The composition and significance of complexes producing structural materials and chemicals. Complex of structural materials

Complex producing structural materials and chemical substances. Chemical-forest complex.

1. Chemical-forestry complex 2. Consumption of structural materials. 3. Raw material base. 4. Variety of chemical technologies. Lesson plan.

As a result of the crisis and low competitiveness of products. Almost 40% of enterprises in the industry are unprofitable. Another serious problem is the heavy wear and tear of the equipment. It is 57%, and 65% of the equipment is morally and physically obsolete. More than 2/3 of production has been in operation for over 25 years. lesson problem;

Tell about the meaning chemical industry for economic development? Tell us about the features of the chemical industry that affect the location of chemical enterprises? Tasks for the lesson:

Terms: The chemical-forest complex is composed of two branches - the chemical and timber industries. Chemicalization is the widespread use of chemical technologies and materials in all economic sectors.

It creates new materials that do not exist in nature. They often outperform natural products. Their use saves labor and raw materials. Therefore, ENTERPRISES OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY ARE FREQUENTLY CREATED IN ALREADY FOLDED AREAS, CENTERS OF PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF TRADITIONAL STRUCTURAL MATERIALS (MACHINE-BUILDING CENTERS, METALLURGICAL BASES). First of all:

The chemical industry has an almost unlimited raw material base: oil, gas, wood, water, air, etc. At the same time, very often the same product can be obtained from different types raw materials. For example: Nitrogen fertilizers can be produced on the basis of coal coking, water electrolysis, oil and natural gas processing. Therefore, theoretically, chemical industry enterprises can be created everywhere. Secondly:

But today, oil and gas processing products are mainly used, i.e. specially prepared raw materials. As a result, modern chemistry gravitates to the areas of extraction and processing of these types of raw materials (Volga region, European center).

Chemical technologies are very diverse. This opens up huge opportunities for complex processing of raw materials. For example, hundreds of types of products are obtained from oil. Therefore, both in the chemical industry itself and in its interaction with other industries, combination is widely developed. It contributes to the formation of various plants: chemical, coke, petrochemical, wood chemical, etc.

Some features of the chemical industry, on the contrary, limit the potential ubiquity of its location. These include: high energy-water intensity of many industries, especially modern ones. AT last years growing influence environmental factor, because most of chemical industries is a strong pollutant environment.

Structural materials are materials on the basis of which parts for machines, engineering structures and structures are made. They will be repeatedly subjected to mechanical stress during operation. Such details are characterized by a wide variety of not only uniform, but also operational. They are used in various industries, with their help they make industrial furnaces, parts for cars, they are used in the aviation industry. The task of the manufacturer is to produce a structural part that is ready to work at different temperatures, in different environments and with fairly intense loads. The main difference between the products and other structural additions is their readiness to take on maximum loads for a long time.

Species, types, classifications

Due to the fact that metals are practically the most reliable and durable components, structural materials are made to a greater extent from them. Therefore, CMs are classified and recognized by the material from which they were made. Often, steel is preferred from metals because of its strength, reliability and ease of processing.

The materials are based on alloys made of steel, cast iron and iron. This type has good strength, details and elements are used more often than others. Alloys with magnetic and non-magnetic forms are also used. Non-ferrous and non-ferrous combinations of metals are used. Often this is aluminum, but in some parts it is possible to use alloys based on it. Alloys are used when the part needs to be deformed and transformed repeatedly. Of the non-ferrous ones, copper (bronze), titanium are also used.

Non-metallic materials began to be used much later than the previous group. Advances in technology have helped create a cheaper alternative. At the same time, non-metals are also strong and reliable. Non-metallic structural materials are made from wood, ceramics, glass and various types of rubber.

• Composite materials

Composite materials consist of elements that differ greatly from each other in properties. They allow you to create structures with predetermined characteristics. Materials are used to improve efficiency. The name of the composition is given by the matrix material. Such materials all have a basis. Composites having a metal matrix - metal, ceramic - ceramic and so on. They are created artificially, the material that is obtained at the output has new complex properties. Composite materials can include both metallic and non-metallic components.

