Autonomous fire alarm: development, installation, adjustment. Choosing a good stand-alone fire detector Scope and correct installation

An autonomous fire detector (API) is a device designed to give an alarm in a timely manner in the event of smoke and a fire hazard. As a rule, the device has a round shape up to 10 cm in diameter. In the body of the device there is an autonomous power supply and the main working components, which include an optical smoke detector and a sound detector.

The essence of the principle of operation of the optical smoke sensor is in the constant monitoring of the optical density in the measuring optical chamber. The chamber is designed in such a way that light waves from external sources cannot enter it at all. Inside it has its own infrared emitter and receiver. These elements are located relative to each other so that the light flux from the emitter can reach the receiver only as a result of reflection from a solid particle of smoke located in the area of the optical chamber controlled by the sensor. An increase in the signal received by the receiver is evidence of an increase in the optical density in the camera and serves as the basis for generating an alarm.
The sounder is a compact but rather powerful siren. If the smoke detector is triggered, the siren creates a loud, annoying sound that can attract the attention of others or wake a sleeping person. Usually emitter sound waves in autonomous fire detectors, a piezoelectric element is used, which is characterized by low energy consumption.
In addition to everything described above, the detector body is equipped with a status indicator light and a button for monitoring the performance (or a hole).
A separate element of the design of the fire detector is considered to be the mounting pad ("heel"). This element is fastened with fasteners directly to the ceiling, and the autonomous fire detector itself is already fixed into it. Actually, the installation of the detector consists in installing the device in a certain position in the "heel" and turning it clockwise until it stops. To dismantle, simply turn the device counterclockwise.
Some models of modern fire detectors have the function of the so-called "solidary connection". The essence of this function is that several devices can be connected by wires into one network. The alarm signal of the entire "collective" of detectors is output to a separate light and sound annunciator. A separate power supply for the entire network is not required, a battery installed in each detector is sufficient.
Autonomous fire detector. Requirements.
Regardless of the manufacturer, type and model of the device, a number of requirements are imposed on the API. The most important of these include the following requirements:
1. In autonomous mode, the detector must operate on one battery for at least one year (ideally up to 10 years).
2. The device must necessarily have a light indicator that regularly notifies that the device has not lost its functionality and is operating in normal mode (one blink every half a minute is recommended).
3. In the event of a fire, the alarm must sound for at least 4 minutes. Level sound signal ranges from 85 to 110 dB. At least 3 signals must be given in a row.
4. If the time has come to change the battery, the signal should be given rhythmically after 30 seconds.
5. The presence of at least one test button (several is possible), which allows you to determine the serviceability of the device and the correct response to the source of smoke.
6. An autonomous fire detector must operate in the temperature range from -10° C to +50° C.
Autonomous fire detector. Installation and application efficiency.
The installation of a fire detector can be done independently, without using any special tool. As a rule, when buying, the kit along with the API includes detailed instructions indicating all stages of installation, information about the design of the device, basic operating rules, permitted and unacceptable actions with the device.
Experts recommend installing devices in small private premises (apartments, houses, garages, hostels, etc.). Optimal correct solution- install API in areas with constant air exchange (not far from ventilation shafts). If it is necessary to connect detectors in local network, then all devices must be the same and work according to the same principle.
There is probably a statistic for preventing fires and saving lives. In any case, it will not be worse from installing a fire detector in a residential area.

NPB 66-97

FIRE SAFETY STANDARDS

FIRE DETECTORS AUTONOMOUS

GENERAL TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS

TEST METHODS

DETECTORS AUTONOMOUS. SPECIFICATIONS.
TEST METHODS

Introduction date 1997-08-31

DEVELOPED by the branch of the All-Russian Research Institute of Fire Defense (VNIIPO) of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in St. Petersburg.

INTRODUCED AND PREPARED FOR APPROVAL by the regulatory and technical department of the Main Directorate of the State fire service(GUGPS) Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.

APPROVED by Chief State Inspector Russian Federation for fire supervision.

INTRODUCED INTO ACTION by order of the GUGPS of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia N 56 of August 25, 1997

1 AREA OF USE

These fire safety standards apply to autonomous fire detectors intended for use as automatic means of fire detection and fire signaling in the premises of buildings and structures for various purposes (including residential) independently or as part of an autonomous fire alarm system.

The standards establish the general requirements for autonomous fire detectors, the operating conditions of the detectors, the requirements for their reliability, safety, as well as the appropriate test methods that ensure control specifications autonomous fire detectors during production and all types of tests (including certification).

