What are the main factors affecting the location of chemical industry enterprises? Give examples.

Recently my friends and I watched a rather interesting movie. It told about our future, about what will happen to people's lives. In general, as I understood the genre of this film, it was fantasy. And in one of the scenes they talked about the growth of the chemical industry, and that soon we will not be able to fully live, due to the fact that the whole world will be shrouded chemical materials. Everyone, of course, laughed and let this moment go by, but I thought, what really chemical industry is gradually moving to the fore, crowding out other areas of activity, and this alerted me a little. I decided to figure it all out and now I want to tell you.

What is the chemical industry

Chemical industry– exceptional activity in economics, which is based on chemicalization process, i.e. the use of chemical methods, materials and processes in various branches of the economy.

It is distinguished by a complex organization that includes industry data:

• prey mining and chemical raw materials;
• basic chemistry;
• polymer chemistry(organic synthesis).

Even by explaining this term, I have already concluded the significance of this industry, and this significance is infinitely huge. After all, the chemical industry includes the possibility of consuming raw materials and recycling almost all production waste, even the most toxic. In my opinion, this is a very strong argument about the role of this activity in the industrial world. No industry can match the chemical industry. industry in the production of virtually new materials with predetermined properties.

Location factors for chemical industry enterprises

Mainly to placement factors applies to:

• raw material factor;
• consumer factor;
• consumer raw materials factor.

The specificity of the location of these industries in Russia is the concentration in the European part of the country. This feature is due to several reasons. Among the main ones are the proximity of the consumer and the availability of raw materials ( consumer-raw material factor).

Placement examples

Basically, of course, the extraction of raw materials can be attributed to commodity factor. For example, mining and chemical enterprises located in Berezniki and Solikamsk, because there is one of the largest deposits of potassium salts. Phosphate fertilizers are produced from apatites mined in the Khibiny. However, most an important factor chemical enterprises is consumer factor. Almost all centers are located in large cities. For example, it is more convenient to build any enterprise in St. Petersburg, where many people live and there is demand, rather than in a provincial town with a small population.

The principles of the distribution of industry are the initial scientific principles that guide the state in its economic policy in the field of the planned distribution of productive forces.

The most important principle of the location of industry is the approximation of industrial production to sources of raw materials, to areas of consumption, provided that the necessary products are produced with minimal outlays of social labor.

Industry placement principles:

Bringing industrial production closer to sources of raw materials, to areas of consumption, provided that the necessary products are produced with minimal outlays of social labor.

Equal distribution of industrial production throughout the country on the basis of industrial specialization and the use of all natural resources and labor resources.

Rational territorial division of labor with the aim of the most effective specialization of individual economic regions by industry and the creation of territorial production complexes.

International division of labor based on economic integration.

economy industry transitional

Factors affecting the location of industries

· a group of natural and climatic factors: raw material factor, geographic environment, labor resources, consumption density.

· a group of technical and economic factors: scientific and technological progress, complex mechanization and automation, chemicalization progress, concentration of production, specialization of production, detailed specialization, technological specialization, cooperation, combination.

· A group of economic and political factors is manifested in the alignment of the levels of economic development of regions in the interregional and international division of labor.

The economic efficiency of locating new enterprises is determined on the basis of a national economic assessment of interacting factors, which takes into account the costs and savings in labor in all sectors directly related to the construction and operation of the industrial facility being located.

Ensuring rapid rates of expanded reproduction and growth in the productivity of social labor requires a broad expansion of industrial production throughout the country, an ever more even distribution of industry.

The uniform distribution of industrial production over the territory of the country on the basis of the specialization of industry and the use of all natural resources and labor resources should be considered as one of the fundamental principles for the distribution of industry. The uniform distribution of industry is a qualitative feature of the development of this important branch of the national economy.

Bringing industry closer to sources of raw materials and a more uniform distribution of production throughout the country makes it possible to avoid excessively long-distance transportation of raw materials, "fuel, materials and finished products to their places of consumption. Transportation over long distances causes transport costs, which greatly increase the cost of production ~ efficiency of industrial production.

Thus, during rail transportation of Kansk-Achinsk coal over a distance of 300-350 km, their cost doubles, and when transported over a distance of 1000 or 2000 km, their cost at consumption points is 4 and 7 times higher, respectively, than at the place of production.

The ever more even distribution of industry throughout the country, however, does not mean that all branches of industry should develop in all economic regions. Some sectors gravitate towards areas where minerals occur, others towards sources of agricultural raw materials, still others towards areas of consumption, and so on. The task of locating these industries is to develop them in areas that have the necessary economic and natural prerequisites.

The essence of the territorial division of labor lies in the purposeful planned formation of the economy of all economic regions of the country on the basis of the systematic distribution of material production, constantly improving sectoral specialization, rationalization of production and social infrastructure, rationalization of inter-industry, inter-district and intra-district production relations.

The basis for the development of the economy of the economic regions of our country is industry. The creation in each region of a complex of industries, clearly specialized in accordance with the natural and economic characteristics of the region, and most fully satisfying national and intra-regional needs, is the most important component of the entire integrated development of the economy of the regions and plays a leading role in this development.

The integrated development of regions, combined with the elimination of irrational transportation of raw materials and finished products, ensures the equalization of the levels of economic development of all regions of the country.

The principle of location of production is the international division of labor based on economic integration. With the development of the world economic system, this principle is becoming increasingly important in the distribution of industry both in the entire system and in each of its constituent countries. The division of labor ensures the most rational development of the economy of each country and the specialization of individual states in those branches of industry for which they have the most favorable natural, economic and social conditions.

Participation in the international division of labor is reflected in the levels of development of individual industries and their distribution within the country, because. location of any industry depends on the scale of its development and specialization. It also affects the economic development and production specialization of individual regions, the construction of new transport communications - special oil and gas pipelines, power lines, the expansion of the corresponding railways, ports, etc. All this is reflected in the development of individual production-territorial complexes, especially individual industrial and transport hubs.

Along with the economic principles outlined above, in the practice of locating certain branches of industry, other circumstances are also taken into account, which are of a historically transitory nature, but which are of great social, political, or defense significance.

The impact of these principles on the specific process of industrial location is carried out through a number of factors that can be divided into three main groups: natural-economic, technical-economic and economic-political. Provision of districts with vehicles and their technical level act as an independent factor of placement.

The group of natural and economic factors includes the raw material factor, geographical environment, labor resources, consumption density.