There is another classification that allows you to recognize what kind of material is needed to complete the selected task - this is a breakdown into types according to technical criteria.

• Materials with increased strength;
• Materials with distinctive technological capabilities;
• Durable materials (elements whose operation is not affected by mechanical stimuli);
• Elastic structural materials;
• Loose materials;
• Materials resistant to natural influences;
• Materials with high strength.

Applications

Usage construction materials accounts for any area related to the structure and production. The widest range of use was received by the electric power, construction and engineering industries. It is here that the assembly of structures is the first part for the creation of a large project.

Groups	materials	Scope of application	Fur. properties
Metal construction materials	Bronze	For shaped castings, bushings, bearings, gears and gears.	High compressive and frictional strength, does not oxidize.
	Tool steel	For the manufacture of measuring tools, cutting parts and measuring templates.	Durable, heavy, non-oxidizing, waterproof.
	Titanium	Responsible parts in the field of aviation, rocket science and medicine.	Lightweight, waterproof, conductive.
Non-metallic construction materials	Rubber	Sealing elements of any design, voltage insulators, sealing, flexible parts in the automotive industry, medicine, rocket science.	Low density with high elasticity. Resistance to chemical and thermal influences.
	plastics	Wide application for product manufacturing National economy, automotive, food, aviation, construction industries.	low density and good strength. Low temperature melting. Chemical resistance.
	asbestos	Manufacture of pipes, house coverings, refractory fabrics and sealants.	Low impact strength. Resistant to natural influences and chemical.
	Ceramics	Manufacture of dishes, products for toilet and bathroom. Making models and souvenirs. Separate types used to make knives and cutting tools.	High density, brittleness, corrosion resistance. Low elasticity. Abrasion resistance.
		Manufacture of body armor, reinforcing layer car tires, protective layer of cables, equipment for astronauts, motorcyclists, firefighters.	High strength, flexibility and low density. Resistant to chemical and mechanical stress.
Composite materials	Plywood	Furniture production, interior decoration, prefabricated panel structures in construction	Low density with high strength. Ease of processing
	Concrete	Construction of a wide variety of houses and structures.	High compressive strength. Great density.
	fiberglass	Manufacture of hulls of boats and boats. Vehicle body kit and dielectric parts. Pool shells and decorative products.	High strength and low density. Low plasticity.

Some intersectoral complexes interact and complement each other so much that they can be combined into even larger systems. Such a system is formed by complexes that produce structural materials and chemicals. Their joint consideration is necessary for a number of reasons. First, they all participate in the production of materials called structural. Structural are the materials used to make finished products or structures. In table. 11.2 provides a classification of structural materials depending on their origin.

In addition, many of their products are interchangeable, for example, metal and building materials are increasingly being replaced by plastics and polymers. All the complexes under consideration are based on extractive industries, the development of which is closely related to problems rational use natural resources and formation of environmental policy.

Table 11.2 Classification of structural materials

	Origin of materials
	metal	non-metallic	Composite
Traditional	Cast iron, steel, copper, copper and iron alloys Special alloys using rare metals	Glass, brick, wood, cement Plastics, polymers, wood plastics	Metal ceramics, fiberglass

Metallurgical complex . Almost 90% of all metals used in modern production, - ferrous metals, that is, iron and alloys. However, there are much more non-ferrous metals (more than 70 types) and they have a very valuable properties. Metallurgy covers the entire process of metal production: mining and preparation of ores, fuel, production of metal, production auxiliary materials(refractories, oxygen, etc.). Therefore, in metallurgy, the association of several industries at one enterprise is widely developed. various industries. In ferrous metallurgy, combination based on the sequence ore - iron - steel - rolled products prevails, and in

non-ferrous is used in a complex way, when several metals are obtained from polymetallic ores. Metallurgy is characterized by high material consumption: up to 7 tons of raw materials and fuel are consumed per 1 ton of steel. The location of metallurgical plants is greatly influenced by:

1) the peculiarity of the raw materials (ore) used;

2) the type of energy used for the metal;

3) geography of raw materials and energy sources. Enterprises associated with the final stage of metallurgy - metal processing, are most often located in areas of finished products.

