Perhaps, monolithic reinforced concrete stairs are not as common in the private sector as wooden or frame ones, but they are also quite popular. They captivate with their solidity and massiveness, as well as huge possibilities in terms of finishing, not least their long service life. Among the craftsmen of the portal, such designs are also in demand, thanks to which a lot of experience has been gained both in design and in execution on their own or under personal control.

Consider:

• Monolithic stairs - constructive, varieties.
• Design features of a monolithic staircase.
• Construction technology of a monolithic staircase.
• How to prepare formwork for a monolithic staircase.
• Reinforcement of a monolithic staircase.
• Concreting of a monolithic staircase.

Monolithic concrete stairs

Monolithic reinforced concrete stairs are load-bearing stationary structures, poured directly on site, necessarily including a reinforcing cage. Depending on the dimensions and type of stairs, the reinforcing cage can be independent or connected to the wall.

As for the form, concrete provides no less opportunities than wood or metal, monolithic stairs can be anything:

• marching;
• with winder steps;
• screw;
• on a string, with a gap between the steps;
• on the kosour.

According to the execution of the bottom, monolithic stairs are divided into two types:

• full-bodied - with a smooth bottom;
• mirrored - with a figured bottom.

Naturally, the more complex the shape of the structure, the more difficult the calculations and implementation, the simplest are mid-flight concrete stairs. But they also need more space, the march must be laid initially, but it’s more realistic to “squeeze” a staircase with winder steps into the opening more modestly, although it is considered less convenient.

Design features of monolithic stairs

Ideally, monolithic stairs should be laid at the design stage, since due to their massiveness they require more space and a reinforced base. For example, if you first fill in a warm floor, and then decide that you want a monolith, this will cause certain difficulties.

Pozitivnyi FORUMHOUSE member

I would not lean the stairs on the warm floor. Under it is a heater that can play, and the screed can burst, damaging the pipes. We usually remove part of the screed and make a pile foundation in the area of ​​the first step, its farthest part from the wall.

The staircase, regardless of the type and material chosen, must first of all be safe and functional - with comfortable steps, at least an acceptable angle of inclination and a sufficient span.

For the calculation of monolithic stairs, the same rules apply as for the rest:

• When calculating the length of the march, the thickness of the floor coverings is taken into account.
• The optimal march width is 1000-1200 mm, the minimum is 900 mm.
• The number of steps in the march - a maximum of 15 pcs.
• The height of comfortable steps is 150-170 mm, maximum - 200 mm.
• Tread width - 250-300 mm.
• The optimal angle of inclination is 30-37⁰, the maximum is 45⁰ (along the middle axis).

There is a calculation formula: 2a + b \u003d 640, where a is the height of the step, b is the width of the step, and 640 mm is the average length of our step. Portal craftsmen use another formula to calculate monolithic stairs.

Iosich

The norm is when, according to the formula: riser plus tread is 45 cm, or riser plus tread, plus riser is 58-62 cm.

A project with independent development can be either drawn on paper or in a special constructor. The second option is preferable, since a virtual 3D model is obtained, and the computer performs the main calculations based on the input. This is especially true when it comes to structures with winder steps.

Iosich

A properly designed staircase should have the same height of all risers and the same tread size of all steps along the axis of the running lane (usually in the middle of the march). For straight stairs, such a calculation is not difficult to make, but winder steps are already more problematic. Often this rule (about the same size) in the manufacture of such stairs is not respected, and as a result, there is discomfort when using them in the future. I don't count stairs hand-to-hand. Arkon copes with this task perfectly. I place a staircase of the required type on the plan, set the parameters, observe the model in a 3D view.

Construction technology of monolithic stairs

The process of building a monolithic staircase consists of three main stages:

• formwork assembly;
• reinforcement;
• concreting.

Finishing work, although an obligatory finishing stage, can often be decently spaced in time, especially when the stairs are erected simultaneously with the box.