The natural basis for the development and distribution of industry in Russia is formed by the resources of mineral raw materials and fuel, water, fish and other resources of animal and plant origin. Accounting for the raw material factor requires a deep study of the reserves, quality and economics of the use of raw materials, fuel and energy resources in each region. According to the nature of the influence of the raw factor, all industries are divided into mining and manufacturing. The nature of the occurrence of minerals, the quantity and physico-chemical properties and methods of extraction affect the size of mining enterprises, the forms of organization of production, and ultimately determine the economic efficiency of the extractive industries.

The volume of production of individual mining enterprises, labor productivity, specific capital investments and production costs largely depend on the depth of mineral deposits. For example, the average depth of development of coal deposits is: in Donbass - 558 m, Kuzbass - 262 m, Karaganda basin - 384 m and Ekibazstuz - 90 m, etc. If the thickness of coal seams in the Donets Basin, as a rule, does not exceed 2.5 m, then in the Kuznetsk Basin it reaches 25 m, in the Kansk-Achinsk and Ekibastuz - 70-100 m. 18 times higher, and the cost of 1 ton of coal is 12 times lower.

In contrast to the mining industry, the influence of the raw material factor on the location of the manufacturing industry depends on the role of objects of labor in the economy of each industry, as well as on the consumer properties of products.

For example, high material-intensive industries, where the specific consumption of raw materials is much more than one (in the sugar industry - 5-7 tons, in the hydrolysis industry - 5.3-7.6, in the smelting of copper from concentrates - 7.5, etc.), have a pronounced raw material orientation.

High-energy-intensive industries are oriented towards massive and efficient fuel and energy resources.

Significant adjustments in the influence of the raw material factor on the location of manufacturing industries are made by the properties of the products produced. They mainly determine its economic and technological transportability.

The location of industrial production is increasingly influenced by the availability of water resources. This is due to an increase in the capacity of enterprises and a general increase in the water intensity of production associated with the development of the metallurgical, pulp and paper and, especially, chemical industries, where water serves not only as an auxiliary material, but also as one of the important raw materials.

The geographic environment has a significant impact on the location of industry, i.e. climatic conditions, hydrological regime of rivers, relief of the territory. Climatic conditions have an impact on the location of industrial enterprises due to unequal working conditions and human life in different areas.

In regions with unfavorable climatic conditions, the costs of labor force reproduction, capital investments in the construction of enterprises and the costs of their operation will be higher.

The location of industry is greatly influenced by the distribution of labor resources throughout the country and the density of consumption. The labor factor is important for literally all industries, but its influence is reduced as the labor intensity of production decreases. The greater the labor intensity of production and the share of wages in the cost of production, the stronger the dependence of the location of production on the geography of labor resources and vice versa. At the same time, the structure and qualification composition of labor resources in certain regions of the country should be taken into account.

The technical and economic factors of industrial location are represented by scientific and technological progress and rational forms of production organization.

The location of industrial production is greatly influenced by scientific and technological progress, especially such areas as electrification, complex mechanization and automation, chemicalization and improvement of technological processes. Scientific and technological progress makes it possible to deploy productive forces throughout the country, regardless of the natural and climatic features of the regions. The widespread development of electrification, the creation of a unified energy system of Russia and the transmission of electricity over long distances made it possible to involve in the national economic circulation the resources of regions that are deprived of fuel and hydropower reserves. Developing in areas that have sources of cheap fuel and hydropower resources, the electric power industry has an impact on the location in these areas of power-intensive industries, working mainly on imported raw materials.

Integrated mechanization and automation have a great impact on the location of labour-intensive industries. They allow you to organize production in areas that do not have a sufficient population, but have natural resources and conditions that make it possible to obtain cheap products.

In close connection with scientific and technological progress is the social organization of production, which appears in such forms as concentration, specialization, cooperation and combination.

The concentration of production has an impact on location, primarily due to the need for large enterprises to have powerful raw materials and fuel and energy bases. Along with the enlargement of the size of enterprises, the circle of suppliers of the means of production necessary for them and consumers of the products they produce is expanding. For large enterprises, it becomes much more difficult to choose their locations and industrial sites, measures to create infrastructure, etc. The importance of the transport factor increases when justifying the location of industrial construction, because the economic advantages of a large enterprise may disappear as a result of an increase in the costs of transporting raw materials, fuel and finished products.

The specialization of production, depending on its types, has a different effect on the location of industry. Thus, subject specialization in a certain way localizes industrial enterprises.

Combination plays an important role in the location of industry. Combination is a production-technological and technological connection aimed at the production of several products from one type of raw material. When combined, many types of waste become a valuable raw material for various industries, which makes it possible to locate various industries in areas where there are no natural raw materials for the latter.

The consistent implementation of the concepts of distribution of productive forces made it possible to radically change the distribution of industry in the republics and regions of the country. This contributed to the systematic overcoming of the economic and cultural backwardness of the national republics and regions and pulling them up economically to the level of the most developed regions.

Transport has a certain influence on the location of various industries. For example, in the ferrous metallurgy, cement, brick and other industries, where the share of transport costs is 35-50% of the cost of their products to the consumer, transport is of decisive importance. The possibility of reducing transportation costs plays an important role in improving the economic efficiency of the territorial organization of these industries.

In superphosphate, meat, pulp and paper and some other industries, the share of transport costs is 10-25%. Here, this factor has a significant, but not decisive role in machine-building, textile, leather and footwear, etc. industries, the share of transport costs is 3-5%, and here this factor does not play a significant role. However, even for these industries, the reduction of transport costs, which reach significant sizes, is of no small importance.

Determining the intensity of the impact of production, it is necessary to take into account, first of all, the costs of raw materials, materials, fuel per unit of output. If they exceed the weight of finished products, then it is advantageous to place industrial enterprises near raw materials and fuel and energy bases, since this leads to a reduction in the volume of transport work. In cases where the cost of raw materials and fuel is less than the weight of the finished product, the reduction in transportation is achieved through the consumer orientation of enterprises. With an equal weight ratio of raw materials (as well as fuel) and finished products, production has the greatest freedom of location, gravitating to the extent of economic expediency either to raw materials and fuel and energy resources, or to areas of consumption or places of labor concentration.

Location factors are a set of conditions for the most rational choice of the location of the enterprise.

All the variety of factors that have a huge impact on the location of production can be combined into related groups:

– natural factors;

– technical and economic factors;

– demographic factors;

- social infrastructure factors.

To the group natural factors include the raw material factor, geographic environment, labor resources, consumption density. Accounting raw material factor requires a deep study of the reserves, quality and efficiency of the use of raw materials, fuel and energy resources of each region. According to the nature of the influence of the raw factor, all industries are divided into mining and manufacturing. The nature of the occurrence of minerals, the quantity and physico-chemical properties and methods of extraction affect the size of mining enterprises, the forms of organization of production and, ultimately, determine the economic efficiency of the extractive industries. In contrast to the extractive industry, the influence of the raw material factor on the location of the manufacturing industry depends on the role in the economy of industries that produce objects of labor, as well as on the consumer properties of products. For example, highly material-intensive industries have a pronounced raw material orientation. High-energy-intensive industries are oriented towards massive and efficient fuel and energy resources.

