Water supply of a private house from a well: scheme and organization. Water supply for summer cottages, cottages and suburban areas

Water is the most important source of human life. On the other hand, such engineering system, as water supply, refers to the first condition for a comfortable life of households, regardless of whether they live in the "urban jungle" or outside the city. The owners of modern cottages are familiar firsthand with the problem of water supply. This issue, regardless of its problematic, needs to be addressed at the stage of building a house. And we will tell you how to do it.

Calculation of the water supply of the cottage

A person needs only 3 liters of drinking water per day, but he uses much more for household purposes - 120-250 liters. This is in particular the consumption during the operation of the washing machine and dishwasher, when washing dishes and cooking. Another 50-60 liters will go to the morning shower, and for taking a bath, you can immediately write off 200 liters from the balance. In addition, 50-70 liters are required for flushing waste products. Do you know that water consumption in the house, based on the calculation per person, comes to about 200-250 liters?

The family, which consists of four people, uses about 1 cubic meter of water per day in urban conditions. If we talk about the water supply system of a country cottage, then boldly multiply the indicated number by 5. If someone believes that water costs are high only within civilization, and outside the city he can get by with a smaller volume, he is greatly mistaken.

In a modern cottage, as in the city, a washing machine and a dishwasher are used, there is a shower, a jacuzzi, and a sauna, which also requires water supply, and sometimes even a huge pool. In addition, water supply is added to the above water costs. ornamental pond or fountain, watering the garden, lawn and greenhouses with flower beds, washing pets and cars. Thus, based on the calculation of the water supply of the cottage, the daily water consumption can reach 5 cubic meters.

Cottage water supply options

The water supply of a modern cottage is solved in two ways, therefore, first of all, you need to choose between centralized and autonomous water supply. Centralized water supply is carried out using a central water supply and a water tower or pumping station. But I want to immediately warn you, if you take this step (central heating), then be prepared for weak pressure and persistent water scarcity, frequent water cuts, chlorinated water, and high monthly water bills.

Since your comfort depends on the constant and uninterrupted operation of a washing machine and dishwasher, a shower and other benefits of civilization, it is better to think about autonomous water supply, which is done in three ways: using a well on your site, a private sand well or a private artesian well for water.

Unfortunately, the hydrogeology of our country is such that it is not possible to organize water supply from a well in any area, since not everywhere there are water horizons within close reach during manual digging. Due to man-made pollution of surface water in a place of dense private development, the quality of water in wells will be such that it is only suitable for watering a flower bed. And, to be honest, the traditional methods of water supply to the cottage with the help of a well and a hose are no longer relevant in modern conditions.

System autonomous water supply cottages should be reliable and efficient, as well as allowing you to save money without sacrificing comfort. If you have a large cottage, it is wiser to install water supply from an artesian well, since interstratal waters will not be excised even in extreme heat, and the quality of water from a well is much higher than from a well.

In addition, the so-called human factor. The well is drilled mechanically with a special drilling rig, the well is dug by hand, so it is not known how to dig it out. This source is able to provide water to your family in unlimited quantities within its own performance - about 3 cubic meters per hour. This amount of water is enough for domestic use, watering the site and lawn, filling the pool and pond.

Water supply at home from an artesian well is the most long-term solution to the problem as a whole, you will provide yourself with water for life. You should not be embarrassed by the high price of the water supply of the cottage, since, having spent it once, you will use water for a long period (more than 50 years), and the application polymer technologies will extend the useful life of an artesian well up to 100 years. But there is one drawback of such water supply - if the wells are inactive, they can silt up, but this does not threaten us, we live in a cottage year-round.

Do-it-yourself cottage water supply

The installation of a cottage water supply system includes the installation of its individual components, such as automated pumping stations that supply water, a hydraulic accumulator, external water supply networks, metering and input units, internal water supply, water purification systems, and water heating equipment that regulates the pressure of the station.

