Organization of fire safety at the enterprise. Fire safety equipment at the enterprise
Causes of fires at communications enterprises
They can be electrical or non-electrical in nature.
Electric character:
sparks in electrical devices, machines
electrostatic discharges and lightning strikes
short-circuit currents and significant overloads of wires and windings of electrical devices, causing them to heat up to high temperatures
bad contacts in places wire connections, leading to an increase in the transition resistance, on which a large number of heat
electric arc that occurs during electric arc welding or as a result of erroneous operations with switching equipment
release of oxygen and hydrogen during charging batteries(oxygen and hydrogen are released from the electrolyte, which mix with air and, with insufficient ventilation, the concentration of hydrogen can be sufficient for an accidental spark to cause an explosion)
non-electric hara cter:
improper handling of gas welding equipment and blowtorches
improper heating of cable masses and impregnating compounds
malfunction of heating devices and violation of their operating modes
malfunction production equipment and violation of the technological process, which may result in the release of gases, vapors or dust in the environment. Wednesday
smoking in fire and explosion hazardous areas
self-ignition of some materials
Fire prevention in the design and
Fire safety is defined as the state of an object in which the possibility of a fire is excluded, and in the event of a fire, the impact on people of dangerous fire factors is prevented and the protection of material assets is ensured.
According to this definition, fire safety is ensured by a set of measures that prevent the occurrence of a fire and a system fire protection, ensuring the successful fight against a fire or explosion that has arisen.
Fire prevention is achieved by a set of preventive measures that exclude the formation of a combustible medium, ignition sources, maintaining the temperature of a combustible medium below the maximum allowable for combustibility and the pressure in a combustible medium below the maximum allowable for combustibility, etc.
Prevention of the formation of a combustible environment is ensured by the regulation of the permissible concentrations of combustible gases, vapors and suspensions in the air, as well as oxygen or other oxidizing agents.
Prevention of the formation of sources of ignition in a combustible environment is achieved by the appropriate design, use and mode of operation of machines and mechanisms, materials and products that can be a source of ignition of a combustible environment, the use of appropriate electrical equipment and a technological process, the installation of lightning protection buildings and structures, the regulation of the permissible heating temperature of equipment surfaces, allowable spark discharge energy, elimination of conditions for thermal, chemical and microbiological spontaneous combustion of circulating substances, materials and products.
fire protection provided by a number of activities, the main of which are:
The use of non-combustible and slow-burning substances and materials;
Limiting the amount of combustible substances;
Preventing the spread of fire outside the hearth;
Application of structures of objects with regulated limits of fire resistance and combustibility;
Creation of conditions for the evacuation of people;
Application of means of protecting people and smoke protection systems;
Application of funds fire alarm and means of notification of a fire;
Organization fire department object, etc.
Limiting the amount of combustible substances is achieved by regulating their quantity (mass, volume), the presence of an emergency drain, periodic cleaning of premises, communications and equipment from combustible waste, regulation of workplaces where fire-resistant substances are used, etc.
Isolation of the combustible environment is ensured by maximum mechanization and automation of technological processes, the use of sealed equipment and containers for flammable substances.
The prevention of the spread of fire is ensured by the installation of fire barriers (walls, zones, belts, protective strips, curtains, etc.), the use of means that prevent or limit the spill and spread of liquids during a fire, etc.
Preventive measures to prevent fires can be conditionally divided into organizational, operational, technical and regime.
Organizational events to ensure fire safety include:
Organization of training of personnel and citizens in fire safety rules;
Development of norms and rules on fire safety, instructions on the procedure for working with flammable substances and materials, human behavior in the event of a fire, etc.
Operational activities provide for the appropriate operation of equipment, maintenance of buildings and territories.
Technical measures consist in compliance with fire safety standards in the construction of buildings, heating and ventilation, selection and installation of equipment, lightning protection and protection against static electricity.
Regime events aimed at limiting or prohibiting the making of fire, the production of electric and gas welding, as well as smoking in unspecified places, etc.
Fire resistance and flammability of building materials and structures
The fire safety of buildings and structures is largely determined by the flammability of building materials and structures, the size of buildings, their location, and fire resistance.
By flammability building structures subdivided into
non-combustible which, under the influence of fire or high temperatures, do not ignite and do not char (concrete, brick, metals);
slow-burning, which are able to ignite and continue to burn only with constant exposure to an external source of ignition (wood impregnated or coated with a flame retardant);
combustible, which are able to burn independently after the ignition source is removed (timber, bitumen, etc.).
The main characteristics of building structures include fire resistance and the size of the spread of fire through building structures.
fire resistance is defined as the ability of building structures to withstand the effects of high temperatures under fire conditions and still perform their normal operational functions.
The time after which the structure loses its bearing or enclosing capacity is called fire resistance limit and is measured in hours from the start of the test until one of the following features occurs in the design:
Formations in the structure of through cracks or holes through which combustion products or flames penetrate;
Increased temperature on the unheated surface of the structure by an average of more than 140 °C;
Loss of load bearing capacity.
Transfer of combustion to adjacent structures or rooms
Destruction of structural attachment points
The limits of the spread of fire in building structures determine the size of damage to the structure in centimeters, due to its burning outside the heating zone.
TO fire prevention measures at industrial enterprises and in buildings used to limit the spread and expansion of fire, include:
Zoning of the territory of the enterprise;
Fire break device;
Installation of various fire barriers (firewalls, partitions, doors, gates, hatches, vestibules, locks, fire zones, water curtains, etc.).
Zoning of the territory involves the grouping of production facilities of the enterprise, related by functional purpose and sign fire hazard into separate complexes. Taking into account the terrain and the wind rose, objects with an increased fire hazard are located on the leeward side in relation to objects with a lower fire hazard.
Fire breaks between buildings are installed to prevent the spread of fire from one building to another. When determining them, the degree of fire resistance of buildings is taken into account.
fire barrier in the form of a firewall, it is a blank non-combustible wall with a fire resistance of at least 2.5 hours, crossing the building along or across.
The firewall is installed on the foundation of the building and rises above the roof, preventing the spread of fire in case of fire.
Fire zones suit in cases where, for some reason, a firewall device is not possible. It is a non-combustible coating strip 6 m wide, crossing the building along the entire length or width. The fire resistance limit of load-bearing structures of fire zones should be 4 hours, and floors - 2 hours.
When designing buildings, evacuation routes for people are provided: emergency exits, fire escapes, fire-resistant stairwells, special balconies, platforms and transitions.
To remove smoke and gases from burning rooms, special smoke hatches are provided, which are installed in basements, in the ceilings of warehouse and lanternless industrial buildings.
Classification of industries according to their fire and explosion hazards
The explosion and fire hazard of production is determined by technologies in which substances, materials or mixtures with certain explosive and fire hazardous properties are used or can be formed. Technologies that use substances that can form explosive mixtures with air (flammable gases, flammable and combustible liquids, dust-like combustible materials, etc.) present a higher danger.
Production, depending on the materials and substances used or stored on them, is divided into five categories according to explosion and fire hazard: A, B, C, D, E, F.
Category A include explosive industries that use flammable gases and flammable liquids with a flash point of not more than 28 ° C in such an amount that they can form explosive vapor-gas-air mixtures, which, when ignited, develop in the room overpressure explosion exceeding 5 kPa, as well as substances and materials capable of exploding and burning when interacting with water, atmospheric oxygen or with each other in such an amount that the excess pressure of the explosion in the room exceeds 5 kPa. (Productions associated with the use of metallic sodium and potassium, acetone, carbon disulfide, ethers and alcohols, as well as paint shops)
Category B include explosive industries that use combustible dusts or fibers, flammable liquids with a flash point of more than 28 ° C in such an amount that they can form explosive dust and vapor mixtures, when ignited in the room, an excess explosion pressure develops in excess of 5 kPa. ( ammonia production, liquid pumping stations)
Category IN include fire hazardous industries that use flammable and slow-burning liquids, solid combustible and slow-burning substances and materials (including dust and fibers), substances and materials that can only burn when interacting with water, atmospheric oxygen or with each other, provided that the premises in which they are located do not belong to category A or B. (production for the processing of wood, plastics and rubber, warehouses for fuels and lubricants)
Category G include industries that use non-combustible substances and materials in a hot, incandescent or molten state, the processing of which is accompanied by the release of radiant heat, sparks and flames; combustible gases, liquids and solids that are burned or disposed of as fuel. (metal heat treatment shops, gas generating stations, boiler houses)
Category E- explosive industries associated with the use of combustible gases without a liquid phase and explosive dusts in such an amount that they can form explosive mixtures in a volume exceeding 5% of the volume of the room and in which, according to the conditions of the technological process, only an explosion is possible (without subsequent combustion); substances capable of exploding (without subsequent combustion) when interacting with water, atmospheric oxygen or with each other.
The categorization of industries according to fire and explosion hazard is extremely important, as it largely allows you to determine the requirements for the building, its design and layout; organization of fire protection and its technical equipment, requirements for the regime and operation.
planning solutions in buildings that ensure safe evacuation
These are the escape routes. d.b.
the shortest
have a sufficient width of at least 1 m
Exit doors should only open outwards
the number of evacuation exits from the building and premises on each floor depends on the number of employees, but must be at least 2 and the exits must be dispersed
escape routes should not be blocked
on each floor d.b. evacuation plan
a building with a height of more than 10 m is equipped with fire escapes located outside
LECTURE 20,21,22 RT
Topic SAFETY MEASURES FOR THE DEVICE AND MAINTENANCE OF INSTALLATIONS AND CONSTRUCTIONS OF RADIO COMMUNICATION, BROADCASTING AND TELEVISION
Safety measures in the construction and operation of antenna-mast devices of radio enterprises:
- safety requirements for antenna-mast structures
Antennas, feeder lines are located on towers and masts, sometimes occupying large areas called antenna fields. For the movement of people and the passage of vehicles on the territory of the fields, passages and driveways are arranged. Passages and driveways, as well as danger zones are marked with signs. The danger zone is considered to be the area located (Around the mast or tower, outlined by a radius equal to 1/3 of the height of the structure. If there are passages in the danger zone, then they should be equipped with canopies to protect passing people from possible injuries when pieces of ice fall. Or when accidental falling of structural elements and tools, if work is carried out on the masts, as well as for protection against EMF.
Towers and masts are complex engineering structures and must meet all safety requirements.
If the masts or towers are made of metal and the operating conditions do not require them to be isolated from the ground, then they must be connected to a protective grounding device. If the masts are to be isolated from the earth, they are mounted on post insulators, but are provided with disconnectors which, if necessary, allow the masts to be earthed. The support insulators are protected by surge arresters rated for 1.3 peak amplitude voltage at the base of the antenna at 100% transmitter modulation. To exclude the possibility of injury electric shock, isolated masts-antennas enclose and hang out warning posters: “Stop! Life threatening". The height of the fences must be at least 1.5 m; there are lockable gates in the fences for access to the mast for the maintenance personnel.
High masts and towers are equipped with a signal light fence (SOM). Since the COM is powered by 220 V AC, there is a risk of electric shock. Therefore, the neutral wire of the power cable is connected to a metal mast, that is, grounding is used as a measure of protection against the effects of electric current in this case. COM luminaires are positioned in such a way that they can be serviced from platforms, cradles or stairs.
Metal towers and masts are provided with ladders for lifting the antenna mast. Ladders have flat steps with corrugated steel or two or three steel rods with a length of at least 450 mm; the distance between the steps should not exceed 350 mm. Stairs with an inclination angle of less than 75° are equipped with railings. If the angle of inclination exceeds 75 ° (for example, vertical arrangement), then the stairs are equipped with railings in the form of arcs connected by vertical stripes. With a mast height of more than 10 m, recreation areas are arranged every 6-8 m. The platform floor is made of corrugated perforated or corrugated sheets, and the platform itself is fenced with railings at least 1 m high. If, for technological reasons, recreation areas cannot be arranged, then stairs equipped with hatches measuring 500X500 mm. Manhole covers should be comfortable and easy to open.