Autonomous fire detectors are not measuring instruments.

Fire safety standards do not apply to autonomous fire detectors with forced delivery of the medium (with sampling) and special-purpose detectors.

2. REGULATORY REFERENCES

References are made in these standards to the following standards:

GOST R 50898-96 Fire detectors. Fire tests.

GOST 28199-89 Basic test methods for external factors. Part 2. Tests. Test A: Cold.

GOST 28200-89 Basic test methods for external factors. Part 2. Tests. Test B: Dry heat.

GOST 28201-89 Basic test methods for external factors. Part 2. Tests. Ca test: Damp heat, constant mode.

GOST 28213-89 Basic test methods for external factors. Part 2. Tests. Trial of Ea and guidance: Single strike.

GOST 28203-89 Basic test methods for external factors. Part 2. Tests. Fc test and guidance: Vibration (sinusoidal).

GOST R 50009-92 Compatibility technical means security, fire and security-fire alarm electromagnetic. Requirements, norms and test methods for noise immunity and industrial interference.

GOST 2.601-68 ESKD . operational documents.

GOST 14192-77 Marking of goods.

GOST 12.2.003-91 SSBT. Production equipment. General safety requirements.

GOST 12.2.007.0-75 SSBT. Electrical products. General safety requirements.

GOST 27.410-87 Reliability in engineering. Methods for monitoring indicators and plans for control tests for reliability.

GOST 14254-96 Degrees of protection provided by shells (IP code).

GOST 9.014-78 ESZKZ. Temporary anticorrosive protection of products. General requirements.

GOST 17925-72 Sign of radiation hazard.

GOST 22522-91 Radioisotope fire detectors. General specifications.

NPB 57-96 Instruments and equipment for automatic fire extinguishing and fire alarm installations. Noise immunity and noise emission. General technical requirements. Test methods.

GOST 3935-81 Cigarettes. General specifications.

GOST 15150-69 Machinery, instruments and other technical products. Versions for different climatic regions.

3. DEFINITIONS

The following terms and their corresponding definitions are used in these standards.

Autonomous fire detector - a detector that responds to a certain level of concentration of aerosol products of combustion (pyrolysis) of substances and materials and, possibly, other fire factors, in the body of which they are structurally combined offline source power supply and all components necessary for fire detection and direct notification of it.

Autonomous smoke detector - a detector that responds to a certain level of concentration of aerosol products (in solid, liquid or gaseous phase) formed during combustion (pyrolysis) of substances and materials.

Autonomous combined fire detector - a detector that reacts not only to aerosol products of combustion (pyrolysis) of substances and materials, but also additionally to other (one or more) factors associated with the initial stage of a fire: gaseous products, temperature, optical radiation of a flame, etc.

"Alarm" signal - a signal generated by an autonomous fire detector, designed to indicate that a controlled fire factor has reached certain value corresponding to the sensitivity of the autonomous detector.

External power supply - a power supply located outside the housing of the independent detector.

Internal power supply - a power supply located inside the housing of a stand-alone detector.

Interconnected autonomous fire detector - a detector that can be included in a local network together with other autonomous fire detectors.

Local network of autonomous fire detectors - electrical connection a group of interconnected autonomous fire detectors located in one or more rooms of the protected object, providing a backup signaling (notification) of a fire in the event of any of them being triggered.

4. GENERAL TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS

Autonomous fire detectors must comply with the requirements of these standards and technical documentation to a specific autonomous fire detector.

4.1. Appointment Requirements

4.1.1. According to their functionality, autonomous fire detectors are divided into two types:

- autonomous smoke fire detectors;

- Autonomous combined fire detectors.

4.1.2. According to the principle of fire detection, autonomous smoke fire detectors are divided into two types:

- Autonomous optical-electronic fire detectors;

- Autonomous radioisotope fire detectors.

4.1.3. An autonomous fire detector, when triggered, must emit an "Alarm" sound signal, the volume level of which (measured at a distance of 1 m from the autonomous fire detector) must be at least 85 dB for at least 4 minutes.

Note. If the autonomous fire detector provides for the possibility of sound notification of a malfunction, then such a signal should be different from the "Alarm" signal.

4.1.4. The sensitivity of optical-electronic smoke autonomous fire detectors should be within 0.05-0.2 dB m;

4.1.5. The threshold for operation of radioisotope smoke autonomous fire detectors should be selected from the range: 0.25; 0.5; 0.75, 1.0; 1.5; 2.0; 3.0 in accordance with GOST 22522.

4.1.6. The value of sensitivity (trigger threshold) of an autonomous fire detector should not depend on the number of triggers.

