Procedure for reclamation of disturbed lands. On approval of the main provisions on land reclamation, removal, conservation and rational use of the fertile soil layer

Reclamation

Reclamation(lat. re - a prefix denoting the renewal or repetition of an action; cultivo - I process, cultivate) - a set of works on the ecological and economic restoration of lands and water bodies, the fertility of which has significantly decreased as a result of human activity. The purpose of reclamation is to improve environmental conditions, restore the productivity of disturbed lands and water bodies.

Causes of disturbed lands and water bodies

Types of human activities, as a result of which there may be a need for reclamation of lands and water bodies:

economic activity

mining, especially open pit mining;

deforestation;

the occurrence of landfills;

city building;

creation of hydraulic structures and similar facilities;

conducting military tests, including tests of nuclear weapons.

Two main stages of reclamation]

Reclamation works usually have two main stages - technical and biological. At the technical stage, the landscape is being adjusted (filling ditches, trenches, pits, depressions, soil failures, leveling and terracing industrial waste heaps), hydraulic and reclamation structures are being created, toxic waste is being buried, and a fertile soil layer is being applied. As a result, the formation of the territory is carried out. At the biological stage, agrotechnical work is carried out, the purpose of which is to improve the properties of the soil.

Directions of land reclamation]

Depending on the goals that are set during land reclamation, the following areas of land reclamation are distinguished:

environmental direction;

recreational direction;

agricultural direction;

crop direction;

hay and pasture direction;

forestry direction;

water management direction.

Plants used in reclamation

Among the plants used to improve land quality, first of all, we can name herbaceous representatives of the legume family, which are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen. For example, in Australia, Clitoria ternatea (Clitoria ternatea) is used for reclamation of coal mine areas. Another plant actively used in land reclamation is black poplar (Populus nigra)

Land reclamation - a set of measures aimed at restoring the productivity of disturbed lands, as well as improving environmental conditions.

lands infringement- this is a process that occurs during the extraction of minerals, the performance of geological exploration, surveying, construction and other works and leads to a violation of the soil cover, the hydrological regime of the area, the formation of man-made relief and other qualitative changes in the state of the land.

Reclaimed land- these are disturbed lands where productivity, national economic value has been restored and environmental conditions have been improved.

There are two stages in land reclamation:

technical - land preparation for subsequent intended use

biological - restoration of fertility, carried out after the technical stage and including a complex of agrotechnical and phytomeliorative measures aimed at the renewal of the historically established combination of flora, fauna and microorganisms.

The reclamation works include the following stages:

Design and survey work (soil and other field surveys, laboratory analyzes, mapping)

Determination of the characteristics of the object being cleaned: engineering and geological indicators, qualitative and quantitative indicators of pollution, microbiological and agrochemical indicators of the cleaned soil

Pollution localization

Bundling, application of sorbents

Cleaning the territory from pollution

Mechanical, sorption and microbiological treatment

Chemical and microbiological control of the cleaning process

Acquisition of a fertile layer of soil (if necessary)

Application of potentially fertile rocks and fertile soil layer to recultivated lands

Liquidation of industrial sites, transport communications, electrical networks, buildings and structures, other objects (if necessary)

Cleaning the reclaimed area from industrial waste

Arrangement of a drainage and drainage network for the subsequent use of reclaimed land (if necessary)

Acquisition and planting of seedlings

Preparation of the bottom, arrangement of quarry and other excavations when creating reservoirs in them (if necessary)

Fertility restoration

MAIN TYPES OF RECLAMATION

Land reclamation - a set of works aimed at restoring the economic value of disturbed lands, as well as improving the state of the environment.

At present, to eliminate disturbed territories of various types, to eliminate the harmful effects of exogenous and technogenic processes, various engineering, construction and other special measures are used, the main ones of which are:

 reclamation (mechanical and biological);

 measures of engineering protection of the territory;

 rehabilitation;

 technical melioration.

During the engineering preparation of the territory for the purposes of housing construction, these measures are used in a complex.

Reclamation methods (in the broad sense of the word) are methods of purposeful impact on the components of the natural environment (in this case, on land resources) in order to change them and provide the required parameters for a given intended use.

Reclamation of disturbed lands is carried out to restore them for agricultural, forestry, water management, construction, recreational, environmental and sanitary purposes.