In addition to ladders, elevators or special lifting structures are used to climb masts and towers. Elevators are equipped with guards, catchers, limit switches and door locks, which ensure safety during operation. Each elevator is equipped with an audible alarm or telephone communication with the technical personnel serving the elevator. Elevator car frames, motor housings and other non-current-carrying parts of elevators that may accidentally become energized are reliably grounded.
To climb the masts, winches with manual and electric drive. Manual winches are equipped with safety handles. The safety handle ensures ascent and descent only when it is rotated. Currently, winches of the T-68 (one-ton) and T-69 (three-ton) types are being used.
The electrically driven winch is controlled from the engine room. For the convenience of observation and determination of the time of connection of the winch, clearly visible marks are made on the lifting ropes. If the worker fails to stop the winch in time, it stops automatically with the help of limit switches that turn off the winch motor if the distance between the load and the upper block becomes less than 2m. The winch is equipped with a shoe brake, which operates automatically as soon as the electric motor is switched off. The connection of the electric motor with the winch is carried out using a gear or worm gear, which is safer than belt or friction gears. Winches are securely fastened to solid foundation from logs; the base, in turn, is attached to a pile driven into the ground, an anchor or a bed. To service several masts, one mobile winch is sometimes used, equipped with wheels or skids. When installed, the winch is firmly attached to the anchor. The winch should be installed from the center of the mast no closer than 1/3 of the height of the mast, i.e. outside the danger zone. If the winch is installed in a hazardous area, then a canopy should be fixed over the winch to prevent. keep service personnel from falling any objects from the mast.
Ropes are attached to the winches, with the help of which they lift people or goods. Currently, galvanized steel ropes with a core of organic materials are used. The rope must have a safety factor of at least 9 when lifting people and at least 4 when lifting loads with manual winches (for winches with an electric drive, this factor must be at least 5.5). Ropes for lifting people are made of double lay. The diameter of the rope must be at least 7.7 mm with a lifting capacity of up to 150 kg and at least 8.7 mm when lifting the mast and a load weighing up to 200 kg.
To ensure safety, the rope must be a single unit, the connection (splices) of the rope from several pieces is not allowed. The length of the rope is chosen such that at the lower position of the load on the winch drum, at least three turns of the rope remain in front of the clamping device. The rope is firmly fixed in the winch drum so that it is not chafed. In the upper position of the load, when the rope is wound around the drum, the coils should not protrude beyond the sides of the drum so that they cannot slip off.
A cradle is attached to the hoisting rope to lift the antenna mast onto the mast. The design of the cradle provides for safe and convenient performance of work along the entire height of the mast, as well as along the braces. Fastening the cradle to the hoisting rope must prevent it from tipping over. If a rollover does occur, then to prevent the fall of the mast-antenna, its attachment to the cradle is provided.
Before putting into operation, and then at least once a year, all lifting devices are subject to technical examination. The technical examination is carried out by the head of the antenna group, the mast-antenna operator and the public inspector for labor protection. During the checks, an external inspection of the devices is carried out, as well as static and dynamic6 tests. If deficiencies are identified that may cause an accident, the lifting device is not allowed to operate. A hoist rope is considered unusable if it is hoped that the number of wire breaks in a lay stride exceeds the allowable number. When conducting static tests, a load is suspended from the cradle, which is in the lower position, 1.5 times higher than the carrying capacity indicated in the passport. Static tests are carried out for 10 minutes. Dynamic tests consist in lifting to full height and lowering the load (at least 2 times) with a mass that is 10% more than the limit.
the results of the technical examination are recorded in the status report of the lifting devices and approved by the chief engineer of the radio enterprise.
- conditions for the safe maintenance of antenna-mast devices
The maintenance of antenna-mast devices is associated with the danger of falling from a height, exposure to EMF and electric current, therefore, when performing work, safety rules must be strictly observed.
Persons not younger than 18 years of age who have undergone special training and are recognized as fit by the medical commission to perform work at height are allowed to service antenna mast structures. Work on antennas, masts, feeders of transmitting radio and television centers is carried out according to order. An order for the performance of work on antenna-mast and feeder structures is issued by the chief engineer or the head of the antenna group. The head of the antenna group can be appointed by the responsible work manager, the work foreman or the admitting one. The issuer must have the V qualification group, the responsible manager - not lower than the fourth and the foreman - not lower than the third. If the head of the antenna group combines the performance of these duties, then he can participate in the work of only one team, without having the right to supervise the work performed by other teams. Before starting work, it is imperative that all members of the brigade undergo current briefing on their safe implementation.
Before starting work, it is necessary to take measures to ensure the safety of workers. In the generator room, the shift supervisor disconnects the mechanical interlock disconnector, the antenna feed from the antenna switch, and the COM main switch. In case of rod blocking, the key to the RMB is transferred - against receipt to the responsible work manager. Supervise the work checks the absence of voltage on the feeder and grounds it at the entrance to the technical building and at the place of production of the boat. Then he turns off the COM switch located at the base of the mast and checks the operation of the lifting and safety devices. Metal masts on which work is to be carried out must be grounded. Warning posters are posted on all switches and disconnectors with the help of which the voltage is removed: “Do not turn on! They don't work." Only after these measures have been completed, the brig can begin the task.
When climbing the mast in the cradle, the mast-antenna operator must put on a safety belt and attach it to the cradle with a carabiner. To prevent falling from the cradle, it is not allowed to unfasten.belt and carabiner during.lifting and performing work. It is possible to unfasten the carabiner of the safety belt chain only when passing through the braces. In this case, the mast must use a belt with two chains. Only by hooking the carabiner of the second chain to the mast structure, you can unfasten the carabiner of the first.
The tool, which may be required when working at height, is tied to the cradle, and small tools and parts are folded into a fitter's bag, which is also fixed to the cradle. It is not allowed to place tools or parts on the mast structure, as if they fall, they can injure people below.
The manual winch, with the help of which the cradle is raised, is served by two workers. Workers must be trained in safe work practices. It is necessary to rotate the winch handle so that the speed of ascent or descent is no more than 20 m/min. At the same time, workers should not let go of the winch handle in order to prevent its spontaneous rotation. The rope must approach the winch horizontally and only on top of the drum. The winch must not be operated with a defective brake or with the ratchet latch removed.
Workers can raise and lower the cradle only at the signal of the mast-antenna. If the masts are of considerable height, then the antenna mast uses a megaphone, which must be attached to the cradle. When moving the cradle, make sure that the rope does not touch the mast or antenna in order to avoid its breakage.
Guys, insulators and arresters are inspected by the antenna mast while in the cradle.
If the antenna mast notices wire breaks on a guy line in excess of the established norms, such a guy line must be replaced. During the transfer of the load from the replaced guys to the newly installed one, as well as during the adjustment of the guys, it is not allowed to be on the mast. Climbing masts with a height of less than 16 m is allowed on claws. Before lifting, it is necessary to check the reliability of the sickle fastening and the serviceability of the fasteners.
The lifting of the mast and its work at height should be supervised by a worker who is specially allocated for this and must provide immediate assistance in case of danger. The observer must have a fitter's belt and claws, be in a protective helmet. When climbing the masts by stairs, shoes with non-slip soles must be worn to avoid falling. Climbing the stairs, you should close the section hatches behind you. When climbing several masts at the same time, only one person can be in one flight of stairs. Having risen to the mast, the workers must firmly attach themselves to the structure with a carabiner of the fitter's belt.
You can work on masts and towers only during daylight hours. In exceptional cases, for example, when eliminating an accident, it is allowed to climb the masts at night. The place of work in this case is illuminated by a battery lamp, and the lifting winch is illuminated by floodlights, which must provide sufficient illumination.
Work on feeder towers or portals where several feeder lines are located should be carried out with extreme caution if at least one of the feeders remains energized. Such work is carried out by at least two persons. The anti-phase wires of the feeder section of the transmitting antenna on which work is to be carried out must be connected to each other at the beginning and end of the section and grounded. With a multi-tiered arrangement of feeders on a support or portal, work on the upper tier is not allowed if the feeders of the lower tier are energized. If the antenna-feeder devices of television centers, VHF, FM radio stations, radio relay stations are located on the same tower, then work is carried out only if the antenna is turned off and located below the energized antennas. If the higher-lying antennas create a field strength higher than the permissible one at the workplace, then they must also be turned off, for which the anode voltage on the transmitter is removed. When the anode voltage is off, any switching of antennas and feeder lines is performed.
Before carrying out measuring or adjustment work on the AFU, you should check the absence of extraneous voltage on the antenna or feeder and the serviceability of high-frequency chokes designed to drain static charges. After that, DO connect measuring instruments to the circuit under investigation, the cases of measuring instruments must be grounded during measurements. If during the measurements there is a danger of the action of EM1P, then the workers must wear special metallized suits, helmets and goggles. Adjustment and measurements on the AFU, as well as any other work on the masts and towers, are not allowed to be carried out during a thunderstorm or when it approaches, during heavy snowfall, rain or ice, with a wind force of more than 12 m/s (6 points). During a thunderstorm, it is not forbidden to be near the ground electrodes. All crews should stop working on the antenna field and take shelter indoors,
Safety rules when working with video terminal devices
Direct rays of light must not fall on the display screen and in the eyes of the worker. The distance from the eyes to the screen should be 40-80 cm.
For category group A, if the total number of characters per shift = 60 thousand, then the total time of regulated breaks should be 70 minutes. It has been established that after 2 hours of continuous work with a computer, it is necessary to set breaks of 15 minutes. During breaks, gymnastics for the arms and shoulder girdle, back and eyes is recommended.
The computer is a source of UV and IR radiation, EMP, static electricity, and glare and flicker adversely affect the body.
With the help of experiments, it has been proven that, in percentage terms, diseases of the cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, diseases of the upper respiratory systems, functional disorders of the central nervous system, and diseases of the musculoskeletal system most often appear. Decreased health by 22%
Persons under the age of 18 are allowed to work on the computer. Women from the date of pregnancy and during breastfeeding are prohibited from all types of work on the computer. The employer is obliged to send the newcomer to work for a preliminary medical examination, to conduct a general briefing on OT in the generally established manner, to conduct an initial briefing for a worker. place in the scope of the instructions for OT for this profession, establish the procedure for providing regulated breaks, develop and hang out at the workplace a set of physical exercises for the muscles of the neck, back, shoulder girdle, reduce visual fatigue, conduct repeated briefings at regular intervals.
If there are several computers in the room, then they must be installed at a distance of 2 m from each other (if they are one after another) and 1.5 m (if they are located end to end).
Safety requirements before starting work:
ventilate the work area
make sure there is enough light, no reflections on the screen
if necessary, adjust the illumination of the workplace
check correctness equipment connection, availability of grounding
wipe the special napkin screen surface
make sure there are no floppy disks in the drive
check the serviceability of the furniture, the correct installation of the chair, the location of the computer and the goal of creating a comfortable work. poses
power supply, peripheral devices, system unit
Safety requirements when performing work
keep a schedule of work and rest
it is forbidden to: - touch the rear wall of the unit
Make any switch
Clutter the top panels of devices with unnecessary papers and foreign objects
Do not let moisture get on the surface of the monitor, keyboard
Carry out independent opening of equipment
Make great efforts when working with the keyboard
Safety requirements in an emergency
if wire breaks are detected, a burning smell appears, or unusual noise occurs, turn off the power and inform your immediate supervisor or call a mechanic
in case of equipment fire, turn off the power and start extinguishing the source of ignition with a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher, inform the immediate supervisor
Safety requirements at the end of work
close all active tasks
remove floppy disk from drive
turn off the power of the system unit, all peripheral devices
close keyboard
put the work in order. a place
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR MAINTENANCE OF POWER SOURCES
As sources of El. energy at communication enterprises are used
1) power system
2) stationary and mobile electric stations
3) acid and alkaline batteries
The premises where the batteries are located are classified as explosive, they are located in the basement of the building (basement). The entrance to this room is equipped with a vestibule with double doors that open outwards.
