Fire protection of production facilities. Investigation of fire emergencies

The system of technologies and measures that are designed to protect premises, combustible materials, real estate from fires is called fire protection. In other words, we can say that the opposite fire protection allows you to reduce or eliminate the possibility of burning objects built using combustible materials. All fire fighting methods are divided into passive or preventive (reduce the likelihood of fires) and active (save people from burns, that is, provide direct protection from fire).

Passive (preventive) methods

To protect themselves from fire, modern builders use special liquids, which impregnate fabrics, plasters, wood and heat-resistant paints. Thanks to flame retardants, the protected object is isolated from high temperatures. Often, such measures in fire conditions do not prevent ignition, but they increase the resistance of materials to fire. Under conditions of prolonged exposure to high temperatures, even metal structures can be damaged in a fire.

To avoid a possible fire, the following measures are taken:

• electrical wiring is isolated, since a short circuit can be the main cause of fire;
• only on non-combustible bases lay cables and wires;
• install automatic fuses and RCDs;
• electric and gas stove is isolated from wooden furniture;
• outlets located on outer walls and in bathrooms, isolate from moisture;
• candles are lit in candlesticks;
• glass ashtrays are used to put out cigarettes.

Active protection methods

To quickly respond to any fire, special mobile teams are created. fire brigade. The direct protection of a person from a fire is divided into protection from fire hazards and protection from high temperatures.

The first case is more dangerous for human health and life; carbon monoxide is considered a particularly dangerous factor. To protect against burns, specialists began to produce special heat-insulating firefighter clothing - BOP, insulating apparatus and gas masks in compressed air, as well as hoods like gas masks that filter the air and protrude from the respiratory organs.

Planning decisions of buildings are one of the most important means of protecting people from fire hazards. In the outer enclosing structures there should be special light bulbs that illuminate the territory through the openings during the evacuation of people and property. In this case, the glazing should be made exclusively from easy-to-reset types of material. On stairs that don't have natural light, there must be air support. For long and unlit corridors, it is necessary to organize smoke removal from all evacuation routes. Pressurization and smoke extraction systems must be started using the system fire alarm.

Fire extinguishing (active fire fighting) is carried out with the most sand, clay and other non-combustible materials that could prevent the spread of fire. But what if the building where the fire started has automatic system fire extinguisher, you must immediately activate it to extinguish the fire.

There are times when the fire is knocked down by a shock wave. But this method is used only to extinguish forest fires. It can be used to change the direction of the fire.

To save people living on high floors from fire, a winch is used, which is fixed with outside windows and then people walk down it. Fireproof safes are used to protect documents and valuables from fire.

Fire alarm system

Fire alarm system is a list technical means, which are designed to calculate fire factors, process, collect, generate, register and transmit fire signals, other information, and, if necessary, transmit signals to fire protection control, electrical, technological and other equipment.

Any fire alarm system includes sensors and detectors that automatically detect smoke, control equipment that processes sensor information, as well as peripheral devices. Currently, there are three types of fire alarm systems: addressable, radial and addressable analog.

Fire protection means include the whole set of technologies, methods and measures taken and used to protect against fire. Their goal, with all its diversity, is to completely eliminate or minimize the possibility of loss as a result of a fire of existing objects, structures, materials that may be affected by fire. Distinguish passive methods of protection, active and preventive. Passive protection methods involve preventing the very occurrence of a fire, minimizing the likelihood of its flaring up. Active methods include those undertaken to save people and property.

Preventive methods of fire protection

For guard various designs from the flame. Impregnated with fire-retardant liquids wooden structures fabrics available at the facility, etc. Special coloring compositions and fire-retardant plasters are also used. The action of flame retardants is based on their property to provide insulation of the material from the influence of high temperature. Even if a fire occurs, the treatment with flame retardants successfully prevents the protected structure from igniting. In addition, the flame resistance of the protected structure increases dramatically. Prolonged exposure to fire and high temperatures can damage even steel supporting structures, so that the risk of even their damage cannot be completely neglected.

Mandatory preventive measure- protection and isolation of the electrical wiring available in the building. This elementary measure reduces the risk of a short circuit and fire due to it. All wires and cables must be laid only on non-combustible channels or bases. The installation of RCD devices also allows you to significantly reduce the risk of a short circuit; automatic fuses also serve for this purpose. Also, all electrical and gas stoves should be isolated from wooden surfaces and furniture. All sockets must be protected from possible ingress of moisture.

