What device are you. Control and measuring instruments and devices: types and principle of operation

Any production involves the use of They are also necessary in everyday life: you must admit, it is difficult to do during repairs without the simplest measuring instruments, such as a ruler, tape measure, caliper, etc. Let's talk about what measuring tools and instruments exist, what are their fundamental differences and where certain types are used.

General information and terms

Measuring device - a device with which the value of a physical quantity is obtained in a given range, determined by the scale of the device. In addition, such a tool allows you to translate values, making them more understandable to the operator.

The control device is used to control the conduct of the technological process. For example, it can be some kind of sensor installed in a heating furnace, air conditioner, heating equipment, and so on. Such a tool often defines properties as well. Currently, a wide variety of devices are being produced, among which there are both simple and complex. Some have found their application in one, while others are used everywhere. To deal with this issue in more detail, it is necessary to classify this tool.

Analog and digital

Control and measuring devices and tools are divided into analog and digital. The second type is more popular, since various values, for example, current or voltage, are converted into numbers and displayed on the screen. This is very convenient and the only way to achieve high accuracy of readings. However, it must be understood that any digital instrument includes an analog converter. The latter is a sensor that takes readings and sends data to be converted into a digital code.

Analog measuring and control instruments are simpler and more reliable, but at the same time less accurate. Moreover, they are mechanical and electronic. The latter differ in that they incorporate amplifiers and transducers. They are preferred for a number of reasons.

Classification according to various criteria

Measuring tools and devices are usually divided into groups depending on the method of providing information. So, there are registering and showing instruments. The former are characterized by the fact that they are able to record readings in memory. Often, self-recording devices are used that independently print out data. The second group is intended exclusively for real-time monitoring, that is, while taking readings, the operator must be near the device. Also, the control and measuring tool is classified according to:

direct action - one or more quantities are converted without comparison with the same name;
comparative - a measuring tool designed to compare the measured value with the already known.

What are the devices in the form of presentation of indications (analog and digital), we have already figured out. Measuring instruments and devices are also classified according to other parameters. For example, there are summing and integrating, stationary and switchboard, standardized and non-standardized devices.

Measuring locksmith tools

We encounter such devices most often. The accuracy of the work is important here, and since a mechanical tool is used (for the most part), it is possible to achieve an error of 0.1 to 0.005 mm. Any unacceptable error leads to the need for regrinding or even replacement of a part or a whole assembly. That is why, when fitting the shaft to the bushing, the mechanic does not use rulers, but more precise tools.

The most popular locksmith measuring equipment is a caliper. But even such a relatively accurate device does not guarantee a 100% result. That is why experienced locksmiths always take a large number of measurements, after which it is selected. If you want to get more accurate readings, then use a micrometer. It allows measurements down to hundredths of a millimeter. However, many people think that this instrument is capable of measuring down to microns, which is not entirely true. And it is unlikely that such accuracy will be required when carrying out simple plumbing work at home.

About goniometers and probes

It is impossible not to talk about such a popular and effective tool as a goniometer. From the name you can understand that it is used if you want to accurately measure the corners of parts. The device consists of a half-disk with a marked scale. It has a ruler with a movable sector, on which the vernier scale is applied. To fix the movable sector of the ruler on the half-disk, a locking screw is used. The measurement process itself is quite simple. First you need to attach the measured part with one face to the ruler. In this case, the ruler is shifted so that a uniform gap is formed between the faces of the part and the rulers. After that, the sector is fixed with a locking screw. First of all, readings are taken from the main ruler, and then from the vernier.

Often a feeler gauge is used to measure the gap. It is an elementary set of plates fixed at one point. Each plate has its own thickness, which we know. By installing more or fewer plates, you can measure the gap quite accurately. In principle, all these measuring instruments are manual, but they are quite effective and it is hardly possible to replace them. And now let's go further.

A bit of history

It should be noted, considering measuring instruments: their types are very diverse. We have already studied the main devices, but now I would like to talk about a little about other tools. For example, an acetometer is used to measure strength. This device is able to determine the amount of free acetic acids in a solution, and was invented by Otto and was used throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. The acetometer itself is similar to a thermometer and consists of a 30x15cm glass tube. There is also a special scale, which allows you to determine the required parameter. However, today there are more advanced and accurate methods for determining the chemical composition of a liquid.

Barometers and ammeters

But almost every one of us is familiar with these tools from school, technical school or university. For example, a barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure. Today, liquid and mechanical barometers are used. The first can be called professional, since their design is somewhat more complicated, and the readings are more accurate. Mercury barometers are used at weather stations because they are the most accurate and reliable. Mechanical options are good for their simplicity and reliability, but they are gradually being replaced by digital devices.

Instruments and instruments for measurements, such as ammeters, are also familiar to everyone. They are needed to measure the current strength in amperes. The scale of modern instruments is graduated in different ways: microamps, kiloamps, milliamps, etc. Ammeters always try to connect in series: this is necessary to lower the resistance, which will increase the accuracy of the readings taken.