Significant adjustments to the nature of the influence of the raw factor on the location of manufacturing industries are made by the properties of products. They determine its economic and technological transportability. The location of industrial production is increasingly influenced by the availability of water resources. This is due to an increase in the capacity of enterprises and a general increase in the water intensity of production.

A significant influence on the location of industry has geographical environment, i.e. climatic conditions, hydrological regime of rivers, relief of the territory. Climatic conditions have an impact on the location of industrial enterprises due to unequal working conditions and human life in different areas. In regions with unfavorable climatic conditions, the costs of labor force reproduction, capital investments in the construction of enterprises and the costs of their operation will be higher.

The location of industry is greatly influenced by the distribution throughout the country. labor resources and consumption density. The labor factor is important for literally all industries, but its influence is reduced as the labor intensity of production decreases. The greater the labor intensity of production and the share of wages in the cost of production, the stronger the dependence of the location of production on the geography of labor resources and vice versa. At the same time, the structure and qualification composition of labor resources in certain regions of the country should be taken into account.

Consumption density, which is characterized by the size of the population's demand for a particular product, acts in the opposite direction to raw materials and fuel and energy factors. Consumption centers are usually gravitated to those industries that are engaged in servicing the population or produce low-transportable and perishable products. The role of the consumer factor is often enhanced by the factor of labor resources, since the places where the population is concentrated are at the same time not only sources of labor, but also consumers of a significant volume of products. .

An important role in the rational distribution of the country's productive forces is played by technical and economic factors. In the group of these factors, the organization of production is important, which appears in such forms as concentration, specialization, cooperation and combination.

Concentration production has an impact on the location of primarily large enterprises. For large enterprises, the choice of their locations and industrial sites, and measures to create infrastructure is much more complicated. The importance of the transport factor increases when justifying the location of industrial construction, because the economic advantages of a large enterprise may disappear as a result of an increase in the costs of transporting raw materials, fuel and finished products.

Specialization production, depending on its types, has a different impact on the location of industry. Thus, subject specialization localizes enterprises in a certain way. Detailed specialization makes it possible to orient the production of material-intensive parts and assemblies to areas where raw materials and materials are produced, labor-intensive parts to areas where labor is concentrated, and the assembly of finished products to areas of consumption. Technological specialization affects the weakening of the dependence of manufacturing industries on raw material bases.

cooperation operates in the opposite direction of specialization. If specialization leads to the territorial division of a single production process, then cooperation, on the contrary, causes the manifestation of certain combinations of enterprises of different profiles within the same territory, contributes to the integration of production.

Plays an important role in the distribution of industry combination. When combined, many types of waste become a valuable raw material for various industries, which makes it possible to locate various industries in areas where there are no natural raw materials.

An important aspect of personnel policy, which influences the development and distribution of production, is the factor of wages, especially for regions of the North, eastern regions, i.e., regions with labor shortages, with extreme conditions, and sparsely populated. Of the variety of economic factors affecting the development and location of production, it is necessary to single out the transport factor .

Factors of social infrastructure are manifested in the alignment of the levels of economic development of national republics and regions in the international division of labor.

The location of industrial production is greatly influenced by scientific and technical progress, especially such areas as electrification, integrated mechanization and automation, chemicalization and improvement of technological processes. Scientific and technological progress makes it possible to deploy productive forces throughout the country, regardless of the natural and climatic features of the regions. Its continuity depends to a large extent on the development of fundamental research, which discovers new properties of materials, the laws of nature and society, as well as on applied research and development, which makes it possible to translate scientific achievements into new equipment and technology.

Integrated mechanization and automation have a great impact on the location of labour-intensive industries. They allow organizing production in areas that do not have a sufficient population, but have natural resources and conditions that make it possible to obtain cheap products. Significant shifts in the location of industry are due to the progress of chemicalization.

In the location of enterprises, the role of the totality of factors is important. In modern economic literature, depending on the different orientation to one or another factor, it is customary to classify manufacturing industries as follows:

raw-material orientation manufacturing industries;

processing industries of fuel orientation, energy, fuel and energy;

consumer-oriented manufacturing industries;

manufacturing industries with a focus on the availability of labor resources.

For many manufacturing industries, it is important to take into account when placing the influence of the prevailing factors in their totality. For example, labor intensity, as the main factor, is taken into account when locating the machine tool industry, instrument making, the electrical and radio engineering industry, as well as the textile, clothing, shoe, and knitwear industries. The oil refining industry, rubber, brick, agricultural engineering, baking, confectionery, dairy, and meat industries are guided by the consumer factor.

At the same time, in all industries, along with the prevailing ones, other factors also have a great influence on their placement. For example, in ferrous metallurgy, raw materials and fuel and energy factors are of great importance. The provision of workers with basic production assets, power supply, etc. are of great importance for justifying the location of production. Demographic factors have a great influence on the rational distribution of productive forces. When locating individual enterprises and sectors of the economy, it is necessary to take into account both the demographic situation already existing in a given place and the future situation, as well as the overall increase in production itself.

An economically justified distribution of productive forces, taking into account a combination of factors in a market economy, will contribute to a more efficient use of natural resource potential and the integrated development of regions .

Detailed solution paragraph § 73 in biology for students of grade 10, authors Kamensky A.A., Kriksunov E.A., Pasechnik V.V. 2014

• Gdz workbook in Biology for grade 10 can be found

1. What human races do you know?

Answer. In modern humanity, there are three main races: Caucasoid, Mongoloid and Negroid. These are large groups of people who differ in some physical features, such as facial features, skin color, eyes and hair, hair shape.

Each race is characterized by the unity of origin and formation in a certain territory.

The Caucasian race includes the indigenous population of Europe, South Asia and North Africa. Caucasoids are characterized by a narrow face, a strongly protruding nose, and soft hair. The skin color of northern Caucasians is light, while that of southern Caucasians is predominantly swarthy.

The Mongoloid race includes the indigenous population of Central and East Asia, Indonesia, and Siberia. Mongoloids are distinguished by a large, flat, wide face, slit eyes, hard, straight hair, and dark skin color.

In the Negroid race, two branches are distinguished - African and Australian. The Negroid race is characterized by dark skin color, curly hair, dark eyes, a wide and flat nose.

