punished with imprisonment and exile to hard labor; The magazines Sovremennik and Russkoe Slovo are closed forever; The power of governors has been significantly strengthened; The rights of the zemstvo were curtailed.

POPULAR ORGANIZATIONS 60 - EARLY 70's - S. Nechaev formed the society "People's Reprisal". S. Nechaev organized the murder of one of the leaders of the People's Punishment, student I. Ivanov, who criticized some of his statements. After that, the police uncovered the organization. Nechaev fled abroad, was extradited to Russia as a criminal and ended his days in the Peter and Paul Fortress. The majority of the Narodniks condemned the city's "nechaevshchina" - the beginning of the activities of the "Chaikovites" circle (named after one of the leaders, N. Tchaikovsky). The "Chaikovites" were able to create a network of their groups in different cities of the city - A. Dolgushin's circle was created, which included supporters of Bakunin's ideas.

"GOING TO THE PEOPLE" The peasants did not understand and did not accept revolutionary propaganda and often denounced the police agitators themselves. The peasants were waiting for an improvement in their lives not from the revolutionaries, but "from above" - ​​from the tsar. This and the next attempt to "go to the people" ended in failure, led only to mass arrests among the revolutionaries and the tightening of government policy. However, these failures did not stop the growth of the revolutionary movement.

"Land and Freedom" 1876 - the populist organization "Land and Freedom" was created in St. Petersburg Creators: M. Natanson, A. Mikhailov, G. Plekhanov and others Goals: Transfer all the land to the peasants Reorganize the life of society on the principles of communal self-government Decision of the national question Methods: They believed that the achievement of the goal is possible only by force. It is necessary to conduct propaganda among the peasants and workers (organizational actions) - "sedentary" propaganda. To weaken the current government, use terror (disorganizing actions) Actions: New wave of "going to the people" December 6, 1876 - anti-government demonstration near the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg March 1878 - organization of strikes at the New Paper Spinning Mill in St. Petersburg and a number of other enterprises

THE SPLIT OF "LAND AND FREEDOM" The failure of propaganda among the people caused the disappointment of many populists. At the same time, a number of high-profile acts of terror were carried out: January 1878 - In Zasulich, she wounded the St. Petersburg mayor Trepov. August 1878 - chief of gendarmes Mezentsev was killed February 1879 - governor-general of Kharkov Kropotkin was killed April 2, 1879 - populist A. Solovyov tried to kill the tsar on Palace Square. in St. Petersburg, the authorities responded by intensifying repression. Contradictions grew among the populists between supporters of propaganda (“village people”) and followers of conspiratorial tactics (“politicians”)

SPLIT OF "EARTH AND VOLIA" "Land and Liberty" split into two organizations: 1. Black Repartition (Year of Year) Ideologist: G.V. Plekhanov 2. Narodnaya Volya (year) Ideologist: Executive Committee 1880 - "Black Repartition" ceased to exist. Its members emigrated abroad. "Narodnaya Volya" operated until 1884.

DIVISION OF "EARTH AND FREEDOM" Plans of the Narodnaya Volya: Convocation of a constituent assembly on the basis of universal suffrage; Transfer of land to peasants; Replacing autocracy with a people's republic. The executive committee of Narodnaya Volya sentenced Alexander II to death. The "hunt for the king" began.

"HUNTING FOR THE Tsar" November 1879 - the third attempt to blow up the royal train February 1880 - explosion in the Winter Palace After another assassination attempt, Alexander II created the Supreme Administrative Commission for the protection of state order and public peace, headed by M.T. Loris-Melikov, who was given virtually dictatorial powers.

"DICTATURE OF THE HEART" M.T. LORIS-MELIKOVA Struggle against the revolutionaries: Eliminated the III branch; Subordinated the political police to the Minister of the Interior; Reoriented the political police from mass arrests to well-prepared targeted strikes (Zhelyabov, Mikhailov, Kletochnikov)

MARCH 1, 1881 The members of Narodnaya Volya, who remained at large, headed by S. Perovskaya, developed several new options for the assassination attempt on the tsar. On March 1, 1881, Emperor Alexander II was mortally wounded by a bomb on the Catherine Canal in St. Petersburg and died in the Winter Palace. The Loris-Melikov project, approved on the eve of the tragedy, was rejected by the new emperor Alexander III. The people were shocked by the death of the king-liberator. The peasant revolution did not start, and the "Narodnaya Volya" was crushed.

Social movement under AlexanderII (paragraph 24 - 26)

1.Conservative:

The main aspirations of the conservatives were attempts to protect the imperial power from the influence of liberal officials and, if possible, prevent reforms from infringing on the interests of the nobility. Representatives: Count P. A. Shuvalov and M. N. Katkov.

Conservatism as a political force is designed to give stability to society. It doesn't mean going back at all. But Russian conservatives did not seek to consolidate the changes that had taken place and were necessary for the country, but to revise many of them.

2.Liberal:

Representatives of the liberal current in the mid-50s. - K. D. Kavelin, B. N. Chicherin (Westerners). They published the first printed policy document of Russian liberalism "Letter to the reader", its main provisions:

The Slavophiles made their contribution to the development of the liberal program: A. I. Koshelev in the “Russian conversation”, K. S. Aksakov (his formula: the power of power should belong to the tsar, but the power of opinion should belong to the people), A. A. Kraevsky in “Domestic notes ", A. V. Druzhinin in the "Library for Reading".