Drilling a well "for limestone"

When watering a cottage with your own hands, focus on designing a well, the water from which will be pumped out using a submersible pump. As part of the drafting of the cottage water supply project, calculate the approximate volume of water, specify the location of the aquifer and determine the diameter and depth of the column. For the water supply of the cottage, it is better to drill a well “on limestone” (up to 100 meters), since a well “on sand” has a limited period of use (up to 15 years).

The diameter of the well "for limestone" reaches 300 millimeters, and the productivity is about 100 cubic meters at one o'clock. Also, when designing an artesian well, it is recommended to do a water analysis to optimize the use of filters and other water treatment equipment.

To drill an artesian well on your site, it is recommended to contact the drilling company of the city, as this is quite hard work. The cost of drilling one meter of soil will be approximately 1500 - 2000 rubles. Before signing a drilling contract, it is imperative to clarify whether this organization issues passports for wells, which indicate all required characteristics wells (height and depth of the mirror, debit).

For the possibility of all-weather operation of an artesian well, it must be supplemented with a caisson, which will protect it from the cold. Visually, it is a tank with a lid that is welded to the casing. The caisson is able to provide constant positive temperatures in the area of ​​the wellhead due to deepening below the freezing depth. The high tightness of this design will protect the well from sources of external pollution. It is better not to practice the use of concrete rings for this purpose, so as not to puzzle over a reliable solution to the problem of sealing the structure.

Arrangement of an artesian well

Work on the arrangement of the well can be done independently. This concerns the connection of the necessary equipment - immersion of the pump, piping of the well, connection of automation. When choosing a pump for uninterrupted water supply to the house, remember that water is supplied from a well by a submersible model, and from a well by a surface pump. Although these two systems are identical in terms of their terms ( pumping unit, pipeline and water supply control systems), it is undesirable to do the opposite!

You can choose a submersible pump for the water supply of a cottage from a huge number of varieties of pumps. The most popular today are the German pumps from the manufacturer Grundfos, and the Italian company Water Technics Inc has also proven itself well. Having decided on the manufacturer, you need to choose the pump model. For this, calculate the performance and the maximum possible head of the pump.

The main function of the accumulator is to maintain constant pressure in the cottage water supply system and reduce the load on the pump. They differ only in the amount of water they hold. There are hydraulic tanks with a volume of 10 - 1000 liters. If the cottage is small for 3-5 taps, one bath and one toilet, then it is best to choose a 50-100 liter hydraulic tank. If you plan to equip a pool at home and build fountains on the site, then you should invest in a large hydraulic accumulator.

The final stage of well development is the installation and configuration of automation systems. Such systems include a pressure switch and a control panel. The pressure switch is necessary to set the maximum and minimum pressure levels in the system. The remote control controls the automation, that is, turning the pump on and off, the operation of the thermal relay sensor, the dry run sensor and the pressure switch.

Even when installing the simplest cottage water supply system, it is recommended to use main filters for fine water purification. Great importance has a special cable for drinking water for connecting the pump and a stainless steel cable. Since all artesian well equipment takes up a lot of space, it needs weather protection, care and maintenance, so you need to arrange special room, which is commonly called "pumping", based on its main purpose.

Yard line installation

After you have drilled and equipped the well, the question arises of ensuring the supply of water from the well to the cottage, for which they make the wiring of the water supply system to the cottage, along the adjacent territory and auxiliary buildings. The water supply of a modern cottage is distributed to such premises: a bathroom and a bathroom, a kitchen, a sauna, a utility block, greenhouses, etc., where water supply is required.

Previously, a whole list of problems was associated with the issue of water supply to the cottage, since there were only metal pipes, which had many disadvantages. metal pipes subject to corrosion, there is also a risk of freezing during the cold months. If corrosion occurs, the integrity of the pipe will be violated, leaks will occur, and pressure will also decrease. In addition, as a result of freezing, the pipe can burst from the inside due to ice.

But modern technology allows these dangers to be avoided. As you know, plastic pipes are not subject to corrosion, they also do not burst in case of freezing, which gives them tangible advantages over metal ones. The high plasticity of the plastic pipe can significantly reduce the number of connections in the cottage water supply system, which reduces the time for laying the pipeline.

