Features of a well without pumping equipment. Water pump without power How to raise water from a river

USE OF WATER ENERGY

Since the transition to a settled way of life, a person has sought to use the energy of the current, falling water flow and its pressure.

water rise

Apparently, the first water-lifting device was a counterweight system like a well "crane" (in some countries it was called "shaduf" or "chaduf", "chadufon"). It was one of the oldest and simplest water-lifting devices. Images of shaduf are found on ancient Egyptian papyri and bas-reliefs.

If it was necessary to raise water to a great height, a system of shadufs was used, in which water was supplied upward in several steps - from step to step.

Watering garden trees with a shaduf (Tomb of Ipuyi)

The design of the shaduf turned out to be so simple, but at the same time convenient and effective, that it was used at all times by almost all known civilizations. It is still in use today.

In ancient civilizations: Egyptian, Sumerian, Chinese, Bengal (that is, in 4,000 - 3,000 years BC), water-lifting wheels were already used to lift water and supply it to the fields (Fig.).

but

Water wheels:

a - with scoops; b - with blades

1 - wheel; 2 - scoop; 3 - blades; 4 - drainage tray

They were arranged with scoops or shovels (blades) along the rim. At the wheel with scoops (Fig. but) water rose to the top of the wheel, poured out of the scoops into the receiving tank and then entered the irrigation canal. At the wheel with blades (Fig. b) water rose along the gutter up to the required height and then poured into the channel. The water-lifting wheels were driven by slaves, camels or oxen. The slaves, being on the wheel, walked along special steps and created a rotational moment.

Water wheel with paddles:

1 - drive, 2 - wheel, 3 - blades, 4 - receiving device

Water wheel with scoops:

1 - tray, 2 - scoop, 3 - wheel

Water wheel in ancient China

water wheels in Syria in the city of Hama. 1960s

Old water-lifting wheels in Syria in the city of Hama

The last figure shows a diagram of a water-lifting wheel and a water supply system (1st century BC): a wheel with a diameter of about three meters is immersed in a reservoir. A man walked along the crossbars installed along the rim of the wheel, as if climbing a ladder. But it turned out that he was in place, and the wheel rotated with the help of his legs. Buckets were attached to the wheel rim. When the bucket was immersed in a pond, it filled with water, and when it went up, the water poured into the tank and then flowed through pipes to the pool and fountain.

Until now, 22 water wheels, about 3,000 years old, have been preserved in Syria in working condition. These are huge wooden wheels with a diameter of up to 21 m and a weight of up to 20 tons. They are propelled by the flow of water in a river or canal and take in water by means of wooden troughs attached at an angle to the circumference of the wheel. When the chute passes through the highest point of the wheel, the water flows out into the gutter. Similar wheels, only made of bamboo tubes, were used in China.

a - with scoops; b - with disks

1 - driven shaft; 2 - chain with scoops (with disks); 3 - drive shaft; 4 - tray for water drainage; 5 - pipe

Norias are water-lifting devices in the form of an endless vertical chain with scoops or disks (Fig.). The principle of lifting and pouring water here is the same as that of the water-lifting wheels. The only difference is that a flexible chain is used instead of a rigid wheel rim. In a bucket elevator with discs, discs are put on the chain instead of scoops, part of the path of which, when the chain rotates, passes through the pipe, raising water to the outlet tray.

Elevating elevator

One of the varieties of noria was called "chigir". Chigir is, as a rule, a huge and heavy wheel-drum connected to a horizontal shaft, which was rotated either by people or animals. The length of the horizontal shaft reached 8 m. On the drum between its rims there were one or two ropes - an “endless chain”, to which scoops were attached. The water from the tilting scoops was supplied to the outlet tray and then to the consumers. The diameter of the drums reached 6 m.

Another name for chigir is the Persian wheel.

Apparently, the name came to the Russian language from Central Asia (Khorezm), where such a water-lifting wheel was called "chikir". Quite a long time ago, such a device appeared in the south of Russia - in Astrakhan, in the Crimea. The word entered the language of the Cossacks: “chigir water”, “chigir watering”.

A horse or oxen turn a standing shaft, with the help of gears, rotation is transmitted to a wheel-drum above the well; a round chain with buckets is thrown over the wheel; they scoop and pour water by tipping over the wheel into a trough or trough, from where it spreads in pitched grooves over the melon; the main art is to arrange the grooves.