The walls of the battery room are painted with acid-alkali-resistant paint. The tiled floor must be non-slip. Glasses are corrugated. As heating, solid metal pipes or connected by welding are used. Electrical fixtures must be explosion-proof. Light switches are moved outside the battery room. Supply and exhaust ventilation separate from general ventilation building.
Acid is stored in a separate room in well-closed bottles. Acid bottles are transferred to special stretcher. When compiling an acid electrolyte in special. the mug is poured with the required amount of distilled water, and then the acid is poured in a thin stream, stirring the solution with a glass rod. Pouring water into acid is prohibited (you can get burned).
When preparing an alkaline electrolyte, pieces of alkali are dipped into distilled water using tweezers.
When charging the batteries, the supply and exhaust ventilation is turned on, which turns off only 1.5 hours after the charging is turned off.
When soldering lead plates of batteries, the worker's place is protected by fire-resistant shields.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR WORKING WITH POWER TOOLS (EI)
Persons who know how to handle it and have 1 gr. on electrical safety. The following are the requirements for EI
1) the body is made of metal
2) Apply stranded wires enclosed in a rubber hose
3) metal cases are grounded if the supply voltage > 42 V
Only serviceable EI is issued to the hands of the worker. Before starting work, it is necessary to inspect and check the insulation, live parts should be closed, fixing parts and assemblies are tightened, it is forbidden to disassemble and repair the tool on the slave. place.
POWER TOOL SAFETY
Power tools include electric drills, electric soldering irons, electric saws, portable lamps, etc., i.e. those tools whose operating principle is based on the use of electric energy. Persons who know how to handle it and have Group I for electrical safety are allowed to work with power tools. From a safety point of view, the following general requirements apply to power tools. The power tool must have live parts that are not accessible to touch. The housing is made of metal or durable insulating materials. Stranded lead wires enclosed in a rubber hose are used. Metal housings of power tools are grounded if the supply voltage exceeds 42 V. There is a special clamp on the housing for connecting the ground wire, marked with the sign "3". Recently, sockets and plugs have been used to connect power tools, which, in addition to contacts that supply voltage, have a grounding contact, with which the case is reliably grounded or grounded.
In rooms without increased danger, it is allowed to use a power tool with a voltage of no higher than 220 V. In rooms with increased danger, a power tool designed for a voltage of no higher than 42 V is used, in exceptional cases - for 220 V, but always with insulating protective equipment (gloves, rugs, etc.) .). In especially dangerous rooms, the voltage of the power tool should not exceed 42 V, the use of insulating protective equipment is mandatory.
Portable electric lamps in especially dangerous rooms should be rated for voltage not higher than 12 V. Sockets and plugs designed for low voltage must be structurally different from 220 V sockets in order to prevent erroneous switching on of the power tool. As a source of reduced voltage, transformers can be used, and in no case autotransformers) or batteries.
Only a serviceable power tool is allowed to be handed over to a worker. Before starting work, it must be carefully examined and checked, to make sure that the supply wires and the grounding conductor do not have breaks, the current-carrying parts are closed, the screws securing parts and assemblies are tightened, the gearbox, brushes and collector are in good order.
It is forbidden to transfer the power tool to another person, work with a defective power tool, disassemble and repair it yourself. Failure to follow these rules may result in injury.
Every month, the power tool must be checked with a megger for the absence of a short to the case, breaks in the ground wire, and also monitor the condition of the insulation. The inspector must have at least Group III for electrical safety.
HSE when performing work at stations of radio broadcasting nodes
All work on radio broadcasting nodes is carried out in accordance with the Safety Rules for the construction and operation of stations of radio broadcasting nodes.
RTU equipment is located on racks (in cabinets), which are placed in rows or near the walls of the room. If it is necessary to open the rear wall of the rack to service the equipment, then the passage between the rack and the wall must be at least 0.8 m. When the racks are arranged in rows, the passage between the front sides of the racks facing each other must be at least 2 m to ensure safety preventive and repair work. Near racks with equipment on the side of doors, retractable blocks near power shields, dielectric mats with a width of at least 0.7 m must be placed.
Metal cases of transmitters, amplifiers, output switching cabinets and cable armor are grounded. To do this, a protective or working-protective grounding device is being built at RTU stations. If the equipment of RTU stations and substations is located in the same building with wired communication equipment, then one common protective or working-protective grounding device is equipped. Protective grounding resistance of the RTU station should not exceed 10 ohms. If in the same building there is a hardware RTU and an electrical substation with supply transformers with a voltage of 380/220 B, then the resistance of the grounding device to which the neutrals of the transformers are connected should not exceed 4 ohms.
If the RTU equipment is powered from a network with a solidly grounded neutral, then zeroing is used to disconnect the equipment from the network when voltage appears on the racks or cases of the equipment when fuses burn out or automatic protection is triggered. In the equipment, fusible links and automatic switches are installed in such a way that when they operate, there is no danger of electric shock to the operating personnel or the possibility of damage to the equipment. The rated currents of the fuse links and the settings of the circuit breakers must correspond to the passport data of the equipment. In the control room, it is necessary to have an adequate supply of calibrated fuse-links.
According to OST 45.19-80, wired broadcasting equipment operating on alternating current with a voltage of more than 42 V and direct current with a voltage of 110 V must have a blocking. Such equipment includes amplifiers, transmitters of the second and third programs, output switching cabinets, distribution feeder cabinets. The interlock prevents access to the internal space of the equipment and provides protection against electric shock to operating personnel if the means of access (eg doors) to the internal space are open. The interlock ensures that the power supply of the equipment is turned off and prevents it from being turned on both directly and remotely when public funds access (doors); blocking also ensures the removal of residual charges from the capacitors and disconnection of external lines from the output transformer of the amplifier and the feeder transformer of the SVK cabinet, from which extraneous voltage can enter the equipment.
Audio frequency amplifiers, multi-program broadcast transmitters, rectifiers and other RTU equipment that uses a voltage of more than 1000 V must have a mechanical interlock.
Equipment with a voltage on the elements of the internal space of not more than 1000 V has a simplified mechanical interlock. Simplified mechanical interlocking consists of electrical contacts in the power supply circuit of the equipment, which open when the means of access is opened. When using simplified mechanical interlocking, special locks and disconnectors are not required.
Maintenance of RTU equipment is entrusted to operational and maintenance personnel. Operational personnel, in turn, is divided into duty and operational. Persons on duty personnel must have at least III electrical safety group. If the wire broadcasting equipment is located in the same room as the telecommunications equipment, then it is served by one person on duty. The duty officer is allowed to turn the equipment on and off, as well as control its operation according to the readings of the devices located on the front panels of the racks and cabinets. The duty officer is not allowed to remove the blocks from the racks, turn off the blocking, go beyond the fences and make repairs. If a malfunction is detected, the duty officer turns on the backup set of equipment and informs the employee to whom the equipment is assigned.
Operational personnel are entrusted with the elimination of damage in the RTU equipment. Persons of operating personnel servicing RTU installations of not more than 1000 V must have at least Group III in electrical safety, and serving installations of more than 1000V - not lower than Group IV. Complicated repair and adjustment of RTU stations is carried out by repair and adjustment personnel.
Before starting the maintenance or repair of the amplifying equipment of multi-program wired broadcast transmitters, it is necessary to turn off the voltage at the power board using a knife switch, package switches or other disconnectors and hang up a poster: “Do not turn it on! People are working." Then you need to make sure that everything
Ground wire Hook
Holder
Rice. 12.1. discharge rod
the interlock disconnectors are switched off, and check the absence of voltage in all circuits of the electrical equipment. For this, a portable voltmeter or voltage indicator is used, the operability of which should be verified immediately before testing.
Since there are capacitors in the RTU equipment, on which a significant charge can accumulate, which is dangerous for the operating personnel, the equipment is provided with a device for discharging the filter capacitors. Before starting work, make sure that the device for discharging has worked, and discharge all capacitors that may retain a residual charge by discharging the rod (Fig. 12.1).
The RTU equipment is adjusted according to the order by a team consisting of at least two people. When carrying out measurements, the possibility of touching live parts under voltage should be excluded. The change circuit is assembled with the power off. Measuring: devices are placed inside the room, the doors of which are equipped with a lock, and the readings of the devices are observed from outside the dangerous space. If it is impossible to place devices in the blocked space of the amplifier, they are installed outside the amplifier, enclosing the place of work with portable fences. Devices are placed so as not to clutter up passages and access to equipment. When measuring, touching wires, transformers and devices included in the measuring circuit is prohibited. Cases of measuring instruments are grounded.
Voltage may appear on the output switching racks of wired broadcasting trunk lines due to reverse power transformation. Therefore, when working on racks, the lines must be disconnected and grounded to avoid electric shock. To do this, use portable grounding. First, portable grounding is connected with the clamps to the ground bus, and then to the line. The imposition and removal of portable grounding is carried out in dielectric gloves. It is not allowed to use wires that are not intended for these purposes as portable grounds, and to connect the ground by twisting.
In addition to electric shock, when servicing RTU equipment, there is a risk of burns, since powerful radio tubes heat up to high temperatures and heat the metal structures surrounding them. To prevent burns, the heating parts of the structures are protected or covered with thermal insulation, and the lamps are replaced in cotton mittens.
Safety measures on radio lines suspended on power poles
When installing and replacing supports of overhead lines and PVs, it is necessary to dig holes, the depth of which varies from 0.8 to 1.9 m, depending on the nature of the soil, the height of the support and the number of wires placed on it. The introduction of mechanization allows not only to speed up the commissioning of the line, but also significantly facilitate the work of signalmen. At present, drilling and crane machines BM-202, BM-204, BM-303, BST-3 and others, made on the basis of domestic cars and tractors, are used for drilling holes and installing poles. The crane drilling machine is serviced by two specially trained people: a driver and a fitter. Before starting drilling, in order to prevent the displacement of the machine, it is braked by a brake and, if there are outriggers, it is installed on them. To create safe drilling conditions, the reliability of bolted connections and the serviceability of fences are checked; the drill and other rotating parts are cleaned of foreign objects; it is checked whether the winch is turned off and the cable hooks are fixed. Only after that the drill turns on.
The support can be installed in several ways. The following safety precautions must be observed when installing the support using the winch of a crane-drilling machine. To prevent the pole from falling and injuring the workers, the pole is lifted with a serviceable flexible steel cable (the number of breaks in the steel wires should not be more than the maximum allowable), which is securely, without slipping, attached to the pole with a sling. After slinging, the fitter moves to a safe distance and the driver turns on the winch. The fitter directs the movement of the column with a horn. Approaching the pole, taking on its butt to lower it into the pit is possible only after the pole is completely raised above the ground, and thus the reliability of its fastening is checked.
In places of installation of supports that are difficult for cars, the “falling arrow” method is used. Before lifting using this method, it is necessary to make sure that the cable is strong and securely fastened to the support and winch, and that the boom legs are firmly tamped.
Checking the support for decay is carried out with a special probe. If necessary, the support is strengthened with hooks or stags, at least from three sides.
To facilitate the work, control supports with a traverse profile are equipped with additional traverses without pins, cable supports - with cable platforms. The cable platform is firmly attached to the support and is supplied with a railing. The fitter can climb the support with the help of claws, having previously put on a safety belt. Before lifting these protective equipment you should inspect externally, make sure that there are no damages to the teeth, belts, fasteners, that the carabiner and its spring, chain or sling at the belt are in good condition. A canvas cover must be put on the chain. In addition to an external examination, once every six months, the claws and belts are subjected to static tests: a load of 135 kg is suspended on the claws, and 225 kg on the belt. The test duration is 5 minutes. The size of the claws must match the size of the post. Changing the size of the claws by bending or unbending them is not allowed, as this may cause hidden cracks and the claws may break during lifting.
After climbing onto the support, you should secure yourself with a safety belt chain, and put your claws in a stable position; only after that you can start working. Wires, traverses and other fittings are fed to the fitter from the ground using a rope. The tool must be in the fitter's bag. It is forbidden to put it on traverses, hang it on wires, as if they accidentally fall, they can injure the worker below. Only one person works on the support, the rest of the workers must be at a safe distance. When performing work on corner supports, the fitter is located on the outside of the corner.