4.1.7. The value of sensitivity (threshold) of an autonomous fire detector should not depend on the orientation to the direction of the air flow.

4.1.8. The value of sensitivity (threshold) of autonomous fire detectors should not change from sample to sample.

4.1.9. The value of sensitivity (threshold) of an autonomous fire detector should not depend on the supply voltage within the voltage range specified in the technical documentation for a particular detector, or within the allowable discharge of the internal power source.

4.1.10. The sensitivity (threshold) of an autonomous fire detector should not depend on the impact of air flows with speeds of 0.2 and 1.0 m s.

4.1.11. When the air flow rate is (10 ± 0.5) m s, an autonomous fire detector should not generate false "Alarm" signals.

4.1.12. The value of the current consumed by an autonomous fire detector from an internal power source in standby mode should not exceed 50 µA.

4.1.13. A combined autonomous fire detector that structurally combines a smoke detector with a heat, gas, flame detector or other type of fire detectors must have nominal values response temperature, threshold sensitivity for tracer gas, sensitivity, etc., established for the respective types of fire detectors by the current regulatory documents.

Note. If a combined autonomous fire detector is made together with a thermal one, the value of the nominal response temperature for maximum thermal fire detectors should be 54, 62 or 72 °C.

4.1.14. In a stand-alone fire detector that has one or more signal elements (indicators), the "Alarm" signal must have priority over other signals.

4.1.15. Autonomous fire detectors must comply with the requirements of GOST R 50898.

4.2. Resilience Requirements

4.2.1. An autonomous optoelectronic smoke detector must remain operational when exposed to background illumination from an artificial or natural light source of at least 12,000 lux.

4.2.2. An autonomous fire detector must remain operational when exposed to elevated temperatures, the value of which is set in the technical specifications for detectors of a particular type, but not lower than plus 55 °C.

4.2.3. An autonomous fire detector must remain operational when exposed to low temperature, the value of which is set in the technical specifications for detectors of a particular type, but not higher than minus 10 °С.

4.2.4. An autonomous fire detector must remain operational when exposed to relative air humidity (95 ± 3)% at a temperature of plus 40 °C.

4.2.5. An autonomous fire detector must remain operational when exposed to mechanical shocks with the following characteristics:

the shape of the shock pulse is a half-sine wave;

shock pulse duration - 6 ms;

peak acceleration - (100 - 20) g, where - the mass of the detector in kg, g is the standard acceleration due to the earth's gravity;

number of directions - 6;

the number of pulses in each direction is 3.

4.2.6. An autonomous fire detector must remain operational after an impact with an energy of 1.9 J.

4.2.7. The autonomous fire detector must remain operational when exposed to sinusoidal vibration with a displacement amplitude of at least 0.35 mm in the frequency range from 10 to 55 Hz .

4.2.8. An autonomous fire detector must be resistant to a change in the polarity of the power source.

4.3. Noise immunity and noise emission requirements

In terms of resistance to electrical interference in the circuit of the main power source and in terms of noise emission, autonomous fire detectors must comply with the requirements of NPB 57-96 "Instruments and equipment for automatic fire extinguishing and fire alarm installations. Noise immunity and noise emission. General technical requirements. Test methods" (not lower than 2 th degree of rigidity according to GOST 50009).

Note. The technical documentation for an autonomous fire detector must include requirements for resistance to electrical interference in the main power supply circuit and for interference emission in accordance with the requirements of NPB 57-96.

4.4. Reliability Requirements

4.4.1. An autonomous fire detector must be designed for round-the-clock continuous operation.

4.4.2. The mean time between failures of autonomous fire detectors must be at least 60,000 hours.

Note. The conditions for which the indicators of non-failure operation, persistence and durability are normalized should be indicated in the technical documentation for a specific autonomous fire detector.

4.5. Design requirements

4.5.1. An autonomous fire detector must be equipped with a device to check its performance.

4.5.2. The electrical power supply of the stand-alone fire detector must be provided from an internal power source.

It is allowed to use an external power source as the main one, provided that an internal backup power source is available. In this case, an autonomous fire detector must have a device that provides automatic switching from the main power to the backup power and back with the issuance of an audible signal different from the "Alarm" signal, the parameters of which are set in the technical documentation for a specific autonomous fire detector.

4.5.3. The nominal value of the voltage of the power source of an autonomous fire detector must be selected from the range: 3.0; 4.5; 6.0 and 9.0 V DC and 36 V maximum alternating current.

