You begin to get acquainted with a new subject called chemistry. Since ancient times, people have tried to understand what the world around us consists of, how one substance is transformed into another. You will find answers to these and many other questions in the school textbook for the entire course of chemistry from grades 8 to 11. And to make it easier for schoolchildren to perceive new information, the well-known specialist Khomchenko I.G. I dismantled the textbook and posted ready-made answers in my solution book.

Collection GDZ in chemistry for grades 8-11 collection of tasks Khomchenko reveals the essence of all tasks and exercises from the textbook. The material of the manual fully complies with the requirements of the school curriculum and is approved by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation for educational institutions. Ready-made answers will help students deal with incomprehensible tasks and self-test themselves. In addition, such a publication is also useful for parents, who will find it easier and faster to check homework child and explain to him incomprehensible topics. And for teachers, such a manual will act as an additional material for classes.

In total, the GDZ in chemistry for grades 8-11 includes thirty chapters. And first, students will get acquainted with the basics of the subject. In the second chapter, they will learn about oxygen and its radicals. Students from the next chapter will understand how hydrogen is involved in the formation of acid and salt. Next, eighth graders will discuss the topic of solutions, water and bases. The fifth chapter will bring knowledge about classes inorganic compounds. From chapter six, ninth graders finally learn about D.I. Mendeleev and deal with the structure of the atom.

The ninth grade involves the study of chemical bonds and features in the structure of substances. The eighth chapter is entirely devoted to Avogadro's law. The ninth-graders from the next chapter will learn how to solve all the exercises and tasks on halogens. An equally important topic electrolytic dissociation will be discussed further. In the eleventh chapter, schoolchildren will have to deal with the p-elements of group VI of the periodic table of Mendeleev, which are a subgroup of oxygen. The twelfth chapter will tell about the patterns of flow chemical reactions.

About the elements of group V of the periodic system, which are a subgroup of nitrogen, students will learn from the thirteenth chapter. The n-elements of group IV of the periodic table of Mendeleev from the carbon subgroup will not remain undisassembled. About general properties metal students will learn from the fifteenth chapter. And the sixteenth chapter will talk about metals, as about the elements of the main subgroups of the periodic system. But about metals, as about elements of side subgroups, it will become known from the next chapter.

Tenth graders will also have to master the theory chemical structure organic compounds. In the nineteenth chapter, they will talk about saturated hydrocarbons. But the twentieth chapter will tell about all unsaturated hydrocarbons. In the tenth grade, the topic of aromatic hydrocarbons. You can learn about the natural sources of hydrocarbons from the twenty-second chapter. About alcohols and phenols will become known from the twenty-third chapter. And now the eleventh graders will begin to get acquainted with aldehydes and carboxylic acids.

Graduates will learn how to solve problems and design laboratory works on esters and fats. Reactions with carbohydrates are discussed in the twenty-seventh chapter. The twenty-eighth chapter will bring information about all nitrogen-containing organic compounds. And at the end of the chemistry course, high-molecular compounds will be considered by schoolchildren. And the thirtieth chapter is completely devoted to repetition and deepening of knowledge in the course of chemistry. The authors did not forget to give answers to all calculation problems.

The collection includes tasks and exercises in chemistry, fully complies with school curriculum approved by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation for educational institutions.
The book is intended for teachers of chemistry as a teaching aid.

Examples.
Among the listed phenomena, select those that are chemical: a) evaporation of water; b) burning wood; c) darkening of silver products; d) release of associated gas during drilling of oil wells; e) rusting of iron.

When sulfuric acid is added to water, the mixture becomes very hot. Which phenomenon occurs in this case: physical or chemical? Explain the answer.

Give examples of physical and chemical phenomena known to you. How are these phenomena used in practical human activity? Give an example when a physical phenomenon accompanies a chemical one.

Which of the following signs characterize chemical phenomena: a) color change; b) change in aggregate state; c) shape change; d) precipitate formation?

Do chemical phenomena occur during the following processes: a) ice melting; b) distillation of water; c) iron rusting; d) separating the mixture by filtration; e) food rotting?

Which of the following substances are simple and which are complex: a) carbon dioxide; b) salt; c) copper; d) hydrogen; e) aluminum; e) marble? What is the difference between these groups of substances?