Racial characteristics are hereditary, but at present they are not essential for human life. Apparently, in the distant past, racial traits were useful for their owners: the dark skin of blacks and curly hair, creating an air layer around the head, protected the body from the action of sunlight, the shape of the facial skeleton of the Mongoloids with a larger nasal cavity, perhaps, is useful for heating cold air before it enters the lungs. In terms of mental abilities, i.e., abilities for cognition, creative and labor activity in general, all races are the same. Differences in the level of culture are associated not with the biological characteristics of people of different races, but with the social conditions for the development of society.

2. What factors cause the evolutionary process?

Answer. At the population level, elementary evolutionary phenomena are observed that lead to genetic changes in the population. These changes are based on elementary evolutionary material - mutations resulting from the mutation process constantly going on in nature and combinative variability resulting from the combination of chromosomes during hybridization. In addition to the mutation process and recombinogenesis, factors of evolution include population waves (population size), gene flow and gene drift (random fluctuations in gene frequencies in small populations), isolation and natural selection. The mutation process is the source of hereditary changes - mutations. Recombinogenesis leads to the emergence of another type of hereditary changes - combinative variability, which leads to the appearance of an infinitely large variety of genotypes and phenotypes, that is, it serves as a source of hereditary diversity and the basis for natural selection. Recombinations of genetic material are associated with the redistribution of parental genes in offspring due to crossing over, random segregation of chromosomes and chromatids during meiosis, and random combination of gametes during fertilization.

An important evolutionary factor is isolation - the existence of barriers that prevent interbreeding between individuals of populations of the same species or different species, as well as the reproduction of fertile offspring. The following forms of isolation are distinguished: territorial-mechanical (geographical), when the changed individuals are separated from the rest of the population by mechanical barriers (rivers, seas, mountains, deserts), and biological, determined by the biological differences of individuals within the species. Biological isolation can be subdivided into ecological, ethological, morphophysiological and genetic.

Ecological isolation - manifests itself in cases where individuals cannot interbreed with each other due to a decrease in the probability of their meeting, for example, when the reproductive time shifts, the place of reproduction changes, etc. With morphophysiological isolation, it is not the probability of meeting the sexes that changes, but the probability of fertilization due to changes in the structure and functioning reproductive organs. Genetic isolation includes cases where breeding pairs of individuals have significant genetic changes and, as a result, the viability of their offspring or the fecundity of hybrids is sharply reduced.

Migrations of individuals from one population to another are the source of genetic polymorphism in populations. Through free interbreeding or migration, there is an exchange of genes between populations of the same species - gene flow. As a result of migrations, the gene pool of populations is updated.

Thus, mutations, recombinations, migrations, population waves, genetic drift and isolation are undirected evolutionary factors. They, acting all together, ensure the genetic heterogeneity of populations.

Of all the elementary evolutionary factors, the leading role in the evolutionary process belongs to natural selection. It plays a creative role in nature, since it selects from undirected hereditary changes those that can lead to the formation of new groups of individuals more adapted to the given conditions of existence. It is as a result of the action of natural selection that the adaptation of organisms is formed, the diversity of wildlife increases. Currently, natural selection is understood as the selective reproduction of genotypes in a population.

In general terms, the mechanism of action of natural selection is as follows. Any population, due to the ability of individuals to change, is heterogeneous in terms of genotype, and, consequently, in terms of phenotype. This causes the unevenness of organisms in the struggle for existence, as a result of which those individuals whose phenotypes turned out to be more competitive are preserved and give offspring. As a result of the death of some organisms and the predominant reproduction of others, the genetic structure of populations changes towards a more valuable genotype. If its phenotype turns out to be just as adaptively useful in the next generation under specific living conditions, then it will again be preserved as a result of selection. If, however, changes in traits do not contribute to the survival of organisms, then such forms will be eliminated by selection and the population will retain the old structure. In populations, several changes beneficial to the species can occur simultaneously. By preserving them, selection will lead to increased diversity in populations. Thus, natural selection, by differentiating the reproduction of certain phenotypes in populations, also changes the ratio of their genotypes.

There are three forms of natural selection that most often occur in nature: leading or driving (expands the boundaries of the hereditary variability of a population), stabilizing (divides populations into parts), disruptive (divides populations into parts).

The named forms of selection differ in the direction of their action: stabilizing selection preserves the norm of organisms in populations and destroys the changed individuals; motive selection retains new features and at the same time eliminates the norm and other unreasonable deviations; disruptive selection - simultaneously preserves various deviated forms (for example, early and late ripening plants) and destroys medium ones.

If leading selection is typically Darwinian, then stabilizing selection has some peculiarities. The result of stabilizing selection is the autonomization of individual development, which leads to the release of organisms from the influence of random influences from the environment. An example of autonomization is warm-bloodedness, which ensures normal life activity in the widest range of ambient temperature. This includes the intrauterine development of organisms, and diploidy, which guarantees the independence of normal development from the destructive influence of mutations.

As a result of disruptive selection, there is discontinuity in variability, which eventually leads to divergence and polymorphism.

3. What influences the formation of the gene pool of a population?

Answer. Possessing a specific gene pool, which is under the control of natural selection, populations play a crucial role in the evolutionary transformation of a species. All processes leading to species changes begin at the level of species populations and are directed processes of transformations of the population gene pool.

The frequency of occurrence of various alleles in a population is determined by the frequency of mutations, selection pressure, and sometimes by the exchange of hereditary information with other populations as a result of migrations of individuals. With relatively constant conditions and a high population size, all of these processes lead to a state of relative equilibrium. As a result, the gene pool of such populations becomes balanced; a genetic balance is established in it, or the constancy of the frequencies of occurrence of various alleles.

Changes in the gene pool can also be non-directional, random. Most often they are associated with fluctuations in the number of natural populations or with the spatial isolation of a part of the organisms of a given population.

Undirected, random changes in the gene pool can occur due to various reasons. One of them is migration, i.e., the movement of part of the population to a new habitat. If a small part of an animal or plant population settles in a new place, the gene pool of the newly formed population will inevitably be smaller than the gene pool of the parent population. For random reasons, the allele frequencies in the new population may not coincide with those of the original. Genes, hitherto rare, can quickly spread (due to sexual reproduction) among the individuals of a new population. And previously widespread genes may be absent if they were not in the genotypes of the founders of the new settlement.

Similar changes can be observed when a population is divided into two unequal parts by natural or artificial barriers. For example, a dam was built on the river, dividing the fish population that lived there into two parts. The gene pool of a small population, originating from a small number of individuals, may, again for random reasons, differ from the gene pool of the original in composition. It will carry only those genotypes that are randomly selected among a small number of the founders of the new population. Rare alleles may be common in a new population that has emerged as a result of its isolation from the original population.