When the line is abolished, the support, as well as two adjacent supports, are strengthened from three or four sides with horns. The wires are cut alternately from one and the other side of the support, starting from the bottom;
it is not allowed to untie wires on several adjacent supports at the same time. These measures are necessary to prevent the fitter from falling together with the support.
Wires can be welded both on the ground and on a support. Since welding can cause burns, the following precautions should be observed. The fitter must be at a distance of at least 0.5 m from the mouth of the wires to be welded and wear safety glasses with light filters. It is possible to knock down a burnt cartridge into a special trough only after it has cooled down. Spare thermite cartridges should be stored in metal boxes separate from thermite matches to avoid them rubbing against each other and igniting. For the same reason, strong shaking of boxes with shrink chucks during transportation is not allowed.
All fitters climbing the support must have clothes with sleeves buttoned at the hands, and if the supports are covered with an antiseptic, an additional tarpaulin suit and mittens. Antiseptics (anthracene, creosote and shale oils, zinc chloride, etc.) are used to extend the service life of supports, traverses and attachments. However, these substances are poisonous and, if they enter the human body, they can cause poisoning, allergic reactions, skin diseases. Therefore, when working with antiseptics, one must be extremely careful. It is allowed to work with them in overalls, goggles, boots or boots (rubber shoes are destroyed by oil antiseptics). To protect the skin of the hands, special pastes IER-1 and HIOT-6 are used. It is possible to apply antiseptics to the support only from special measuring cups, avoiding splashing. At the same time, you should be on the windward side so as not to inhale harmful fumes. Store antiseptics in a tightly closed container in a dry, ventilated area, away from heating devices, to avoid their evaporation and harmful effects on people. In the field, antiseptics are stored on scaffolds and covered with a tarpaulin. Fire extinguishers must be installed in storage areas. When working with antiseptics, workers must observe the rules of personal hygiene: do not touch the face with unwashed hands, mittens or sleeves that may have an antiseptic; do not put anything on the impregnated wood and food products. Before eating, you should thoroughly wash your hands and face (with soap and water. After completing work with an antiseptic in the field, rags, grass, remnants of bandages contaminated with antiseptics must be buried in a pit to a depth of at least 0.5 m to avoid poisoning livestock.
CONDITIONS FOR SAFE WORK AT THE DEVICE OF INTERCEPTIONS OF COMMUNICATION LINES AND WIRE BROADCASTING WITH NETWORKS OF ELECTRIFED TRANSPORT AND POWER LINES. MAINTENANCE OF COMMUNICATION LINES WITH REMOTE POWER AND FEEDER LINES OF WIRE BROADCASTING
Device, re-equipment and repair of intersections of communication lines (LS) and wire broadcasting with contact wires of ground electric transport (trolleybuses, trams), electrified railways, power lines are classified as especially dangerous “works due to the possibility of electric shock to personnel. Therefore, they are allowed to be produced according to an order or order under the guidance of a responsible person who has an electrical safety group of at least four. Fitters participating in such work must have at least III qualification troupe.
Crossing can be (performed only after agreement and in the presence of a representative of the organization operating the contact network. Crossings are usually carried out by an underground cable, but in some cases air crossing is also allowed. Crossings of wires of air LANs with contact wires of ground electric transport are carried out only in spans between supports contact network; connection of wires in the crossing span is not allowed.The LS wires are located above the wires of the contact network, and the minimum distance between the lower wires of the LS and the upper wires of the contact network must be at least 1.25 m. the tugging wire is also grounded. A dry rope with a diameter of 12 mm is thrown through the contact network and strengthened in the form of a loop on blocks installed on transitional supports. The tugged wire is tied to the rope loop and, as it advances, is attached to it (every 1.5 m) from to the power of rings made of wire to avoid touching the contact network. When performing work, signalmen with red flags are placed on both sides of the intersection, which warn of the danger of pedestrians and approaching vehicles.
It is allowed to pull the wire without disconnecting the contact network, but "at the same time, the fitter must use insulating protective equipment (gloves, galoshes). Shorter canvas gloves are put on over the dielectric gloves to avoid damage to the gloves. In such cases, the rope is thrown from the aerial platform. At the same time two people work (not counting the driver), one of whom is assigned as an observer and gives commands to ensure the safe movement of the basket.Before lifting the basket, the car is put on the hand brake and on the side stops if the aerial platform is supposed to work with an inclination.When lifting and installing the basket, the observer make sure that it does not touch wires, reinforced concrete supports or other metal structures and does not accidentally become energized. pa is checked annually and must be at least 2 MΩ. All work from the aerial platform is carried out standing at the bottom of the basket; it is forbidden to climb
on its sides or intermediate rings, and also to tie wires, blocks or ropes to it, which can dislodge the basket and cause the fitter to fall.
When servicing drugs and fire stations that have an intersection (proximity) with power lines or contact wires of electric transport, it is necessary to periodically monitor the dimensions of these intersections and take appropriate measures in case of non-compliance. Before carrying out work on such lines, you should make sure with the help of a voltage indicator that there is no extraneous voltage on them. If an installer detects an extraneous voltage or a break in the wire of a power line on a LAN or PV, he must report this to the organization serving this section of the power line and to the management of his enterprise. If the broken wire of the power line lies on the ground and poses a danger to others, then the fitter must protect the accident site; at the same time, he must remember that the current spreading zone can only be entered in dielectric galoshes, so as not to fall under the action of the step voltage. It is forbidden to approach the wire of a power line with a voltage higher than 1000 V at a distance of less than 8 m. If it is impossible to protect the place of the cliff, then measures should be taken to warn people passing by about the impending danger. The installer has the right to eliminate damage on the wires of the communication line only after eliminating their contact with the power line.
When servicing LANs through which remote power is transmitted to amplifying points, and feeder lines of radio broadcasting nodes, technical personnel must clearly know through which circuits it is transmitted. Without removing the DP, it is allowed to carry out low-level linear work, checking the supports for decay, strengthening the supports), clean the wires from frost with non-conductive poles (for example, wooden ones), climb the support and repair damage to the LS wires located below the DP circuits. In this case, be sure to wear dielectric gloves and work with tools with insulating handles.
Overhaul and scheduled preventive maintenance of the circuits through which the DP is transmitted, is carried out only with complete removal of voltage, according to the order, which is issued by the technical manager of the communications enterprise. It is allowed to eliminate damages by personal (telephone) order of the head of the line shop, shift engineer or persons responsible for the timely switching on and off of the DP. The order must be recorded in the operating log. The DP is turned off in two places - on the switching board using a knife switch or key and on the DP board of the amplifying point by removing the fuse. Warning posters are hung on the shield: “Do not turn on! People are working." The number of posters should correspond to the number of teams working on the line. The poster can only be removed by the person who hung it, or by his substitute. It is possible to start work on the line only after receiving a notice of the removal of the DP, making sure that there is no voltage using a pointer or indicator. The DP is turned on after a message is received from all brigades about the completion of work.
To protect air LANs and PV lines from destruction and to protect maintenance personnel from dangerous voltages that may appear as a result of lightning discharges or the influence of electrified railways, as well as power lines, the most critical supports (introductory, transitional, corner, control, cable) are equipped with lightning rods and spark gaps.
Lightning rods protect poles from direct lightning strikes. They are laid along the support and are made of steel wire with a diameter of 4-5 mm, the lower end of which is grounded. Spark gaps are connected between the line and the lightning rod.
When a dangerous voltage appears on the line, a breakdown of the air gap of the arrester occurs and the circuit closes to the ground. At high voltages that may occur on the line, the circuit> with one arrester does not always give a positive result, therefore, a circuit with several arresters is used, which are switched on at a certain distance from each other, or the so-called cascade protection circuit
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Introduction
Fires cause enormous material damage and in some cases are accompanied by death of people. Therefore, fire protection is the most important responsibility of every member of society and is carried out on a national scale.
Fire protection aims to find the most effective, cost-effective and technically justified ways and means to prevent fires and eliminate them with minimal damage at the most rational use strength and technical means quenching.
Fire safety is the state of an object in which the possibility of a fire is excluded, and in case of its occurrence, the necessary measures are taken to eliminate it. negative impact fire hazards on people, structures and property
Fire safety can be ensured by fire prevention and active fire protection measures. Fire prevention includes a set of measures aimed at preventing a fire or reducing its consequences. Active fire protection - measures that ensure the successful fight against fires or explosive situations.
The totality of forces and means, as well as measures of a legal, organizational, economic, social, scientific and technical nature, form a system for ensuring fire safety.
The main elements of the fire safety system are the bodies state power, local governments, enterprises and citizens involved in ensuring fire safety in accordance with the law Russian Federation.
1. Causes of a firein production facilities
Production facilities are characterized by increased fire hazard, as they are characterized by the complexity of production processes; the presence of significant amounts of flammable liquids and combustible liquids, liquefied combustible gases, solid combustible materials; large equipment of electrical installations and more.
1) Violation of the technological regime - 33%.
2) Malfunction of electrical equipment - 16%.
3) Poor preparation for equipment repair - 13%.
4) Spontaneous combustion of oily rags and other materials - 10%
Sources of ignition can be open fire of technological installations, hot or heated walls of apparatus and equipment, sparks of electrical equipment, static electricity, sparks of impact and friction of machine parts and equipment, etc.
As well as violation of the rules and regulations of storage flammable materials, careless handling of fire, the use of open fire torches, blowtorches, smoking in prohibited places, failure to comply with fire prevention measures for fire water supply equipment, fire alarms, provision of primary fire extinguishing equipment, etc.
As practice shows, the accident of even one large unit, accompanied by fire and explosion, for example, in chemical industry they often accompany one another, can lead to very serious consequences not only for the production itself and the people serving it, but also for environment. In this regard, it is extremely important to correctly assess the fire and explosion hazard of the technological process already at the design stage, to identify possible reasons accidents, determine hazards and scientifically substantiate the choice of methods and means of fire and explosion prevention and protection.
An important factor in carrying out these works is knowledge of the processes and conditions of combustion and explosion, the properties of substances and materials used in technological process, methods and means of protection against fire and explosion.
2. Fire prevention measures
They are divided into organizational, technical, regime and operational.
Organizational events: provide for the correct operation of machines and intra-factory transport, the correct maintenance of buildings, territories, fire-fighting briefing.
Technical measures: compliance fire regulations and norms in the design of buildings, in the installation of electrical wires and equipment, heating, ventilation, lighting, proper placement of equipment.
Regime events- the prohibition of smoking in unspecified places, the prohibition of welding and other hot work in fire hazardous premises, and the like.
Operational activities- timely preventive maintenance, inspections, repairs and testing of process equipment.
3. Rights and obligations of enterprises
The Law “On Fire Safety” provides enterprises with the following rights;
Create, reorganize and liquidate, in accordance with the established procedure, fire departments, which they maintain at their own expense, including on the basis of agreements with the State Fire Service;
Submit proposals to state authorities and local self-government bodies on ensuring fire safety;
Carry out work to establish the causes and circumstances of fires that occurred at enterprises;
Establish measures of social and economic incentives for ensuring fire safety;
Receive information on fire safety issues, including in the prescribed manner from the authorities and fire departments.
Companies are also required by law to:
Comply with fire safety requirements, as well as comply with orders, regulations and other legal requirements officials fire department;
Develop and implement measures to ensure fire safety;
Conduct fire prevention propaganda, as well as train their employees in fire safety measures;
Include fire safety issues in the collective agreement (agreement);
Create and maintain in accordance with established norms management bodies and divisions of fire protection, including on the basis of agreements with the State Fire Service;
To assist the fire department in extinguishing fires, establishing the causes and conditions for their occurrence and development, as well as in identifying persons guilty of violating fire safety requirements and causing fires;
To provide, in accordance with the established procedure, when extinguishing fires in the territories of enterprises, the necessary forces and means, fuels and lubricants, as well as food and places of rest for the fire brigade personnel participating in the combat operations to extinguish fires, and the forces involved in extinguishing fires;
Provide access to fire protection officials, in the exercise of their official duties, on the territory, in buildings, structures and other facilities of enterprises;
Provide, at the request of officials of the State Fire Service, information and documents on the state of fire safety at enterprises, including the fire hazard of their products, as well as fires that have occurred on their territory and their consequences;
Immediately report to the fire brigade about fires, malfunctions of existing systems and means fire protection, on changes in the condition of roads and driveways.
