What is a motor vehicle. Mechanical vehicle - main types

It should be noted that the car was also invented by a pedestrian.

But motorists somehow immediately forgot about it.

Meek and smart pedestrians began to crush.

I. Ilf, E. Petrov. Golden calf.

In 1909, the first international convention on automobile traffic was held in Paris. Prior to this event, “self-running carriages” traveled on roads without any Rules or adhered to those regulations that were then in effect for horse-drawn vehicles.

The car, which at first seemed like a fun for romantics, confidently acquired "the formidable outlines of a fratricidal projectile."

AT modern Rules over 300 road signs, 40 types road markings, a variety of traffic lights, traffic controller signals, various identification marks, and the Rules themselves have grown and today include 25 full sections.

Passing the theoretical exam in the traffic police has become noticeably more difficult. Nevertheless, those wishing to manage a "means of increased danger" are simply obliged to learn all these wisdoms.

What " vehicle", and what they are.

Prules. Section 1. “Vehicle” means a device designed to transport people, goods or equipment installed on it by road.

That is, it turns out that a VEHICLE is anything if it can transport people, or transport goods, or transport itself (along with the equipment installed on it).

Vehicles are rail and railless.

Rail vehicles are tram, subway, train. Everything else is trackless vehicles. The metro is isolated from other urban traffic, and we do not intersect with it. But the intersections with tram and railroad tracks come across more often than we would like.

Rail vehicles are limited in maneuvering, have an increased mass and, as a result, a large braking distance. And in general, sudden braking is contraindicated for them - and they can go off the rails, and passengers can suffer.

It is logical that the Rules strictly regulate the behavior of participants traffic at and near railroad crossings.

Yes, and trams Rules in many cases provide an advantage in movement, which we will get acquainted with in the near future.

Road vehicles can be mechanical or non-mechanical.

A non-mechanical vehicle is propelled by muscular energy (human or animal).

Non-mechanical vehicles of the Rules include a horse-drawn cart and a bicycle (if it is not equipped with an engine), and the person driving such a vehicle, the Rules consider driver .

It should be borne in mind that non-motor vehicle drivers- full road users.

The rules allowed them to be used for road traffic common use with all the ensuing rights and obligations.

Mechanical vehicles.

Rules. Section 1. "mechanical vehicle"- a vehicle driven by an engine. The term also applies to any tractors and self-propelled machines.

The list of motor vehicles is extensive. These are mopeds, and motorcycles, and ATVs, and cars, and trucks, and buses, and trolleybuses, and tractors, and self-propelled chassis, and truck cranes, and bulldozers, and excavators, and so on and so forth.

In a word, a motor vehicle is any self-propelled machine, as long as it is designed to transport people and goods (or to transport equipment installed on it).

Obviously, riding a motorcycle requires one set of skills, while driving a car requires a completely different set of skills. It is obvious that a person who confidently drives a car is unlikely to feel confident in the cab of a KamAZ, and will be completely confused if he is put behind the wheel of a road train (a cargo tractor with a trailer, or even two).

It is logical that all mechanical vehicles, according to their driving skills, are divided into separate categories.

The categories of vehicles that the driver is allowed to drive are specified in his driver's license. To get permission to drive a particular category of vehicles, you must complete a special training course.

Until November 2013, the following categories of motor vehicles were adopted in Russia:

– Number of passenger seats – no more than eight.

– Permissible maximum weight – no more than 3.5 tons.

In November 2013, the Road Safety Law was amended to establish new categories and subcategories of vehicles. Now there are so many of them that you can’t remember everything at once.

Below is the classification of vehicles adopted in Russia since November 2013.

Information taken from the sitewww. fontanka. en

But for those who are preparing to drive category "B" cars, almost nothing has changed. It is still allowed to drive vehicles with a license maximum weight no more than 3.5 tons and no more than 8 seats, not counting the driver's seat.

The only change is the following - if you passed the exam at the traffic police in a car with an automatic transmission, then you will be given a license marked "AT". And this means that you are only allowed to drive cars with automatic transmission. If you take an exam in mechanics, then everything is as it was - you can drive any category “B” cars.

It remains only to figure out where exactly the boundaries between the categories of vehicles pass.

A bike.

Rules. Section 1. "A bike"- a vehicle other than wheelchairs which has at least two wheels and is propelled, as a rule, by the muscular energy of the occupants of the vehicle, in particular by means of pedals or handles, and may also have an electric motor of rated maximum continuous power, not exceeding 0.25 kW, automatically shutting off at speeds over 25 km/h.

It turns out that, according to the Rules, this is a bicycle, as it has three wheels and an electric motor of 0.25 kW.

And if only on electric traction it is impossible to reach speeds of more than 25 km / h, then no rights are required. Ride for pleasure without any rights.

Moped.

Rules. Section 1. "Moped"- a two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle, the maximum design speed of which does not exceed 50 km/h, having an internal combustion engine with a working volume not exceeding 50 cubic meters. cm, or an electric motor with a rated maximum power in continuous load mode of more than 0.25 kW and less than 4 kW.

Quadricycles with similar technical characteristics are equated to mopeds.

