The spelling of adjectives is continuous and hyphenated. Compound adjectives: spelling

III. Adjectives

§ 80. Compound adjectives are written together:

1. Formed from conjointly spelled complex nouns, for example: tap water(water pipes), agricultural(farmer, agriculture) Novosibirsk(Novosibirsk).

2. Formed from combinations of words, subordinate to one another in their meaning, for example: railway (Railway), economic (National economy), natural science (natural Sciences), complex(difficult in the way of subordination), rail rolling(rolling the rails) nationwide(common to the people), marshy scrub(forming protection for fields), metal-cutting(cutting metal); this also includes denoting a single concept of education (including terminological ones) from an adverb and an adjective (or participle), for example: obscure, nearby, burning, highly respected, freshly baked, clairvoyant, potent, wild-growing, evergreen, plain-colored.

Note. Compound adjectives, which include adverbs, should not be mixed with phrases consisting of an adverb and an adjective (or participle) and written separately, for example: diametrically opposed, directly opposite, purely Russian, childishly naive, poorly concealed, clearly expressed.

3. Used as terms and formed from two or three bases, regardless of the nature of the latter, for example: abdominal(block), Indo-European(languages), Old High German(language), bicarbonate(gas); also - deaf-mute.

§ 81. Complex adjectives are written with a hyphen:

1. Formed from nouns written with a hyphen, from personal names - combinations of names and surnames, as well as from names settlements, which are combinations of first and last names, first names and patronymics, for example: diesel-engine, social-democratic, Buryat-Mongolian, north-eastern, Alma-Ata, Orekhovo-Zuevsky, Nizhne-Maslovsky, Ust-Abakansky, Romain-Rollanovsky, Walter-Scottovsky, Lev-Tolstoy, Erofei-Pavlovichsky.

Note 1. The adjective is written together moskvoretsky.

Note 2. Adjectives formed from proper names, written with a hyphen, and having a prefix that is not present in the noun, are written together, for example: Amudarya, Zaissyk-Kul.

2. Formed from two or more bases denoting equal concepts, for example: interest-free, convex-concave, party-komsomol, gardening, meat and dairy, English-Japanese, Russian-German-French(dictionary), blue-white-red(flag).

3. Formed from two bases and denoting: a) quality with an additional connotation, for example: booming-loud, bitter-salty; b) shades of colors, for example: pale pink, bright blue, dark blond, black-brown, bluish blue, golden yellow, ash gray, bottle green, lemon yellow, yellow red.

4. Included in geographical proper names and starting with east-, west-but-, north- And north, south And south-, for example: West Kazakhstan region, East China Sea, Union of South Africa.

Note 1. Adjectives formed from two or more stems that do not fit the listed rules are written with a hyphen, for example: literary and artistic(almanac), mass political(Job), vocabulary and technical(the Department), podzolic-marsh, loose-cloddy-silty, oblong-lanceolate.

Note 2. Words are also written through a hyphen, the first integral part which are self-, self- , for example: self-friend, self-third, self-heel, self-heel.

§ 80. Compound adjectives are written together:

1. Formed from conjointly spelled complex nouns, for example: tap water(water pipes), agricultural(farmer, agriculture) Novosibirsk(Novosibirsk).

2. Formed from combinations of words, subordinate to one another in their meaning, for example: railway(Railway), economic(National economy), natural science(natural Sciences), complex(difficult in the way of subordination), rail rolling(rolling the rails) nationwide(common to the people), marshy scrub(forming protection for fields), metal-cutting(cutting metal); this also includes denoting a single concept of education (including terminological ones) from an adverb and an adjective (or participle), for example: obscure, nearby, burning, highly respected, freshly baked, clairvoyant, potent, wild-growing, evergreen, plain-colored.

§ 81. Complex adjectives are written with a hyphen:

1. Formed from nouns written with a hyphen, from personal names - combinations of names and surnames, as well as from the names of settlements, which are combinations of names and surnames, names and patronymics, for example: diesel-engine, social-democratic, Buryat-Mongolian, north-eastern, Alma-Ata, Orekhovo-Zuevsky, Nizhne-Maslovsky, Ust-Abakansky, Romain-Rollanovsky, Walter-Scottovsky, Lev-Tolstoy, Erofei-Pavlovichsky.

Note 1. The adjective is written together moskvoretsky.

Note 2. Adjectives formed from proper names, written with a hyphen, and having a prefix that is not present in the noun, are written together, for example: Amudarya, Zaissyk-Kul.

4. Included in geographical proper names and starting with east, west, north And north, south And south-, for example: West Kazakhstan region, East China Sea, Union of South Africa.