It is allowed to power an autonomous fire detector from an external power source with a voltage exceeding 36 V AC, provided that the autonomous fire detector complies with the established electrical safety requirements household appliances during operation by the consumer (PUE).

4.5.4. An autonomous fire detector connected to an external power supply must be equipped with a separate power indicator (green).

4.5.5. The terminal connections of the electronic circuit of the autonomous fire detector, as well as the power source, must be provided with signs corresponding to the polarity ("plus" or "minus").

4.5.6. The electrical connection with the outputs (terminals) of the internal power source of the autonomous fire detector must ensure resistance to a force of at least 6.6 N per output (terminal) of the power source.

4.5.7. When the voltage of the internal power supply of an autonomous fire detector decreases to the minimum allowable value (or other objective criteria for achieving the maximum allowable discharge of the internal power supply), at least once a minute, an audible signal must be emitted, different from the "Alarm" signal, the parameters of which are set in the technical documentation to a specific autonomous fire detector.

4.5.8. Removal of the internal power supply must be accompanied by a clear visual indication.

4.5.9. An autonomous fire detector may provide for the possibility of connecting it to various auxiliary devices (remote indicators, control relays, other interconnected autonomous fire detectors, etc.). In this case, the possibility of functioning of an autonomous detector should be ensured under the condition of an open or short circuit in the external circuit.

4.5.10. Each wire and their connections are used both for connecting external devices (for example, backup power), and for internal connections, must withstand a mechanical load of 44.5 N (without jerks).

4.5.11. The conductors used to connect the power supply must be stranded wires with a cross section of at least 0.21 mm and with an insulation thickness of at least 0.4 mm.

4.5.12. Calibration tools that are not intended for use by the consumer during the installation and operation of an autonomous fire detector at the facility should not be available to change their position, set at the manufacturer upon release.

4.5.13. The degree of protection of an autonomous fire detector must comply with GOST 14254. In this case, the first digit of the designation (characterizing the protection against penetration into the shell solids) must be at least 4.

4.5.14. The hinged cover of the stand-alone fire detector must provide the possibility of free opening/closing of the stand-alone fire detector with a connected power source.

4.5.15. The self-contained fire detector shall not have user-replaceable or repairable parts other than the internal power supply and fuses.

4.5.16. The mass and overall dimensions of autonomous fire detectors must comply with the values established in the technical documentation for a specific autonomous fire detector.

4.6. Labeling requirements

4.6.1. The marking of autonomous fire detectors must contain:

- symbol;

- degree of protection of the detector shell according to GOST 14254;

- trademark of the manufacturer.

Additional inscriptions should be specified in the technical documentation for a specific detector.

4.6.2. The place and method of marking must be indicated in the drawings for a specific detector.

4.7. Completeness requirements

The delivery set of an autonomous fire detector must ensure its installation, commissioning and operation without the use of non-standard equipment and non-standard tools (except for cable products intended for connecting lines).

4.8. Packing Requirements

4.8.1. Autonomous fire detectors must be packed in consumer packaging in accordance with the requirements of GOST 9.014.

4.8.2. Autonomous fire detectors must be packed in a shipping container to protect them from damage during transportation and storage.

Autonomous fire detectors should be packed in closed ventilated rooms with temperatures from plus 15 to plus 40 ° C and relative air humidity up to 80% in the absence of environment aggressive impurities.

4.9. Safety requirements

4.9.1. Autonomous fire detectors must be safe in operation, as well as during installation, repair and maintenance work in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.2.003, GOST 12.2.007.0 and PUE-86.

4.9.2. Autonomous radioisotope fire detectors must comply with the requirements of the "Radiation Safety Standards NRB-76", "Basic Sanitary Rules for Working with Radioactive Substances and Other Sources of Ionizing Radiation OSP-72/87", as well as the Sanitary Rules for the Design and Operation of Radioisotope Devices.

A radiation hazard sign must be applied to the surface of the body of a radioisotope autonomous detector in accordance with GOST 17925.

The exposure dose rate of X-ray and gamma radiation on the surface of autonomous radioisotope fire detectors should be normalized according to the possible actual value and should not exceed 0.3 mR h.

5. ACCEPTANCE

5.1. To control the compliance of an autonomous fire detector with the requirements of these standards and technical documentation ( specifications) to the detector or other active normative documentation establish the following types of tests: acceptance, periodic, type, control tests for reliability and certification.