For all-season use of water in your home, including the winter season, it is recommended to lay the pipeline from the well to the cottage below the freezing depth, since such pipes can deform during freezing, which can affect the pump's serviceability. Therefore, attention should be paid to the insulation of the outer part of the water supply, and for laying pipes it is necessary to dig trenches, which has a depth of 1.6 meters. also in last years gained wide popularity plastic pipes, which have a heat-insulating coating.

In addition, there is the possibility of completing pipes with a heating cable, because even a pipeline laid in accordance with all the rules at a depth of two meters using pipe insulation cannot guarantee that water in the pipe will not freeze in severe frosts. By the way, most often water freezes in that part of the pipeline where it passes directly through the foundation of the cottage and rises through the unheated underground into the living quarters.

A self-regulating heating cable is able to maintain the temperature of the water in the pipeline at the proper level. If the cottage does not have a heated basement floor, it is necessary to use a heating cable! In addition, electricity consumption will be minimal - an average of 16 W / m. The price of the heating cable, together with the termination of the ends and the plug, will be approximately 330-350 rubles per meter.

It is necessary to select the diameter of the pipes, taking into account the volume of water intake from the source and the standards of SNiPs. The most common are pipelines, which differ in a flow rate of 0.03 - 0.12 cubic meters per second and an outer diameter of the pipe from 32 to 63 centimeters. Entering the pipeline into the cottage is best done through the basement. Also at this stage, you need to install sewer pipes from the main sewer line to the foundation of the cottage.

Domestic water supply network

Before proceeding with the installation of a water supply system indoors, it is necessary to develop a water supply scheme for the cottage inside the housing, which in most cases consists of such components as plumbing, pipelines, faucets, appliances for heating water and creating hot water supply, shut-off and control valves, as well as distributing network.

Water supply pipes are recommended to be laid below electrical wires and gas supply pipes, hot water pipes should always be above cold pipes. It is customary to lay pipes in a floor screed, sometimes in a wall, and the distributor is installed in a special cabinet. The connection between the point of consumption and the distributor is made from one piece of pipe. The possibility of leaks is thereby reduced to a minimum.

The pipes must be protected from mechanical damage, so that the sections that are laid in the floor should be placed in a protective pipe. The passage of pipes through ceilings and walls must be carried out in protective sleeves. If such pipes lead from a garage or boiler room, then these connections must be taken gas-tight.

Shut-off valves are required in the water supply system of the cottage. It is recommended that each washbasin, sink, shower, bathtub or group of these appliances have separate valves - for example, one for appliances installed in the kitchen and another for appliances in the bathroom. Thanks to this, when replacing a faucet or gasket, it will not be necessary to drain water from the entire water supply system of the cottage.

In the water supply system of the cottage, immediately after the pump or water meter, it is necessary to install a mechanical strainer. The device is able to “catch” large solid particles: rust or sand, thanks to which mixers, filters and other installations that are mounted in the system will be protected internal water supply. The performance of the filter should correspond to the total volume of water that flows through the system.

Filters can capture particles of various diameters. It is better to choose an apparatus that traps particles larger than 90 µm. Filters with a higher mesh size, which trap finer contaminants, create too much resistance to the flow of water. At times, the water supply system of the cottage also requires the installation of filters that prepare the water, this will depend on its quality.

Most often, water that is extracted from a greater depth from under layers that do not let water through contains a lot of magnesium, manganese, lime and iron. If desired, you can install a high-tech water treatment system, which is based on the ion-exchange process and membrane technologies. Such purification schemes are a complex system, where various equipment is structurally assembled in the form of a single module, which provides a complete integrated water purification and disinfection.

Also at this stage, it is necessary to install an internal sewerage system that collects drains from each plumbing fixture. These are sinks, sinks, toilet bowls, installation points for dishwashers and washing machines, floor drains, showers and bathtubs.