Note 2. Words are also written through a hyphen, the first component of which is self-, self- , for example: self-friend, self-third, self-heel, self-heel.

Compound adjectives are written with a hyphen or together.

A hyphen is used if a compound adjective: 1) denotes shades of colors:yellow-blue, bright red; 2) formed from compound nouns, which are written with a hyphen: southwestern (southwest), Tien Shan (Tien Shan); 3) formed by adding equal words, between which you can insert a union And: bitter-salty (bitter and salty), meat and dairy (meat and dairy), Russian-English (Russian and English).

Complex adjectives are written together, which are formed on the basis of the phrase: railway - railway, athletics - athletics.

Yellow-blue (color). Southwestern (southwest). Alma-Ata (Alma-Ata). Bitter-salty (bitter and salty). Railway (railway).

Applying this rule, reason like this: (carriage) repair- this compound word, it is formed from a combination of words in which one is subordinate to another (wagon repair). This means that this word must be written together: car repair. (convex)concave- this is a compound word, it is formed from the bases of words that are independent of each other convex And concave, between them you can insert a union And. This means that this word must be written with a hyphen: convex-concave.

330 . Write down complex adjectives in two columns: in the first column, write down those that are formed from a combination of words subordinate to one another; in the second - those that are formed from two words independent of each other. Underline the connecting vowels.

Magazine and newspaper, socio-political, pulp and paper, chess and checkers (competitions), ancient Russian .. cue, ru .. co-French .., oil tanker, lev. agricultural, Western European, iron foundry, science fiction, copper smelting, socially useful.

socio-political

public benefit

331 . Continuously or through a hyphen? Indicate the conditions for choosing a continuous and hyphenated spelling compound adjectives(see sample box). What class do these adjectives belong to?

(Agricultural) economic, (physical) mathematical, (Russian) English, (steel) foundry, (medium) age-old, (hard) fusible, (greenish) gray, (ten) storey, (steam locomotive) repair, (south) eastern, (yellow) red, (three) meter, (garden) garden, (rail) rolling, (north) western, (forty) kilometers, (ancient) Russian, (factory) factory, (cotton) paper, (two) room, (cast iron) foundry.

332 . What compound adjectives can be formed from these words? Write them down, denoting the conditions for choosing the hyphenated spelling of complex adjectives.

Yellow green; White blue; Red White; light, purple; dark, blue; pale, blue; bright, pink; dark chestnut.

333 . Write compound adjectives formed from these words.

Sample: pale, pink, face - pale pink, pale-faced, pink-faced.

Dark, brown, hair; black, white, eyebrow; blue, green, eye; red, blue, nose; white, pink, marshmallow.

334 . I. Write in one column complex adjectives that are written together, and in the other - adjectives that are written with a hyphen.

(Light) blue, (crimson) red, (dark) chestnut, (water) wire, (agricultural), (silver) white, (blue) green, (steam) running, (heat) transport, (helicopter) flying, (ice) stake.

II. In word combinations, replace the underlined words with adjectives. Write the adjectives together with the nouns.

Sample: Factory for ship repair- Shipyard.

Paper, sensitive to light; a business first stage; building twelve floors; polygon from equal sides ; collected works in five volumes; fruit and berry culture; factory for casting iron; female from gray hair ; Man with broad shoulders; requirements sanitary and hygienic; production writing paper; young woman at seventeen.

335 . Read and title the text. Write off with missing commas. Indicate the conditions for choosing the studied spelling.

336 . Read two excerpts from N. V. Gogol's story "Taras Bul6a". What type of text do you think these sentences are drawn from? Write off with missing commas. Underline the adjectives that depict the color of the steppe and the sky in the morning and evening. Explain the meaning of unfamiliar words.

1. So ..tse looked ..nulo for a long time in the cleared sky and the steppe was doused with its life-giving (warmly) creative light. The steppe, the farther, the more beautiful it became. The entire surface of the earth was pr..dvalyala (green) golden ok..an on which mi (l, ll) ions of different colors splashed.

2. In the evening, the whole steppe completely changed .. was. All its motley space was covered .. with the last bright reflection of so .. and gradually it .. grew dark, so that it was clear how the shadow ran across it, and it became (dark) green; every flower rose thicker, every grass emitted ambergris and the whole steppe smoked with good .. stink. Across the sky, (from the blue) dark, as if wide stripes of roses .. gold were smeared with a Spanish brush. occasionally white tufts of light .. cues and others .. transparent areas .. ka.

Hyphen and continuous spelling compound adjectives

Russian language lesson in 6th grade

Lesson Objectives:

Formation of knowledge of spelling of complex adjectives,

Develop analytical thinking, memory of students

To promote the education of a responsible attitude to educational work.