5.2. Acceptance tests are carried out in order to control the compliance of the autonomous fire detector with the requirements established in the technical documentation for the product, and to decide on the suitability of the autonomous fire detector for delivery to the consumer. Compliance control of an autonomous fire detector with the requirements of the technical documentation for them is carried out by the technical control service of the manufacturer by the method of continuous control in the amount established in the technical documentation.

5.3. If in the process of acceptance tests a non-compliance of an autonomous fire detector with at least one requirement is found, this autonomous fire detector is considered to have failed the test and is not subject to acceptance. Such a detector must be returned to have the defect repaired. After the defect is eliminated, this detector must undergo repeated acceptance tests.

The results of the retests are final.

5.4. Periodic testing should be carried out at least once a year.

At least 10 autonomous fire detectors, randomly selected from the presented batch and passed acceptance tests, must be subjected to tests.

5.5. If, during periodic tests, a non-compliance of an autonomous fire detector with the requirements of the technical documentation for a specific detector is found, tests must be carried out in in full on double the number of detectors.

5.6. Reliability control tests are carried out once every three years, starting from the installation series, as well as in the case of modernization that affects reliability indicators, on batches of at least 10 autonomous fire detectors.

The initial data for planning reliability control tests are set in the technical documentation for a specific autonomous fire detector in accordance with GOST 27.410.

5.7. Autonomous fire detectors submitted for reliability control tests must pass acceptance tests.

5.8. Control tests for reliability and evaluation of their results are carried out according to the program and test procedure developed by the manufacturer of autonomous fire detectors in accordance with GOST 27.410 and in accordance with the technical documentation for an autonomous fire detector.

5.9. Autonomous fire detectors that have passed control tests for reliability are subject to delivery to consumers with an indication of the number of hours worked in the passport.

5.10. The test results must be documented in a test report.

Table 1


Controlled parameter and characteristic	Item numbers	Type of tests
	test methods	Acceptance	Periodic	Certification
Checking the sound level
Checking the repeatability of sensitivity values (trigger threshold)
Resistant to change in airflow direction
Checking the stability of sensitivity values (trigger threshold)
Checking the resistance to changes in supply voltage
Air flow resistance test
Checking the value of the consumed current
Checking the compliance of the combined detector with the requirements for heat, gas detectors (or detectors using a different fire detection principle)
Checking the Priority of the "Alarm" Signal
Testing sensitivity to smokes of various nature (fire tests)
Impact test low temperatures(cold)
High Temperature Resistance Test (Damp Heat)
Checking resistance to mechanical shock
Mechanical impact test (direct impact)
Sinusoidal Vibration Test
Checking the strength to change the polarity of the supply voltage
Immunity and Emission Test
Checking for the existence of a health check device
Checking the possibility of automatic switching from the main power to the backup
Checking connectivity to various auxiliary devices
Checking the strength of wires and connections
Checking the protective shell of the detector
Checking the strength of the hinged cover
Determination of weight and overall dimensions

6. TEST METHODS

Methods for monitoring the requirements for the purpose (clause 4.1), requirements for resistance to external influences (clause 4.2), noise immunity and noise emission (clause 4.3), reliability (clause 4.4), design (clause 4.5), marking ( 4.6), the requirements for completeness (clause 4.7) and packaging (clause 4.8), as well as safety requirements (clause 4.9) must be set out in the technical documentation (technical specifications) for a specific optical detector, entered in the prescribed manner.

6.1. General provisions

6.1.1. To test for compliance with the requirements of these standards, eight autonomous fire detectors are taken, usually it takes no more than a few minutes. [email protected], we'll figure it out.

DEFINITION OF AUTONOMOUS FIRE EXTINGUISHING

Let's start our article with a general definition of a fire extinguishing system, followed by a description of its differences from an autonomous one. So, a fire extinguishing system is a complex of equipment and technical solutions aimed at identifying and eliminating fires at an early stage. Fire extinguishing systems can be different in terms of the type of extinguishing agent and the principle of activation. Autonomous fire extinguishing has its own unique feature, expressed in the complete independence of the equipment from external power supply and fire extinguishing agent supply systems (OTV). Such systems are often made in the form of self-sufficient modular blocks, inside which high pressure there is a fire extinguishing agent, and a small temperature-sensitive element is placed outside, which is the initiator of the activation of the module as soon as the ambient temperature exceeds the programmed value.

An autonomous fire extinguishing system does not need to be connected to power and fire pipelines for the supply of fire extinguishing agents. Such a system can often be bought in a small box, 40x40 cm in size (for example), in the form of a "saucer" and independently fixed on the ceiling, having previously correctly calculated the area and cubic capacity of the room, providing it full protection in the event of a fire. At the same time, it must be remembered that it is better to entrust any work on the design and installation of fire extinguishing systems to professionals who will do everything. necessary calculations and carry out the installation, in strict accordance with the provisions of the law. Most of these systems operate at temperatures between -50°C and +50°C.