According to the Fire Safety Rules, at each enterprise, an order (instruction) must establish an appropriate fire hazard fire mode including:
Designated and equipped smoking areas;
The places and the allowable amount of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products at the same time in the premises are determined;
The procedure for cleaning combustible waste and dust, storing oiled overalls has been established;
The procedure for de-energizing electrical equipment in case of fire and at the end of the working day is determined;
regulated:
The procedure for conducting temporary hot and other fire hazardous work;
The order of inspection and closing of premises after the end of work;
Actions of employees upon detection of a fire;
the procedure and terms for passing fire-fighting briefings and classes on the fire-technical minimum were determined, and those responsible for their conduct were appointed.
In buildings and structures (except residential buildings) when more than 10 people are on the floor at the same time, plans (schemes) for evacuating people in case of fire should be developed and posted in prominent places, and a system (installation) for warning people about a fire is provided.
Site manager with mass stay people (50 people or more), in addition to the schematic plan for the evacuation of people in case of fire, is obliged to develop an instruction that determines the actions of personnel to ensure the safe and quick evacuation of people, according to which at least once every six months, practical training should be held for all workers involved in the evacuation.
For objects with people staying at night (kindergartens, boarding schools, hospitals, etc.), the instructions should provide for two options for actions: during the day and at night.
The heads of enterprises that use, process and store hazardous (explosive) highly toxic substances are obliged to report to the fire departments the data on them necessary to ensure the safety of personnel involved in fire extinguishing and to carry out emergency rescue operations at these enterprises.
The territory of enterprises within the fire breaks between buildings, structures and open warehouses must be promptly cleared of combustible waste, garbage, containers, fallen leaves, dry grass, etc.
Combustible waste, garbage, etc. should be collected at specially designated sites in containers or boxes, and then removed.
Fire breaks between buildings and structures, stacks of timber, lumber, other materials and equipment are not allowed to be used for storage of materials, equipment and containers, for parking vehicles and construction (installation) of buildings and structures.
Roads, driveways, entrances and passages to buildings, structures, open warehouses and water sources used for fire extinguishing, the approaches to stationary fire escapes and fire equipment must always be free, contained in good condition and in winter be cleared of snow and ice.
For all production and storage facilities the categories of explosion and fire hazard, as well as the class of the zone according to the Rules for the installation of electrical installations, which must be indicated on the doors of the premises, must be determined.
Near equipment with an increased fire hazard, standard safety signs (full houses, signs) should be hung out.
One of the conditions for ensuring fire and explosion safety of any production process- elimination of possible sources of ignition.
4. Fire prevention
Fire breaks
To prevent the spread of fire from one building to another, fire breaks are arranged between them. When determining fire breaks, it is assumed that the greatest danger in relation to the possible ignition of neighboring buildings and structures is thermal radiation from the fire. The amount of heat received by the building adjacent to the burning object depends on the properties of combustible materials and the temperature of the flame, the size of the radiating surface, the area of light openings, the flammability group of the building envelope, the presence of fire barriers, relative position buildings, meteorological conditions, etc.
Fire barriers
These include walls, partitions, ceilings, doors, gates, hatches, vestibules and windows. Fire walls must be made of non-combustible materials, have a fire resistance rating of at least 2.5 hours and rest on foundations. Fire walls are designed for stability, taking into account the possibility of one-sided collapse of ceilings and other structures in case of fire.
Fire doors, windows and gates fire walls must have a fire resistance limit of at least 1.2 hours, and fire ceilings of at least 1 hour. Such ceilings should not have openings and openings through which combustion products can penetrate in case of fire.
Escape routes
When designing buildings, it is necessary to provide for the safe evacuation of people in the event of a fire. In the event of a fire, people must leave the building within the minimum time, which is determined by the shortest distance from their location to the exit to the outside.
The number of evacuation exits from buildings, premises and from each floor of buildings is determined by calculation, but must be at least two. Evacuation exits should be located dispersed. At the same time, elevators and other mechanical means transportation of people is not taken into account in the calculations. The width of the sections of the escape routes must be at least 1 m, and the doors on the escape routes must be at least 0.8 m. for the evacuation of people, the following types of stairwells and stairs should be provided: technical devices for air pressure); closed cages with natural light through windows in the outer walls; closed stairwells natural light; internal open stairs (without enclosing internal walls); outdoor open stairs. For buildings with height differences, fire escapes should be provided.
5. List of fire safety documentation, catoraya must be in the enterprise
1. Logbook of fire-fighting briefing.
2. General facility instruction or order for the enterprise, establishing the appropriate fire regime:
designated smoking areas;
the order of cleaning and storage of combustible waste;
cleaning material, oiled rags;
the procedure for de-energizing electrical equipment;
· simultaneously stored in the premises of raw materials and semi-finished products;
regulates the procedure for carrying out hot work;
actions of workers in case of fire, operational plan for extinguishing;
The order of training and fire safety briefings;
fastening fire fighting equipment and equipment;
Responsible for fire condition and actions of workers in case of fire.
3. Instructions on fire safety measures.
4. Plan (scheme) of evacuation in case of fire, instructions for evacuation.
5. Instructions on the procedure for the actions of personnel when fire automatics are triggered.
6. Vehicle layout plan.
General provisions (detailed legislative version)
1. Each enterprise should develop the following fire safety documentation:
1.1. General facility instruction on enterprise fire safety measures.
1.2. Instructions for fire safety of buildings, premises and structures.
1.3. Instructions for the maintenance of installations, fire extinguishing.
1.4. Instructions for the maintenance of fire alarm installations.
1.5. An operational fire extinguishing plan for an enterprise, building, building or structure.
1.6. Plan for elimination of possible emergencies(explosion, accident, pyuzhar) with the involvement of employees of the services of the chief power engineer, chief mechanic, chief technologist, fire and paramilitary (military) security.
1.7. Plans and schedules for conducting fire drills, training, and testing the knowledge of personnel, technical supervision of fire protection systems, as well as other documentation in accordance with the requirements of these Rules
2. Instructions for fire safety, maintenance of fire detection and extinguishing installations and other documents developed at the enterprise should be based on current rules and instructions and be located in the relevant structural units
3. The general facility instruction is approved by the head of the enterprise. The instruction should define the following basic requirements:
3.3. To the fire regime and the duties of all employees at the enterprise to maintain it.
3.4. To the organization and admission to the implementation of one-time and. temporary work contractors and third parties in the enterprise.
4. Instructions on fire safety measures for buildings, premises and structures are developed by the management of the relevant departments, agreed with the fire department and approved by the head of the enterprise. These instructions should contain the following specific fire safety requirements:
4.1. The category of premises for industrial and storage purposes in terms of explosion and fire hazard, depending on the quantity and fire and explosion properties of the substances and materials located (processed) in them, taking into account the characteristics of the technological processes of the industries exchanged in them, as well as the explosive zone and PUE.
4.2. Special fire fighting measures for technological processes of production. observation of which may cause a fire.
4.3. Fire safety measures at technological installations. devices and units in preparation for putting them into operation and after repair.
4.4. The procedure and norms for the storage of flammable substances, materials in a workshop, laboratory, warehouse, workshop, etc.
4.5. The mode of use of devices with open fire and the organization of specially equipped areas for permanent flammable work (electric welding, gas cutting).
4.6. The procedure for receiving, transporting, collecting, storing and removing combustible materials from the premises, maintaining amenity premises, storing overalls, etc.
4.7. The procedure for the maintenance of available fire extinguishing equipment and the distribution of responsibilities for technical supervision of them.
4.8. Determining the actions of personnel in the event of a fire, ways to call the fire brigade, as well as other measures.
4.9. The procedure for stopping technological equipment, turning off ventilation, rules for the use of fire extinguishing equipment, the procedure for evacuating personnel, products and material assets, as well as combustible and other materials that can cause an explosion, create a dangerous environment or contribute to the spread of fire. The procedure for inspecting and bringing the premises into a fireproof condition.
5. Operating instructions for water supply systems, fire detection and extinguishing installations should be developed on the basis of current instructions, standard rules for the technical maintenance of fire automatics installations, as well as project documentation and passport data for installed equipment and approved by the management of the enterprise. The instructions should govern:
5.1. Separation of areas of responsibility for maintenance fire protection and water supply installations between the relevant departments of the enterprise.
5.2. The procedure for technical supervision of technological equipment and its repair, supervision of automation and control systems, taking into account labor safety requirements.
5.3. Requirements for maintaining technical documentation.
5.4. Requirements for the training of personnel, as well as responsibility for the maintenance of fire protection and water supply installations. Other requirements may be added to the instructions based on local operating conditions.
6. In the operating instructions for equipment, installations, means and systems of BT, protection, communications, specific requirements for fire safety and duties of personnel in the event of a fire should be included in a separate section.
7. For fire - and fire-explosive industries, high-rise and unique buildings (structures), it is necessary to develop operational fire extinguishing plans and periodically conduct their development.
8. Operational fire extinguishing plans are developed by fire protection workers, approved by the head of the fire protection, the head of the enterprise.
9. The operational fire extinguishing plan should consist of text and graphic parts. The operational fire extinguishing plan is the main document that determines: the actions of the enterprise personnel in the event of a fire; the procedure for interaction with the staying fire departments; conditions for the introduction of forces and means to extinguish a fire, taking into account labor safety requirements; rational installation of fire equipment, etc.
10. The operational fire extinguishing plan should be reviewed and adjusted in the event of:
10.1. Expansion or reconstruction of a building, structure, workshop.
10.2. Identified deficiencies in the envisaged actions of personnel and fire departments when extinguishing a fire or fire fighting drills.
11. Re-approval of operational fire extinguishing plans should be carried out when changing the head of the enterprise or the head of the fire department.
12. The main provisions of operational fire extinguishing plans should be brought to the attention of the employees of the enterprise during classes on the fire-technical minimum and periodic briefings.
Conclusion
In order to prevent the possibility of a fire at the enterprise, or at least reduce the possible damage in the event of its occurrence, you should follow the rules of the organization fire safety, carry out mandatory briefing of employees on the subject of fire safety rules, conduct mandatory checks of the state of systems fire alarm, fire barriers, the state of electrical networks and lightning protection systems, the state of emergency exits.
Everyone working at the enterprise (regardless of their position) is obliged to clearly know and strictly comply with established rules fire safety, do not allow actions that can lead to fire or fire.
Heads of public service enterprises, depots, warehouses, as well as heads of workshops, heads of shops and other officials guilty of violating these rules, depending on the nature of the violations and their consequences, are liable in accordance with the procedure established by law.
The heads of enterprises are given the right to impose administrative penalties on violators of the rules and requirements of fire safety. In the event of a gross violation of them, the head of the enterprise has the right to raise the issue of bringing the perpetrator to justice.
For each enterprise (workshop, laboratory, workshop, warehouse, etc.) on the basis of the Model Fire Safety Rules for industrial enterprises develop general facility and workshop instructions on fire safety measures. The instructions should reflect the basic fire safety requirements for a given workshop or production site (for the maintenance of premises, evacuation routes, enterprise territory, roads, entrances to sources fire water supply, approaches and entrances to buildings and structures; conditions and norms of storage of substances and materials in workshops, warehouses, storerooms and other premises; places where open fire and smoking are used, etc.). The instructions on fire safety measures also establish the procedure for using fire extinguishing equipment and calling fire assistance in the event of a fire at the plant. The procedure for the storage of flammable and combustible liquids, the collection, storage and disposal of cleaning materials and industrial combustible waste, the maintenance and storage of overalls, as well as the duties and actions of workers and employees in case of fire are determined.