During the classes

1. Organizing time

2. Checking homework

What are the homework questions?

Children, under dictation on pieces of paper, write down phrases with adjectives, where -НН- is written:

wooden products

duck nose

with an ordinary cutter

glass decanter

leather briefcase

tin soldier

Sandy shore

windless day

peat bog

thatched roof

Children must write out the numbers 1, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10.

3. Preparation for learning new material

At the break, the teacher distributes printed texts (one per desk) - an excerpt from the work of I.A. Bunin

In the excerpt of the text, which is photocopied for each student, it is proposed to highlight the words that help Bunin to convey the color and shades of colors.

One child reads aloud:

…Above us, in the bottomless depths, the fabrics of the clouds were painted in a soft crimson color. And in a moment everything changed: the east wind turned blue-lilac, the sea above it - deep purple. And the streaks in the sunset sky flared up more and more.

The teacher immediately asks:

– What is this text about? (About nature, about the onset of evening, sunset)

Let's find adjectives denoting shades of color and write them out in a notebook:

Gentle raspberry Blue-lilac deep purple

What is special about these adjectives? The peculiarity lies in the fact that these adjectives are written with a hyphen.

4. Explanation of new material

The teacher, following the child, clearly pronounces the rule: complex adjectives denoting shades of colors, additional shades of quality or attribute are always written with a hyphen. The emphasis is always on the word.

For example:pale blue, sweet-sour, blue-black, etc.

The teacher offers to open the textbook for the children (textbook grade 6 M.T. Baranov, T.A. Ladyzhenskaya) and get acquainted with the rule of writing adjectives with a hyphen.

One child reads aloud and comments on the rule, coming up with their own examples.

A hyphen is used if a compound adjective is formed from compound nouns that are written with a hyphen:in the textbooksouthwestern (southwest) , your example:northeast (northeast);

A hyphen is used if a complex adjective is formed by adding equal words, between which a union can be insertedAnd:

Example: bitter-salty (bitter and salty), Russian-English (Russian and English).

Complex adjectives are written together, which are formed on the basis of the phrase: railway (railway).

The teacher now asks you to complete the following task:

It is necessary to divide the notebook into two parts (filling in the table for the passed rule, the teacher has previously drawn or projected on the board):

Task: fill in the table with your examples.

Continuous spelling of adjectives

Hyphenated adjectives

In a notebook for writing words we write out difficult words with a green pen to remember:socially useful and socio-political.

5. Primary fastening

The teacher reads a hint poem, the children listen carefully and write out complex adjectives, then explain how they wrote and by what rule:

Dark blond boy Went to the northeast So he was tired in the evening, What has become lemon yellow, But I managed to understand Where to insert a hyphen in words. Will you remember our lesson At school, the teacher will say: "This guy is a head!"
("Baby Monitor")

The guys write:dark blond, northeast, lemon yellow.

(Most often, children fall for the trick and write out the northeast as an adjective).

Children explanation:

Dark blond - a complex adjective denotes a shade of color, therefore it is written with a hyphen.
lemon yellow - a complex adjective denotes a shade of color, therefore it is written with a hyphen.

What part of speech isnortheast ?

Students' reasoning:

A noun, you can form a compound adjective from it -northeastern , which will be written with a hyphen.

The word is written on the boardbitter-salty , the teacher asks the question: how will we reason when writing a complex adjective?

This is a compound adjective formed from two independent words between which a conjunction can be insertedAnd bitter and salty, so this adjective is written with a hyphen.

According to the textbook, the following exercise is performed orally in a chain:

(Agricultural) economic, (physical) mathematical, (Russian) English, (steel) foundry, (medium) age-old, (tight) fusible, (greenish) gray, (ten) storey, (steam locomotive) repair, (south) eastern, (yellow) red, (three) meter, (garden) garden, (rail) rolling, (north) western, (forty) kilometer, (ancient) Russian, (factory) factory, (cotton) paper, (two) room, (cast iron) foundry.

We open the notebook of Bogdanova G.A. p.39, exercise 79:

One of the students reads the task: mark the main word and the dependent word in the phrases and form adjectives from them:

Far East - Ancient Rome - (languages) of the Eastern Slavs - Black hair - Long legs (crane) - Broad shoulders (boys) - (house) from large paila -

The teacher asks randomly.

Guys, complex adjectives denoting shades of color or combinations of colors help to “see” the diversity, diversity of the world around us.

In the works of I.A. Bunin - the great master of the word - such adjectives are very often used (we have already considered them in part today).

Write out compound adjectives along with nouns from examples taken from the writer's works. Insert the missing letters, open the brackets:

(Green) silver light,
(In) perceptible light
Sunrise ... t above the ground.