Advantages of autonomous fire extinguishing systems:

energy independence;
start in automatic mode;
high speed of operation;
possibility of completion;
low cost;
great variability of OTV;
ease of maintenance;
are independent of interference.

Disadvantages of autonomous fire extinguishing systems:

Automatic activation of the module occurs when a certain ambient temperature is reached. But this is not always enough to put out the growing fire in a timely manner. Typically, the base factory setting many self-sufficient modules activate them when the environment reaches 68 degrees Celsius. In practice, this may mean that the fire has already gained strength and some of the material assets have been damaged or destroyed by fire. In addition, depending on the conditions, the fire may spread to large areas, and the temperature in the room will not reach the threshold value for activating the fire extinguishing system;
Another disadvantage of autonomy is the lack of a warning system about the operation of the module. With an external examination, of course, it is possible to determine whether the module has worked or not, but this obliges you to systematically pay attention to checking the module. In addition, if in the case of powder fire extinguishing everything is obvious, and it is simply impossible not to notice the triggering of a powder autonomous module, then in the case of an autonomous gas module, everything is somewhat more complicated, because. the room with ventilation will be cleaned quickly enough and you can simply not notice that the module has worked, due to the absence of any noticeable external signs;
The last disadvantage of stand-alone modules is their complex arrangement in hard-to-reach places. Such places can be: boiler rooms, switchboards, electrical cabinets etc.

But with all the shortcomings of autonomous fire extinguishing, you need to understand that this is just one of the solutions created for specific tasks and not a panacea for all occasions. Designing and installing any fire suppression system is a serious task that should be handled by licensed professionals. After inspecting the facility and making calculations, they will determine which type of fire extinguishing system is best suited for protecting the premises.

SCOPE OF APPLICATION OF AUTONOMOUS FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS

The use of self-sufficient fire extinguishing systems is relevant for premises closed type and small footage / volume. Such premises may be: warehouses, repair rooms, cabinets for electrical equipment, attics, basements, etc. How larger size protected premises or object, the more relevant is the installation centralized system fire alarm, with fire piping and external source nutrition.

Self-sufficient modules for fighting flames may well replace hand-held fire extinguishers, since the volume of the protected area is comparable, and human participation in the extinguishing process is not required. Often, one such module is installed in small shops and premises, which is enough to protect all areas of the object.

As we have already found out above, one of the disadvantages of autonomous fire systems is their difficulty in installing in a limited space. In this case, special stickers-Pyrostickers and FOGs come to the rescue, which are glued to the upper inner part of the switchboard or above the outlet. When the temperature rises in such a sticker-plate, chemical reaction, releasing from a solid state into a gaseous special compound that displaces oxygen, which leads to the deprivation of fire of one of the important resources and its rapid extinction. These sticker plates are the optimal and almost the only solution for fire protection of small objects, the volume of which is often much less than even one cubic meter. The developers position this development as an autonomous and self-sufficient solution for fighting fire.

To protect server cabinets, there is a unique stand-alone equipment, consisting of a gas cylinder, a heat-sensitive tube encircling the entire internal space of the cabinet, and a tube with a sprayer through which a gas fire extinguishing agent is supplied. The uniqueness of this equipment lies precisely in the temperature-sensitive plastic tube filled with gas under low pressure. As soon as a fire occurs in a server cabinet and the temperature rises to 100 degrees Celsius (for such a small object, this is not great importance), the heat-sensitive tube is physically damaged, the gas in it escapes, and the shut-off valve on the gas cylinder opens, spraying the fire extinguishing agent (FTE). The cost of such a system is above average, but its functionality more closely matches modern needs.

OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF SELF-SUFFICIENT SYSTEMS

The basic principle of operation of autonomous fire extinguishing is to reach the temperature of the environment of a certain threshold value, after which the module is activated and the fire extinguishing agent is released. We will talk about the types and features of fire extinguishing agents in the next chapter, and in this chapter we will consider the types of activation of autonomous modules.

Types of activation of autonomous systems:

mechanical;
electric;
chemical.

Mechanical activation refers to the opening of the valve by melting the lock/lock or by expanding the alcohol in the tube. This type of activation has a physical effect on the lock. By electrical activation is meant a system with the presence of battery or a piezoelectric element that reacts to the achievement of a threshold temperature value of the environment. This type of activation does not imply the destruction of the locking lock. And, finally, chemical activation refers to the presence of a special cord that conducts fire or an activating powder.