The composition of the gene pool can change due to various natural disasters, when only a few organisms survive (for example, due to floods, droughts or fires). In a population that survived a catastrophe, consisting of individuals who survived by chance, the composition of the gene pool will be formed from randomly selected genotypes. Following the decline in numbers, mass reproduction begins, the beginning of which is given by a small group. The genetic composition of this group will determine the genetic structure of the entire population during its heyday. At the same time, some mutations may completely disappear, while the concentration of others will increase dramatically. The set of genes left in living individuals may differ somewhat from that which existed in the population before the disaster.

Sharp fluctuations in the number of populations, whatever they are caused by, change the frequency of alleles in the gene pool of populations. When unfavorable conditions are created and the population is reduced due to the death of individuals, the loss of some genes, especially rare ones, may occur. In general, the smaller the population, the higher the probability of losing rare genes, the greater the impact of random factors on the composition of the gene pool. Periodic fluctuations in numbers are characteristic of almost all organisms. These fluctuations change the frequency of genes in populations that replace each other. An example is some insects; only a small number of them survive the winter. This small fraction gives rise to a new summer population, its gene pool is often different from the gene pool of the population that existed a year ago.

Thus, the action of random factors impoverishes and changes the gene pool of a small population compared to its initial state. This phenomenon is called genetic drift. As a result of genetic drift, a viable population can develop with a kind of gene pool, largely random, since selection in this case did not play a leading role. As the number of individuals increases, the effect of natural selection will again be restored, which will be extended to the new gene pool, leading to its directed changes. The combination of all these processes can lead to the isolation of a new species.

Directed changes in the gene pool occur as a result of natural selection. Natural selection leads to a consistent increase in the frequencies of some genes (useful under given conditions) and to a decrease in others. As a result of natural selection, useful genes are fixed in the gene pool of populations, i.e., favorable for the survival of individuals in given environmental conditions. Their share is increasing, and the overall composition of the gene pool is changing. Changes in the gene pool under the influence of natural selection should also lead to changes in phenotypes, features of the external structure of organisms, their behavior and lifestyle, and ultimately to better adaptation of the population to given environmental conditions.

Questions after § 73

1. What are the human races?

Answer. Human races are historically established groupings (groups of populations) of people within the species Homo sapiens sapiens. Races differ from each other in minor physical features - skin color, body proportions, eye shape, hair structure, etc.

2. What factors influenced racegenesis?

Answer. The factors of racial genesis are natural selection, mutations, isolation, mixing of populations, etc. The greatest importance, especially in the early stages of the formation of races, was played by natural selection. It contributed to the preservation and dissemination of adaptive traits in populations that increased the viability of individuals under certain conditions.

For example, such a racial trait as skin color is adaptive to living conditions. The action of natural selection in this case is explained by the relationship between sunlight and the synthesis of anti-rachitic vitamin D, which is necessary to maintain calcium balance in the body. An excess of this vitamin contributes to the accumulation of calcium in the bones, making them more fragile, while a deficiency leads to rickets.

The more melanin in the skin, the less solar radiation penetrates the body. Light skin allows sunlight to penetrate deeper into human tissues, stimulating the synthesis of vitamin D in conditions of insufficient solar radiation.

Another example is that the protruding nose of Caucasians lengthens the nasopharyngeal path, which contributes to the heating of cold air and protects the larynx and lungs from hypothermia. On the contrary, a very wide and flat nose in Negroids contributes to greater heat transfer.

3. How can one explain the formation of physical features that characterize different races?

Answer. Human races were formed as a result of adaptation to different conditions of the geographical environment, and these conditions left their imprints on the representatives of various races.

4. What is the difference in the action of natural selection during speciation and racial genesis?

Answer. During speciation, new signs of organisms are formed, during racial formation, changes in existing signs occur, according to environmental conditions.

5. Why can it be argued that from a biological point of view, all races are equivalent?

Answer. All human races are equal biologically and psychologically. The signs by which we differ from each other do not have a fundamental species value and do not represent a biological value for human existence in any environment. Therefore, from a biological point of view, these differences by no means allow us to speak of the general superiority or inferiority of one or another race.

In the composition of any human race, one can find more typical and less typical representatives of it. Since absolutely identical people in the human population do not exist, the assertion of the so-called "pure races" has no basis. In the same way, it makes no sense to talk about "inferior" and "superior" races, because under equal conditions, representatives of any race are able to achieve the same success. Even Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklukho-Maclay proved that there are no fundamental differences in the structure of the brain of the Papuans of New Guinea, Australian Aborigines and Europeans.

The disappearance of class and religious barriers, the freedom of movement of people throughout the globe increase the number of mixed marriages, which leads to a mixture of racial characteristics and an increase in the genetic diversity of mankind. For example, in our country now more than 45 million people belong to the transitional Caucasoid-Mongoloid type. The mixing of races speaks of the species unity of mankind. The species community of mankind is one of the proofs of the unity of the origin of the human races, since in the case of origin from different animal species, the human races would at present be at least different species.

The great genetic diversity of mankind is a guarantee of prosperity and a guarantee of its further progress. It is the diversity of gene pools that ensures the survival of communities, and social evolution creates optimal opportunities for revealing the individual abilities of each person.

Well-known researchers A. Jacard and R. Ward wrote: “... the strength of our species is not so much in favorable alleles, gifted individuals or specific achievements of social systems, but in the diversity of people and their genes ... It is necessary to convince each person and each group that another person is rich to the extent that it differs from them…”

6. What evidence supports the monocentrism hypothesis?

Answer. Monocentrism (from mono... and lat. centrum - focus, center), the doctrine of the origin of modern man (Homo sapiens) and his races in one area of ​​the globe from one form of ancient man.

In other words, supporters of the theory of monocentrism believe that a person of modern appearance originated from one species of anthropomorphic monkeys and in a fairly limited region of the planet. Then he settled from there throughout the Earth, in which he was helped by a high level of intelligence and significant biological and social lability.

The theory of narrow monocentrism considers a relatively small area as the ancestral home of all races. For this theory, the question of the similarity of each large race with the local form of the paleoanthrope (or archanthrope) that preceded it in the given territory is unresolvable.

The founder of the theory of broad monocentrism is the Soviet anthropologist Yakov Yakovlevich Roginsky.

In contrast to narrow monocentrism, supporters of broad monocentrism consider Southern Europe, Asia Minor, North Africa and, presumably, the Caucasus, Central Asia and South Asia to be the regions of the formation of mankind. This theory requires a combination of the following factors:

1) the similarity between the races of modern man in details that do not have an adaptive value, as a result of the unity of the origin of the races and their emergence in one vast area;

2) the similarity of each race with the local fossil version of the previous stage, as a result of mixing on the outskirts of the central region where Homo sapiens were formed, newly emerging people with local paleoanthropes.