Active methods of fire protection

in number active methods protection includes the creation of services and headquarters of the fire department. Their purpose is to quickly respond to fire situations. The created services must be mobile.

All active protection methods can be divided into methods of protection against high temperatures and methods of protection against other dangerous factors caused by fire. The most dangerous of them - carbon monoxide, formed in in large numbers when burning, and dangerous to humans. Firefighters engaged in extinguishing the fire have a thermal insulating suit, special filtering devices, hoods, gas masks.

To save people, the most important thing will be the availability of a detailed evacuation plan for each facility. All evacuation routes must be free, evacuation exits must be illuminated, window openings must be made of easily broken materials. The evacuation staircase, if possible, should have natural light, it should have windows. In their absence, there should be working system ventilation and smoke removal. Moreover, the ventilation system should be activated immediately at the moment the fire alarm is turned on.

Used for active firefighting special means firefighting. These include fire extinguishers of all kinds and types (powder and carbon dioxide). Also, fire extinguishing agents include sand and other materials that can prevent the spread of flame and the ignition of structures and materials.

When extinguishing forest fires from active methods, the shock wave method is also used.

The facility must have safes and fireproof cabinets to protect the most valuable documents and things.

Fire alarm and its role in fire protection

Each facility must be equipped with a fire alarm system. It combines the technical means used to detect hazards, analyze and process the information received, transfer and record information. Typically, a fire alarm system transmits signals to a special panel that controls the available facilities. automatic fire extinguishing.

The fire alarm normally consists of the following components: sirens and detectors, connecting lines and devices. The main types of fire alarms are addressable, radial, addressable analog.

Fire protection methods

Fire protection- a set of measures and technologies designed to protect against fire - that is, to reduce or completely eliminate the possibility of burning or damage by fire to combustible materials and objects built using them.

Facilities personal protection firefighters

Protection directly from fire is divided into protection of a person from high temperature, and, which is often more dangerous, fire hazards, one of which is carbon monoxide. They use thermal insulating clothing BOP (fire fighting clothing), insulating gas masks and compressed air apparatus, air-filtering hoods like gas masks.

The most important means of protecting a person from dangerous fire factors are the planning decisions of buildings. Escape routes must be illuminated through openings in the outer enclosing structures. The glazing in these openings should be made of easily removable materials. On stairs that do not have natural light, air must be supplied to the stairwell. When long corridors without natural lighting, it is necessary to organize smoke removal from escape routes. Smoke exhaust and air pressurization systems must be triggered by a fire alarm system.

Passive fire protection methods

Recently, enterprises, production and industrial facilities have begun to actively use measures to ensure passive fire safety. These measures are implemented without human intervention and eliminate the cause of the fire as quickly as possible. These fire protection methods include:

• fire protection of cables and cable lines
• fire protection of metal structures
• wood fire protection
• fire doors
• fire-fighting couplings

Similar passive fire safety measures can be applied in any room. Fire protection means differ in their composition, they are classified into:

• fire retardant materials
• flame retardants
• fire retardant coatings.

Fire alarm system- a set of technical means designed to detect fire factors, generate, collect, process, register and transmit in a given form fire signals, system operating modes, other information and, if necessary, issue signals to control fire protection technical means, technological, electrical and other equipment.

The fire alarm system consists of a control panel, detectors, annunciators, connecting lines and executing devices.

Types of fire alarm systems:

Aviation protection of forests from fires

According to P.44 (approved by Rosleskhoz on December 17, 1997), Aviation protection of forests from fires- protection of forests from fires, acting on the basis of the use of aviation forces and means.

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CONTENT: INTRODUCTION It's no secret that fires most often occur from a careless attitude to the fire of the people themselves. Fires cause enormous material damage and in some cases are accompanied by death of people. The problem of loss of life in fires is a matter of particular concern. Therefore, fire protection is the most important responsibility of every member of society and is carried out on a national scale.