Today, powder fire extinguishing modules (MPP) are widely used. They incorporate batteries that do not depend on and do not require an external network. Such a module, by means of a temperature-sensitive element, itself recognizes a fire hazardous situation and sprays the fire-extinguishing powder contained in it. Modules of a simpler design are activated by expanding the fire extinguishing agent in them, as a result of which the body is destroyed and the fire extinguishing agent is released.

Despite the fact that, by default, autonomous fire extinguishing means do not have warning means in their design, they can be installed as optional equipment, thereby expanding the functionality of the fire safety system of the facility.

As a rule, after the module is triggered, it is completely replaced. But, in the case of expensive equipment (usually gas equipment), not the entire module system is subject to replacement, but only its separate part. This is due to the higher price and economic feasibility of replacing the entire autonomous system.

FIRE EXTINGUISHING SUBSTANCES AND THEIR FEATURES

Depending on the characteristics of the object, preference is given to the most optimal autonomous modules that can cope with the task. In this matter, there is no common solution, equally suitable for any task. Each fire extinguishing agent has its own advantages and disadvantages, which must be taken into account when designing and installing the fire safety system of an object, with a mandatory adjustment for its features.

Types of OTV in autonomous systems:

Water;
foam;
Aerosol;
Powder;
Gas.

Water-based modules are able to cope with a category "A" fire - solids. The advantage of water as a fire extinguishing agent is its low cost and environmental friendliness (safety). The disadvantages include the impossibility of extinguishing fires of categories with water: "C" - combustible gases, "D" - metals, "E" - electrical installations under voltage and light flammable liquids that will continue to burn on the surface of the water, increasing the fire area when it spreads. In addition, water without special additives quickly freezes already at zero temperature, which significantly limits the scope of water-based systems. Curtains are created from water that reduce the temperature of the burning medium, and the walls of buildings are cooled with it in order to prevent the fire from spreading.

Foam fire extinguishing largely originates from water, which is logical, because. Foam is 90+% water. Foam can extinguish flammable liquids, because. even the light ones, which thin layer would continue to burn on water, would be covered with a layer of foam and washed out, which would reduce the concentration of combustible matter. Foam is allowed to extinguish equipment and electrical wire, but due to the specifics of the foam composition, you need to remember the risk of damage electric shock. Paper products are also in the competence of foam fire extinguishing, but with the only amendment that in this case it is impossible to guarantee the safety of paper materials, because. foam and water, even without fire, can sometimes have a negative impact on this type of product.

Table of fire classes and extinguishing agents suitable for their extinguishing

Powder fire extinguishing is used to fight fires of categories: "A", "B", "C" and "E". The advantage of this fire extinguishing agent is the ability to extinguish electrical equipment under voltage, because. it does not cause a short circuit. But, nevertheless, powder cannot get into complex units of aggregates, unlike gas. Another advantage of fire extinguishing powder is its low cost. After the module is triggered, it is sent for refueling or completely replaced. At the same time, the complete replacement of the module is just relevant in view of its inexpensive cost. The disadvantages of powder fire extinguishing include a certain danger of compounds for human health and frequent damage to property after extinguishing. When the powder module is triggered, the entire room is covered with a white powder suspension, which settles on all objects of the protected object. This often leads to a breakdown of electronics, spoils interior elements. After powder fire extinguishing, a thorough cleaning of the room is required. Well, how not to notice that powder cannot extinguish burning metals. This must be kept in mind for technical production associated with metalworking. For such purposes, special powder modules designed specifically for fire category "D" are suitable. A typical example such a module is MPP GARANT-D.

Self-sufficient aerosol fire extinguishing modules include generators. Suitable for extinguishing almost all substances and materials with the exception of smoldering and metal hydrides. Despite its environmental friendliness, it is not recommended to use indoors with people. Before aerosol self-contained fire extinguishing is activated, people must be able to leave potentially dangerous room, otherwise the application this method fire extinguishing is not permitted. The advantages of aerosol extinguishing are their complete autonomy and compactness, which allows some models to be placed inside small distribution cabinets, switchboards and with other electrical equipment. equipment. The principle of operation of aerosol fire extinguishing is to release burning elements, due to the combustion of which an aerosol suspension is formed that displaces oxygen, which leads to the extinction of the fire.