Conclusion

So we talked with you about what control and measuring tools are. As you can see, all are different from each other and have a completely different scope. Some are used in meteorology, others in mechanical engineering, and still others in the chemical industry. Nevertheless, they have one goal - to measure the readings, record them and control the quality. To do this, it is advisable to use accurate measuring instruments. But this parameter also contributes to the fact that the device becomes more complex, and the measurement process depends on more factors.

Solar radiation meter (luxmeter)

To help technical and scientific staff, many measuring instruments have been developed to ensure accuracy, convenience and efficiency. At the same time, for most people, the names of these devices, and even more so the principle of their operation, are often unfamiliar. In this article, we will briefly reveal the purpose of the most common measuring instruments. Information and images of devices were shared with us by the website of one of the suppliers of measuring devices.

Spectrum analyzer- This is a measuring device that serves to observe and measure the relative distribution of energy of electrical (electromagnetic) oscillations in a frequency band.

Anemometer- a device designed to measure the speed, volume of air flow in a room. The anemometer is used for sanitary and hygienic analysis of territories.

Balometer– a measuring device for direct measurement of the air volume flow on large supply and exhaust ventilation grilles.

Voltmeter is a device that measures voltage.

Gas analyzer- a measuring device for determining the qualitative and quantitative composition of gas mixtures. Gas analyzers are either manual or automatic. Examples of gas analyzers: freon leak detector, hydrocarbon fuel leak detector, particulate number analyzer, flue gas analyzer, oxygen meter, hydrogen meter.

Hygrometer is a measuring device that serves to measure and control the humidity of the air.

Rangefinder- a device that measures distance. The rangefinder also allows you to calculate the area and volume of an object.

Dosimeter- a device designed to detect and measure radioactive emissions.

RLC meter- a radio measuring device used to determine the total conductivity of an electrical circuit and impedance parameters. RLC in the name is an abbreviation of the circuit names of elements whose parameters can be measured by this device: R - Resistance, C - Capacitance, L - Inductance.

Power meter- a device that is used to measure the power of electromagnetic oscillations of generators, amplifiers, radio transmitters and other devices operating in the high-frequency, microwave and optical ranges. Types of meters: absorbed power meters and transmitted power meters.

THD meter- a device designed to measure the coefficient of non-linear distortion (coefficient of harmonics) of signals in radio engineering devices.

Calibrator- a special standard measure that is used for verification, calibration or graduation of measuring instruments.

Ohmmeter, or resistance meter is a device used to measure the resistance to electric current in ohms. Varieties of ohmmeters depending on sensitivity: megaohmmeters, gigaohmmeters, teraohmmeters, milliohmmeters, microohmmeters.

Current clamp- a tool that is designed to measure the amount of current flowing in a conductor. Current clamps allow you to measure without breaking the electrical circuit and without disturbing its operation.

thickness gauge- this is a device with which you can, with high accuracy and without violating the integrity of the coating, measure its thickness on a metal surface (for example, a layer of paint or varnish, a layer of rust, a primer, or any other non-metallic coating applied to a metal surface).

Luxmeter- This is a device for measuring the degree of illumination in the visible region of the spectrum. Light meters are digital, highly sensitive devices such as luxmeter, brightness meter, pulse meter, UV radiometer.

pressure gauge- a device that measures the pressure of liquids and gases. Types of pressure gauges: general technical, corrosion-resistant, pressure gauges, electrocontact.

multimeter- This is a portable voltmeter that performs several functions at the same time. The multimeter is designed to measure DC and AC voltage, current, resistance, frequency, temperature, and also allows you to carry out continuity and diode testing.

Oscilloscope- This is a measuring device that allows you to monitor and record, measure the amplitude and time parameters of an electrical signal. Types of oscilloscopes: analog and digital, portable and desktop

Pyrometer is a device for non-contact temperature measurement of an object. The principle of operation of the pyrometer is based on measuring the thermal radiation power of the measurement object in the range of infrared radiation and visible light. The accuracy of temperature measurement at a distance depends on the optical resolution.

Tachometer- This is a device that allows you to measure the speed of rotation and the number of revolutions of rotating mechanisms. Types of tachometers: contact and non-contact.

Thermal imager- This is a device designed to observe heated objects by their own thermal radiation. The thermal imager allows you to convert infrared radiation into electrical signals, which in turn, after amplification and automatic processing, are converted into a visible image of objects.

Thermohygrometer is a measuring device that simultaneously measures temperature and humidity.

Road defect detector- This is a universal measuring device that allows you to determine the location and direction of cable lines and metal pipelines on the ground, as well as determine the location and nature of their damage.

pH meter is a measuring device designed to measure the hydrogen index (pH index).

Frequency meter– a measuring device for determining the frequency of a periodic process or the frequencies of the harmonic components of the signal spectrum.

Sound level meter- a device for measuring sound vibrations.

Table: Units of measurement and designations of some physical quantities.