INTRODUCTION
It's no secret that fires most often occur from a careless attitude to the fire of the people themselves. Fires cause enormous material damage and in some cases are accompanied by death of people. The problem of loss of life in fires is a matter of particular concern. Therefore, fire protection is the most important responsibility of every member of society and is carried out on a national scale. The solution of this problem requires the implementation of a complex of scientific, technical and organizational tasks.
Fire protection aims to find the most effective, cost-effective and technically justified methods and means of preventing fires and their elimination with minimal damage at the most rational use forces and technical means of extinguishing.

DEFINITION OF FIRE SAFETY.
Fire safety is the state of an object in which the possibility of a fire is excluded, and in case of its occurrence, the necessary measures are taken to eliminate it. negative impact fire hazards on people, structures and property. Fire safety can be ensured by fire prevention and active fire protection measures. Fire prevention includes a set of measures aimed at preventing a fire or reducing its consequences. Active fire protection - measures that ensure the successful fight against fires or explosive situations.
The fire safety system is a set of forces and means, as well as legal, organizational, economic, social, scientific and technical measures aimed at fighting fires. The main elements of the fire safety system are the bodies state power, local governments, enterprises, citizens involved in ensuring fire safety.
The main functions of the Fire Safety System are:
1 Regulatory legal regulation and implementation of state measures in the field of fire safety
2. Creation of the fire department and organization of its activities,
3. Development and implementation of fire safety measures,
4. Realization of rights, duties and responsibilities in the field of fire safety,
5. Carrying out fire prevention propaganda and training the population in fire safety measures
6. Promoting the activities of voluntary firefighters and fire protection associations,
7. Involving the population in ensuring fire safety,
8. Scientific and technical support of fire safety,
9 Information support in the field of fire safety,
10. Implementation of state fire supervision and other control functions to ensure fire safety,
11 Manufacture of fire-technical products, performance of works and provision of services in the field of fire safety,
12 Licensing of activities (works, services) in the field of fire safety and certification of products and services in the field of fire safety,
13 Fire insurance
14 Establishment tax breaks and implementation of other measures of social and economic incentives for ensuring fire safety
15 Extinguishing fires and conducting related emergency rescue operations,
16. Accounting for fires and their consequences
17. Establishment of a special fire regime.

FIRE SAFETY IN THE PRODUCTION .
Production facilities are characterized by increased fire hazard, as they are characterized by the complexity production processes, the presence of significant amounts of liquefied combustible gases, solid combustible materials, a large equipment of electrical installations, and more.
The main causes of fires are often:
1) Violation of the technological regime - 33%.
2) Malfunction of electrical equipment - 16%.
3) Poor preparation for equipment repair - 13%.
4) Spontaneous combustion of oily rags and other materials - 10%
Sources of ignition can also be open fire of technological installations, hot or heated walls of apparatus and equipment, sparks of electrical equipment, static electricity, sparks of impact and friction of machine parts and equipment, etc. In addition, violations of the rules and regulations of storage can serve as sources of ignition. flammable materials, careless handling of fire, use of open fire torches, blowtorches, smoking in prohibited places, non-compliance fire fighting measures for fire equipment, water supply, fire alarm, provision primary means fire fighting, etc.
As practice shows, the accident of even one large unit, accompanied by fire and explosion, for example, in chemical industry they often accompany one another, can lead to very serious consequences not only for the production itself and the people serving it, but also for environment. In this regard, it is extremely important to correctly assess the fire and explosion hazard of the technological process already at the design stage, to identify possible reasons accidents, determine hazards and scientifically substantiate the choice of methods and means of fire and explosion prevention and protection.
An important factor in carrying out these works is the knowledge of the processes and conditions of combustion and explosion, the properties of substances and materials used in technological process, methods and means of protection against fire and explosion.
Measures for fire prevention are divided into organizational, technical, regime and operational.
Organizational measures: provide for the correct operation of machines and intra-factory transport, the correct maintenance of buildings, territories, fire safety briefing.
Technical measures: compliance fire regulations and norms in the design of buildings, in the installation of electrical wires and equipment, heating, ventilation, lighting, proper placement of equipment.
Regime measures - the prohibition of smoking in unspecified places, the prohibition of welding and other hot work in fire hazardous premises, and the like.
Operational measures - timely preventive maintenance, inspections, repairs and testing of process equipment.

Basic fire safety requirements.
The main condition for obtaining permission from the fire authorities is the fulfillment of fire safety requirements. Even for enterprises classified in the group to which the notification principle applies, all fire fighting measures remain binding.
Below are the most important organizational and engineering measures to ensure fire safety in enterprises.