Content
Foreword
1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
chemical phenomena. Substances
Relative atomic and molecular masses. The constancy of the composition of matter
Chemical formulas and their calculations
Valence
Chemical equations. Reaction types
The amount of substance. Moth. Molar mass Calculations by chemical equations
2. OXYGEN. OXIDES. COMBUSTION
Obtaining and properties of oxygen
Air. Combustion
Thermal effect of chemical reactions
3. HYDROGEN, ACIDS, SALT
Obtaining and properties of hydrogen
Acids and salts
4. SOLUTIONS. WATER. GROUNDS
Solutions
Water
Foundations
5. GENERALIZATION OF INFORMATION ON THE CLASSES OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
oxides
Foundations
acids
salt
Relationship between classes of inorganic compounds
6. PERIODIC LAW D.I. MENDELEEV. STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM
Periodic Law and the periodic system of D.I. Mendeleev
The structure of the atom. Isotopes. Nuclear reactions
Structure electron shells atoms
7. CHEMICAL BOND AND STRUCTURE OF SUBSTANCE
8. LAW OF AVOGADRO
9. HALOGENS
Chlorine
Hydrogen chloride, hydrochloric acid and its salts
general characteristics gasogens
10. ELECTROLYTIC DISSOCIATION
electrolytes
Ion exchange reactions
Redox reactions in solutions Hydrolysis of salts
11. p-ELEMENTS OF GROUP VI OF THE PERIODIC TABLE D.I. MENDELEEV (oxygen subgroup)
General characteristics of the elements of the subgroup
Sulfur
Sulfuric acid and its salts
12. PATTERNS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
The rate of chemical reactions
Chemical equilibrium
Sulfuric acid production
13. p-ELEMENTS OF GROUP V OF THE PERIODIC SYSTEM D.I. MENDELEEV (nitrogen subgroup)
Nitrogen
Ammonia and ammonium salts
Nitric acid and her salt
Phosphorus
Phosphoric acid and its salts
Mineral fertilizers
14. p-ELEMENTS OF GROUP IV OF THE PERIODIC TABLE D.I. MENDELEEV (subgroup of carbon)
Carbon
Oxides of carbon. Carbonic acid and her salt
Silicon and its compounds
Silicates and silicate industry
15. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF METALS
The structure of atoms of metal elements and their position in the periodic system
Obtaining metals
Electrolysis
Physical and Chemical properties metals
Alloys. Corrosion of metals
16. ELEMENTS-METALS OF THE MAIN SUBGROUPS OF THE PERIODIC SYSTEM D.I. MENDELEEV
alkali metals
Magnesium. Calcium
Aluminum
Tin. Lead
17. ELEMENTS-METALS OF SIDE SUBGROUPS OF THE PERIODIC SYSTEM D.I. MENDELEEV
Iron and its compounds
Metallurgy. Cast iron and steel
titanium and vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
18. THEORY OF THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
19. LIMITED HYDROCARBONS
Alkanes
Cycloalkanes
20. UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS
Alkenes
Alkadienes
Alkynes
21. AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
22. NATURAL SOURCES OF HYDROCARBONS
23. ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS
Limit monohydric alcohols
Polyhydric alcohols
Phenols
24. ALDEHYDES
25. CARBOXY ACIDS
26. COMPLEX ESTERS. FATS
27. CARBOHYDRATES
28. NITROGEN-CONTAINING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Amines
Amino acids
Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds
Squirrels
29. HIGH MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
30. TASKS FOR REPETITION AND DEEPENING OF KNOWLEDGE IN THE COURSE OF CHEMISTRY
APPS
1. Recommended designations physical quantities
2. Solubility of bases and salts in water
3. Rounded relative values atomic masses some chemical elements
4. Relative molecular weights of some inorganic substances
5. Relative molecular weights of some organic substances
6. Relative electronegativity of some chemical elements
7. Electrochemical series of voltages (a series of standard electrode potentials of metals)
8. Periodic system elements D.I. Mendeleev.

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Collection of problems and exercises in chemistry for high school. Khomchenko I.G.

2nd ed., rev. and additional - M.: 2011 - 214 p.

The collection includes tasks and exercises in chemistry, fully complies with the school curriculum approved by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation for educational institutions. The book is intended for teachers of chemistry as a teaching aid.

Format: pdf

Size: 23 MB

Watch, download: 1 .10.2018, links removed at the request of the publishing house "New Wave"