FROMlist of used literature
fire prevention industrial
1. “Life safety. Occupational Safety and Health". A.V. Frolov, I: Phoenix, 2005
2. "Life safety". Belov S.V., Ilnitskaya A.V., Kozyakov A.F. and others. 2nd ed., corrected. and additional - M.: high school, 1999
3. "Collection of guiding documents of the State Fire Service", GUGPS, M., 1997
4. "Safety Handbook", Dolin P.A. Moscow, Energoizdat, 1982
5. "Life safety". Part 1. Afanasiev Yu.G. / Ovcharenko A.G., Publishing house of the Alt.state. tech. university, 2006
6. "Labor protection of workers and employees" Gorshenin K.P.M., "Legal Literature", 1971
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The main causes of fires at work are:
violation of technological regulations (process);
violation of fire safety requirements during electric and gas welding and other hot work;
violation of the rules of storage, use, manufacture and transportation of substances and materials;
violation of the rules for installation, arrangement and operation of electrical networks and electrical equipment;
design flaws in electrical equipment, heat generating units and devices;
violation of the rules for the device, installation and operation of heat generating units and devices;
careless handling of fire;
smoking in undesignated places.
In some cases, the cause of fires can be the actions of the forces of nature: lightning discharges, sun rays, etc.
Fire hazards affecting people are:
flames and sparks;
elevated ambient temperature;
toxic products of combustion and thermal decomposition;
reduced oxygen concentration.
Secondary manifestations of fire hazards affecting people and property include:
fragments, parts of collapsed devices, units, installations, structures;
radioactive and toxic substances and materials released from destroyed devices and installations;
electric current resulting from the removal of high voltage to the conductive parts of structures, apparatus, units;
fire extinguishing agents;
dangerous factors of an explosion that occurred as a result of a fire: a shock wave in the front of which the pressure exceeds the permissible value; flame; collapsing structures, equipment, communications, buildings and structures and their flying parts; harmful substances formed during the explosion and (or) released from the damaged equipment, the content of which in the air of the working area exceeds the maximum permissible concentrations.
What measures should be taken in the organization to prevent fires?
To prevent fires at the enterprise, the following measures should be taken:
organizational;
operational;
technical;
regime.
Organizational measures include training workers in fire safety, briefings, lectures, conversations, the creation of voluntary fire brigades, the manufacture and use of visual agitation and propaganda, etc.
Operational measures provide for the correct operation (inspections, repairs, tests) of machines, equipment, vehicles, as well as the correct maintenance of buildings and structures.
Technical measures include compliance with fire rules and regulations in the design of buildings and structures, heating, lighting, ventilation, equipment placement, etc.
Regime measures include the establishment of a procedure for the safe production of welding and other hot work in fire hazardous areas, smoking areas, etc.
What measures are taken to ensure fire safety in the organization?
In accordance with Article 14 of the Law of the Republic of Belarus "On Fire Safety", fire safety is ensured by bringing objects into such a state that excludes the possibility of a fire or provides protection of people and property from a fire.
In accordance with GOST 12.1.004. "SSBT. Fire safety. General requirements» fire safety of the facility should be ensured by fire prevention and fire protection systems, including organizational and technical measures.
Fire safety systems should provide for the implementation of the necessary measures at all stages of the life cycle of an enterprise and facilities (scientific development, design, construction, operation) and perform one of the following tasks:
exclude the occurrence of a fire;
ensure fire safety of people;
ensure fire safety of material assets;
ensure the fire safety of people and material values at the same time.
Fire prevention must be achieved by preventing the formation of a combustible atmosphere and/or preventing the formation of (or introduction into) a combustible atmosphere of sources of ignition. In the specified standard (clauses 2.2., 2.3.) methods and their combinations are given that provide a solution to these problems. The most radical of them are the use of fireproof equipment, technological processes, the use of fire protection devices, the elimination of conditions for a fire, etc.
Fire protection of people and property should be achieved using one of the following methods or their combinations:
the use of fire extinguishing equipment and appropriate types of fire fighting equipment;
the use of automatic fire alarm and fire extinguishing installations;
the use of basic building structures and materials, including those used for lining structures, with normalized fire hazard indicators;
the use of impregnation of structures of objects with flame retardants and the application of fire-retardant paints (compositions) on their surfaces;
devices to limit the spread of fire;
organization with the help of technical means, including automatic, timely warning and evacuation of people;
the use of means of collective and individual protection of people from dangerous fire factors;
the use of fire protection equipment.
Limiting the spread of fire should be achieved by using one of the following methods or their combinations:
installation of fire barriers;
the establishment of the maximum allowable areas of fire compartments and sections, as well as the number of storeys of buildings and structures, but not more than those specified by the standards;
device for emergency shutdown and switching of installations and communications;
the use of means that prevent or limit the spill and spread of liquids in case of fire;
use of fire protection devices and equipment.
What organizational and technical measures ensure fire safety?
Organizational and technical measures to ensure fire safety should include:
organization of departmental fire safety services;
certification of substances, materials, products, technological processes, buildings and structures of objects in terms of ensuring fire safety;
public involvement in fire safety issues;
organization of training of workers in the rules of fire safety at work;
development and implementation of fire safety norms and rules, instructions on the procedure for handling flammable substances and materials, on compliance with the fire regime and the actions of people in the event of a fire;
production and use of means of visual agitation to ensure fire safety;
the procedure for storing substances and materials, the extinguishing of which is unacceptable with the same means, depending on their physico-chemical and fire hazardous properties;
rationing the number of people at the facility according to their safety in case of fire;
development of measures for the actions of the administration, workers and employees in the event of a fire and the organization of the evacuation of people.
The measures outlined are contained in GOST 12.1.004. "SSBT. Fire safety. General requirements”, which also lists the main types, quantity, placement and maintenance of fire equipment, which must ensure effective fire (fire) extinguishing.
What is the organization's fire regime?
According to the General Fire Safety Rules of the Republic of Belarus for industrial enterprises (PPB RB 1.01-94), approved by the order of the Chief State Inspector of the Republic of Belarus for fire supervision of December 30, 1994 No. 29, (hereinafter for brevity - PPB RB 1.01-94) in each The organization must have a fire safety regime in place.
Under the fire regime of the enterprise should be understood as a set of fire prevention measures in the performance of work and operation of facilities, i.e. a set of fire safety measures and requirements that are pre-established for an object or a separate room and are subject to mandatory implementation by all persons working there.
The fire regime is established by the rules, instructions, orders or orders of the head of the facility and covers such preventive measures as:
determination of places and allowable quantity of raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products at the same time in the premises;
establishing the procedure for cleaning combustible waste and dust, storing oiled overalls;
determination of the procedure for de-energizing electrical equipment at the end of the working day and in case of fire;
regulation of the procedure for conducting temporary hot and other fire hazardous work; procedure for inspection and closing of premises after completion of work;
actions of employees upon detection of a fire;
determination of the procedure and terms for passing fire-fighting briefings and the fire-technical minimum, as well as the appointment of persons responsible for their conduct;
defining and equipping smoking areas.
Employees of the organization are required to:
know the characteristics of fire hazard, used or produced (received) substances and materials;
In industrial, administrative and warehouse premises, telephones must be hung with signs indicating the telephone number of the fire department.
Measures of the fire regime, as a rule, do not require significant material costs, and their implementation depends on the level of organizational work. Managers and specialists are obliged to ensure constant monitoring of compliance with regime measures, to seek immediate elimination of identified violations.
What is a fire safety minimum?
In order to ensure the competence and awareness of employees on fire safety issues, fire safety briefings should be conducted in the organization, and in organizations with increased fire danger, additional classes should be held on a special fire-technical minimum.
The fire-technical minimum is carried out in order to increase the general technical knowledge of workers in workshops, warehouses and production facilities with increased fire hazard, familiarize them with fire safety rules, as well as for more detailed training of workers in the use of available fire extinguishing equipment.
The procedure for conducting classes on the fire-technical minimum is announced by order of the head of the enterprise.
Classes according to the program of the fire-technical minimum must be carried out directly in the workshop, warehouse, at the production plant.
At industrial enterprises where there are no workshops that are dangerous in terms of fire, general facility groups can be organized to carry out a fire-technical minimum with certain categories of specialists (electric and gas welders, electricians, warehouse workers, etc.).
In the classroom on the fire-technical minimum, it is advisable to study the topics outlined in the "Program of the Classes". This Program is contained in the PPB RB 1.01-94 " General Rules fire safety of the Republic of Belarus for industrial enterprises”, approved by order of the Chief State Inspector of the Republic of Belarus for fire supervision of December 30, 1994 No. 29.
At the end of the training program, employees must be credited. At the same time, persons who have successfully completed the training are considered to be those who know the actions in case of a fire and the methods of using fire extinguishing equipment, the fire hazard of production plants and units, the facility and shop rules (instructions) for fire safety.
For what purposes are fire-technical commissions created and what is the content of their activities?
Fire-technical commissions are created and carry out their activities in accordance with the Regulations on fire-technical commissions, approved by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus dated October 13, 1995 No. 571.
In accordance with the said Regulations, fire and technical commissions are created in order to attract engineering and technical workers, workers and employees to participate in the work of carrying out fire prevention measures, timely detection and elimination of violations of fire safety standards, norms and rules, and improving the fire safety of production processes at enterprises, institutions and organizations, regardless of ownership.
The fire-technical commission is created in the presence of full-time engineering and technical personnel and its composition is approved by order of the head of the enterprise. The management of the work of the fire-technical commission is assigned to the deputy head of the facility or the chief engineer (technical director). As a rule, it includes the head of the fire service (team, team) of the facility, engineering and technical workers - power engineer, technologist, mechanic, safety engineer, specialists in water supply, construction, industrial and fire automation, and other services at the discretion of the head of the facility.
Representatives of all public organizations present at the enterprise may be included in the commission.
The main tasks of the fire-technical commission are:
identification in technological processes of production, in the operation of machines, units, installations, heating and ventilation systems, as well as in the manufacture and storage of manufactured substances and materials, products, deficiencies that can lead to a fire, explosion or accident, and the development of measures to eliminate them ;
introduction of scientific and technical achievements in the fire protection of the enterprise;
determination of the fire regime at the enterprise and its divisions, assistance to the fire service of the enterprise in carrying out preventive work to maintain the established fire regime;
organization of rationalization and inventive work on fire safety issues;
carrying out explanatory work in teams on compliance with fire safety norms and rules;
monitoring compliance with fire safety requirements;
preparation of proposals on fire safety issues for their inclusion in the collective agreement, etc.
The fire-technical commission at least once every six months conducts a detailed check of compliance with fire safety norms and rules and develops measures to eliminate the identified violations, which are drawn up in an act approved by the head of the enterprise and must be completed on time.
In its work, the fire-technical commission interacts with interested services and public formations, carrying out versatile activities provided for by the said Regulations.
For what purposes are voluntary fire brigades, combat crews created, and what is the content of their activities?
Voluntary fire brigades and other voluntary fire units are created to involve employees in the implementation of measures to prevent fires and extinguish them.
The activities of voluntary fire brigades and their tasks are set out in the Regulation on voluntary fire brigades at enterprises, institutions and organizations, approved by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus dated October 13, 1995 No. 571.
Voluntary fire brigades are created regardless of the presence of other types of fire service and can be general and shop. If there is a general facility fire brigade in workshops, warehouses and other facilities of the enterprise, calculations are organized from the number of work shifts.
The size of the squad is determined at the rate of 5 people for every 100 people. At enterprises with up to 100 employees, the number of fire brigade must be at least 10 people.
If the number of employees at the enterprise is less than 15 people, a fire brigade is not created, and duties in case of a fire are distributed among employees.
The main tasks of the voluntary fire brigade are:
control over compliance with the fire regime;
conducting explanatory work among employees on compliance with the fire regime at the workplace and the rules for the careful handling of fire in everyday life;
supervision of the serviceability of fire extinguishing equipment and their staffing;
calling the fire service in case of a fire, taking measures to extinguish it with available fire extinguishing equipment, etc.