How to prepare instructions for fire safety measures?
In what areas should evacuation plans be placed in case of fire?
Who should be trained in fire safety rules?
What signs must be installed at the enterprise?
What are the requirements for smoking areas?
What organizational fire safety measures are mandatory for enterprises?
To maintain fire safety, each enterprise must implement a set of mandatory organizational measures listed in the "Fire Safety Rules in Ukraine", namely:
define responsibilities officials to ensure fire safety;
appoint persons responsible for the fire safety of individual buildings, structures, premises, sections, technological and engineering equipment, as well as for the maintenance and operation of technical fire protection equipment;
enter the appropriate fire mode;
prepare, approve and familiarize all employees with:
- general-object instruction on fire safety measures;
– relevant instructions for all fire and explosion hazardous and fire hazardous premises;
draw up plans (schemes) for evacuating people in case of fire;
approve the procedure (system) for alerting people about a fire, familiarize all employees with it;
determine the categories of buildings and premises for explosive and fire hazard in accordance with the requirements of the current normative documents, as well as determine the classes of zones according to the "Electrical Installation Rules";
install on the territory, in buildings and premises appropriate fire safety signs, signs indicating the telephone number and the procedure for calling the fire brigade.
Special attention is given special measures to prevent fires from thermal manifestation electric current(See appendix 10 of the booklet "How to get a permit from the fire authorities").
How are people responsible for fire safety appointed?
Responsible for fire safety are appointed by order of the head of the enterprise, a sample filling in Appendix 5 of the brochure "How to obtain permission from the fire authorities").
What fire safety issues should be documented?
Internal documents establishing the fire regime at the enterprise are developed by those responsible for fire safety and approved by the head of the enterprise. Documents are stored in a special folder on fire safety issues.
The documents should indicate, in particular, the following:
rules for using electric heaters household appliances, the use of open fire, the performance of temporary fire hazardous work;
smoking area;
procedure for inspection and closing of premises upon completion of work;
the procedure for servicing technical fire protection equipment (fire extinguishers, fire alarm installations, automatic fire extinguishing, smoke removal, etc.);
responsible persons who must conduct special training and briefings of personnel on fire safety issues, and the frequency of these events;
actions to be taken by employees in the event of a fire.
What fire safety documents should be kept at the enterprise?
The list of documents may be different for each enterprise. The main documents required by the fire authorities are listed below:
Order (orders) on the appointment of persons responsible for fire safety of individual buildings, structures, premises, etc.;
Order (relevant provision) on the procedure according to which special training and briefings should be carried out with employees, their knowledge of fire safety should be checked;
Program for conducting introductory fire safety briefing;
Program for conducting primary fire safety briefing;
The list of questions on which knowledge should be checked after the primary, repeated and unscheduled fire safety briefings;
Fire safety briefing register;
Expert opinion ( expert opinions) regarding the correctness and completeness of the implementation fire safety requirements in design estimates for the construction, reconstruction, technical re-equipment of industrial and other facilities, the introduction of new technologies;
Permission (permits) for the start of each newly created enterprise, the commissioning of new and reconstructed facilities, the introduction of new technologies, the launch of production of new fire hazardous machines, equipment and products, the lease of any premises, buildings and structures;
Certificate(s) of conformity for all types fire fighting equipment and fire fighting equipment;
List of duties of officials to ensure fire safety;
Orders, instructions establishing the appropriate fire regime;
General-object instruction on fire safety measures;
Instructions on fire safety measures for all explosive and fire hazardous premises (areas, workshops, warehouses, workshops, laboratories, etc.);
Plans (schemes) of evacuation of people in case of fire;
Instruction for security workers (guards, watchmen, guards, etc.);
A list of officials of the enterprise, compiled especially for security workers, in which (the list) should indicate the home address, business and home phones each of these persons;
Graphs and acts of insulation resistance measurements electrical networks and electrical equipment;
Documentation, the list of which is given in the "Rules for the technical maintenance of fire automatics installations";
Regulations Maintenance fire automatics systems, fire alarms, fire extinguishers;
Graphs and acts of checking the resistance of grounding devices.