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface 3
1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY 5
chemical phenomena. Substances 5
Relative atomic and molecular masses. The constancy of the composition of matter 6
Chemical formulas and calculations on them 7
Valence 8
Chemical equations. Reaction types 9
The amount of substance. Moth. Molar mass 10
Chemical equation calculations 11
2. OXYGEN. OXIDES. BURNING 14
Obtaining and properties of oxygen 14
Air. Burning 15
Thermal effect of chemical reactions 16
3. HYDROGEN. ACID. SALT 18
Obtaining and properties of hydrogen 18
Acids and salts 19
4. SOLUTIONS. WATER. GROUNDS 21
Solutions 21
Water 23
Grounds 24
5. GENERALIZATION OF INFORMATION ON THE CLASSES OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS 27
Oxides 27
Grounds 28
Acids 29
Salts 30
Communication between classes of inorganic compounds 31
6. PERIODIC LAW OF D. I. MENDELEEV. STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM 35
Periodic law and periodic system of D. I. Mendeleev 35
The structure of the atom. Isotopes. Nuclear reactions 36
The structure of the electron shells of atoms 37
7. CHEMICAL BOND AND STRUCTURE OF SUBSTANCE 39
8. LAW OF AVOGADRO 42
9. HALOGENS 45
Chlorine 45
Hydrogen chloride, hydrochloric acid and its salts 46
General characteristics of halogens 47
10. ELECTROLYTIC DISSOCIATION 50
Electrolytes 50
Ion exchange reactions 52
Redox reactions in solutions 54
Salt hydrolysis 57
11 .p-ELEMENTS OF GROUP VI OF D. I. MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE (oxygen subgroup) 59
General characteristics of the elements of subgroup 59
Sulfur 60
Sulfuric acid and its salts 62
12. PATTERNS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS 64
Rate of chemical reactions 64
Chemical equilibrium 65
Sulfuric acid production 67
13. N-elements of GROUP V of D. I. MENDELEEV'S PERIODIC TABLE (nitrogen subgroup) 69
Nitrogen 69
Ammonia and ammonium salts 70
Nitric acid and its salts 72
Phosphorus 74
Phosphoric acid and its salts 75
Mineral fertilizers 76
14. n-ELEMENTS OF GROUP IV OF D. I. MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE (subgroup of carbon) 78
Carbon 78
Oxides of carbon. Carbonic acid and its salts 79
Silicon and its compounds 82
Silicates and the silicate industry 84
15. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF METALS 86
The structure of atoms of metal elements and their position in the periodic system 86
Obtaining metals 87
Electrolysis 89
Physical and chemical properties of metals 91
Alloys. Corrosion of metals 94
16. METAL ELEMENTS OF THE MAIN SUBGROUPS OF D. I. MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC SYSTEM 96
Alkali metals 96
Magnesium. Calcium 99
Aluminum 102
Tin. Lead 105
17. ELEMENTS-METALS OF SIDE SUBGROUPS OF D. I. MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE 107
Iron and its compounds 107
Metallurgy. Cast iron and steel 110
Titanium and vanadium 112
Chrome 113
Manganese 115
18. THEORY OF THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 117
19. LIMITED HYDROCARBONS 122
Alkanes 122
Cycloalkanes 126
20. UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS 127
Alkenes 127
Alkadienes 132
Alkynes 134
21. AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS 138
22. NATURAL SOURCES OF HYDROCARBONS 142
23. ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS 145
Limit monohydric alcohols 145
Polyhydric alcohols 149
Phenols 150
24. ALDEHYDES 153
25. CARBOXY ACIDS 157
26. COMPLEX ESTERS. FATS 164
27. CARBOHYDRATES 167
28. NITROGEN-CONTAINING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 171
Amines 171
Amino acids 173
Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds 175
Squirrels 176
29. HIGH MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS 178
30. TASKS FOR REPETITION AND DEEPENING OF KNOWLEDGE IN THE COURSE OF CHEMISTRY 180
APPS
1. Recommended notation for physical quantities 193
2. Solubility of bases and salts in water 194
3. Rounded values ​​of the relative atomic masses of some chemical elements 195
4. Relative molecular masses of some inorganic substances 196
5. Relative molecular masses of some organic substances 197
6. Relative electronegativity of some chemical elements 198
7. Electrochemical series of voltages (a series of standard electrode potentials of metals) 199
8. Periodic system of elements of D. I. Mendeleev 200
ANSWERS TO CALCULATION PROBLEMS 201

Foreword
Mastering the important and very interesting subject of chemistry is almost impossible without solving various problems and doing exercises.
This collection contains tasks and exercises on all topics that are studied in secondary educational institutions(schools, lyceums, gymnasiums, technical schools, etc.). It contains tasks various levels. Mostly - these are the tasks of the most simple and medium difficulty. There are also a small number of tasks of increased complexity. The most difficult tasks, which, for example, are offered at chemistry olympiads and when entering universities with advanced requirements in chemistry, are not included in this collection, they can be found in special publications (see, for example, G. P. Khomchenko, I. G . Khomchenko "Collection of tasks in chemistry for applicants to universities", M.: RIA "New Wave", 2010). The arrangement of the material in the problem book corresponds to the most traditional sequence of studying chemistry in high school.
Solving calculation problems and performing various exercises is an important element in studying the course of chemistry, since it allows you to better understand and systematize theoretical material. Without the practice of solving problems, students' knowledge is highly formalized, therefore given element training should be given Special attention. At the same time, it is important to solve problems and perform exercises regularly, on all topics studied.
Most of the calculation problems included in the collection are provided with answers that are given at the end of the book. Solutions are not given in the problem book, since the choice of the solution method and the recording form is determined by the teacher.
When solving problems, use international system SI units. It is allowed to use in calculations some common non-systemic units, for example, liter (l), milliliter (ml), ton (t).
At the end of the problem book, appendices are given that provide reference data necessary for solving problems. We recommend using rounded values ​​of atomic masses of chemical elements and their compounds when solving calculation problems (see Appendices 3, 4 and 5). In this case, the answers received should be rounded to 3-4 significant figures.