How is responsibility for fire safety divided in the case of renting production space?
Responsibility for the implementation of fire safety rules at the enterprise is borne by their heads or persons replacing them, as well as owners, in structural divisions - by their heads or persons replacing them.
According to PPB RB 1.01-94, when leasing enterprises, buildings, structures, premises and installations, responsibility for ensuring their fire safety is established in accordance with the lease agreement. If this issue is not regulated in the contract, the lessor is responsible for equipping the leased object with fire protection equipment, providing it with evacuation routes and fire resistance, and the lessee is responsible for complying with the fire regime.
It should be borne in mind that by other fire safety rules, the obligation to provide leased space with primary fire extinguishing equipment rests with the tenant.
What responsibilities are assigned to managers, officials and other employees of a fire safety organization?
IN general view the duties of the heads and officials of the organization to ensure fire safety are set out in the Law of the Republic of Belarus "On Fire Safety".
Heads and other officials of organizations:
ensure fire safety and fire safety regime in relevant organizations;
provide for organizational and engineering measures for fire safety in the plans for the economic and social development of organizations, create, if necessary, an organizational and staffing structure, develop responsibilities and a control system that ensures fire safety in all technological links and at stages of production activities;
ensure the timely implementation of fire prevention measures in accordance with the instructions, conclusions and warnings of the state fire supervision authorities;
introduce scientific and technical achievements in the fire protection of facilities, carry out work on invention and rationalization aimed at ensuring the safety of people and reducing the fire hazard of technological production processes;
ensure the fulfillment and compliance with the requirements of regulatory legal acts of the system of fire safety regulation and standardization in the design, construction, reconstruction, technical re-equipment and repair of facilities under their jurisdiction, as well as in the manufacture, transportation and use of manufactured substances, materials, products, machines, instruments and equipment;
create freelance fire units and organize their work;
organize training of employees in fire safety rules and ensure their participation in the prevention and extinguishing of fires, do not allow people who have not passed fire safety training to work;
ensure the development of an action plan for employees in case of a fire and conduct practical training for its development;
submit, at the request of the state fire supervision authorities, documents on fires and their consequences, information characterizing the state of fire safety of facilities and manufactured products;
take measures against violators of fire safety requirements, collect material damage from the perpetrators of the fire in accordance with the procedure established by law;
provide, in accordance with the established procedure, in necessary cases, to the bodies and divisions for emergency situations of the Republic of Belarus, equipment, fuel and lubricants, food and places of rest for personnel when extinguishing fires.
More specifically, the duties of fire safety officials are set out in job descriptions.
The head, by his order (instruction), determines those responsible for fire safety for each division, facility and each individual installation.
Employees are required to:
know and comply with the requirements of regulatory legal acts of the system of fire safety regulation and standardization, which are an integral part of their professional activities;
know and comply with the requirements of fire safety at work, as well as observe and maintain the fire-fighting regime;
take precautions when working with flammable and combustible liquids, other flammable materials and equipment;
know the characteristics of the fire hazard of the substances and materials used or produced (obtained);
in the event of a fire, report it to the fire department and take all possible measures to save people, property and extinguish the fire.
Each employee is obliged to know and comply with fire safety requirements both in production activities and at home, to provide all possible assistance in extinguishing fires.
What requirements are established to ensure the fire safety of industrial buildings and structures?
For each room, instructions on fire safety measures and technological regulations the maximum amount of combustible substances and materials, their location should be determined.
In industrial buildings, premises, substances and materials used in the technological process and capable of exothermic reactions upon mutual contact should be placed in specially designated areas that do not allow their contact even in cases of emergencies.
Replacement of substances and materials used in the technological process is allowed only in justified cases and after checking its feasibility, based on the conditions for ensuring fire safety. At the same time, the necessary fire-fighting measures must be developed and implemented.
The use and storage at enterprises of substances and materials of unknown composition and with unexplored fire and explosion properties should be prohibited.
On the outside of the doors of production and storage facilities, it is necessary to place an index of the category for explosion and fire hazard and the class of the zone according to the PUE. On the doors of rooms of categories A and B, an information card of fire safety measures should be additionally placed in accordance with Appendix 5 to PPB RB 1.01-94.
The surfaces of walls, ceilings, floors, structures and equipment of premises, where there are emissions of combustible dust, chips, etc., must be systematically cleaned. The frequency of cleaning is determined by the order of the enterprise and is indicated in the relevant instructions on fire safety measures.
To control the state of the air environment in production and storage facilities in which substances and materials capable of forming explosive concentrations of gases and vapors are used, produced or stored, automatic gas analyzers should be installed.
Metal shavings, oily cleaning materials and combustible industrial waste must be removed as they accumulate in metal boxes with tight-fitting lids and, at the end of the shift, removed from production facilities to specially designated areas, areas.
It is not allowed to install any devices that prevent the normal closing of fire or smoke doors (devices).
At the intersection of fire walls, partitions, ceilings and enclosing structures with various engineering and technological communications, the resulting holes and gaps must be filled to the full thickness mortar or other non-combustible materials that provide the required fire resistance and smoke and gas tightness.
When re-planning premises, changing their functional purpose or installing new technological equipment, design documentation for these works should be developed taking into account compliance with the fire safety requirements of the current fire safety standards and rules.
In the buildings of enterprises, it is forbidden to remove the doors of vestibules, halls, corridors, vestibules, stairwells and rooms provided for by the project.
The windows of attics, technical floors and basements must be glazed, and their doors must be kept closed. The location of the keys should be indicated on the doors.
The pits of the light openings of the basement and basement floors of buildings and structures should be regularly cleaned of combustible debris. It is not allowed to close tightly the indicated pits and windows.
Mechanisms for self-closing and sealing in the porches of fire doors must be kept in good condition.
Systems for transporting chip and dust materials must be equipped with devices that prevent the spread of fire and hatches to eliminate fires.
Containers for collecting wood and other explosive dust from aspiration and pneumatic transport systems must be equipped with anti-explosion devices that are in good condition.
When laying pipelines GG, LVZh and GZh in buildings and structures, it is necessary:
hermetically close openings (gaps, leaks, etc.) in the places where pipelines pass through building structures with non-combustible materials for the entire thickness of the structure;
paint pipelines in accordance with the requirements of current standards.
At the enterprise, for each workshop (production operation), a procedure for replacing oiled overalls with clean ones should be established.
These and other requirements for ensuring the fire safety of industrial buildings and structures are set out in the General Fire Safety Rules of the Republic of Belarus for industrial enterprises (PPB 1.01-94), as well as in the relevant industry fire safety rules.
What fire safety requirements are established for the maintenance of the territory of the organization?
Fire safety requirements for the territory of the organization are set out in PPB RB 1.01-94, as well as in the relevant industry fire safety rules.
These requirements are as follows:
the territory should have a network of roads and fire lanes with exits to public roads;
the territory must be kept clean, and roads, bridges and crossings in good order;
the territory and roads should be illuminated and regularly cleared of dry grass and leaves, and in winter, roads and crossings to fire water sources should be cleared of snow and ice;
when arranging dead-end roads at the end of a dead-end, turnaround areas for fire trucks (at least 12x12 m in size) must be made on which storage of materials, products, parking of vehicles is not allowed;
the arrangement of vehicles should be carried out according to the developed scheme; when carrying out loading and unloading operations, there should always be free passage for fire trucks;
with mechanical opening entrance gate there must be a device that allows manual opening;
when driveways and sections of roads are closed, detours should be provided and appropriate road signs should be installed;
for smoking, making fires and using open flames, it is necessary to allocate special places;
at the entrance to the territory, a traffic pattern should be posted indicating fire passages and sources of fire water supply;
the territory should be assigned to specific units in order to maintain a fire-fighting regime on it.
The head of the enterprise is obliged to establish control over compliance with fire breaks at the enterprise, between the enterprise and neighboring facilities, residential and public buildings.
Free access must be provided to all buildings and structures of the enterprise. It is not allowed to clutter up driveways and entrances to buildings and fire water sources. In fire gaps between buildings and structures, it is impossible to store combustible materials, equipment and inventory, as well as use them for parking vehicles.
Closing driveways and sections of roads (for repairs) is allowed only with the permission of the head of the enterprise, subject to the availability of detours and the installation of appropriate road signs.
The construction and placement of temporary buildings and structures on the territory of the enterprise is prohibited.
Disorderly storage of materials, products, parts, equipment, etc. is prohibited on the territory of the enterprise. Storage is allowed at specialized sites located taking into account fire breaks from buildings and structures.
On the territory of enterprises it is necessary to have devices or devices for signaling a fire.
Specific fire safety requirements for the maintenance of territories are set out in industry rules.
What fire safety measures must be observed during the operation of electrical installations?
These measures are set out in PPB RB 1.01-94 and are as follows.
Electrical networks and electrical equipment of enterprises must meet the fire safety requirements of current regulatory documents.
In order to ensure fire safety during the operation of electrical installations, the enterprise establishes the procedure for putting electrical installations into operation after installation, scheduled preventive and other repairs and tests, and also appoints persons responsible for ensuring fire safety during the operation of electrical installations, in workshops, warehouses, at sites .
The heads of structural divisions and facilities where electrical installations are operated (used) are obliged to prevent violations of the rules for the operation of electrical equipment, and if malfunctions or deviations in the operation of electrical installations are detected, take measures to turn them off, reporting the malfunction to the person responsible for the operation of electrical installations.
For installation and operation at enterprises, electrical equipment is allowed, for which there are technical specifications or other regulatory documents approved in the prescribed manner.
Electrical equipment must be installed and operated for its intended purpose and in compliance with the requirements established by the regulatory documentation for it.
Electrical installations must be operated in accordance with project documentation. When installing and connecting during operation of additional electrical equipment not provided for by the project, appropriate documentation should be developed and the admissibility of such connection to the existing electrical network should be determined.
In fire and explosion hazardous areas of all classes, the use of cables and wires with polyethylene insulation and cables in a polyethylene sheath is prohibited.
All electrical installations must be provided with protection devices against short circuit currents and other abnormal operating modes.
Connection, termination and branching of conductors of wires and cables must be made using crimping, welding, soldering or special clamps.
The insulation resistance of wires and cables should be periodically measured. It is forbidden to use wires and cables, the insulation resistance of which does not meet the requirements of regulatory documents.
The device and operation of temporary power grids is not allowed, except for the cases specified in the regulatory documents.
The distance from lamps and other electrical installations to combustible materials must be at least 0.5 m. Electrical installations must be periodically cleaned of combustible dust or deposits, preventing their accumulation. The frequency of cleaning should be specified in the instructions on fire safety measures.
After completion of work, all electrical installations in the premises, with the exception of special purposes, must be turned off.
In warehouses with fire hazardous areas, it is prohibited to use electric heaters and devices with detachable contact connections.
During the operation of electrical installations it is prohibited:
use electrical equipment, the surface heating of which during operation exceeds the ambient temperature by more than 40 С, unless other requirements are imposed on it;
use cables and wires with damaged insulation, as well as protective electrical insulation properties that have lost during operation;
leave wires and cables with uninsulated ends energized, as well as unused electrical networks;
use damaged or faulty sockets, junction boxes, circuit breakers, protective devices and other electrical installation products;
paste over and paint electrical wires, tie them into knots, hang lamps, installation electrical equipment and other items directly on the wires;
turn on electrical installations that have automatically turned off in the event of a short circuit or overload currents, without clarifying and eliminating the reasons for the shutdown;
include electrical installations that are not provided with protection devices;
overload wires and cables in excess of the nominal parameters;
change the protection (thermal elements, fuses, etc.) of electrical equipment with other types of protection or protection with other nominal parameters for which this electrical equipment is not designed;
lay electrical wires and cables directly inside combustible structures and under combustible finishing materials.
Every year, before the start of the thunderstorm season, the resistance of lightning protection grounding conductors of buildings and structures should be measured.