Fire extinguishing

To stop burning, the following methods are used:

isolation of the combustion source from atmospheric oxygen (for most combustible substances, at an oxygen concentration of less than 14%, the combustion process stops);

cooling the combustion zone to a temperature below the self-ignition temperature;

Cooling the burning material below the ignition temperature;

dilution of burning materials with non-combustible substances;

inhibition (inhibition) of the burning rate;

· mechanical knocking down of a flame in the center of burning;

Isolation of combustible substances from the combustion zone, etc.

Water is the cheapest and most common means of extinguishing fires. Water has a high heat capacity and a significant increase in volume during vaporization (1 liter of water forms 1700 liters of steam).

Water is used to extinguish the combustion of solid combustible substances, create water curtains and cool objects (machine tools, structures, etc.) located near the combustion source.

Water must not be used to extinguish electrically energized equipment. A low effect is observed when extinguishing oil products with water.

A sprayed jet of water is more effective in extinguishing fires, especially when extinguishing combustible liquids. When surfactants (wetting agents) are added to the water, the water consumption decreases up to 2.5 times.

Extinguishing with foam is more effective, since the foam cover shields the combustible substance from the heat of the combustion zone. Foam, both chemical and air-mechanical, is used to extinguish solids and flammable liquids (FLL).

Chemical foam is formed by the reaction between alkali and acid in the presence of a blowing agent.

Air-mechanical foam is a colloidal substance consisting of gas bubbles surrounded by liquid films. It is obtained by mixing water and a foaming agent with air. Air-mechanical foam is characterized by multiplicity, i.e. the ratio of the volume of the foam to the volume of its liquid phase. For extinguishing combustible liquids (FL) and flammable liquids, it is possible to use air-mechanical foam of medium expansion (from 40 to 120).

Extinguishing with powder compositions is very effective, as they have a high fire extinguishing ability. They are used when extinguishing a fire is not amenable to water and foams (metals, etc.). It is permissible to extinguish a fire with powder compositions at sub-zero temperatures.

The main role in extinguishing a fire with powders is played by their ability to inhibit the flame.

Inert diluents are used as fire extinguishing compositions for volumetric extinguishing - water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, flue gases, etc. Extinguishing when the medium is diluted with inert diluents is associated with heat losses for heating these diluents, which leads to a decrease in the rate of the combustion process.

Water vapor is used to extinguish fires in small rooms. Carbon dioxide is used to extinguish fires in warehouses of flammable liquids, etc.

The choice of extinguishing agent depends on the class of fire, for example:

class A - it is possible to use all types of fire extinguishing agents;

class B - water and all types of foam, powders are used;

class C - gas compositions are used in the form of inert diluents, powders, water;

class D - powders are used;

class E - powders, carbon dioxide, etc. are used.

Fire extinguishers are divided into primary and stationary.

Primary fire extinguishers are used to eliminate small fires. In this case, they use: fire nozzles, fire extinguishers, dry sand, thick blankets, etc.

Stationary fire extinguishing installations are constantly ready for action. Starting the fire extinguishing process can be carried out remotely or automatically. Sprinkler and deluge installations are used for automatic water fire extinguishing.

Fire safety in this production. (Safety Instruction)

The main fire safety measures in the design master plans industrial enterprises are:

1. Ensuring safe distances from the boundaries of industrial enterprises to residential and public buildings.

2. Zoning of buildings and structures on the territory of industrial enterprises, taking into account their purpose and other features.

3. Compliance with the required fire breaks between the buildings and structures of the enterprise.

Buildings and structures, taking into account the category of production, are grouped into zones. The zones and the buildings and structures themselves within each zone are placed taking into account the terrain, wind rose and fire breaks so that the resulting fire cannot cause damage to neighboring objects.

In many cases, the distance between industrial enterprises and residential, public buildings is determined by the need to create sanitary protection zones, based on industrial hazard. Sanitary protection zones, as a rule, the area exceeds the fire zones, which meets the requirements of fire safety.

There must be at least two driveways on the territory of the enterprise. Road width at one way traffic must be at least 4 meters, with two-sided - at least 6 meters. The radius of curvature must be at least 10 meters, and for the transportation of long structures and products - at least 12 meters. On the roads must be installed road signs directions of movement, the speed of movement on straight sections should not exceed 10 km / h, on sections of turns and poor visibility - 5 km / h. Roads should be ring, dead-end.