(Transparently) pale, as in spring,
Next ... zit ... snow is (not) a long cold.
Suddenly lightning lit up the whole thicket
Mysterious… and (pale) blue light.

…There are blocks of (well ... lto) ashy stones.

And berries (hazy) blue
On dry juniper.
…Only the sea in the summer ... calm
Still pouring ... t affectionately on the reefs
(Azure) phosphorus dust.

In the family, a stallion ... m (grey) of iron color was proud.

The crescent of the moon, (cloudy) red and drooping to one side,
Swayed at the edge of the sky.

In the clearings, in a sunny ... brilliance, cobwebs sparkled and (light) golden maples glowed motionlessly.

Weakly glimmer ... t (bluish) leaden light of the fading day.

Students perform independently, the teacher checks three students, puts marks, and checks out loud with the rest.

6. Summary of the lesson

Let's say the rule again when complex adjectives are written together, and when separately:

Complex adjectives are written together, which are formed on the basis of a phrase.

Railway< железная дорога

Complex adjectives are written with a hyphen:

indicate shades of colors: yellow-blue

formed from compound nouns that are written with a hyphen: southwestern< юго-запад

The word is formed from a combination of independent words: gardening< сад и огород.

There are words to remember:

public benefit Socio-political

7. Homework

The teacher writes homework on the blackboard. Homework at the discretion of the teacher. For example, ex. 309. Complex adjectives must be written in one column, and adjectives written with a hyphen in another column. One of the students is reading the assignment. The teacher checks if everyone understands how to do the exercise.

In the Russian language, a huge lexical layer belongs to complex names adjectives, the spelling of which can cause difficulties and provoke an error. However, they should not be afraid, because there are well-defined rules.

Adjectives formed by adding two stems are written together if:

1. Derived from conjointly spelled nouns. For example:

Novorossiysk (Novorossiysk), Krasnodar (Krasnodar), freedom-loving (freedom-loving).

2. Derived from phrases, the types of connection between which were originally subordination or composition. For example:

railway (railroad), legitimate (born in a legal marriage), Red Army (Red Army), woodworking (woodworking), meat processing (meat harvesting), rail rolling (rolling rails), nationwide (common for the people), etc.

This group also includes adjectives denoting a single concept, including terminological units. They are formed from a phrase like "adverb + adjective". For example:

wild, evergreen, highly respected, little used, etc.

Note 1. Adjectives formed from compound proper nouns are written with a small letter .

Note 2. Compound adjectives formed by merging an adverb with a simple adjective are often confused with phrases like "adverb + adjective (or participle)", which, of course, are written separately. For example:

childishly gullible, poorly concealed, wildly annoying, forever young .

Such phrases differ from complex adjectives in that they are not stable.

3. They are terminological units, formed from several bases, the nature of which does not matter. For example:

hip (bone), ankle (joint), Old Church Slavonic (language), deaf-mute, etc.

Adjectives formed by merging two stems are written with a hyphen if:

1. Derived from nouns, the spelling of which was originally hyphenated. This group also includes compound adjectives formed from combinations of personal names and patronymics, given names and surnames. This group also includes the names of geographical objects (most often settlements) formed from combinations of personal names and patronymics, first names and surnames. For example:

diesel engine, social democratic, Alma-Ata, Orekhovo-Zuevsky, northeastern, Buryat-Mongolian;
Leo Tolstoy, Alexander Pushkin, Stephen King, Chuck Polanovsky, etc.
Erofey Pavlovichsky

Note 1. An exception is the adjective "Zamoskvoretsky", which is written together.

Note 2. All of the above subgroups of adjectives formed from proper names are written together if a prefix appears in them:

Podalmaatinsky, Zaorekhovozuevsky.

2. Derived from two or more equal words:

interest-free winning, gardening, meat and dairy, bouquet and candy (period in a relationship), blue-white-red (flag), etc.

2. Derived from two bases and denote either quality with an additional shade, or shades of colors and halftones. For example:

rolling-loud, iridescent-melodious, fervently-voiced;
pale pink, blue-green, light orange, dark blue, yellow-red, blue-black, smoky gray, etc.

3. Included geographical names with the first parts north (north), south (south), east, west, for example:

North Caucasian, South Korean, East Chinese, West Ukrainian, etc.

Note 1. All other adjectives formed from two or more stems are written with a hyphen. For example:

Literary and artistic (circle), political and mass (propaganda), vocabulary and technical (department), etc.

Note 2. Words, the first part of which is the stem "sam-", "sama-" are also written with a hyphen. For example:

Self-third, self-heel, etc.

home > Abrasives

The spelling of adjectives is continuous and hyphenated. Compound adjectives: spelling

III. Adjectives

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