The principle of operation of gas fire extinguishing is very similar to aerosol, with the only difference that autonomous gas modules can have different gas fire extinguishing agents (GOTV) - from carbon dioxide to freons. Gas fire extinguishing is the most expensive of all types. But the quality of this extinguishing justifies itself, because, quickly eliminating the fire, the gas does not leave any traces on the extinguishing objects and does not lead to a short circuit of the working email. equipment. After the operation of the gas modules, it remains only to ventilate the room. The only disadvantage of this method is the high cost. Autonomous gas fire extinguishing modules supply objects of high value, such as: archives, museum exhibits, libraries, server rooms and other rooms with expensive machinery and equipment.

CERTIFICATION

In autonomous fire fighting mandatory certification systems incorporating warning devices are subject to. In all other cases, the law does not provide for mandatory certification.

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THANK YOU LETTERS AND TESTIMONIALS

LLC "Architectural construction company KUB" on behalf of Director General Rukavishnikova S. L. thanks the company "Alliance Fire Safety».

The necessary work on the installation of automatic fire alarms, warning systems and evacuation management, the development of as-built documentation were completed with high quality and on time.

The installed system was the optimal solution in terms of technical and price characteristics and ensured the safe operation of our center. We look forward to fruitful cooperation in the future!

In March 2015, our company Interdesign LLC asked for services for the design, installation of automatic fire alarms (APS), warning systems and management of people evacuation in case of fire (SOUE) to the Fire Safety Alliance company.

For all the time of joint work, the Alliance of Fire Safety has established itself as a reliable partner, professionally and efficiently performing its work.

I would like to note that in addition to the obvious things - quality, deadlines, discipline - in the work of the company there is such a factor as understanding the importance of constant communication with the customer and well-functioning work of all links from the engineering service to top management.

The company's specialists always promptly arrive on call in case of problems, find and fix faults on the spot, or replace failed equipment.

It was also important for us that the "Alliance of Fire Safety" has all the permits for the services provided and is able to assist in resolving issues and problems with the supervisory authorities of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation. Thanks to the daily work of the Alliance Fire Safety Company, we are calm about the fire safety of our facilities.

The management of Construction Investments LLC, represented by the General Director Sedov O.A., expresses gratitude to the employees of the Fire Safety Alliance for the successfully done work on performing the functions of a general contractor in the development and implementation of the following works:

Development of special specifications reflecting the specifics fire protection object;
Design work automatic installation fire fighting and pumping station;
Installation and commissioning of automatic fire extinguishing installation and pumping station;

Thermal cable laying, integration into common system APS;
Approvals in the supervisory authorities of Moscow.

I would especially like to note the responsibility shown by the company's employees in the course of solving the tasks set, the correct understanding and prompt implementation of the requirements, high level quality control of work performed, professionalism and experience of the company's specialists.

At the same time, more than 20 specialists worked at the facility. All issues that arose during the work were solved by the quality control department of the company. In the course of joint work, the Fire Safety Alliance has established itself as a promising company and a reliable partner capable of competently and responsibly conducting business relations.

Modern allow you to increase the level of protection of residential and commercial premises, workshops and production areas. is their key element, it allows you to detect and report a fire at an early stage. Modern systems represented various types, each of which has its own advantages and disadvantages.

Autonomous fire alarm is a system that is not designed to be connected to a security console. Its main task is to monitor the presence of smoke and temperature regime, and when they appear (increase), a corresponding signal is sent to the phone of the owner of the premises. In some cases, the system involves the inclusion of a siren, which notifies neighbors of danger.

The main elements of an autonomous fire alarm

Any autonomous fire alarm it contains the following components:

control panel;
uninterruptable power source;
devices for wireless signal transmission or loops;
fire detectors.

The control panel is designed to process the data coming from the sensors and make decisions. It can be configured: whether it will react only to a certain temperature or to the rate of its change, what smoke threshold will be considered critical, etc.

The presence of an uninterruptible power supply will allow the fire alarm to work even during a power outage to monitor the situation in the premises. Its power must be sufficient to maintain the operation of the device for certain period. Fire detectors are smoke and combined. The former record the appearance of smoke particles in the environment, while the latter analyze it not only for the presence of smoke, but also for the appearance of a flame, an increase in temperature, etc.

Professional development and installation of autonomous fire alarms

If you are interested in reliable and high-quality, please contact us. Our company will develop a project taking into account the characteristics of the premises and their purposes, select equipment and produce installation work. When using cables, we will consider the location of their routes, as well as the optimal installation locations for fire detectors.

Turning to us, you can be completely sure that your property will be protected from fire. The use of an autonomous fire alarm will allow you to detect and report a fire at an early stage.