Chigirs were used in the south of the European part of Russia until the end of the 19th century. In the countries of Central Asia and the Persian Gulf (Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq) are still used.

To raise the water to a small height, an Archimedean screw, gates, bead lifts, counterweight systems in the form of a “crane” were used. The Archimedean screw was a shaft with a helical surface wound around it, installed in an inclined pipe, the lower end of which was immersed in water. As the axis rotates, the water rises as it tends to maintain the lowest point between the surface of the screw and the surface of the cylinder.

Archimedean screw with manual drive:

1 - spiral staircase; 2 - pipe; 3 - rotation handle; 4 - outlet tray;

5 - regulating device

Archimedean screw driven by a windmill:

1 – engine, 2– screw, 3– casing

Gates were also used to lift water, which were also set in motion by the action of water (Fig.).

Water lifting machine with reversible water wheel

The beaded water lift consists of a pipe with a wide socket at the bottom, placed in a well. A rope with a large number of weights equal to the inner diameter of the pipe was launched through the gate into the pipe. When the gate rotated, piston weights entered the pipe and raised the water. From the upper edge of the pipe, water was poured into containers for further use.

Bead lift:

1 - outlet tray; 2 - pipe; 3 - well;

4 - rope with piston weights; 5 - gate

Many options for devices for lifting water were invented and depicted in his notes by Leonardo da Vinci: Archimedean screws, water wheels.

Another method of raising water proposed by Leonardo was to use a water wheel with bowls that scooped up water from the lower container and poured it into the upper one.

On your own piece of land, first of all, you need to take care of providing it with water for irrigation, drinking and other needs. To do this, it is enough that a well is built, and from it it will always be possible to extract the required amount of necessary moisture at any time of the year. But to lift the liquid, as you know, you need a pump that runs on electricity. But what if the site is far from civilization, and there is no electricity on it? In this case, you can do without a pump, using other methods. These methods will now be discussed.

Well types

Drilling wells can be of two types: sand and artesian. The first type has another name - a filter well. It is drilled to the nearest aquifer in sandy soil. The depth can reach 30 meters, and the width of the casing can be about 13 cm. The peculiarity of the structure of such a source is that a strainer is made on the walls of the pipe. To extract water from it, a deep or surface unit is required. It can last up to 15 years. But the service life primarily depends on the depth of the aquifer and on how intensively it is used.

The second type is an artesian well. The water in it is extracted from a great depth, it can reach a 200-meter mark. It has increased productivity and high quality water. It serves much longer than the first type - more than 50 years. Accordingly, a more powerful apparatus should be used to raise moisture to the surface. To drill such a hole, a permit from the local government is required.

Is it possible to get water from these wells without using an electric pump? Yes, it is quite possible, and from mines of both types. But it is important to take into account several nuances. Much depends on the hand-held devices that will be used in this case. Usually they do not give enough pressure at a depth of more than 30 meters. Therefore, such a system is relevant mainly for a sandy well. But first, let's figure out how it is possible to raise liquid from such a structure without a pump, and what is needed for this.

Extraction of water by air pressure

This unusual method is perfect for extracting water from a mine without a pump. That is, you can use any manual hose pump that works without electricity. Making such a system is quite simple. First you need to completely seal the top of the well. 2 holes are made in it: a hose from the pump is inserted into one, a pipe for water supply is inserted into the second. When working with such a device, pressure is created in the mine, which pushes the liquid out.

If the air pressure entering the mine is powerful, then it is quite possible to do without an electric pump. But it should be taken into account that such pressure will push water not only up, but also down into the aquifer. What this is fraught with will be described below. This method can be used in conjunction with standard approaches. It is especially relevant if the pressure in the pit is not strong enough, even for an electric pump.

Extraction of water by hydraulic ramming

This is another non-standard way of extracting water without a pump: in this case, a hydraulic ram is used - a device designed to mechanically lift fluid from any well, even an artesian one.

Such a device works on energy obtained from the flow of water. By raising the water to a great height and lowering it down, the liquid is pushed up. This design consists of the following components:

baffle valve;

return valve;

supply pipe;

outlet pipe;

air cap.

By opening and closing the valves in a certain sequence, the fluid circulates. It accelerates along the supply pipe and a water hammer is created, displacing the liquid out into the outlet pipe. Such a device is difficult to make on your own, but it is easy to purchase. And this will be the most correct solution for areas where there is no electricity.