If your two-wheeled "friend" is equipped with an engine of more than 0.25 kW, then this is no longer a bicycle.

But not a motorcycle yet (if the power does not exceed 4 kW, but maximum speed no more than 50 km/h).

To ride a moped with impunity, no registration documents and license plates are required, but, alas, You need a license category "M".

Motorbike.

Rules. Section 1. "Motorbike"- a two-wheeled motor vehicle, with or without a side trailer, whose engine capacity (in the case of an internal combustion engine) exceeds 50 cubic meters. cm or whose maximum design speed (with any engine) exceeds 50 km/h.

Tricycles, as well as quadricycles with a motorcycle seat or motorcycle-type handlebars, having an unladen mass not exceeding 400 kg, are equated to motorcycles.

That is, according to the Rules, in order to be called a motorcycle, it does not matter at all how many wheels you have (two, three or four), the main distinguishing features are motorcycle seating and unloaded weight (curb weight). And if the landing is motorcycle and the curb weight is not more than 400 kg, then this is a motorcycle.

And the curb weight is what it is - this is the mass of the vehicle completely ready for operation. That is, with all the accessories necessary for operation (fire extinguisher, first aid kit, warning triangle), with all the necessary operational consumables(engine oil, coolant), full tank of fuel, but no passengers or cargo.

So, if a motor vehicle has a motorcycle seating

and in running order weighs no more than 400 kg - this is a motorcycle.

And if the landing is automobile and the curb weight is more than 400 kg, this is already a category “B” vehicle.

What is the permitted maximum weight? Let's look at the rules:

Rules. Section 1. “Permitted maximum weight” is the weight of the equipped vehicle with cargo, driver and passengers, set by the manufacturer as the maximum allowable.

As you can see, now we are talking not just about an equipped vehicle, but about an equipped vehicle. along with the driver, with all passengers and with all their luggage.

The actual mass of the vehicle during operation may be different (that is, passengers, then they are not, that is, cargo, then not), but in all cases, the actual weight should not exceed the value set by the manufacturer as the maximum allowed.

The permitted maximum mass is the MAXIMUM ALLOWED for that, that you cannot cross it!

Otherwise, the manufacturer does not guarantee you anything - neither controllability nor reliability.

In other words, the permitted maximum weight is a limit, a limit, a figure that must be indicated in the operating instructions for each car, and every driver must know and remember this figure.

So, any mechanical vehicle that weighs a little more than 400 kg in running order, but with a driver, passengers and cargo, it is allowed to weigh no more than 3.5 tons (that is, the maximum permitted weight of which does not exceed 3.5 tons) is there is a category "B" vehicle.

But that is not all! Even if these two conditions are met, but the number of seats for passengers is more than 8, then this is already a bus, and category “D” rights are required to drive such a vehicle.

And that is not all! The rules allow owners of vehicles of category "B" to drive with a trailer, but only on the condition that it is a small trailer. A trailer is also a vehicle (only without an engine), and it also has its own permitted maximum weight. So, if the permitted maximum weight of the trailer does not exceed 750 kg, you can safely ride with it. If it exceeds, then the rights of category “B” are not enough, it is necessary to add category “E” to category “B”.

Trucks differ from cars primarily in their purpose..

If cars are designed to carry passengers and luggage, then trucks are designed to carry goods.

At the same time, trucks include pickups - small trucks, inferior in weight and dimensions even to some cars, and mining dump trucks - true giants, in which only wheels are taller than human height.

As a result of the division into categories, small trucks (with a maximum permissible weight of not more than 3.5 tons) ended up in the same company as cars, and large trucks (with a maximum permissible weight of more than 3.5 tons) occupied their own separate niche - category "C" . And rightly so, because in terms of driving skills, small trucks are much closer to passenger cars than to their large counterparts.

Let's remember this figure - 3.5 tons!

This is the border that separates vehicles of category "B" and category "C".

Shuttle vehicles deserve a separate discussion.

Shuttle vehicles are buses, trolleybuses and trams. But not all, but only those that are designed to transport people, move along a strictly established route, stop only for boarding and disembarking passengers and only at designated stops. For drivers of fixed-route vehicles, the road is their workshop. It is clear that the Rules should contain requirements that give them some advantages.

In due time, we will get acquainted with the content of Section 18 “Priority of route vehicles”, but for now we will only note the following - road users must understand that route vehicles may deviate from the requirements of the Rules. You can’t go to the “brick”, but he has a route laid out here, and he, of course, will go. You are not allowed to stop here, and he has a specially designated place for embarkation and disembarkation of passengers here, and, of course, he will stop, regardless of any signs.

Rules. Section 1. “Route vehicle” means a public transport vehicle (bus, trolley bus, tram) designed to transport people on roads and moving along an established route with designated stops.

Road.The roadway. Sidewalks. Roadsides. Tram rails.

The element that forms the road is, of course, roadway . Without a roadway, there simply cannot be a road. And the roadway is intended for the movement of trackless vehicles (including the movement of our cars and motorcycles).

Tram rails - this is also an element of the road, they can be located on the roadway and are intended for the movement of trams.

Sidewalk - this is also an element of the road and it is intended for pedestrian traffic.