Hot water supply of the cottage

Of course, to increase the comfort of life, hot water supply to the cottage is required. hot water modern cottage can be supplied from the boiler, but in this case a separate heating circuit, or from a water heater. But the main energy used for heating water is electricity, but solid fuels (coal and firewood) are practically not used today, alternative sources, for example, solar collectors are dynamically developing in our time, but have not yet received wide distribution.

Water heating equipment can be storage or flow type, according to the method of location, it is divided into floor and wall. Principle of operation instantaneous water heater lies in the fact that the water that passes through the body is heated. Flow equipment includes electric water heaters, which heat water using an uninsulated spiral or heating element.

Water heaters electric type can be non-pressure for one point of water intake and pressure - connected to several points of water intake, with electric or hydraulic control. It is economically and practically more expedient to include two different water heaters in the hot water supply system in order to save on energy and uninterrupted use of hot water.

Thus, the water supply of the cottage is an important issue even at the construction stage. The main factors that determine the cost of installing a water supply for a cottage or country house, are as follows: the amount of water that is required to meet the needs of the homeowner, his family and household, the conditions for using the water supply system and the parameters of the well for water.

The cost of plumbing in a cottage will depend on whether you choose an autonomous or centralized water supply system. The water supply in the cottage can be powered from a centralized system. Sometimes communications are already brought to the house. But their use is not always convenient. The water pressure may be unstable. In addition, the quality of water in cottage settlements sometimes leaves much to be desired. Therefore, most often for cottages choose autonomous water supply. For him, they drill an artesian well, equip it, connect a pump and more. necessary equipment. It requires additional costs. But by equipping your own well and taking water from it, you will get serious savings on payment. utilities. You can install water treatment systems. This will allow you to be sure that the water will be safe.

Stages of arranging a water supply

The first stage of arranging the water supply in the cottage is to connect the house to centralized system or in creating a water supply system for the house. Further, the work is in many ways similar to the work that is carried out during the arrangement of the water supply system in the apartment. The work consists of the following stages:

Installation of risers;

Performing plumbing work;

Installation of a heating system (if it is assumed that the cottage will be heated with water);

Connection of plumbing fixtures, and devices that require connection to the water supply.

Most often, hidden wiring is chosen for cottages. It is mounted in the ceiling, and as a bonus they get a warm floor. However, if the installation of the water supply takes place in an already built house, they may prefer open wiring. After all, the price for plumbing in a cottage will depend on the complexity of the work. And it is more difficult to perform concealed installation in an already constructed building than to do it at the construction stage.

Material selection

For both hidden and open systems wiring is most often chosen pipes made of plastic. They are not afraid of temperature changes. Therefore, if the cottage is uninhabited in winter, and, accordingly, they will not heat it, the plastic pipes will not burst. But steel pipes can let their owners down. What can not be said about copper pipes. But if the house is empty in winter, it is not advisable to install copper pipes. The price of such pipes is quite high. At the same time, copper is a non-ferrous metal, which is accepted for scrap. Therefore, leaving a house with copper pipes for the winter, you can return to your cottage in the summer and not find plumbing and heating system. Plastic pipes are unlikely to attract thieves.

The choice of fittings and fittings will depend entirely on the choice of pipe material. Only certain fittings are suitable for each material.

Plumbing and heating radiators (if it is assumed that the house will be operated in winter and heated with water) are chosen at their discretion. If the cottage will not be used constantly, and the owners will visit the cottage only for the weekend, or use it as a summer residence, then choose budget options. If the house is capital and they will live in it constantly, regardless of the day of the week and season, then it is not worth saving.

Installation of the plumbing system in the cottage

They try to install the plumbing in the cottage at the construction stage. First, water is brought into the house, then risers are connected. After their overlap, the pipes are laid out. When performing wiring, take into account that water pipes should be located below electrical wires. Pipes supplying cold water are placed below. Above them are pipes supplying hot water and gas pipes. In autonomous systems, water supply is carried out by gravity. Therefore, you should take care of shutoff valves for each specific device. Otherwise, if the tap leaks or the toilet is replaced, you will have to turn off the water for the entire cottage.