Ecological and reclamation opportunities and functions of various methods for restoring disturbed territories are formed in two directions:

a) associated with the improvement of the quality of land resources as part of the Environment and human activity in the form of industrial and civil structures;

b) the use of methods aimed at eliminating dangerous chemical or bacteriological contamination that can cause adverse medical and biological consequences.

Currently, in the arsenal of technical restoration of disturbed areas, there are many developments and methods of reclamation that provide the quality of land required for housing construction.

Reclamation for the purposes of housing construction, which requires the provision of comfortable living conditions for the population, effective landscaping and restoration of soil fertility, is carried out sequentially in two stages: technical and biological.

The technical stage provides for planning, slope formation, removal and application of a fertile soil layer, arrangement of hydraulic and reclamation structures, disposal of toxic overburden, as well as other work that creates the necessary conditions for the further use of reclaimed lands for their intended purpose or for carrying out measures to restore fertility soils (biological stage).

The biological stage includes a complex of agrotechnical and phytomeliorative measures aimed at improving the agrophysical, agrochemical, biochemical and other properties of the soil.

The conditions for bringing disturbed lands into a condition suitable for subsequent use, as well as the procedure for removing, storing and further using the fertile soil layer, are established by the authorities that provide land plots for use and give permission to carry out work related to disturbance of the soil cover, based on reclamation projects that received a positive conclusion from the state ecological expertise.

The development of reclamation projects is carried out on the basis of existing environmental, sanitary-hygienic, construction, water management, forestry and other norms and standards, taking into account regional natural and climatic conditions and the location of the disturbed area.

Measures for the engineering protection of territories include: flattening and terracing of slopes, removal of unstable masses, regulation of surface and underground runoff, the use of retaining structures, anti-erosion measures, phytomelioration, etc.

Depending on the degree of contamination of the territories, various measures are taken to sanitize the soil.

At a high and very high degree of pollution, physical methods are used (removal and burial of contaminated soil layers, vitrification, dilution), and artificial geochemical barriers are created around contaminated soil areas that prevent migration to adjacent environments.

With a low degree of pollution of the territory, various chemical methods are used (liming of acidic soils, gypsum of alkaline soils, the application of mineral or organic fertilizers separately or jointly, the use of zeolites, humus preparations and other absorbers to reduce the mobility of heavy metals in soils) and biological methods (growing plants , poorly reacting to an excess of heavy metals in the soil and not accumulating it in quantities toxic to animals and humans; extraction of heavy metals from soils with the help of microorganisms; cultivation of plants capable of accumulating heavy metals in large quantities - phytomeliorants - with their subsequent removal from the territory processing or disposal).

Modern methods of soil sanitation also involve the use of the following types of work: bioremediation, electrical separation, soil washing, vitrification.

Technical reclamation includes a system of measures for irrigation, watering and drainage of soils, thermal reclamation, hydrogeochemical reclamation (compaction and drainage of soils), physical and geochemical (physical and chemical), geotechnical (soil reinforcement or geosynthetics).

The process of landfill reclamation includes: complete removal of environmentally hazardous soils and their replacement with environmentally friendly soils; degassing, demercurization and decontamination of soils; measures to suppress the processes of methane formation in the soil stratum (aeration of bulk massifs, gas drainage, installation of gas-tight screens); installation of gas protection structures (gas drainage trenches, wells and screens).

Land reclamation is a system of measures to address the issues of rational use of land resources and environmental problems in general. Reclamation is subject to all lands undergoing changes in relief, soil cover, parent rocks that occur or have already occurred in the process of mining, construction, hydraulic engineering, geological exploration and other types of work. Eroded soils should also be re-cultivated, and, under appropriate conditions, by earthing, rocky places and lands with shallow and low-productive soils.

Depending on the further use, the following areas of reclamation are distinguished: agricultural, forestry, water management, fisheries, recreation, hunting, environmental protection, and construction. When choosing a direction, the population density, soil and climatic conditions, the relief of the territory, etc. are taken into account.

Any construction, mining, geological exploration does not begin until a site reclamation project is developed. Enterprises, organizations and institutions that perform the above work on agricultural land, forest land provided to them for temporary use, are obliged at their own expense to bring these land plots into a condition suitable for their intended use.