Thus, the road in the settlement is everything that is located between the outer boundaries of the sidewalks.

As a rule, there are no sidewalks on roads outside settlements.

In this case, the role of the sidewalk is performed by the curb.

roadside - this is also an element of the road, and in the absence of a sidewalk, pedestrians must move along the sides.

So the road is out locality- this is everything that is located between the outer boundaries of the shoulders.

Traffic lane.

The roadway is divided into traffic lanes using longitudinal dashed marking lines.

At the same time, the Rules, wishing to discipline the traffic flow (and thereby increase safety), oblige drivers in all cases to observe the row, that is, to move strictly along the lanes.

Rules. Section 1. "Lane" - any of the longitudinal lanes of the carriageway, marked or not marked with markings and having a width sufficient for the movement of cars in one row.

Dividing line.

So, the Rules marked the roadway into traffic lanes, and drivers were strictly ordered to observe the rows.

It remains only to draw a double solid line in the middle of the roadway (which is forbidden to cross) and, it would seem, the proper order has been put in place.

But the fact is that the marking (even double solid) is not a physical obstacle, and any intruder who wants to cross it can do it without difficulty.

Ok, said the Rules and came up with another element of the road - a dividing strip.

Structurally, the dividing strip can be made in different ways, but its purpose is the same - to divide the road into different carriageways isolated from each other.

And here is what is now extremely important for us to understand!

A double solid marking line separating oncoming traffic flows is only a marking and cannot be a dividing line by definition.

This road has only one carriageway!

This road has two carriageways!

Moreover, these two carriageways are isolated from each other!

That is, the dividing strip is good, it significantly increases road safety. Although there are some disadvantages here: firstly, it costs money to build a dividing strip, and, secondly, part of the road is not used at all - even “ Ambulance with all his desire, he will not be able to move along such a dividing strip.

Ok, the Rules said again, if you slightly sacrifice the interests of safety, then you can organize a median strip on any road for almost free. Only constructively it will not be highlighted, but will be highlighted using the same road markings.

of the Rules, they simply proposed, if necessary, to designate the boundaries of the dividing strip with two solid lines, separated from each other by a width sufficient for the movement of cars in one row, and gave the following definition:

Rules. Section 1. "Dividing strip" - an element of the road, allocated constructively and (or) using markings 1.2.1, separating adjacent carriageways and not intended for driving and stopping vehicles.

As you can see, the rules forbade “mere mortals” from entering such a dividing line. But, for example, an ambulance, having turned on flashing beacons, can even ride on it.

And they will definitely ask about the dividing line in the exam. Make no mistake, the correct answer is the first one.

What is an intersection.

A public road is not only a road, it is also all kinds of intersections (with tram tracks, with pedestrian crossings, with bike paths, with exits from yards and other areas adjacent to the road).

But the most important intersection is, of course, the intersection of roads, that is, the intersection. The rules give such a definition to the term "Crossroads".

Rules. Section 1. "Crossroads" - a place of intersection, junction or branching of roads at the same level, limited by imaginary lines connecting, respectively, opposite, the beginnings of the curvature of the carriageways, which are farthest from the center of the intersection. Exits from adjacent territories are not considered intersections.

In this definition, the key words are - « on the same level». That is, an intersection is not any general intersection of roads, and the intersection of roads is at the same level. And, by the way, not only the intersection, but also the junction and branching of roads on the same level.

Why is this important to understand? In the future, we will learn that the effect of prohibition signs extends from the place of their installation to the nearest intersection along the way.

At the exam, you will be offered this drawing and accompany it with the following question: "Are you allowed to park your car behind the overpass"?

An overpass is also a road, but we intersect with this road at different levels.

And according to the Rules, this is not a crossroads!

And one more important moment!

The definition of an intersection given in the Rules ends with a very remarkable phrase: “Exits from adjacent territories are not considered intersections.”

Actually, an exit from an adjacent area is the junction of two roads at the same level, and this falls under the definition of an intersection.

That is why the Rules could not say that departures from adjacent territories are not crossroads. The rules were forced to offer us - Dear drivers! Let's agree that exits from adjacent territories are not considered intersections.

And this is correct, otherwise the signs put on the road would have to be repeated after each exit from the yard (if we consider it a crossroads).

At the exam, you may be offered the following task and accompany it with the following question: Which picture shows a crossroad?

Well, in the left picture, there is definitely a crossroads - the junction of two roads on the same level.

But in the right figure, this is not an intersection.

And the effect of the sign at the exit from the yard is not interrupted.

And the principle of “interference from the right” does not work here either - a person leaving the adjacent territory must give way to everyone.

It remains for us only to determine the boundaries of the intersection, for which we will quote the Rules again:

Rules. Section 1. "Crossroads" - a place of intersection, junction or branching of roads on the same level, bounded by imaginary lines connecting, respectively, the opposite, the most distant from the center of the intersection, the beginnings of the curvature of the carriageways.

The yellow lines in the figure are "imaginary lines connecting the beginnings of the curvature of the carriageways."

These imaginary lines (as well as the roundings themselves) are the boundaries of the intersection according to the Rules.

the main road.