When creating an autonomous water supply system, compact pumping stations are used. Depending on the needs for water, the power of the pump is also selected. It should be borne in mind that the power should be enough for the simultaneous operation of several devices. If large water consumption is not planned (for example, for irrigating a huge area, for supplying a pool, etc.), then a pump with a capacity of three to eight m2 / h is selected. If a lot of water will be consumed, then a more powerful pumping station is chosen.

Also, with an autonomous water supply system, filters must be installed. When choosing a filter, you also need to consider its throughput. The capacity of the filter must match or be higher than the maximum capacity of the water pump. Otherwise, the cleaning system may not be able to cope. Since water is supplied from an artesian well, the installation of both coarse filters and finer systems is relevant. Water purification system in cottages with autonomous water supply usually has several levels.

If you need to provide a cottage with running water, feel free to contact the "Problem-in-the-Dome.NET" company. The masters of the company will cope both with the creation of an autonomous plumbing system, and with connection to the centralized water supply. For plumbing in the cottage, you can check the prices by phone

It must be said that this work is a certain complexity, therefore, only specialized specialists should perform such maintenance. Customer Service"Complex of Ideas" will offer you high quality work and affordable prices. We will be able to plan the maintenance work of the water supply system and the performance of maintenance as efficiently and quickly as possible.

To solve your problem, you can call a specialist. Fill out the form, briefly describe your problem and we will call you back for a consultation.

Customer Reviews

22.11.2017

Many thanks to Denis and Ivan for their help in repairing the heating system at the SNT Sokol dacha. Everything was done quickly, competently and accurately. It is a pity that they did not immediately contact the "Complex of Ideas". Happy to help "Complex of ideas" in the future, because it is clear that people know their business and can solve problems that arise during the operation of suburban housing.

07.07.2017

In the summer, as a preventive measure, I wanted to flush the heating system. I called a dozen companies, spent a week - either the price is high, or they do not inspire confidence, or some other restrictions. Some said that they would wash for 3 days, removing all the batteries in the house - 50 thousand more were announced.
My wife went on the Internet from her phone and immediately found the site complex-ideas.ru, called, invited. The next day they arrived and in one day they did everything with the help of some special compressor + chemistry. Fast,…

11.02.2017

I thank the employees of the company "Complex of ideas" for the work done. Really saved in New Year!!!

09.01.2017

At the beginning of January 2017, it was very cold in the Moscow region and our gas boiler went out and we could not start it. Before that, he periodically "clapped" and "clicked", but we did not attach any importance to this. And then ... New Year, the whole family is in the country, and the boiler is broken. It's good that the experts "Complex of Ideas" came and solved our problem. Almost freezing :)

I recommend to everyone! The phone numbers of the masters were written with a marker directly on the boiler.

22.09.2016

I want to write a review about the work of an employee of the Complex of Ideas company. When the cold came, there was a problem with the heating boiler in country house- wrote an error Error I do not remember what number. On the phone, they found the very first site on the Internet, called. They came, fixed it, took quite a bit of money. Very prompt, courteous and left only pleasant impressions. It seems the worker's name was Vadim or Vlad - I don't remember exactly =)

07.05.2016

I spent the whole weekend trying to connect a boiler in the country to heat water ... I went to the market 3 times for additional details, rummaged through the entire Internet - I just can’t do it. That does not turn on, then it flows, then something else. I found this site on the Internet, called - they arrived and did in 50 minutes what it took me 2 days to do! I should have called right away. Rest would be better. I'll do that next time!

16.03.2016

I express my gratitude to the specialist Victor from "Complex of ideas"! He came, fixed our gas boiler, replaced something there - voila, everything worked. I wouldn't have been able to do it myself.

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The initial stage of this process is to determine the water content of your site.

There are two main types of water location underground:

Sandy - sandy-gravel aquifer of the Quaternary and Cretaceous period (sandy);

Limestone - aquifers of the Carboniferous period.