How is the fire safety of ventilation systems ensured?
Measures to ensure fire safety of ventilation systems are set out in PPB RB 1.01-94 and are as follows.
The head of the enterprise should appoint an official responsible for the technical condition, serviceability and compliance with fire safety requirements during the operation of ventilation systems. The enterprise should develop instructions that define the operational and emergency modes of operation of ventilation installations, which should provide for fire safety measures, the timing of cleaning air ducts, fire dampers and other equipment, and also determine the procedure for maintenance personnel in the event of a fire.
Duty personnel supervising ventilation installations are obliged to conduct scheduled preventive inspections of fans, air ducts, fire dampers, filters, grounding devices and take measures to eliminate any malfunctions or violations of their operation that could cause a fire or spread.
Equipment and ducts exhaust systems should only be cleaned of combustible deposits with the fans switched off using a non-sparking tool. It is forbidden to clean the ventilation systems from combustible deposits using open fire.
Checking, routine inspection and cleaning of ventilation equipment must be carried out according to a schedule approved by the head of the enterprise or department. The results of the inspection are recorded in a special journal.
It is not allowed to operate technological equipment in fire and explosion hazardous rooms with faulty hydraulic filters, dry filters, dust suction, dust trapping and other devices of ventilation systems.
Storage of any equipment and materials in the ventilation chambers is prohibited. Ventilation chambers must be kept locked at all times. Entry of unauthorized persons into the premises of the ventilation chambers is prohibited, about which an appropriate inscription is made on the doors.
In the event of a fire in the production room, in the ventilation chamber, in the air ducts or in any part of the ventilation system, you should immediately turn off the fans, report the incident to the fire department, the administration of the enterprise and take measures to eliminate the fire.
When operating automatic fire dampers, it is necessary:
check their general technical condition at least once a week;
timely clean the sensitive elements of valve drives (fusible locks, easily combustible inserts, temperature-sensitive elements, etc.) from contamination with dust and other deposits;
to revise them within the time limits established by the scheduled preventive maintenance (PPR), but at least once a year. The results must be documented and recorded in the passports of the respective ventilation units.
To prevent fire, the operating electric motor of the ventilation unit must be immediately disconnected from the mains in the following cases:
the occurrence of strong vibration of the electric motor or fan;
overheating of the bearings or housing 40 of the electric motor or fan;
the appearance of signs of an overload of the electric motor (humming, smell of burnt insulation);
the appearance of fire and smoke from the electric motor.
Fans must be monitored systematically during operation in order to:
gland seals of explosion-proof fans were in good condition;
the blades of the impellers did not have dents, deflections or breaks;
the impellers were balanced, had a smooth ride and did not touch the casing;
the nuts and locknuts of the bolts securing the fan to the base have been securely tightened;
the grounding devices of the fans were in good condition.
In addition to the above, other fire safety requirements must also be met.
What should be the actions of employees in the event of a fire?
Managers and other officials should ensure that a fire action plan is developed for employees in the event of a fire and that practical exercises are carried out to work it out.
The action plan for employees in case of a fire is approved by the head of the enterprise. The head of the enterprise is obliged to organize practical training at least twice a year to practice actions in case of fire.
In the event of a fire, the actions of employees and the administration of facilities should be, first of all, aimed at ensuring the safety and evacuation of people.
When a fire is discovered, you must:
immediately report this to the fire service (at the same time, clearly indicate the address of the institution, the place of the fire, your position and last name, and also report the presence of people in the building);
activate the fire alarm system;
take measures to evacuate people;
notify the head of the enterprise or a person replacing him about the fire;
organize a meeting of fire departments;
start extinguishing the fire with available means.
Heads of departments, facilities and other officials in the event of a fire must:
check whether the fire department has been notified of the fire;
organize the evacuation of people, take measures to prevent panic among those present;
allocate the necessary number of people to ensure control and escort of evacuees;
organize fire extinguishing with available means;
send personnel who know the location of access roads and water sources well to organize a meeting and escort fire service units to the fire site;
remove from the danger zone all workers and other persons not involved in the evacuation of people and extinguishing the fire;
stop all work not related to the evacuation of people and fire extinguishing;
organize the shutdown of electricity and gas supply networks, technological equipment, ventilation and air conditioning systems;
ensure the safety of people involved in the evacuation and extinguishing of a fire from possible collapse of structures, exposure to elevated temperatures, toxic combustion products, electric shock, etc.;
organize the evacuation of material assets from the danger zone, determine the places for their storage and ensure their protection.
What are primary fire extinguishers and how should they be maintained?
In the event of a fire, buildings, structures and premises must be provided with primary fire extinguishing equipment:
fire extinguishers;
barrels of water and buckets (in the absence of an internal fire water supply);
boxes with sand and shovels;
felt, felt.
The types, quantity and procedure for placing primary fire extinguishing equipment are regulated by the Standards for the provision of primary fire extinguishing equipment (see Appendix 6 to PPB RB 1.01-94).
Signs according to STB 1392-2003 are used to indicate the location of primary fire extinguishing equipment. “System of fire safety standards. Signal colors. Fire safety signs. General technical requirements. Test Methods".
To accommodate primary fire extinguishing equipment in industrial and other premises, as well as on the territory of the enterprise, special fire posts (shields) are installed.
Only those primary means of extinguishing fires that can be used in a given room, structure, installation are placed at fire posts (shields).
Fire extinguishing equipment and fire posts are painted in colors according to STB 1392-2003. “System of fire safety standards. Signal colors. Fire safety signs. General technical requirements. Test Methods".
Stop valves (faucets, lever valves, neck covers) of fire extinguishers must be sealed. Used fire extinguishers, as well as fire extinguishers with broken seals, must be immediately removed for inspection and recharging.
Foam fire extinguishers of all types located on the street or in an unheated room, before the onset of negative temperatures, must be transferred to a heated room, and signs indicating their new location should be installed in their place.
Tanks for storing water must have a volume of at least 200 liters and be completed with a lid and a bucket.
Sand boxes should have a volume of 0.5 cubic meters; 1 cubic meter; 3.0 cubic meters and be completed with a shovel. Before filling the box, the sand must be sieved and dried.
Cloth, felt mat should have dimensions of 1x1 m; 2x1.5 m; 2x2 m, they should be stored in metal, plastic cases with lids.
What are the features of extinguishing fires in electrical installations?
Features of fire extinguishing in electrical installations are due to the fact that the dangerous fire factors that affect people are supplemented by dangerous factors that cause electric current.
The procedure for extinguishing a fire in electrical installations is established in the Instructions for extinguishing a fire in electrical installations, approved by the Decree of the Ministry for Emergency Situations of the Republic of Belarus and the Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Belarus dated May 28, 2004 No. 20/15 (with subsequent amendments and additions).
The requirements of this Instruction can be specified in the local regulatory legal acts of the organization. They, in particular, reflect the requirements for training, instruction and testing knowledge on these issues.
As a rule, extinguishing fires in electrical installations is carried out after they are turned off. If it is impossible to relieve voltage during fire extinguishing, it is necessary to observe special safety measures established by the specified Instruction.
Fire extinguishing in electrical installations with voltage up to 110 kV by emergency situations units is carried out according to a written permit and an operational fire extinguishing card. The permit is issued by the duty worker in the shift of the energy facility, who has an electrical safety group of at least IV and who has received such a right on the basis of an order (instruction, instruction) of the head of the organization.
As fire extinguishing agents when extinguishing a fire in these electrical installations under voltage, compact and sprayed jets of water, non-combustible gases and powder compositions, as well as combined compositions (sprayed water with powder) using manual fire nozzles are used. Extinguishing a fire in these electrical installations with all types of foam using manual fire extinguishing equipment is prohibited.
According to the specified Instruction, an operational plan for extinguishing a fire in the electrical installations of the organization should be developed, which establishes the procedure for interaction between employees of the organization, the electric power facility and emergency departments and the conditions for ensuring their safety. Responsibility for the development of this plan rests with the head of the territorial authority and the emergency department and the head of the organization.
Operational cards for extinguishing a fire are developed by employees of emergency situations units and employees of the organization.
The Instructions provide for the actions of employees of the organization in the event of a fire (reporting a fire, evacuating employees who are not involved in extinguishing a fire, turning on an automatic fire extinguishing installation, turning off electrical equipment, extinguishing a fire on your own and means, etc.).
The instruction also establishes that a headquarters is created to manage fire extinguishing, which is headed by the head of the organization or specialists allocated by him.
How are fire investigations carried out?
The investigation of fires is carried out by the bodies of state fire supervision and the police, endowed with the right to conduct an inspection, inquiry, preliminary investigation with the implementation of all necessary investigative actions, to demand Required documents, give instructions, etc.
At the same time, each case of fire and ignition, regardless of their consequences, is subject to investigation by a commission created by the head of the organization, which, as a rule, includes a representative of the State Fire Supervision.
The main task of the commission is to establish the cause of the fire or ignition, as well as the persons who violated the rules and norms of fire safety
Establishing the cause of a fire is the main element of the investigation and is associated with a number of difficulties, which are explained by the complexity of the phenomenon itself - a fire, as well as the destruction of data during a fire that contribute to the study of its cause.
The investigation also determines the amount of damage caused by the fire. In this case, damage (loss) from fires must be taken into account in full, regardless of whether losses are compensated or not. The costs associated with the elimination of fires and fires are not included in the amount of material damage taken into account.
In the process of an internal investigation, it is established what was destroyed and damaged by fire (characteristics of buildings, structures, the amount of destroyed or damaged materials, products, equipment). If there are accidents with people, it is necessary to indicate the names, age, place of work and position of the victims and circumstances.
During the investigation, it is also established which production was suspended and for how long, which production facilities were put out of action, the causes and circumstances of the fire, the persons who allowed the improper performance of their duties to ensure fire safety, etc.
Based on the results of the investigation, the head of the organization ensures the development and implementation of measures to eliminate the consequences and causes of a fire or ignition. about the results and measures taken reporting to higher authorities.
In order to prevent fires and develop measures to prevent them, each organization, in accordance with the current legislation, records and analyzes fires and fires, as well as submits the established state statistical reporting.
Republican government bodies, local executive and administrative bodies, as well as other organizations are obliged to submit to the territorial bodies of the National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus information on fires that have occurred in their facilities and territories.
State registration of fires and their consequences is carried out by the National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus.
What is the responsibility for violations of fire safety requirements?
Responsibility for violation of fire safety requirements is determined by the Law of the Republic of Belarus "On Fire Safety", the Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus, the Code of the Republic of Belarus on Administrative Offenses, the Labor Code of the Republic of Belarus.
Persons who violate or do not comply with the requirements of fire safety standards, norms and rules, orders, conclusions, resolutions, protocols of state fire supervision authorities, as well as persons guilty of causing fires, bear disciplinary, financial, administrative and criminal liability in accordance with applicable law The Republic of Belarus.
According to Article 304 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Belarus, violations of fire safety rules, depending on the severity of the consequences, are punishable by a fine, arrest, deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities, restriction or imprisonment. This article provides for a maximum term of imprisonment of seven years.
The Code of the Republic of Belarus on Administrative Offenses establishes that violation of fire safety rules and the requirements of regulatory documents of the system of fire safety regulation and standardization (Article 23.56) entails a warning or a fine of up to thirty base values, and on entity- up to two hundred base units.
Violation of fire safety rules by a person responsible for their implementation, which caused a fire, entails the imposition of a fine in the amount of thirty to fifty basic units.
Special articles of the Code of the Republic of Belarus on Administrative Offenses also establish liability for other violations of fire safety requirements:
violation of fire safety requirements in forests or peatlands (Article 15.29);
burning dry vegetation, grasses on the vine, as well as stubble and crop residues in the fields, or failure to take measures to eliminate the burns (Article 15.57);
kindling fires in prohibited places (Article 15.58);
violation of fire safety rules in public transport, on roads and road structures (Article 18.11), etc.
Employees may be subject to disciplinary and financial liability for violations of fire safety rules (see answer to question 1.55.).
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