Not only do roads intersect at an intersection, conflicting traffic flows intersect at an intersection. If this is a regulated intersection, the traffic order is set by traffic lights or traffic controllers. If it is an unregulated intersection, the traffic order is determined by the status of the road.

Rules. Section 1. "Main road" - a road marked with signs 2.1, 2.3.1 - 2.3.7 or 5.1 in relation to the crossed (adjacent), or paved road (asphalt and cement concrete, stone materials and the like) in relation to a dirt road, or any road in relation to exits from adjacent territories. The presence of a paved section on a secondary road immediately before the intersection does not make it equal in value to the crossed one.

If the road has already been appointed to be the main one, then signs 2.1 will be placed in front of each intersection along its entire length in the settlement.

As for crossroads outside the settlement, here, in addition to sign 2.1, the Rules considered it necessary to introduce a whole series of special signs to designate the main road.

These signs not only inform the driver that he is moving along the main road, but also tell him the shape of the intersection that he will soon have to pass.

A detailed discussion about these signs is ahead, for now just look at them and agree that they are very expressive and absolutely understandable.

Finally, there is another sign that gives the road the status of the main one - sign 5.1 "Motorway".

We will also talk about this sign and the order of movement on highways in general in the future, but for now we will only note:

The motorway is always the main road!

In addition to this, the Rules have identified two more situations when the road can be the main one and without any signs.

a). The main road is any paved road in relation to a dirt road.

Any hard surface is asphalt, and concrete, and paving stones, and even gravel.

If two roads with different hard surfaces intersect (for example, one is asphalt and the other is gravel), and there are no priority signs, this is an intersection of equivalent roads.

If the road was “dashed” just on the ground, this is a dirt road.

If one road is with any hard surface, and the other is unpaved, then the hard surface road is the main one, and the unpaved road is secondary.

b). A main road is any road in relation to an exit from an adjacent area.

Leaving the yard, from the parking lot, gas station, etc., we always find ourselves on the main road.

Give way. Do not interfere.

In the text of the Rules you will find both terms. In one place of the Rules you will read: “Drivers must give way etc.". Elsewhere in the Rules you will read: “Drivers must not interfere etc.". Both terms mean the same thing.

But what exactly they mean, unfortunately, not every driver understands correctly. Let's try to understand these terms with specific examples.

Before you is an unregulated intersection of equivalent roads (no traffic lights, no priority signs, both roads are paved).

In this case, the order of travel is determined by general principle"Interference on the right" - the one with the interference on the right must give way.

Put yourself mentally behind the wheel of a red car and you will realize that a gray car is approaching the intersection on your right. Therefore, now you must stop at the edge of the crossed carriageway, let the gray car pass, and only then continue driving.

It is quite possible that you have a question: “Why do you need to give in to the one who is on the right, and not on the left”? Such a requirement of the Rules is nothing more than a consequence of the right-hand traffic adopted in our country. Agree that you have a greater distance to the collision point than the driver of the gray car, that is, it is easier for you to fulfill the “Give way” requirement.

Tell me, are you going to give way to a gray car now? He's still on your right!

Most likely, now you will pass through the intersection first.But!

Before driving, did you estimate the distance to the gray car?

Before driving, did you estimate the speed of the gray car?

Before driving, you took into account the state pavement(if there is ice, then you can skid at the crossroads).

Before driving, you remembered the level of your driving skills (if you start off ineptly, the engine may stall).

Before driving, you took into account the dynamic capabilities of your “iron horse” (how sensitively it reacts to the accelerator pedal).

You understood that the entire responsibility for the safety of the crossing lies entirely with you! You could make another decision - to stop and (out of harm's way) skip the "gray". But in both cases (first you passed or second) you did it, giving way to the driver of the gray car!

Let's summarize:

1. "Give way" - a requirement that does not mean a mandatory stop! It is obligatory - not to create any obstacles to those who have an advantage in relation to you in movement.

2. "Obstruction" means to force another driver to change speed or direction.

3. The fact that the driver passed first (without interfering) does not mean at all that he did not give way.

The Rules define the term "give way" as follows:

Rules. Section 1. “Give way (do not obstruct)” - a requirement meaning that a road user must not start, resume or continue moving, perform any maneuver, if this may force other road users who have an advantage over him to change direction movement or speed.

Advantage. Priority.

And again, it must be said that in the text of the Rules you will meet both terms. Somewhere it will be written: “The driver has advantage etc.". Somewhere it will be written: Priority route vehicles. Both of these terms mean the same thing, namely, the right to priority movement in the intended direction.

“Advantage (priority)” and “Give way (do not interfere)” are interrelated terms: if one has an advantage, then the other must give way.

It is only important that in any situation all road users accurately determine their status: who are you now - “first” or “second”.

The Rules define the term "advantage" as follows:

Rules. Section 1. "Advantage (priority)" - the right to priority movement in the intended direction in relation to other road users.

Overtaking and advance.

Overtaking is the most difficult and most dangerous maneuver. No wonder the Rules devoted a separate section to it and introduced a whole list of restrictions on the implementation of this maneuver. It is only important here that the driver clearly understands what overtaking is and how it differs from advancing.

Overtaking is always going to the oncoming lane!

This means that overtaking, as the Rules interpret it, is possible only in next three cases.