An integral part of the land reclamation project is anti-erosion measures: the construction of water-retaining and drainage shafts, spillways, terracing, and the use of soil-protective technologies for growing crops.

Reclamation works include technical and biological stages.

Technical stage of reclamation

The technical stage of reclamation is a set of works carried out by mining enterprises in order to prepare the territory for construction or for biological development. This stage includes the following works:

removal and storage of the fertile soil layer and potentially fertile rocks;
selective excavation and formation of overburden dumps;
formation of dumps of mines, quarries;
surface planning, terracing, fixing slopes, quarries;
chemical melioration of toxic rocks;
covering the planned surface with a layer of fertile soil or potentially fertile rocks;
engineering equipment of the territory.

The technical stage of reclamation is the most time-consuming and expensive.

Biological land reclamation

Biological reclamation is a set of measures aimed at restoring the fertility of disturbed lands and ensuring high productivity of crops grown on them.

In the process of mining, selective extraction of rocks is mandatory. The humus layer, potentially fertile and overburden rocks are removed, transported and stored separately.

Unsuitable and toxic rocks are placed in the base of the dump, covered with potentially fertile rocks, and covered with a humus layer of soil on top. The layer of potentially fertile and fertile rocks should be at least 1.2-1.5 m. If there are no areas for coverage or insufficiently prepared, the soil layer is stored in special dumps. The height of such dumps is 10-15 m, they should not be subject to surface or subsoil flooding, they must be protected from erosion, overgrowing with weeds, and maintain microbiological activity by sowing perennial grasses.

The leveling of the surface of the dumps is carried out in two stages: the first is rough, including the alignment of large ridges and elevations. At the same time, areas for use in agriculture should be close to flat, without closed depressions. The general slope of the surface for Polissya can be 1-2 °, for the Forest-Steppe and Steppe - 1 °. Forest areas can be moderately dissected with slopes up to 4°. On slopes greater than 4 °, it is necessary to erect water-retaining ramparts and anti-erosion structures. Slopes can be formed in the form of terrace-like ledges.

The second stage (final) - precise planning is carried out after a 1-2-year shrinkage of the rocks: the dumps are covered with a fertile soil layer and transferred for development.

Reclamation(from lat. re- renewal, cultivo- I cultivate) is a complex of works to restore productivity lands, improvement of environmental conditions. Land disturbance occurs during the development of mineral deposits, the performance of geological exploration, surveying, construction and other works. At the same time, the soil cover is disturbed or destroyed, the hydrological regime changes, a technogenic relief is formed, etc. As a result of land reclamation, agricultural and forest lands, reservoirs for various purposes, recreational zones, and areas for development are created on disturbed soils.

Disturbed lands that pollute the environment, the reclamation of which is not economically efficient for economic use, are subject to conservation by biological, technical or chemical methods.

Stages of land reclamation

usually carried out in two stages. The first stage is technical - surface planning, covering it with a fertile layer or improving the soil; construction of roads, hydrotechnical and reclamation facilities, etc. The second stage is biological - agrotechnical and phytomeliorative measures to restore, accelerate soil-forming processes, restore flora and fauna on reclaimed lands.

On the territory of Belarus, the most widespread forestry land reclamation. This is most typical for territories disturbed during the extraction of sand and gravel materials, the carbonate layer. This is due to the relatively complex technogenic relief of such objects, the poverty of the substrates of the disturbed surface with plant nutrients, their light granulometric composition, etc.

Reclamation of disturbed lands

Widespread in the Republic reclamation of disturbed lands by creating arable land and other farmland. For these purposes, deposits of clay raw materials, as well as sands and sand and gravel materials with a relatively uncomplicated technogenic relief and overburden, potentially suitable for agricultural use, are used.

For water management directions land reclamation promising objects, where there are prerequisites for the formation in quarry workings of significant area and volume of water mass, environmentally sustainable artificial subaquatic landscapes for various purposes.

Land reclamation is the restoration of the ecology of a contaminated surface, in other words, it is the implementation of various activities that contribute to the restoration of the soil layer.

earth pollution

People constantly violate the land cover of our land in all ways: they carry out land reclamation work, cut down forests, erect buildings and overload the surrounding territories with all kinds of garbage. In addition, we bury and poison the soil with pesticides and herbicides. How can the earth remain fertile in such extreme conditions? To do this, you need to think about how to reanimate the soil and help it recover.