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What amount of heat is needed to heat a copper part weighing 30 kg from 20 0C to 1120 0C? How much heat will be released when

cooling iron rivet mass

100 g at 900 0C?

How much heat will be released during the complete combustion of 400 g of alcohol? How much heat of water can be heated from 15 0C to boiling, spending 714

kJ of heat?

How much heat is required to heat 200 g of alcohol from 18 0C to 48

0C in a glass flask weighing 50 g?

How much kerosene must be burned to boil 22 kg of water taken at 20 0C?

How much cold water should be poured at a temperature of 10 0C into 50 kg of boiling water for

obtaining a mixture with a temperature of 45 0C?

To determine the specific heat capacity of a substance, a test body weighing 150 g and

heated to 100 0C was lowered into a brass calorimeter weighing 120 g, which contained 200 g of water at a temperature of 16 0C. After that, the temperature of the water in the calorimeter became 22 0C. Determine the specific heat capacity of the substance.

How much firewood is needed to boil 50 kg of water

temperature 10 0C, if the efficiency of the boiler is 25%?

B*. Mixed 20 kg of water at a temperature of 90 0C and 150 kg of water at 23 0C. 15% of the heat given off by hot water was used to heat the environment. Determine the final temperature of the water.

Plz help with the test in physics with the solution I don’t have time 1) The movement of a material point is given by the equation S=4t^2+6. With what acceleration does it move

2) Equation corresponding to uniformly accelerated motion of bodies?

3) The condition of uniform rectilinear motion

4) How does the point move if the kinematic equation has the form: x = 5t + 20

5) A body with an initial speed of 10m / s moves with an acceleration a \u003d -2m / s ^ 2. Determine the path traveled by the body in 8s

6) To determine the position of a body moving uniformly with acceleration a (vector) along a straight line coinciding with the X axis, you must use the formula a) Sx \u003d Vox * t + ax * t ^ 2/2 b) Sx = (Vx ^ 2- Vox^2)/2ax c)x=Xo+Vox*t+(Ax*t)/2 d)Sx=(Vx^2)/2Ax e)Sx=Vox+ (Axt^2)/2

7) The body moves in the CN plane. Which of the equations is the trajectory equation?

8) The movement of two cars is given by the equation: X1=t^2+2t, X2=7t+6. Find the place and time of the meeting

9) The movement of a material point is given by the equation: X \u003d 2t + 5t ^ 2. What is the initial speed of the point?

10) With what acceleration does the body move if in the eighth second after the start of movement it has traveled a distance equal to 30 m?

11) Two cars leave the same point in the same direction. The second car leaves 20 seconds later than the first. After how much time from the start of the first car, the distance between them will be 240 m if they move with the same acceleration a \u003d 0.4 m / s ^ 2 ?

12) how many times the speed of the bullet in the middle of the gun is less than when leaving the barrel

1) how much heat is needed to heat a piece of ice weighing 3 kg from -8 degrees to + 10 degrees how much heat did you find

please write

2) what amount of heat is needed to convert a liquid of 1 kg of aluminum and 1 kg of copper having a swimming temperature?

All questions have only one correct answer.

1. Which of the following concepts refer only to physical phenomena?
A) solar flare
B) burning wood
C) arrow flight
D) wheat germinating

2. The physical body is…
A) wind
B) sound
C) vehicle speed
D) Moon

3. The word "molecule" in Latin means ...
A) small weight
B) plasma
C) indivisible
D) liquidless

4. With what instrument can you, as a scientist, be able to determine the temperature of your morning tea?
A) a barometer
B) stopwatch
C) a thermometer
D) microscope

5. If you want to eat a tangerine during a physics lesson, then not only classmates, but also the teacher will soon guess about it. What phenomenon of physics will expose you?
A) diffusion
B) wetting
C) evaporation
D) glow

6. How will the gaps between water molecules change when it is heated?
A) decrease
B) stay the same
C) increase
D) water has no gaps between molecules

7. When the steel wire is cooled, its length has decreased. Why did this happen?
A) the number of molecules decreased
C) the gaps between molecules have become smaller
C) the size of the molecules themselves have become smaller
D) there was a mutual penetration of steel molecules and air molecules

8. Due to what physical phenomenon does a duck come out of the water dry?
A) impermeability
B) Brownian motion
C) wettability
D) heating

9. Wire thickness 0.5 mm. Express this value in meters.
A) 0.05 m
C) 0.001 m
C) 0.005 m
D) 0.0005 m

10. Select from the list of given concepts a group in which only the main units of measurement in SI are indicated.
A) kilometer, second, time
C) meter, second, kilogram
C) area, hour, kilogram
D) meter, minute, gram

11. During the construction of a wall 3 m long, bricks 250 mm long were laid. How many bricks are in one row (do not take into account the gaps between the bricks)?
A) 0.012 pieces
C) 10 pieces
C) 12 pieces
D) 120 pieces

12. The shape of a real bucket and a decorative one are the same. How many decorative buckets must be poured into a real bucket to completely fill it if the height of the decorative bucket is 2 times less?
A) 1
IN 2