Sandy depths :

Well 10–15 m,

Quaternary 15–30 m,

Cretaceous (over-Jurassic) 30–50 m.

limestone depths - from 30 to 230 m - are called artesian. In the Moscow region, the first artesian horizons lie unevenly:

South direction 30–60 m,

North direction 90–180 m,

West-east direction 60–90 m.

Large water flows are provided by wells with a depth of 20 to 200 meters, depending on the occurrence of groundwater. Surface water in ordinary wells is not able to cope with the task of providing water consumption of up to 500 liters per hour. They are reliable with water consumption up to 100 liters per hour, but sanitary quality well water naturally very low. Waste industrial enterprises reach even the deepest soil levels. Nitrates and nitrites, heavy metals, bacterial pollution - the source of many ills for human health get into water.

A well in terms of total costs is much more expensive than a well, but the risk of getting low-quality water when right technology water treatment is minimal.

"Sandy" wells allow you to provide water to a country house that has two points of water intake - a faucet in the kitchen and a faucet for irrigation. To provide a cottage with European level comfort, having several bathrooms, a washing machine and a dishwasher, a swimming pool, an artesian well is needed. The service life of a "sand" well is determined by the properties of structural materials and professional level installers and averages from 5 to 15 years. Water yield depends on the seasonal replenishment of the aquifer - during dry periods, the well may "dry up".

The state considers artesian waters a deposit and, accordingly, regulates their consumption by licensing such wells. Technologically competently constructed artesian well works uninterruptedly up to 50 years.

To ensure the purity of the opening and isolation of the used aquifer, a special design of the well is required. It must have a casing string necessary to prevent wall collapse when passing through unconsolidated deposits, as well as to isolate non-target aquifers. New special substances for isolation have appeared - compactonites, which are poured into the isolated section of the well in the form of tablets. Then, under the action of water, they turn into an impermeable plastic mass, which forms a reliable plug at the entrance to the target horizon and does not give pollution. Internal pipes and materials contribute to the purity of the water consumed. Recently, durable PVC or HDPE plastics have been used. PVC pipes are light and strong, durable, not subject to corrosion. Ecological and hygienic cleanliness of PVC pipes has been proven by relevant tests and requirements for food grade plastics.

Special drilling rigs carry out the process of drilling a well. Steel thick-walled pipes are inserted into the finished well. A deep pump with a diameter of 3-4 inches is immersed through them. Pressure pipeline from the pump comes to the surface and is brought into the house. If a top part wells with an inlet pipe are deepened by 1.5–2 meters into the ground, then freezing of water in winter period excluded. To prevent groundwater from entering the well, a caisson is installed above the wellhead - a kind of well in the form of an underground metal chamber, which serves to facilitate the operation of the pump and maintenance of the water supply system.

Further, water enters the membrane tank, with a capacity of 100 to 500 liters, depending on the performance of the pumping device, located on the first floor of the house (basement), through a coarse filter. This tank is needed to optimize the operation of the submersible pump by storing a supply of pressurized water. Water enters the open tap not from the pump, but under pressure from this tank. The service life of the pump is increased, since it operates in a mode that automatically turns on only at high water flows or when the pressure in the system drops to the lower set limit. At the same time, it pumps water into the tank until the pressure in it reaches its maximum value.

The drilling of the well will take from three to seven days, depending on its depth and complexity. Only a professional driller can determine where there is water underground. Expert advice will help you choose best option, which will ensure the operation of the water supply system for long, long time. The subsequent stages of work with the well: long-term pumping of water to assess its operational capabilities, a complete chemical analysis to conclude that the water meets the requirements of GOST. The owner must obtain a passport for a water-lifting installation indicating its main characteristics. This document is necessary both for local authorities and during the operation of repair and restoration work.

Individual wells can be divided into two types (conditionally): shallow and deep.

shallow well

Small wells are drilled, as a rule, on aquiferous sandy horizons at a depth of 15–35 meters. Drilling is carried out with augers, which in appearance represent the working part of a corkscrew.