Important Points

When extracting water by increasing the pressure inside the mine, several important factors must be taken into account. First, the geological structure of the area where the well is located is taken into account.

Also important is the debit of the mine for the extraction of liquid from the earth and the productivity of the aquifer.

And, of course, the depth of the aquifer is taken into account.

If all this is not taken into account, then due to excess pressure, the well may fail. Simply put, the liquid from the aquifer will stop flowing into the mine. This is due to the fact that the air formed inside will push almost all the water down, pressing it into the ground. Therefore, the air supply must be optimal. It should only be enough to push the water out and not create excess pressure.

You say that it is impossible to stop the flow of water or even make it rise up and you will be wrong! Nothing is impossible using the knowledge of science and the latest, widespread technological devices. Today, even stones can be made to fly, as in installation.

Some Brusspup (http://www.youtube.com/user/brusspup) , posted a video in which, using a simple home-made installation and a camera in video shooting mode, the author forced the flow of water from the hose to stop and, most incredible, made it rise up. On the first day, the video got a million views.

A fascinating video of the magical movement (immobilization) of water is presented below.

The physical essence of the effect lies in the synchronous operation of the video camera along with the vibrations of the water jet. Everyone can repeat this experiment, for this you need:
1. Place the subwoofer on the edge of a solid surface.
2. Fasten the light and flexible hose to the speaker cone, for example, with adhesive tape, but it is best to use masking tape, as adhesive tape can ruin the speaker cone. The hose should end at a distance of 2-3 centimeters from the edge of the speaker. Naturally, the hose should be directed downwards. In principle, this is the most important part of the experiment - the hose must touch the diffuser.
3. Connect the subwoofer to an amplifier, and connect the amplifier to a sound source such as an audio generator or computer. Using a computer is a more acceptable option, because it is easier for him to find a program with which you can set the desired sound frequency.
4. Turn on the camera or set your smartphone to video mode.
5. Run the audio frequency generator program on the computer and set the frequency at which video is recorded on your camcorder. Such information can be easily found in your passport or on the Internet by the type of your video camera. The most common parameters are 24 or 30 frames per second, respectively, in the generator program, you must set the same value.
6. Run water through the hose and watch the water flow through your chamber. If the frequency with which video recording is made coincides with the frequency set in the generator program, then you will observe a motionless flow of water.
7. By adjusting the volume level, you can get a variety of water flow patterns.
8. By changing the frequency of sound vibrations in the program by one hertz more (if it was 24Hz, then setting it to 25Hz), we get the effect of water moving forward.
9. By changing the frequency of sound vibrations in the program by one hertz less (if it was 24Hz, then setting it to 23Hz) we get the effect of water moving back, back into the hose.
10. Do not forget to install a container where water will drain.

Thus, you can get magical effects and create unforgettable videos that you will not be ashamed to show to friends and acquaintances.

It is known that, theoretically, a suction pump is not capable of lifting water from a depth of more than 8-9 meters. In practice, this distance is even less - 6-7 m, and to create sufficient pressure in the water supply system it will be better if the water mirror is at a distance of 5 m from the surface. There are several ways to solve the problem of lifting water for a pumping station. Let's consider one of them.

Increase in pressure inside the well

An increase in pressure inside the well will cause spontaneous rise of water through the pipe even in the absence of a pump. If you seal the mouth of the casing string with a head and supply air to the well with a compressor, the water will begin to rise up, experiencing the absence of pressure in the riser pipe. True, experts warn that with this method of extracting water from, the following factors must be taken into account:

the depth of the water-saturated reservoir;
aquifer productivity;
well flow rate;
features of the geological structure of the site.

Otherwise, well operation can be disrupted, since excessive pressure in the casing string will not allow water from a water-saturated formation to flow into the well. That is, the air cushion between the tip and the water table will begin to push the water column down until it is completely forced out of the casing string back into the aquifer. It is best to use a compressor in tandem with a pumping station. Even a slight increase in pressure in the well will increase the suction power of the pump.

Among the disadvantages of this method of water delivery, the noisy operation of the compressor unit should be noted. Given that the pumping station itself is noisy, it will be necessary to place the equipment in a room with good sound insulation. One more feature of the operation of an automatic pumping station should be remembered: the engine turns on automatically as soon as the pressure in the accumulator drops below the set value.