In addition, measures for lightning protection of buildings and scaffolding are necessarily provided, methods for storing flammable and combustible liquids are indicated. Mobile trailers (administrative and amenity premises) are located in groups at a distance of at least 24 m from buildings under construction. There can be no more than 10 trailers in a group and the distance between groups is at least 18 m. All buildings under construction and in operation, including trailers, must have free access. To buildings with a width of more than 18 m, entrances are arranged from two sides, more than 100 m - from four.

Store non-combustible Construction Materials and structures, in exceptional cases, it is possible within the limits of fire breaks, provided that a free strip with a width of at least 5 m remains around the buildings with a coating reinforced with gravel, slag.

The most dangerous in terms of fire is that part construction site where materials and structures are stored, and especially timber, flammable and combustible liquids. At the construction site, warehouses from buildings under construction are located at a distance of at least 30 m for lumber; 15 m-- for roundwood and 24 m - for other combustible materials (roofing, roofing felt, etc.).

The area allotted for storing timber should be no more than 750 m 2 and no more than 100 m 2 for other combustible materials. If this storage area is not enough, then another site is allocated at a distance of 25 m from the first. In the warehouse, it is necessary to systematically remove wood chips, bark, shavings and immediately take them to a specially designated site located at a distance of at least 50 m from the buildings under construction and in operation and the materials warehouse.

Storage of flammable and combustible liquids at construction sites must comply with the requirements of SNiP 11-3-79 in an expendable warehouse located just above the ground; it is allowed to store no more than 5 m 3 of flammable and 25 m 3 of combustible liquids. For their storage, a serviceable, hermetically sealed metal container is used, which must be opened with a tool that excludes the formation of sparks. Empty containers are stored in a specially designated area at least 30 m away from all objects of the construction site. It is allowed to repair containers only after thorough washing and steaming. Spilling of flammable liquids is allowed only by pumps through a copper grid.

Cylinders with compressed, liquefied and dissolved gases must be stored in accordance with the Rules for the Design and Safety of Operation of Pressure Vessels.

Calcium carbide is stored on racks in metal closed drums in a dry, well-ventilated aboveground room. The bottom shelf of the rack is placed at a distance of 20 cm from the floor to avoid possible flooding of calcium carbide.

The drum with calcium carbide is opened with a tool that excludes sparking.

Warehouse structures where explosive, flammable vapors and gases, flammable liquids, varnishes, paints, polystyrene foam are stored are made of non-combustible materials. In these warehouses it is forbidden to carry out work related to fire and the formation of sparks.

Even short-term obstruction of aisles and driveways by cars is prohibited. On the allotted sites, the machine is located 1 m apart. At the same time, it is forbidden to put cars from which leakage of gasoline or oil is detected until the defects are eliminated; it is not allowed to wash and wipe parts of machines with gasoline or kerosene.

Fire extinguishing is a set of measures aimed at eliminating fires. For the occurrence and development of the combustion process, the simultaneous presence of a combustible material, an oxidizing agent and a continuous flow of heat from the fire to the combustible material (source of fire) is necessary, then the absence of any of these components is sufficient to stop combustion.

Thus, the cessation of combustion can be achieved by reducing the content of the combustible component, reducing the concentration of the oxidizer, reducing the activation energy of the reaction, and, finally, lowering the process temperature.

According to the above, there are the following main fire extinguishing methods:

-cooling the source of fire or combustion below certain temperatures;

- isolation of the combustion source from air;

- lowering the concentration of oxygen in the air by dilution with non-combustible gases;

- inhibition (inhibition) of the rate of the oxidation reaction;

- mechanical failure of the flame by a strong jet of gas or water, explosion;

- creation of fire barrier conditions, under which the fire spreads through narrow channels, the diameter of which is less than the extinguishing diameter;

To achieve this, various fire-extinguishing materials and mixtures (hereinafter referred to as extinguishing agents or extinguishing methods) are used.

The main extinguishing methods are:

water, which can be supplied to the fire in whole or spray jets;

Foams (air-mechanical and chemical of different multiplicity), which are colloidal systems consisting of air bubbles (in the case of air-mechanical foam) surrounded by a film of water;

· inert gas diluents (carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon, steam, flue gases);

homogeneous inhibitors - halocarbons (chladones) with a low boiling point;

heterogeneous inhibitors - fire extinguishing powders;

combined mixtures.