Typical scheme of a shallow well:

Sealed head with lock and input-output for hose from the pump

Casing string (steel 20, diameter 127–159 mm, threaded connection)

Water level

Household submersible electric pump

Filter (stainless steel galloon weave, 52-72 holes/cm2)

Settling tank with gravel

Aquifer (sand)

Waterproof (clay)

Seamless hot-rolled pipes (Steel 20) with a diameter of 127–159 mm are used as a casing string, the type of connection is threaded. The filter is a perforated steel pipe, equipped with a grid of galloon weaving made of stainless steel or brass No. 52, 56, 68. The well is operated using vibration pumps ("Kid", "Aquarius", etc.). Its productivity is 0.3–0.5 m3/hour. Due to their low yield, wells of this type not suitable for water supply and are mainly used for watering garden plots. However, sometimes they can be used for water supply of small country houses, while using a filler tank. As a rule, water from such wells belongs to the technical category and is of little use for domestic needs and drinking. In addition, such water is characterized by high concentrations of iron, sometimes manganese.

deep well

For autonomous water supply the best option is an artesian well with a depth of more than 30 meters (limestone aquifers). Drilling in this case is carried out with flushing with more powerful rotary rigs and subsequent cementation of the annulus. As flushing fluids, environmentally friendly drilling fluids and additives to them are used, which have a quality certificate and exclude the possibility of contamination of the aquifers being opened. For cementation of the annulus, high-quality cement mixtures, providing reliable isolation and excluding the possibility of contamination from the surface of the exposed aquifers.

The output from a deep well can reach 5 m3/hour. By equipping it with appropriate water supply equipment, you can create a system of comfortable water consumption.

Pipes (Steel 20) with a diameter of 133 mm serve as a casing string, the so-called conductor. Directly in the interval of the aquifer, it is possible to install a perforated column.

There are several variations of the arrangement of wells. For example, CJSC "Gidroinzhstroy", according to its technology, uses polyvinyl chloride pipes (PNDTU 273) with a wall thickness of 12 mm and a diameter of 135 mm as a production string, which meet the requirements for food grade plastics. In addition, the taste of water, unlike metal ones, is not affected.

A typical scheme for a deep well:

Casing string (conductor - steel 20, diameter 159–219 mm)

Production string (steel 20, diameter 133 mm, threaded connection)

Water level

Filter (open barrel 90 mm diameter)

Black clays (regional aquiclude)

Fractured limestone - aquifer

Lower aquiclude

The total price of work at the facility should include travel to the drilling site, work, cost of materials, pumping out and a guarantee for the drilled well up to several years.

industrial wells

Contract for the execution of works on drilling industrial production wells for centralized water supply is concluded only if the customer has a license for the right to use the subsoil (water use), which is issued by the territorial management body of the subsoil fund and the subject of the Federation in whose territory the drilling will be carried out. Drilling operations for centralized water supply are carried out strictly according to projects with a permit for drilling wells.

Depending on the location and geological conditions, industrial drilling production wells is produced by powerful drilling rigs of the Podolsk-Myachkovsky industrial aquifer or Oksko-Protvinsky type.

Materials and equipment

Ensuring automatic control submersible pump, as mentioned above, is done using membrane tank, but it uses a pressure switch and a control system that, by interacting, are capable of and maintain a constant pressure in the system.

Water treatment systems

AT modern technology water supply, a number of devices have been implemented that allow solving almost any problems with water. All these complex systems can be called filters. They can be classified according to their application, that is, depending on the specific function.

The following properties of water require solution:

The presence of undissolved mechanical impurities;

The need to adjust the pH level;

Iron and manganese dissolved in water;

Rigidity;

The presence of taste, smell, color;

bacteriological contamination.

Necessary filters and equipment:

Sedimentary filter;

Iron removal filter;

softener;

Salt dissolving tank;

Carbon filter;

UV sterilizer;

Drinking water preparation system.