Russian metallurgical bases are concentrated in 3 regions: Ural metallurgical base(older and therefore currently experiencing a shortage of its own iron ores, the central link is Magnitogorsk) uses the ore of Kazakhstan, the Kola Peninsula and the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA), coking coal of Kuzbass and Karaganda; The central metallurgical base (Central and North-West region, the central link - Cherepovets, Lipetsk, Oskol) uses the ores of the KMA and the Kola-Karelsky region, coking coal of the Pechora basin, Kuzbass and the Donets basin; South-Siberian (Novokuznetsk), based on the deposits of the Angara and Gornaya Shoria, coal of the Kuznetsk basin.

The dynamics of production of the main types of ferrous metallurgy products in the Russian Federation is shown in Figure 12.2

Fig. 12.2 Dynamics of production of the main types of ferrous metallurgy products in the Russian Federation

One of the most important industrial complexes for the Russian economy is non-ferrous metallurgy (20% of the world production of aluminum, 40% of nickel, most of the platinoids and copper), which is an export-oriented industry - 70% of non-ferrous metals produced in the country are exported. A feature of non-ferrous metallurgy is a large dispersal of sources of raw materials, a small content useful components, the need for enrichment and unique processing technologies. Therefore, non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are located in the areas of deposits, with the exception of aluminum industry enterprises, which tend to sources of cheap electricity. The distribution of raw material bases is as follows: aluminum ores: Northern and Southern Urals, Leningrad region, Kola Peninsula, south Western Siberia, Krasnoyarsk region; copper: Ural, Krasnoyar

region, Trans-Baikal, North Caucasus; tin: Eastern Siberia and Far East; nickel: Norilsk, Kola Peninsula; zinc and lead: south of Western Siberia, Far East, Transbaikalia.

Chemical-forest complex consists of two large and complex branches of the chemical and timber industries. Leading among them is undoubtedly the chemical industry. Therefore, the links between these industries are practically one-sided. Industries included in the chemical industry are: mining, basic chemistry, chemistry of organic synthesis, chemistry of polymers, processing polymer materials.

Features of the chemical industry:

1) the creation of new materials that are superior in many qualities to natural products. The use of such materials saves people's labor and raw materials: for the production of capron, for example, labor costs are 20 times lower than for the production of natural silk;

2) great combination possibilities. Chemical technology makes it possible to use raw materials in a complex way and to obtain different products from the same species. The combination leads to the creation of chemical plants. When the chemical industry is combined with other industries, special industries arise - coke chemistry, petrochemistry, timber chemistry, oil shale chemistry;

3) an extensive raw material base: minerals, water, air, industrial waste, but the main raw materials are products of oil refining, coking, etc. All this makes it possible to build enterprises of the chemical industry everywhere, but taking into account the high water and energy intensity of its production.

In Russia, the leading branch of the chemical complex is the production of synthetic resins and plastics, chemical fibers, and synthetic rubber.

The production of synthetic resins, plastics and synthetic rubber is located mainly in areas rich in oil and gas - the Volga, Urals, West Siberian, North Caucasus.

The production of chemical fibers is concentrated in areas of developed textile industry- Central, North-Western and Volga.

The timber industry is a traditional branch of the Russian economy. Logging is mainly carried out in densely forested areas - the Northern region, the Urals, Siberia and the Far East.

The leading place in the production of lumber is occupied by the East Siberian, Northern, Ural, West Siberian, Volga-Vyatka and Far Eastern regions of the country. The furniture industry in Russia is developed almost everywhere. Pulp and paper industry most developed in logging areas.

Many problems have accumulated in the chemical-forestry complex: replacement of equipment, further development the most modern branches, for example, the chemistry of organic synthesis and polymers; more rational use of forest resources; improving product quality.

Under the conditions of scientific and technological progress, intersectoral complexes interact and complement each other, forming large systems, an example of which is a complex that processes natural resources into structural materials and chemicals.

Most of the 70 types of mineral raw materials mined in Russia (excluding fuel resources), as well as wood, are used in the production of structural materials

Construction materials- natural and artificial materials intended for the manufacture of finished products or structures

Construction materials subdivided into:

Traditional (cast iron, steel, clay, sand, wood, natural rubber, natural fibers, etc.);

New (plastics, polymers, cermets, fiberglass, metal-plastic, glass concrete, etc.).