Monocentrism rejects the hypothesis about the difference in the origin of different races of modern man; according to this theory, humanity is a single species.

The difference between narrow monocentrism and broad monocentrism is significant. The second one differs from the first one in that some similarity of each modern race with the local fossil variant of the ancient paleoanthrope is considered as a result of mixing on the "outskirts" of the central region where Homo Sapiens was formed, newly emerging people with local paleoanthropes.

Answer. Considering the problem of racegenesis, it is necessary to dwell on racism - an anti-scientific ideology about the inequality of human races.

Racism originated in a slave society, but the main racist theories were formulated in the 19th century. They substantiated the advantages of some races over others, whites over blacks, distinguished "higher" and "lower" races.

In fascist Germany, racism was elevated to the rank of state policy and served as a justification for the destruction of "inferior" peoples in the occupied territories.

in the United States until the middle of the 20th century. racists promoted the superiority of whites over blacks and the inadmissibility of interracial marriages.

Interestingly, if in the XIX century. and in the first half of the 20th century. racists claimed the superiority of the white race, then in the second half of the 20th century. there were ideologues promoting the superiority of the black or yellow race. Thus, racism has nothing to do with science and is intended to justify purely political and ideological dogmas.

Any person, regardless of race, is a "product" of their own genetic inheritance and social environment. At present, the socio-economic relations that are developing in modern human society may have an impact on the future of races. It is assumed that as a result of the mobility of human populations and interracial marriages, a single human race may form in the future. At the same time, as a result of interracial marriages, new populations with their own specific combinations of genes can form. So, for example, at present in the Hawaiian Islands, on the basis of the miscegenation of Caucasoids, Mongoloids and Polynesians, a new racial group is being formed.

So, racial differences are the result of people's adaptation to certain conditions of existence, as well as the historical and socio-economic development of human society.

Discuss the problems of interracial relationships and interracial marriages in today's society.

Answer. Interethnic and interracial marriages have existed since ancient times. It was considered prestigious to marry a foreigner. However, even now nothing has changed - mixed unions are very popular.

Dry statistics show that in the mid-90s the proportion of mixed marriages in Moscow was 22%. And already in the mid-2000s, interethnic unions in the capital accounted for 58%. Obviously, the number of marriages over the past decades has increased significantly and continues to grow. At the same time, an interethnic family, as a rule, is twice as likely to be created by Russian women than by Russian men.

There are both critics and supporters of such marriages.

Disadvantages of interracial marriages

Specialists conducting research on marriage unions between different nationalities name several negative aspects of such unions.

1. This is a discrepancy between cultures, traditions, customs, approaches to education. It is because of these discrepancies that various disagreements often arise, up to conflicts. Usually, such aspects of everyday life are important as the daily observance of rituals and customs, as well as religious rites, which are of particular importance not only during various fasts and major religious holidays, but also during the organization and celebration of a wedding at the birth and upbringing of children ... That is, with any positively or negatively significant life events.

2. Often, interethnic marriage meets with misunderstanding and condemnation from others. Not only neighbors, colleagues, friends, unfamiliar, distant relatives can reproach, discuss, gossip and seek insincerity, material gain from one or both representatives of a couple who have decided to officially legitimize the relationship. Quite often, even relatives and relatives, people from whom you most expect support, oppose the union.

3. In some ancient peoples (for example, Armenians, Georgians, Jews), from childhood it is customary to instill a sense of national pride and fear of assimilation, the belief that creating a family is extremely necessary within one's nation. Moreover, many representatives of such ethnic groups, even at the present time, in the era of globalization, are sure that it is extremely necessary to communicate in everyday life exclusively with their “compatriots”, so as not to lose their originality, bright distinctive national features and not to replace, dilute, not lose in confluence of their customs and traditions.

4. Another disadvantage concerns those who live in different countries. In such a family, at least one partner has to face not only a new mentality and way of life, but also a fundamentally different legal framework, healthcare organization. Difficulties can arise at different stages of life and formation, starting from the very beginning. From an organizational point of view, it is not easy and rather troublesome to move to a permanent place of residence in another country, obtaining a visa, residence permit or citizenship. Often, the language barrier plays an important role in a new place of residence. It's no secret that many wives and husbands of foreigners, "uprooted", miss home, relatives and friends left at home, favorite places and even, no matter how trite, familiar food. Of course, compared to great love, all this is trifles. But life is made up of such grains.

A special point in these relations is the question of children born in interethnic unions. If such a marriage is on the verge of collapse, then the real difficulties begin. Often, a spouse who came from another country is less protected before the law, and legal norms place him/her in a tight legislative framework. When considering which of the parents common children will live with, quite often the wishes of the children or parents are not taken into account, but only the interests of the state. At the same time, if parents begin to fight for their child, accuse each other of improper performance of parental duties and even of child abuse, often, with living parents, kids end up in shelters

Advantages of interracial marriages

According to psychologists, interethnic marriages teach society tolerance and the ability to treat representatives of different nations with understanding, and contribute to the improvement of relations between countries and ethnic groups. Thanks to such families, legal conflicts between states are more and more often discussed and resolved, mutual interest in the culture and history of the social life of another people is growing, and social cooperation is stimulated.

Sociological surveys reveal that 35-40% of Russians do not believe in interethnic marriages, considering them less durable than monoethnic ones. From 15 to 20% of respondents are sure that all marriages are the same, regardless of whether the spouse is of the same nationality or different. And from 30 to 35% of respondents are confident that interethnic marriages are a positive phenomenon, and such a family is more stable than a “homogeneous” one, which is confirmed by the data of numerous sociological studies, polls and population censuses.

Psychologists are sure: it does not matter if it is a one-national union or a multi-national one. The well-being, harmony and strength of the family depends only on the members of this family: on the ability to forgive insults, on tolerance and patience, openness to new experience and respect, on warmth and fullness of feelings, trust in each other, a serious attitude towards the family and partner, responsibility, mutual affection and love.

1

The goals of the development of industry and the economy as a whole should be focused on the formation and development of efficient, flexible and sustainable market production structures that can ensure the progressive growth of the competitiveness of products in the context of strengthening the processes of formation of post-industrial society and economy. To overcome negative long-term trends, it is necessary to develop new integrated approaches to the development of industrial enterprises based on the principles and elements of the knowledge economy, as well as the formation of organizational and economic tools that allow more efficient creation and use of the existing resource potential. Features of the development of industrial enterprises made it possible to identify factors that affect the sustainable development of an enterprise, such as: independent of the activities of the enterprise - general economic, market, and dependent on the activities of the enterprise - financial, marketing, production, innovation, allowing to assess the state of the enterprise, identify the causes of unsustainable development and which are the basis for choosing alternatives to strategic management.

stability

factors of the internal and external environment

sustainable development of an industrial enterprise

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3. Porter M. Competitive strategy: a methodology for analyzing industries and competitors / per. from English. – M.: Alpina Business Books, 2007. – 453 p.

4. Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B. Modern economic dictionary. - 2nd ed., corrected. – M.: INFRA-M, 1998.

5. Tatarskikh B.Ya. The main trends in the dynamics of the structure of the production and technological potential of mechanical engineering in Russia. - Samara: Samar Publishing House. state economy un-ta, 2005.

Sustainability is formed under the influence of a complex of factors of the internal and external environment.

Factor (from lat. factor - making, producing) - the reason, the driving force of any process, which determines its character or its individual features. Factors - specific events and trends, grouped according to the area of ​​\u200b\u200bnecessary information, that is, according to the main sections of market research.

Thus, stability factors are the reasons that can cause its violation (increase or decrease), classified depending on the environment of occurrence, the nature and direction of the impact, the object of impact, etc.

Factors can be divided by methods into: economic and non-economic (political, legal, environmental); by means: factors of direct and indirect impact.

Their correlation, interaction, interconnection are extremely important and relevant not only for individual subjects, but also for the entire economic system. In certain historical periods, the influence of some increases, while others weaken.

The ability of an enterprise to overcome crises, win in competition, maintain economic stability largely depends on the action of an internal group of factors - on the state of its internal environment.

The internal group of factors includes the goals, objectives, structure, technology, personnel of the enterprise. In countries with a stable economy, the ratio of external and internal factors is in favor of the latter. Thus, an analysis of the bankruptcy of enterprises in developed countries shows that 1/3 of external and 2/3 of internal factors are involved in bankruptcy. There is no particular need to prove that in a stable economy, the main obstacles that hinder the development of an enterprise, as a rule, are contained in the sphere of its own activity and contain internal discrepancies and contradictions about the goals of the enterprise, means of achieving them, resources, methods of organizing activities and managing to achieve them. goals.

Environmental factors have different levels and directions of influence. They can be divided into three levels: regional, national and international. In their orientation, the factors are stabilizing or destabilizing.

In the last decade, the impact of external factors, especially the international level of a destabilizing orientation, has increased. The impact of environmental factors to a large extent makes the balance and stability of business entities and industries less stable, leads to an increase in the dependence of the national economy on them as a whole.

Environmental factors at the national and regional level can be divided into two main groups: direct and indirect impact.

Let's try to classify the factors that affect the economic stability of the enterprise.

Previously, the enterprise was considered as a closed production system, and the influence of the environment on its development was practically not taken into account. It was believed that the external environment had practically no effect on the enterprise, and scientific research was mainly aimed at researching and improving the internal environment of the enterprise. In the days of the administrative-command system, a centrally planned economy, one could agree with this. In a market economy, enterprises can no longer ignore the influence of the external environment. Ignoring the external environment today means the bankruptcy of the enterprise tomorrow.

The external environment, which directly determines the sustainability of the enterprise, affects the enterprise through objective and subjective factors. The effect of each factor can manifest itself in different ways on the efficiency of the enterprise. In addition to external factors, the stability of the enterprise is influenced by the factors of the internal environment of the enterprise. The scheme of the impact of factors of the external and internal environment of an enterprise on its sustainable development is shown in Figure 1.

Rice. 1. Factors of the external and internal environment that affect the sustainable development of an industrial enterprise

Objective external factors - a set of environmental factors that have a direct impact on the functioning and development of the enterprise. This group of factors includes suppliers of labor, financial, information, material and other resources, consumers, competitors, etc.

1. National legislation is one of the main objective external factors that influence the development of an enterprise. All legal acts can be divided into three groups: Federal legal acts, legal acts of subjects of the Russian Federation, legal acts of local self-government. Enterprises are required to strictly comply with regulatory legal acts at all levels. But as practice shows, sometimes the legislative acts of different levels not only contradict each other, causing uncertainty for the manufacturer, but sometimes even the legislation of the Federal level gives a contradictory interpretation.

2. Resource support - a set of material, labor and financial resources necessary for the activities of the enterprise. Each enterprise must keep a strict record of the resources used and required, which will allow the enterprise to use them most efficiently.

The composition of material resources includes raw materials, materials, equipment, energy, components, without which it is impossible to produce products.

The population is the main contingent of the labor resources of the enterprise. One of the characteristics of the population as a producer of material goods is the labor potential. It includes a combination of various qualities that determine the working capacity of the population. These qualities are related:

• with the ability and inclination of a person to work, his state of health, endurance, type of nervous system;
• with the volume of general and special knowledge, labor skills and abilities that determine the ability to work of a certain qualification;
• with the level of consciousness and responsibility, social maturity, interests and needs.

Financial resources - the most significant type of resource. Credit institutions have a great influence on the existence and development of enterprises. Most enterprises today experience an acute shortage of working capital and are forced to raise borrowed funds by taking loans. For the development of industry as a whole in Russia and the regions, it is necessary to develop a policy of concessional lending to industrial enterprises.

3. Partners - partner enterprises have a significant impact on the functioning and sustainable development of the enterprise. In the conditions of a planned economy, strong ties were established between enterprises for the supply of components. With the collapse of the former USSR, in a market economy, many ties between enterprises were destroyed, and therefore, a distinctive feature of the post-privatization period was the crisis in supplies between enterprises, the rupture of established stable ties, as a result of which many enterprises either ceased to exist or were forced to master the production of components from yourself and look for new business partners.

4. Competitive enterprises are one of the driving forces for the development of an enterprise. It is competition that allows the company to develop, producing competitive products and providing personnel with the best working conditions. Currently, competition is increasing not only in commodity markets, but also in the markets of material and labor resources. Competition significantly affects the internal environment of the enterprise, especially the organization of production. Therefore, it is necessary to constantly analyze and improve the competitiveness of products, which will allow the enterprise not only to exist, but also to develop.

5. Consumers of products have recently been considered as one of the most significant elements of the external environment influencing the development of an enterprise. In the days of the planned economy, the main task of the enterprise was the production of products in the required volumes, the further fate of the manufacturer's goods worried insofar as. In a market economy, the well-being of an enterprise depends on the consumer. The external environment through consumers influences the enterprise, determines its strategy.