The choice of extinguishing method and its supply is determined by the class of fire and the conditions for its development.

Water, steam-air mixture, aerosol cloud, inert and non-combustible gases are used as fire extinguishing agents, chemical substances, foams, fire extinguishing powders, explosives. Water has a high heat capacity, cools the surface, forms a film on the wetted surface of the burning substance that prevents the access of oxygen. When water is supplied in the form of compact jets, it is possible to knock down the flame, reduce the concentration of reactants in the combustion zone. For this purpose, hand or fire monitors are used, which supply water to 70 - 80 m.

Compared to other means water It has such advantages as wide availability and low cost, large heat capacity, providing heat removal from hard-to-reach places, high transportability, chemical neutrality and non-toxicity. 1 liter of water when heated from 0 to 100 ° C absorbs 419 kJ of heat, and during evaporation - 2260 kJ.

Extinguishing with water substances that react with it (metal potassium, calcium, calcium carbide, etc., magnesium, its alloys in a crushed state and mixtures of these metals with oxidizing agents, thermite-sodium, thermite-potassium and phosphorus-sodium incendiary substances ), not allowed. For extinguishing electrical equipment under voltage, the use of water is prohibited.

When it comes into contact with hot metals, water does not decompose into oxygen and hydrogen, and does not form an explosive combustible mixture due to lack of temperature. Thermal resistance of water over 1700°С. Do not extinguish burning gasoline, acetone, turpentine, alcohol, kerosene, fuel oil, lubricating oils, etc. with a jet of water, as these substances float to the surface of the water and continue to burn. Extinguish these substances with sprayed water. When extinguishing ignited coal, it is forbidden to supply water from the trunks, because coal dust, raised by a jet of water under high pressure, forms an explosive mixture with air.

Foam - even more effective remedy quenching. It is lightweight and has great penetrating power. Foam is indispensable for extinguishing fires in large tanks with flammable liquids. Water sinks in a combustible liquid, and foam covers the flame and extinguishes it. In the tank, the foam can be fed both from above and below. Foam is used to extinguish fires in basements, holds, engine rooms of ships. There is chemical and air-mechanical foam.

water vapor used to extinguish fires in rooms up to 500 m 3 . The steam moistens the burning objects and reduces the oxygen concentration. The extinguishing concentration of water vapor in air is approximately 35% by volume.

Carbon dioxide, nitrogen, flue gases are used to extinguish fires. The extinguishing concentration of carbon dioxide in the air is usually 30 - 35% by volume. Given that this gas is heavy and spreads along the ground, its concentration in the lower part of the room will be higher, which contributes to effective fire extinguishing. But giving large concentrations of CO 2 is dangerous for people and uneconomical. The optimal amount of CO 2 supplied to the fire zone is determined by the oxygen content in the outgoing air stream. Typically, combustion stops when the oxygen content drops to 10-13%. Based physical characteristics gas and the nature of the development of fires, it is possible to recommend the use of CO 2 for effective extinguishing in relatively small rooms in the initial stage of a fire, when the flame did not cover the entire room. Typically, carbon dioxide is supplied to the fire from railway tanks or cylinders.

Nitrogen is lighter than air, goes into liquid state at a very low temperature (-195.8 ° C), so it is delivered to the fire area for extinguishing in special container vehicles. Typically, the extinguishing concentration of nitrogen is 35% by volume.

The country has developed installations for burning various combustible substances (fuel oil, kerosene, etc.), the combustion products of which, after cooling, are also used to extinguish fires. In this case, the content of O 2 should be no more than 3%, CO - no more than 0.01%.

Chemicals stop or slow down the combustion process due to chemical inhibition of the intense oxidation reaction. So, for example, halogenated hydrocarbons (freons) introduced into the composition of the air extinguish the flame due to chain breakage, the radicals of the combustion process.

Fire extinguishing powders are finely ground mineral salts with various additives. Fire extinguishing powders are versatile and can be used to extinguish various substances: solid and combustible liquids of various classes, metals and equipment that is energized. The mechanism of the fire-extinguishing action of powders consists in inhibiting the combustion process by destroying the active centers of the flame on the surface of solid particles or as a result of their interaction with gas-like decomposition products of powders. Powders are used for surface extinguishing, as well as in phlegmatization and explosion neutralization installations.