Or it is a two-lane road with intermittent marking lines.

In this case, the Rules allow you to enter the oncoming traffic lane while overtaking or avoiding an obstacle.

Or it is a two-lane road with a combined center marking line.

The Rules allow crossing such a marking line from the intermittent side (as well as from the solid side when overtaking or bypassing is completed).

Or it is a three-lane road with two broken marking lines.

On such roads middle lane allocated specifically for overtaking and detour, and drivers of both directions can do this.

And, in fact, everything! On any other road, it is forbidden by the Rules to enter the half of the carriageway intended for oncoming traffic, and, therefore, only a violator of the Rules of the Road can overtake on any other road.

Formally, now the driver also overtakes. Only the Rules any overtaking within its half of the carriageway is not called overtaking, but is called ahead of time.

And, by the way, advancing, unlike overtaking, is never and nowhere prohibited by the Rules.

Although guilty! The rules prohibit engaging in advance in conditions of heavy traffic, when all lanes of a given direction are densely packed with vehicles.

Rebuilding, as such, is not prohibited. But only for the purpose of turning or turning around, or if you need to park!

But to rebuild in order to get ahead In this situation, the Rules prohibit.

And this is the only limitation regarding the advance.

Stop and parking.

There are three types of stop to be distinguished:

1. Service stop.

2. Intentional stop.

3. Forced stop.

Service stop- this is the termination of movement in cases where it is necessary to fulfill the requirements of the Rules (for example, stop at a red traffic light, or stop to give way to pedestrians, etc.).

During one trip, the driver repeatedly makes service stops, and they must be made in compliance with the Rules.

For example, at a red traffic light, you need to stop not just anywhere, but at the “stop line”. And in the absence of a "stop line" - at the edge of the crossed carriageway.

Before a railway crossing, you need to stop no closer than 5 meters to the barrier, and in the absence of a barrier - no closer than 10 m to the nearest rail, etc.

And if it is necessary to give way to pedestrians going to or from the tram, you need to stop so as not to interfere with them.

At the same time, during a service stop, you do not need to change lanes to the edge of the carriageway or to the side of the road, and even more so, you do not need to turn on the emergency alarm and put up an emergency stop sign.

Also, you do not need to worry about the fact that, perhaps, stopping here is prohibited by signs or markings. Yes, and the engine does not need to be turned off - after a short period of time, the movement will resume.

Intentional stop - this is the cessation of movement at the request of the driver or at the request of passengers.

In this case, firstly, you need to change lanes to the edge of the carriageway (and if there is a shoulder, to the shoulder), and secondly, it is absolutely necessary to know if stopping is allowed here.

I’ll make a reservation right away - the Rules use only two terms: "Stop", And "Forced Stop"

Term "Service Stop" you will not find in the Rules. Rules, applying in different occasions the term “Stop”, it is believed that everyone understands when it comes to a service stop and when it is intentional.

Following the Rules, we will not additionally explain each time what kind of stop we are talking about at the moment (whether a service stop or an intentional one). You can easily handle it yourself. I assure you, this is much easier than figuring out when to use the left mouse button and when to use the right one.

except"Stops"The rules also contain the term"Parking".

What is the difference here? You can stop at a short time, but to put the car in the parking lot - it means for a long time.

The rules considered that 5 minutes it is enough for you to buy a bottle of cola, get into the car and drive on. It was this figure (5 minutes) that the Rules made the boundary between stopping and parking.

If you intentionally stop moving for a whileup to 5 minutes means you have donestop .

If you stoodmore than 5 minutes - this is qualified by the Rules asparking .

Rules. Section 1. "Stop" - the deliberate cessation of the movement of the vehicle for up to 5 minutes, as well as more, if necessary for the embarkation or disembarkation of passengers or the loading or unloading of a vehicle.

Rules. Section 1. "Parking" - the deliberate cessation of the movement of the vehicle for more than 5 minutes for reasons other than the embarkation or disembarkation of passengers or the loading or unloading of a vehicle.

Sign 3.28 prohibits parking, but does not prohibit stopping. That is, in this place anyone can stop for 5 minutes.

But if loading and unloading is carried out, then, as follows from the above definitions, you can stand in the area of ​​​​this sign exactly as long as this loading and unloading will last.

The same, by the way, applies to boarding and disembarking (passengers are different, and you can’t land another one in half an hour).

Forced stop. Obstacle on the road.

Rules. Section 1. "Forced stop" - the termination of the movement of the vehicle due to its technical malfunction or danger created by the transported cargo, the condition of the driver (passenger) or the appearance of an obstacle on the road.

So, stop stop strife. It is one thing if you park at the edge of the roadway because you have already arrived and need to stop, and quite another if the car has broken down and refuses to go further. And if this happened in a place where stopping is prohibited, the driver must immediately turn on the emergency light signaling and put up a warning triangle.

Such a stop is called a forced stop and is interpreted in a broader sense. According to the Rules, a forced stop is not only if the car breaks down, it is also:

– if the transported cargo has shifted and it needs to be fixed urgently;

- if the driver or passengers become ill and it is urgent to provide assistance;

- if an obstacle is found on the road that cannot be bypassed without violating the Rules.