How to restore the earth

This requires land reclamation, which, with a competent approach, can bring tangible results. This is a rather complicated and expensive way to help nature recover from our intervention, but if this is not done, then we have every chance of extinction. Land reclamation consists of the following works:

Works on design, laboratory chemical research and land mapping.
Works related to the removal, transportation and storage of fertile land.
Surface leveling.
Application of an enriched layer.
Purification of industrial waste.
Application of useful fertilizers.
Sowing of phytomeliorative plants.

One of the main types of soil imbalance is pollution with mineralized waters. Reclamation of disturbed lands in such cases is carried out with special care, since it is necessary to clear, as a rule, a rather large area. Poisoned waste enters the soil and completely disrupts the ecological natural balance.

Lands that some unscrupulous business leaders litter will very quickly turn into a dead zone. It is unlikely that anyone would want to live on such a land? The only way to restore is land reclamation. Hundreds of scientists around the world are constantly working on this problem and quite successfully. If you strictly follow their recommendations, then it is possible to restore our land.

The reclamation of disturbed lands is carried out not only on the "sick" lands themselves, but also on the surrounding territory for better restoration. All the victims collected after reclamation must be reliably preserved in settling tanks, which must be under constant control to ensure complete environmental safety.

Reclamation of oil-contaminated lands

Special restoration work must be carried out on oil-contaminated lands with an oil pipeline passing through them, where an emergency leak has occurred, or oil fields, as well as at enterprises involved in its further processing. The process of land reclamation is to remove oil from

Oil pollution can be moderate or severe. With moderate pollution, work is carried out using agrotechnical methods. The earth is loosened to a great depth and fertilized. In case of severe pollution, oil-contaminated lands are reclaimed using more complex methods. On these soils, special conditions are created for the activation of certain chemical processes that contribute to the elimination of pollution. Carrying out quick and high-quality cleaning of oil-contaminated lands, we will be able to protect our land and will use its riches for centuries. Only a full range of activities related to land reclamation is able to give real results that will help us save the planet called Earth for our descendants.

Today we will talk about what land reclamation is, who conducts it and why is it needed? The Land Code of the Russian Federation defines what it is (sometimes they also talk about soil reclamation):

Article 13. Content of land protection

1. In order to protect land, land owners, land users, land owners and tenants of land plots are obliged to take measures to:

conservation of soils and their fertility;
protection of lands from water and wind erosion, mudflows, flooding, waterlogging, secondary salinization, desiccation, compaction, contamination with radioactive and chemical substances, pollution with industrial and consumer waste, pollution, including biogenic pollution, and other negative impacts resulting in land degradation;
protection of agricultural land from overgrowing with trees and shrubs, weeds, as well as protection of plants and plant products from harmful organisms (plants or animals, pathogens that can, under certain conditions, harm trees, shrubs and other plants);
elimination of the consequences of pollution, including biogenic pollution, of land;
maintaining the achieved level of melioration;
reclamation of disturbed lands, restoration of soil fertility, timely involvement of land in circulation;
preservation of soil fertility and their use in carrying out works related to land disturbance.

Land reclamation works are carried out in accordance with the requirements of Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 140 23.02.94 "On land reclamation, removal, conservation and rational use of the fertile soil layer" and "Basic provisions on land reclamation, removal, conservation and rational use of the fertile soil layer", approved by the Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia and the State Committee for Land Resources dated December 22, 1995 No. 525/67. Carrying out work related to the violation of the soil cover and land reclamation, compliance with established environmental and other standards, rules and regulations are mandatory.

Reclamation of disturbed lands- this is a set of works aimed at restoring productivity, economic value and improving environmental conditions for agricultural, forestry, construction, recreational, environmental and sanitary purposes.

Reclamation works usually have two main stages - technical and biological. At the technical stage, the landscape is being adjusted (filling ditches, trenches, pits, depressions, soil failures, leveling and terracing industrial waste heaps), hydraulic and reclamation structures are being created, toxic waste is being buried, and a fertile soil layer is being applied. At the biological stage, agrotechnical work is carried out, the purpose of which is to improve the properties of the soil.