The composition of the complex of structural materials:

Complex of structural materials

Metallurgical complex

Production building materials

Chemical-forest complex

black

colored

Chemistry

Lesnaya

waste

Rolled products production

Household and perfumery

Polymer recycling

wood chemistry

Pulp and paper

Steel

pure metal

hydrolysis

Smelting production

Fertilizer production

Polymer production

Furniture manufacture

refining

Off-domain production

rough metal

Production of other products of basic chemistry

organic synthesis

Sawmilling and woodworking

pellets

Domain production

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MINING

In this complex, industries that produce structural materials are combined, i.e. materials intended for the manufacture of finished products or structures: ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and timber industries, production of building materials. Such an association is due, firstly, to the participation of these industries in the production of structures intended for the manufacture of finished products or structures, and secondly, many types of products of the complex are interchangeable (for example, metal and building materials are currently being actively replaced by plastics and polymers).

mining industry is the basis of not only this complex, but the problems of rational use of natural resources and the formation of the environmental policy of the state are closely connected with it. The geography of the development of this industry depends on natural resources. The extractive industry in Russia has an imperfect structure: it is extremely hypertrophied and accounts for 22.5% of production, although in developed countries it does not exceed 9%. The reason for this is not only the richness and diversity of natural resources in our country, but also the technological backwardness of industry, which makes it impossible to effectively use the extracted resources. The extractive industry in Russia has a number of negative features:

Large disturbances of the lithosphere due to large reworking rocks;

Losses in the extraction of a huge amount of raw materials;

Progressive mining methods are poorly introduced, which affects the cost of the metals obtained;

Weak use of secondary resources;

There is no decrease in the rate of development of the extractive industry, which is typical for developed countries.

Large combinations of resources that are of national importance and cover vast areas are called resource bases countries. In Russia it is:

Ural-Volga,

central,

South Siberian,

Northeast,

Primorskaya.

Metallurgical complex.

Meaning.

The metallurgical complex is a set of industries that produce various metals. This complex consumes up to 25% of coal and energy, it accounts for up to 30% of freight traffic.

The complex includes black and color metallurgy.

90% of all metals used in modern production are ferrous metals, i.e. iron and alloys derived from it. However, the number of non-ferrous metals is much larger (more than 70), they have very valuable properties. Therefore, non-ferrous metallurgy is of great importance for industries that ensure the development of scientific and technological revolution in the national economy.

Peculiarities.

The metallurgical complex of Russia has a number of features that affect its geography:

1. Metallurgy covers the entire process of metal production: mining and preparation of ores, fuel, metal production, production of auxiliary materials. Therefore, in metallurgical production, it is widely developed combination. In ferrous metallurgy, combination prevails based on the sequential processing of raw materials (ore - cast iron - steel - rolled metal), in non-ferrous metallurgy - on the basis of its integrated use: for example, several metals are obtained from polymetallic ores. Combines produce all pig iron, the main part of steel and non-ferrous metals.

2. In metallurgy high level concentration and monopolization of production. The 200 largest enterprises (5% of their total number) produce 52% of ferrous metallurgy and 49% non-ferrous products.

3. Metallurgy - labor intensive industry (a large number of builders, workers + a city near the plant of 100,000 people).

4. Metallurgy is characterized by high material consumption. A modern metallurgical plant receives as much cargo as Moscow.

5. High costs to create and maintenance of the plant, with its slow payback.

6. Metallurgy - biggest polluter environment. 14% of industrial emissions into the atmosphere come from ferrous metallurgy and 21% from non-ferrous. In addition, the metallurgical complex produces up to 30% of wastewater pollution.

placement factors.

1. features of the raw materials used;

2. the type of energy used to obtain the metal;

3. geography of raw materials and energy sources;

4. transport routes;

5. the need to protect the environment;

6. Enterprises associated with the final stage of metallurgy - metal processing, are most often located in areas where finished products are consumed.