In Russia, the support of liberalism in society was rather weak. The development of liberalism in Russia was hampered by illiteracy and communal forms of life for the bulk of the population. Their major miscalculation was that at the time of the abolition of serfdom, they did not achieve the destruction of the community and the creation of a wide layer of small landowners who could become their support. They were unable to overcome the disunity of their ranks, develop a common program and achieve unity of action.

3.Revolutionary:

A) The ideological leader of the revolutionary movement in Russia in the late 50s - early 60s. became Nikolai Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky. He advocated a peasant revolution, developed Herzen's ideas about "communal" socialism, and advocated the creation of a revolutionary organization.

B) The ideas of Chernyshevsky were developed by representatives of the radical intelligentsia - populists. They considered the people, above all the peasantry, as a real political force and saw their main task in making this force conscious and organized. They wanted to raise the peasants to the revolution, so that Russia would have the opportunity, bypassing the stage of capitalism, to immediately move to a new system based on the principles of equality and justice.

Three currents in populism:

The people's revolution required lengthy preparations.

Theory of reflection. The ideologist of anarchism, denying the state. He considered the state to be the highest evil and instead proposed to create a free organization, that is, an association of groups, communities, volosts, regions and peoples. A free society is a society in which the principle of self-government of the people would be implemented. Power should be swept away in a revolutionary way. It is necessary to destroy the isolation of the organization, to identify the leaders in them and to link them together, to establish ties between the peasant and urban workers. The revolution can use the energy of criminals and vagabonds. The transfer of land - the land of factories, plants to the capitalist workers' unions, the equalization of the rights of men and women, the abolition of the family, marriage, the upbringing of children in the spirit of atheism, that is, unbelief.

The Russian monarchy is deprived of a solid socialist foundation. It is not supported by all segments of the population (supported by the army and the bureaucracy). The peasantry is not capable of independently carrying out a revolution; for a coup, it is necessary to create a secret conspiratorial organization, whose members have passed a strict selection and are subject to iron discipline. Seizure of power. The conspiracy is the beginning of the revolution. But Tkachev considered the destruction of the state impossible, in his opinion, in the course of the revolution, the old state institutions should be replaced with new, revolutionary ones.

Tactics

Conduct propaganda and education among the people

The revolutionary youth must go among the people in order to rouse them to revolt.

Conspiracy and terror.

Revolutionary organizations:

On 1.1861, the organization "Land and Freedom" was founded in St. Petersburg. Among the organizers were P.A., , , .

Their program included:

1) convocation of parliament and the establishment of a democratic republic

2) broad local self-government

3) equality of women

4) the transfer of all land to the peasants and the unification of the rural and urban population into self-governing communities

Practical activities - the publication and distribution of revolutionary literature, assistance to the escape of revolutionaries from prisons, material assistance to the exiles.

1864 - a decision was made to dissolve itself.

2. 1863 - 1866 - the organization of N. A. Ishutin (Moscow) - I. A. Khudyakov (Petersburg) arose.

The main task is to prepare a revolutionary upheaval, the result of which would be the reorganization of society on the basis of collective security and collective labor.

In 1865, the Ad group appeared, which led the preparation of regicide as an impetus for the revolution.

In 1866, Karakozov made an attempt on Alexander II, after which the revolutionary was executed, the organization was crushed.

3. 1869 in Moscow, S. G. Nechaev founded the society "People's Reprisal". The main document is the Catechism of the Revolutionary.

He planned to cover Russia with a network of revolutionary organizations bound by iron discipline. Members of society are allowed everything that serves the cause of the destruction of the old society and the implementation of the revolution.

4. 1869 in St. Petersburg, N.V. Tchaikovsky founded a circle of "Tchaikovsky". A group of young people engaged in self-education and distribution of books by N. G. Chernyshevsky, P. L. Lavrov, K. Marx

5. 1873 in Moscow, A. V. Dolgushin founded a circle of Bakunin’s supporters “dolgushentsy”. Conducted propaganda among the people.

6. 1874 - "going to the people." Explanation to the peasants of the meaning of revolution and socialism.

7. 1876 in St. Petersburg, the organization "Land and Freedom" was founded. Its creators were M. A. Natanson, A. D. Mikhailov, G. V. Plekhanov, V. N. Figner, S. L. Perovskaya, N. A. Morozov, S. M. Kravchinsky.

The goal is the transfer of all land into the hands of the working peasantry, the organization of society on the principles of communal self-government, and the solution of the national question.

The goal can be realized "only through a violent revolution."

To prepare a popular uprising, it was supposed to use organizational (propaganda among the peasantry and workers) and disorganization (individual terror) methods of work.

In 1879, Land and Freedom split into two organizations:

- "Black Redistribution", supporters of the continuation of propaganda work, led by G. V. Plekhanov

- "People's Will", supporters of individual terror, headed by A. D. Mikhailov, A. I. Zhelyabov, N. A. Morozov, S. L. Perovskaya, V. N. Figner, M. F. Korolenko.

8. 1878 the "Northern Union of Russian Workers" was founded in St. Petersburg. The organizers of the "Union" were - D. N. Smirnov, A. E. Gorodnichiy, V. I. Savelyev, S. I. Volkov. The program of which contained demands for broad political freedoms - freedom of speech, press, assembly.

Conclusion: all organizations of revolutionaries were crushed, and their members were either hanged or sent to hard labor.