At the same time, the Rules specifically stipulated: “A traffic jam or a vehicle stopped in this lane in accordance with the requirements of the Rules is not an obstacle.”

That is, if you stopped in a “traffic jam” or because the person in front of you gives way to pedestrians, then turning on the “emergency gang” and putting up an emergency stop sign, as you understand, is not required.

Here is the situation - an obstacle was found in your lane.

The road is two-lane, the center line is intermittent, and therefore turn on the left “turn signals” and go around the obstacle in the “oncoming lane”. The rules don't mind.

Another situation: the center line is solid!

In this case, this is a real forced stop.

Strictly according to the Rules (since the center line is solid), the driver must stop, turn on the emergency light alarm, put up an emergency stop sign, take the donkey off the road, after which you can continue driving.

You can, of course, go around the obstacle in the opposite direction, but this will be a violation of the Rules. For such a violation, drivers are not deprived of their rights (for driving into an oncoming lane, connected to obstacle avoidance - a fine from 1000 to 1500 rubles).

But this is alreadyat all different situation!

The rules do not consider a bus stopped at a designated stop as an obstacle (as well as any vehicle stopped, for example, at a red traffic light, as an obstacle).

If the center line were broken, the bus could be bypassed without violating the Rules.

But the center line is solid and, therefore, you have to stand and wait until the boarding and disembarking of passengers is completed. At the same time, of course, it is not required to turn on the “emergency gang” and put up an emergency stop sign (according to the Rules, this is not a forced stop).

If you go around the bus now, then this is no longer “exit to the oncoming lane, connected to the detour of the obstacle”.

BUTa bus standing at a designated stop, according to the Rules, thisnot an obstacle and, therefore, such a detour is simply qualified as an exit to the "oncoming lane" in violation of the Rules!

And this is followed by a completely different punishment - a fine of 5,000 rubles or deprivation of rights for a period of 4-6 months!

The rules give the following definition of an obstacle on the road:

Rules. Section 1. “Obstacle” – an immovable object in a traffic lane (a defective or damaged vehicle, a defect in the roadway, foreign objects, etc.) that does not allow you to continue driving along this lane. A traffic jam or a vehicle stopped in this lane in accordance with the requirements of the Rules is not an obstacle.

Danger to traffic. car accident. Traffic as it is.

Rules. Section 1. “Traffic hazard” is a situation that has arisen in the course of traffic, in which the continuation of movement in the same direction and at the same speed creates a risk of a traffic accident.

Conflicts on the road are inevitable, moreover, they are natural! Even if we imagine the impossible (all road users are 100% civilized, educated and law-abiding citizens), there is also what is commonly called the “human factor” - inattention, mistakes, lack of experience, or, for example, the driver or passenger suddenly became ill.

Danger to traffic can arise at any time. It would seem that nothing foreshadowed trouble, and suddenly the car in front stopped abruptly. Or, for example, a car drove out of the yard onto the road in front of you. Or vice versa, you “missed” the desired turn and sharply pressed the brake pedal in order to still have time to turn. It is clear that the task of each driver is both the ability not to create a “traffic hazard” and the ability to foresee that a “traffic hazard” may now arise.

Rules. Section 1. “Traffic accident” is an event that occurred during the movement of a vehicle on the road and with its participation, in which people were killed or injured, vehicles, structures, cargo were damaged, or other material damage was caused.

The term accident has long and firmly entered our lives. You just need to understand! - in order for an event to be classified as an accident, two mandatory conditions must be met: the event occurred precisely while the vehicle was moving and precisely on the road.

So, for example, if a pedestrian kicked parked car- This is not an accident, this is hooliganism. If a pedestrian kicked a moving car, and at the same time he himself was injured, this is an accident. If a passenger falls out of a tram standing at a stop and gets hurt, this is not an accident, this is an accident. If the passenger, getting off the tram, fell because the tram went, this is an accident.

Rules. Section 1. "Road traffic" - a set of social relations that arise in the process of moving people and goods with or without vehicles within roads.

Well, we have finished getting acquainted with the basic terms, got used to the text of the Rules - the dry academic text of the Law, which strictly defines everything and everything, and now even the boring phrase “a set of social relations” should not cause you internal dissatisfaction.

And "the totality of social relations" - that's what. These are disputes, conflicts, fights and wars that inevitably arise if the interests of many people intersect in only one place at one time. And the road is just one of these places - here for "public relations" the most fertile conditions are: the space is limited, and the people are dark, and everyone has their own interests.

That is, road traffic, in addition to being a “movement”, is also a constant intersection of interests, rights and obligations of all those who take part in this movement.

All cars can be divided into special, trucks and cars.

TO special vehicles include fire trucks, ambulances, police, truck cranes and others.

Trucks intended for the carriage of goods.

Cars carry passengers.

Buses serve to transport a large number passengers. They can be urban, intercity, excursion.

Trams, trolleybuses, metro refer to urban public transport, which uses electric motors for movement.

Motorcycles and scooters used to transport passengers and a small amount of cargo.

Tractors used in agriculture and for towing trailers.

TO self-propelled vehicles include graders, bulldozers and others that are used in the construction and repair of roads and other facilities.