6. Public authorities have a significant impact on the functioning and development of the enterprise. State power in the Russian Federation is exercised on the basis of division into legislative, executive and judicial. Central and local authorities, which include a combination of legislative and executive authorities, centrally regulate the main socio-economic relations in society. The functions of the authorities include: the adoption of laws and control over their implementation, the development and implementation of policies and recommendations in the field of social and labor relations in the country, covering the issues of remuneration and motivation, regulation of employment and migration of the population, labor legislation, living standards and working conditions, labor organization, etc.

In the conditions of market relations, state regulation of socio-economic relations is limited and, as the experience of developed countries shows, it should deal with issues of labor legislation, employment, and assessment of living standards.

Recently, the impact of the judiciary on the functioning of the enterprise has increased significantly. With the existing concept of our country's transition to a state of law, the number of issues that an enterprise has to resolve in a civilized manner, turning to an arbitration court, increases.

A positive aspect of the changes taking place in Russia is the transfer of part of the powers of state power to the local level, which allows at the local level to carry out legislative work in the field of taxation, economic development programs and influence the development of industrial enterprises. The development of local self-government opens up new opportunities for enterprises to have mutually beneficial relationships with local authorities. As practice shows, many enterprises were not ready for market relations. It is paradoxical that the growing role of local authorities, coupled with the richest natural resources, has practically no effect on the current state of Russia.

An enterprise can react to changes in direct impact factors in two ways: it can rebuild the internal environment and pursue a policy of both adaptation and a policy of active or passive resistance.

Subjective external factors - a set of environmental factors that have an indirect impact on the functioning and development of the enterprise. Factors of indirect impact play the role of background factors that increase or decrease economic stability. This group of factors includes the state of the economy, natural, socio-political factors, etc. .

1. The political situation - significantly affects the development of the enterprise, the influence of this factor is especially strong for Russia. The influx of investments from foreign countries and the opening of foreign markets for domestic goods depend on the political situation in the country. In the country, political stability is primarily determined by the relationship between the state and its citizens and is manifested by the attitude of the state to property and entrepreneurship.

2. The economic situation is one of the serious factors affecting the development of the enterprise. Quotation of shares of domestic enterprises on the stock market, energy prices, national currency exchange rate, inflation rate, interest rates on loans are indicators that reflect the state of the national economy. The development of the enterprise is greatly influenced by the phase of economic development in the country. The economic recovery has a beneficial effect on the increase in business activity, the development of the enterprise, the decline is negative.

3. Scientific and technological progress - significantly affects such a complex system as an enterprise. Discoveries in the field of "high" technologies, electronics, computer technology, the creation of new materials have made it possible to radically change the production at enterprises in just a matter of decades, allowing the production of high-quality products, significantly reducing the cost of material and human resources. The rapid development of scientific and technological progress confronts modern society with the problem of employment, but it will be solved through the development of new areas of application of human activity.

4. Information support - it is necessary to single out a separate factor, because The importance of recent information in connection with the development of modern communication systems is, without exaggeration, enormous. Modern enterprises literally permeate information flows. This factor can apply both to the external environment and to the internal environment of the enterprise (forming the information environment of the enterprise). The further development of the enterprise depends on how effective the internal information flows are at the enterprise, how it is able to receive and analyze information from the external environment.

The enterprise is forced to adapt its goals, objectives, structure, technology, personnel as much as possible to the factors of indirect impact.

Recognizing the deep and inseparable connection between the factors of direct and indirect impact, their interdependence, it should be noted that in certain periods of the development of society, especially during the transformation of socio-economic relations, the determining role often belongs to factors of indirect impact (political, legal, environmental). Cardinal changes in the economic course, the introduction of capitalist economic relations in society was the result, first of all, of the influence of political factors. The introduction of private property, privatization is both the form and the result of this impact.

Internal factors - factors of the internal environment of the enterprise that affect its functioning and development. Let's list them:

1. Production is a complex process, characterized by the equipment used, technologies, and personnel qualifications. The quality of the products and, consequently, their competitiveness depends on how perfect the equipment and the applied technologies are. Production is the main internal factor that determines the economic sustainability of the enterprise.

2. A special role in ensuring the economic sustainability of enterprises is played by the system of strategic management. Strategic management allows an enterprise to improve management efficiency, lay the foundations for stable business development and, having foreseen possible negative impacts of the external environment, develop countermeasures. Strategy is the definition of the main long-term goals and objectives of the enterprise and the approval of a course of action, and the allocation of resources necessary to achieve these goals.

3. Finance - how finance planning takes place at the enterprise depends on attracting investments, replenishing working capital, using the profits received and, in general, developing the enterprise.

4 The organizational structure should be considered as a system that allows the rational use of people, finances, equipment, objects of labor, and enterprise space.

5. Personnel - is considered as one of the main types of resources, without which the functioning of the enterprise is impossible. The stability of the enterprise and its sustainable development directly depend on the qualifications of the personnel, on motivational incentives.

6. R&D - scientific research and organization of design developments have a significant impact on the development of the enterprise, allow the enterprise to keep up with the times, improving technologies, increasing competitiveness.

Rice. 2. Classification of factors of sustainable development of the enterprise

In the course of the study, the key factors influencing the sustainable development of the enterprise were identified.

Factors that are independent of the company's activities include:

• general economic, such as a decrease in the volume of national income, an increase in inflation, a slowdown in the payment turnover, instability of the tax system and regulatory legislation, a decrease in the level of real incomes of the population, and an increase in unemployment;
• market, such as a decrease in the capacity of the domestic market, increased monopoly in the market, a significant decrease in demand, an increase in the supply of substitute goods, a decrease in stock market activity, and instability in the foreign exchange market;
• others, such as political instability, negative demographic trends, natural disasters, worsening crime situation.

The ability of an enterprise to overcome crises, win the competition, maintain sustainable development largely depends on the action of an internal group of factors.

Factors that depend on the activities of the enterprise and affect its sustainable development are presented in Figure 2.

Thus, the proposed classification of factors of the internal environment that affect the sustainable development of an industrial enterprise makes it possible to assess the state of the enterprise, identify the causes of unsustainable development for further selection of alternatives to strategic management.

Reviewers:

Bakhteev Yu.D., Doctor of Economics, Professor of the Department of Management, Penza State University, Penza;

Yurasov I.A., Doctor of Science, Professor, Director of the Center for Applied Research, State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education Institute for Regional Development of the Penza Region, Penza.

Bibliographic link

Zinger O.A., Ilyasova A.V. FACTORS AFFECTING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES // Modern problems of science and education. - 2015. - No. 1-1 .;
URL: http://science-education.ru/ru/article/view?id=18044 (date of access: 03/30/2019). We bring to your attention the journals published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural History"