Ferrous metallurgy is one of the most important branches of the Russian economic complex, it serves as the foundation for the development of many industries and, above all, mechanical engineering. Russia occupies the 4th place in the production of ferrous metals. The vast majority of cast iron, steel and rolled products are produced here large enterprises with a full technological cycle - metallurgical plants. The country's metallurgical complex also includes plants that produce only pig iron and steel, or separately pig iron, steel and rolled products. A special group is formed by small metallurgy enterprises, the production of steel and rolled products at machine-building plants, and enterprises with electrometallurgical production of steel and ferroalloys. Raw materials and fuel and energy factors play a decisive role in the location of full-cycle ferrous metallurgy enterprises. Great importance also has water resources.

In terms of iron ore mining, the Central Chernozem region is the leader, where the KM A is located with its deposits and mining and processing plants of world importance. This is followed by the Urals, the Northern region, Eastern and Western Siberia.

Non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia is characterized by the complexity of the production structure, high availability of its own resources. The export orientation of the industry is also characteristic. The share of Russia in the world production and export of aluminium, nickel, copper, titanium, tin, gold and diamonds is especially large. The level of territorial concentration of production is high - most of the industry's output falls on the Ural, East Siberian, Far East and Northern regions. In the placement of non-ferrous metallurgy, a special role belongs to raw materials and fuel and energy factors. The copper industry was mainly developed in areas with large reserves of copper ores - the Urals, East Siberian and Northern. In Eastern Siberia in the north of the Chita region near the station. Chara, the Udokan copper ore deposit, unique in terms of reserves and quality, is being developed. The Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine uses copper-nickel ores from local deposits and, along with copper smelting, produces nickel, cobalt, platinum and other metals.

In the Northern region on the Kola Peninsula, copper-nickel ores are mined and enriched. Outside the areas of obtaining blister copper, focusing on the consumer, there are copper refining enterprises in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kolchugino and other cities. The nickel-cobalt industry is also closely linked to the mining areas. In addition to the above mining sites and centers for processing copper-nickel raw materials in the Northern region and in Eastern Siberia, nickel ores are mined and processed in the Urals. The lead-zinc industry is also developed mainly near the places of occurrence and extraction of raw materials - in Belovo, Nerchinsk, Dalnegorsk. The aluminum industry is represented in Russia by all stages of production: the extraction and enrichment of raw materials, the production of alumina, and the smelting of metallic aluminum. The raw material base of the industry is formed by bauxites and nephelines. Alumina production is located in the Urals, in Eastern Siberia, in the Northern region. Domestic production provides only about half of the existing needs for alumina, the rest of the alumina is exported. Of the total volume of aluminum production in Russia, almost 80% falls on one East Siberian region. The production of titanium and magnesium is carried out at the sources of raw materials in the Urals. Tin industry. Tin is mined and enriched in Eastern Siberia and the Far East.

The leading branch of the chemical complex in Russia - the industry of polymeric materials - includes the production of synthetic resins and plastics, chemical fibers, and synthetic rubber. The industry of chemical fibers and threads is most widely represented in the areas of developed textile industry - North-Western, Central, Volga. Over 2/3 total production chemical fibers and threads falls on the European part. The production of synthetic rubber is located in the areas of natural gas and oil production, oil refining. In Eastern Siberia, synthetic rubber is obtained from synthetic alcohol by hydrolysis of wood. Industry mineral fertilizers, sulfuric acid, soda and other branches of basic chemistry in Russia have a powerful raw material base: resources of sodium chloride and potassium salts, apatite to phosphorites, sulfur pyrite and native sulfur, coal, natural gas, gases of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, coke oven gases, etc.

The timber industry is a traditional branch of economic specialization for Russia.
The timber industry is characterized by high specific consumption of raw materials and huge production waste. So the most important factor placement of the timber industry - raw materials. Major centers sawmills and woodworking are located in the lower reaches and mouths of rafting rivers, at the intersections of rafting rivers by railways. The location of individual branches of the forest industry, in addition to the raw material factor, is also affected by the proximity of the consumer, the conditions of water and electricity supply. The furniture industry is developed almost everywhere. Pulp and paper industry greatest development received in logging areas with large sources of water supply and electricity.