Non-mechanical vehicles propelled by muscle power or by mechanical means of transport. The Rules of the Road also include mopeds (mokiki), although they do have an engine.

Bicycles driven by human muscle power.

At horse-drawn carts horses, bulls, oxen are used as draft power.

Vehicles can also be pack animals- camels, yaks, donkeys, and in some countries - elephants.

Trailer is also a non-mechanical vehicle, since it does not have an engine. However, for its movement, mechanical vehicles are used.

The teacher explains to the students that the car and other vehicles cannot be stopped quickly. When braking, a car, bus, motorcycle, bicycle travels a certain distance by inertia. Sometimes it is enough to hit a pedestrian. Therefore, crossing the road in front of nearby vehicles is dangerous. If the road is slippery after rain or an ice crust has formed on it when negative temperature, then crossing the roadway becomes even more dangerous - the car travels an even longer distance to a complete stop.

stopping way- this is the distance that the car will cover from the moment the driver detects a pedestrian on the road until the car comes to a complete stop. This distance consists of three components: the path traveled during the driver's reaction time; path traveled during the operation of the brake actuator; braking path.

The teacher gives an explanation.

Noticing a pedestrian on the road, the driver does not immediately begin to slow down. First, he determines the distance to the pedestrian, evaluates the speed of his car and the condition of the road (dry or slippery), pays attention to the movement of other vehicles and the possibility of avoiding a pedestrian, etc. Having decided that it is necessary to slow down, the driver presses the brake pedal. While he was thinking whether to slow down or not, the car went a certain way, which is called distance traveled during the driver's reaction time.

When you press the brake pedal, the car does not immediately start to slow down. It takes a while for the brake to work. During this time, the car travels some more distance, called the distance traveled by the vehicle during the actuation of the brake actuator.

But even when the braking starts, the car does not stop immediately. The distance traveled by the car from the beginning of braking to a complete stop is called braking way.

The braking distance is influenced by the speed of the vehicle, the mass of the vehicle, the condition of its tires and brakes, the type of road surface and its condition, the weather conditions and the time of year.

The higher the speed of the car, the longer its braking distance. To clarify this, you can conduct an experiment with students. First, two of the students (big and small) walk at a calm pace and, at the command of the teacher, try to stop abruptly. They fail to do this - after the command they go one or two more steps. Moreover, the one who is greater, travels a greater path. Then the students are invited to run and, at the command of the teacher, stop. It is even more difficult for them to do so. So it is with a car. The driver presses the brake pedal, and the car continues to move for some time by inertia.

The greater the mass of the car, the more difficult it is to stop. For example, a car easier to stop than a truck or bus. A bicycle is easier to stop than a car.

The teacher draws the children's attention to the dangers associated with weather conditions. In winter, it is very difficult to stop a vehicle on a slippery road - it travels a longer distance to a complete stop than on a dry road. In addition, in frosty weather, the windows of the car freeze, and the driver notices the pedestrian later.

At night, when visibility is limited, it becomes especially dangerous to cross the roadway - the driver notices the obstacle late and can make a collision. In addition, fatigue sets in at night, and the driver reacts to an obstacle with a delay.

Summing up, the teacher gives instructions to the children: never rush when crossing the carriageway and never run across the road in front of nearby vehicles.

2. Practical task

The teacher together with the students analyze a specific situation.

Do you think one second is a lot or a little?

A pedestrian takes one step in one second. A car moving at a speed of 60 km/h travels about 17 meters on smooth dry asphalt in one second. This is the braking distance of the car. If we add here the distance traveled by the car during the reaction time of the driver and the time of the brakes, then the stopping distance of the car will be about 50 meters.

The pedestrian thinks that the driver will have time to slow down and crosses the roadway in front of a nearby vehicle. He does not want to understand that with all his efforts, the driver will not be able to stop the car.

And if the road is slippery, then the stopping distance is lengthened significantly. For example, at a speed of 80 km / h on a slippery winter road, the car will finally stop only after 400 meters (almost half a kilometer!).

The teacher draws on the board a diagram of the roadway, the pedestrian and the approaching vehicle. Indicates the distances that a pedestrian and a car pass, gives explanations.

"Who was named - he catches."

The players sit in a circle. In the center is the leader. He calls the name of one of those standing in a circle and throws the ball to him. The named one catches the ball, names some kind of transport and throws the ball to the leader. The one who did not catch the ball or did not name the word becomes the leader. When answering, repetitions are not allowed.

The winner is the one who has never been the leader.

4. Questions to consolidate knowledge

1. What vehicles do you know?

2. What is the difference between motorized and non-motorized vehicles?

3. List motor vehicles?

4. List non-mechanical vehicles?

5. What is the difference between a bus, a trolleybus, a tram?

6. What is a horse-drawn cart?

7. Can a camel be called a vehicle?

8. What is a stopping distance?

9. What determines the braking distance?

10. Name the components of the stopping distance.

11. Does a horse-drawn cart, bicycle, pedestrian have a braking distance?

ACTIVITY 3. Topic: Urban passenger transport. rules

The vehicle is a special device which is designed to transport goods and people over relatively long distances by road.