Sedimentary systems :

Designed to remove mechanical particles, sand, suspensions, rust, as well as colloidal substances from water. To remove relatively large particles (over 20–50 microns), mesh or disk systems are used. The disadvantage is the relatively low dirt holding capacity. With severe water pollution or high productivity, they require frequent flushing. In these cases, it is advisable to use automated systems bulk type. As a filtering medium, mainly dehydrated aluminosilicate is used, which provides filtration of particles from 20 microns. For finer cleaning, a backfill made of special ceramics is used.

pH corrector systems :

The need to adjust the pH level arises if it is necessary to combat corrosion, since water with both low (less than 6) and high (above 8) pH has an increased corrosive effect. On the other hand, to ensure the optimal operation of water purification systems, since for the normal operation of some types of filter media, a certain pH level is required.

To change the pH level, fillings based on natural calcites are used, which, gradually dissolving, increase the pH. Dosed addition to water is also used chemical substances lowering the pH level.

Iron removal systems :

Systems of this class are mainly designed to remove iron and manganese from water, which are present there in a dissolved state. As a filter medium, various natural substances are used, including manganese dioxide (Birm, Filox, Greensand, etc.). Manganese dioxide serves as a catalyst for the oxidation reaction, in which iron and (or) manganese dissolved in water become insoluble and precipitate, which is retained in the filter medium layer and subsequently washed out into the drain during backwashing. In the process of oxidizing iron and manganese, some systems also effectively remove hydrogen sulfide dissolved in water. Some of the filter media require regeneration with potassium permanganate. At high concentrations of iron and (or) manganese, special techniques are used to promote their more intense oxidation. Most promising direction ozonation appears in this area.

Softening systems :

An extensive class of devices designed to reduce water hardness. Thanks to the use of special backfills, systems of this type can have a complex effect and can also remove certain amounts of iron, manganese, nitrates, nitrites, sulfates, heavy metal salts, and organic compounds from water.

Activated carbon has long been used in water treatment to improve the organoleptic characteristics of water (eliminate foreign taste, odor, color). Due to its high adsorption capacity Activated carbon effectively absorbs residual chlorine, dissolved gases, organic compounds. However, since the accumulated organic matter is difficult to be removed from the coal during backwashing, a burst discharge of contaminants into the output line is possible. To prevent this phenomenon, the backfill of activated carbon requires periodic replacement. Currently, to increase the service life, activated carbon from coconut shell is used, the adsorption capacity of which is 4 times higher than coal obtained by traditional methods (for example, from birch wood). To combat biological growth, special coals with bacteriostatic additives are also used, as well as backwash systems.

UV sterilizers :

The most common method of combating bacteriological pollution (the presence of microbes and bacteria in water) is the irradiation of water with ultraviolet light. Radiation parameters are selected in such a way that almost complete water sterilization is guaranteed. As sterilizers of this type, special ultraviolet lamps are widely used, mounted in a rigid housing, inside which water flows, being exposed to ultraviolet radiation.

Drinking water treatment systems :

Reverse osmosis systems are currently the most progressive drinking water treatment systems. The water obtained with the help of such installations has excellent palatability and in its properties is close to melted glacial water. The key component of such a system is a semi-permeable membrane, the quality and material of which determines the degree of water purification, reaching 98–99%. To ensure normal operation, the system is equipped with preliminary cartridge filters, a pump, etc. depending on the parameters of the source water. Such systems are installed, as a rule, in the kitchen and are used only to obtain water used for food purposes. Commercial potable water treatment systems may also be used.

Selection of pumping equipment

One of the key mechanisms well water supply is the pump. deep borehole pumps capable of lifting water from a depth of up to 300 m, while creating required pressure water in the house with a flow rate of up to 15 m3 / h. In this case, at sufficiently high costs, hydraulic accumulators with a capacity of 300 liters or more are used. The calculation and selection of equipment at the design stage of an autonomous water supply system is based on the initial data on the source of water supply. In the case of using a well, the main requirement for pumping equipment is reliability. Therefore, the pumps of the leading Western companies have several degrees of protection: against "drying", power outages, falling into the water intake small stones and etc.

In each case, the optimal pump option is selected, taking into account such parameters as inner diameter well casing, depth of the water table, required water flow and pressure.