The power supply is controlled by a pressure switch, on which the pressure level for turning the pump on and off is set. When the engine is off, water is consumed from the storage tank of the hydraulic tank, and when the pressure decreases, the relay turns on the pump again. It follows that the pumping station and the air compressor must be combined into one electrical circuit so that, at the command of the pressure switch, power is simultaneously supplied to both the pump and the compressor.

In ancient times and the Middle Ages, people often faced the task of raising water to a height. It was implemented in a variety of ways that any homeowner who has been left on a plot of land for long periods of time without electricity can remember. In the case of a large depth of the water intake source and an acute need for water, the use of ancient methods will bring certain benefits in broadening one's horizons, improving health and obtaining additional engineering and construction skills.

If you decide how to raise the water to a height, you can not do without a pump. Only for lifting, you will have to use not electric, but hand-made home-made devices, the operation of which will require the application of muscular strength or the energy of the current water flow.

Archimedean screw

The invention of a screw device for supplying water to a height for the purpose of filling irrigation canals was made by Archimedes around 250 BC.

Fig.1 The principle of operation of the Archimedes screw pump

The device consists of a hollow cylinder, inside which the screw rotates, during operation it lowers into the water intake source at an angle. When the propeller blades rotate, they capture water and the propeller lifts it up the pipe, at the top point the pipe ends and the water is poured into a container or irrigation canal.

In ancient times, the impeller was rotated by slaves or animals, in our time there may be problems with this and you will have to additionally build a wind wheel to set the screw in rotation or strengthen the muscles yourself.

Fig. 2 A variation of the wheel of Archimedes - a pump from a tube

The device is an analogue of modern screw pumps, it can have various modifications: the screw rotates together with the cylinder or has the form of a hollow tube wound on a rod.

Hydroram Montgolfier method

The mechanic Montgolfier in 1797 came up with a device called a hydraulic ram. It uses the kinetic energy of water flowing from top to bottom.

Rice. 3 The principle of operation of the hydropercussion water pump

The principle of operation of the device is based on the fact that in the event of a sharp shutdown of the water flow in a rigid pipe, water is forced out through a check valve under pressure into a hydraulic tank located at the top. In its lower part there is a fitting, on which the outlet water hose is put on, going to the consumer. The non-return valve does not allow water to flow back - thus there is a constant cyclic filling of the tank and a continuous rise and flow of water.

The shut-off valve of the device works automatically, so the presence of a person and the organization of his work, except for the installation of equipment, is not required.

Rice. 4 Appearance of an industrial hydropercussion pump

It should be noted that such devices do not need to be made independently; they are produced industrially in small volumes.

Airlift

The ancestor of the method is the German mining engineer Karl Loscher, who invented the method in 1797.

Rice. 5 The principle of operation of the air lift pump and its varieties

Airlift (airlift) - a type of jet pump, air is used to lift water. The device is a hollow vertical pipe lowered into the water, to the bottom of which a hose is connected. When pressurized air is supplied through the hose into the pipe, its bubbles mix with water, and the resulting foam rises up due to the light specific gravity.

Air can be supplied with a conventional hand pump through a nipple that prevents it from escaping back.

Rice. 6 Automatic water supply by airlift using a compressor

Such a device for supplying water in the absence of a pump is quite simple to do with your own hands and automate the process if there is an air supply compressor.

Lifting water with a piston pump

Rice. 7 The principle of operation of a homemade piston pump

You can make a device for supplying water to a height by suction using a piston. The device is a pipe with a system of check valves, inside the cylindrical surface of which a piston moves. During the return movement, water is sucked into the cylinder body, when the piston moves forward, the check valves close and the water is pushed out.

Rice. 8 Piston pump in the organization of manual water supply.

A piston pump with a long pipe for lifting water from great depths to hold and pump water is an occupation for trained bodybuilders, it is more convenient to adapt it to lift water from a narrow well, fixing it on an external column with a handle.

To quickly lift water from shallow depths from narrow crevices, you can use the simplest industrial device. To do this, a manual water pump is taken and a long plastic tube is put on its inlet valve. A homemade pump is lowered into the water with the long end of the tube and it is pumped by repeatedly pressing the pump button.

Rice. 9 Hand pump for lifting water

Methods for lifting water without an electric pump are ineffective and require serious costs and efforts for the manufacture of a workable and convenient device that is incomparable not only with the cost of the cheapest electric pump, but also with expensive models. Their use is justified when living in areas with a complete lack of electricity, which can be attributed to extreme ways of survival.