Vehicles are usually classified according to different features so there are many types of it. But the following classification is used in the Rules of the Road:

• Mechanical vehicles
• Non-mechanical vehicles

Non-mechanical transport differs from mechanical transport by the absence of a motor that would set them in motion. In such means, the motor is replaced by muscles or vehicles.

Non-mechanical ones include:

• Moped - driven by an engine;
• Trailer (towed) - a secondary component of the main vehicle;
• A bicycle is a vehicle that moves with the help of human efforts;
• A horse-drawn cart is a type of transport that begins to move with the physical efforts of the animal.

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What is a motor vehicle (vehicle)

Motor transport is, by definition, the opposite of non-mechanical transport. The difference is that a mechanical vehicle is propelled by an engine. The type of engine does not matter, as it can be anything: both gasoline and diesel, as well as electric and gas.

The main condition: the purpose of vehicles to move on the roads.

The list of vehicles related to mechanical is quite large. And based on the information that mechanical transport differs from all in the presence of a motor, everyone may wonder: “why is a moped not included in this list?”

The answer is simple: the structure of the moped does not allow it to be included in this list according to two criteria. The motor of a moped is less than 50 cubic centimeters and the speed does not exceed 50 kilometers per hour.

What then can be added to this list? Mechanical vehicles include cars and trucks, tractors, motorcycles and others.

In addition, vehicles are divided into categories.

Categories of motor vehicles

Cars can be divided into the following categories:

• Category A– moto: - scooters, - cycles;
• Category B- a vehicle with an installed weight of not more than 3.5 tons. The number of allowed places is less than 8. It is allowed to use a trailer with a mass of not more than 750 kilograms. trailer and car in total amount must be 3.5 tons or less;
• Category C- a vehicle with an installed weight of more than 3.5 tons. It is allowed to use a trailer with a mass of 750 kilograms;
• Category D- vehicles that are used to transport people over various distances. More than 8 seats are allowed in the cabin. The use of a trailer with a mass of 750 kilograms or less is envisaged;
• BE- a car classified in category B, it is possible to operate a trailer by weight not exceeding 750 kilograms. The total mass of the entire composition is above the permissible mass (3.5 tons);
• CE– a vehicle marked in category C with a trailer exceeding the permissible mass;
• DE- a vehicle classified in category D, the trailer used is higher in mass allowable rate(750 kilograms);
• F– trams;
• I- trolleybuses.

At the same time, the trailer can be used not only as component car, but also as a towed vehicle.

But the problem of towing is not limited to non-mechanical vehicles.

Towing of motor vehicles

Towing is:

• Transportation of one vehicle to another. Not considered as operation or use of the vehicle on all types of coupling;
• Partial loading of the towed machine onto the towing vehicle.

Towing is carried out only with the driver behind the wheel. An exception is towing on a rigid hitch, if the towed vehicle moves behind the towing vehicle without changing the trajectory.

When towing vehicles using a hitch, it is strictly forbidden to have people in the cab. The exception is towing with partial or incomplete loading. In this case, the presence of people in the towed transport is allowed.

Between the vehicles involved in towing, a distance of up to 6 meters is allowed on a flexible hitch, no more than 4 meters on a rigid hitch.

Flexible hitch:

• brakes must be good

Rigid hitch:

• Correct steering system
• Correct braking system

Partial loading:

• Faulty steering and braking systems are allowed

Prohibited towing:

• On a slippery road with a flexible hitch
• By road trains
• Motorcycle trailer side
• With a faulty brake system on a flexible hitch
• With broken steering on a flex hitch
• Moped
• More than one transport

Driving a motor vehicle

Control by car- interaction with the levers of vehicles, which led to a change in its location.

A person who is learning to drive or has not obtained a driver's license is not a driver or passenger. It belongs to a completely different category.

To legally drive a vehicle, you must pass a driver's license test.

A driver's license is a document that gives permission to drive a motor vehicle in accordance with its category.

Passengers are not drivers of the vehicle, but are in it while driving on the road or stopping.

Driving a motor vehicle is prohibited:

• Not having a driver's license
• In a state of intoxication
• If there are contraindications and diseases that do not allow driving

To be admitted to driving training, it is necessary to undergo a medical examination, on the basis of which a person’s ability to obtain a driver’s license will be decided.

Operation of motor vehicles

Operation of motor transport - the use of a vehicle for its intended purpose from the moment of its acquisition until the termination of use.

Operation is prohibited if:

• Leaking fuel or brake fluid
• Silencer defective

Indications for stopping the operation of the car:

• Steering failure
• Faulty brake system
• Headlight failure at night
• Faulty clutch

Based on the above, we can conclude that, first of all, it is necessary to pay attention to the brake and steering systems.

In the Rules of the road, mechanical and non-mechanical vehicles are distinguished. The first of them has 9 categories, for which it is necessary to complete a course of study and a medical examination.

When driving, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of a breakdown and be able to react correctly during traffic. If the machine malfunctions, stop driving.

When towing a disabled vehicle, consider established rules, prohibiting or allowing certain actions in relation to the machine.

There are a number of restrictions and warnings according to which a person cannot become a driver of mechanical vehicles.