Formwork for a monolithic staircase

In order to immediately obtain a sufficiently smooth surface, the formwork is assembled from smooth materials, mainly waterproof plywood with a thickness of 20 mm or more. If there is a financial possibility or expediency (several stairs), then it is better to choose laminated plywood. The bottom and sidewalls are assembled from plywood, a cut board 30-35 mm thick or a beam, 50 × 50 mm, is used to form the risers.

All formwork elements are cut out as accurately as possible and adjusted during assembly without the formation of cracks, if necessary, the joints are additionally sealed.

Long self-tapping screws are most often chosen as fasteners, metal corners and bars are used to strengthen the shape, the flanging is strengthened with a bar, the bottom is supported with metal or wooden racks with a step step. If the staircase is of a complex shape (spiral, winder steps), then instead of racks, carriers are sometimes made (crossbars fixed at one end to the wall and the other to the sidewall). When using ordinary plywood from the inside, it is recommended to cover the formwork with a film or other insulation.

Formwork is usually assembled in two stages - first the bottom and sidewall / sidewalls, and after laying the reinforcing cage, the crossbeams are mounted under the steps. One of our craftsmen decided to try first to completely assemble the formwork, and only then to perform reinforcement.

Golubev

At home, I first made reinforcement, now I’ll try it differently, yes, there will be difficulties - to knit and cook reinforcement under the steps (lintels). But then it is not easy to install jumpers on fittings. And now I can immediately see where and how to install reinforcement. If some step interferes, then unscrew it - a couple of minutes, and so many more - return it to its place. The main thing is that this place be found, lined, and the step is installed in three dimensions according to the level, painstaking work. And when there is still reinforcement under my feet, it is inconvenient, so I try this way.

Another of our craftsmen, professionally involved in stairs, advises not to create unnecessary difficulties for yourself.

Nikwas

A roll of cheap wallpaper - draw a kosour (monolith), fasten it to the wall, setting it according to the level - mark the places for reinforcement and fasteners, drill, fasten the bars / boards directly according to the pattern on the wallpaper, then just tear off the wallpaper from the wall!

Reinforcement of a monolithic staircase

To increase the strength of the structure and prevent spilling of the edges of steps and marches, reinforcement is required - longitudinal and transverse. Steel reinforcement with a periodic profile with a diameter of 10-14 mm (longitudinal reinforcement is thicker) is used, from which a spatial frame is formed in the form of a grid with a cell of 100-200 mm, depending on the parameters of the march. The reinforcement is fixed to each other with a knitting mesh using a hook or by welding. To withstand the thickness of the protective layer (2 cm), special ones are used today.

If the design of the stairs provides for support in the wall through the reinforcement, then usually the rods are simply hammered, but if the wall is made of materials characterized by reduced bearing capacity, for example, aerated concrete, our craftsmen advise making pits.

Pozitivnyi

Do not drive reinforcement into aerated concrete, this will not give the required support area for the stairs, it is better to make pits and run reinforcement there, and then fill it all with concrete. Here is an example.

Thanks to this technique, rather heavy stairs can be supported on aerated concrete walls.

Pozitivnyi

If you make pits in the wall at least 10x10 cm, then the support area will be 100 cm², and if you drive in reinforcement, then 10 cm². The brand of aerated concrete is from 35 to 50, therefore, 100 cm² will withstand from 300 to 500 kg. This means that twenty pits will provide a load of 6 to 10 tons, plus the ladder will stand against the walls, plus support on the first step, plus support on the floor slab.

Reinforcement can be single or double, the opinions of our craftsmen are divided on this matter - some believe that it is better to install two meshes to be sure, others that one is enough for most structures. The forum is devoted to this issue. In short, one-layer reinforcement advocates alexxxxx, one of the professionals performing custom-made monolithic stairs.

alexxxxx

Reinforcement in monolithic structures is needed in the tension zone, and what is the tension in the upper part of the slab? There, the reinforcement lies dead weight - this is the first. Double reinforcement is required in very rare cases, doing it on all stairs is a transfer of material and extra work, this is the second. Third, the total amount of reinforcement as a percentage is regulated by SNIP. If with a single-layer reinforcement, this percentage approaches the limit, then with a two-layer one, this SNIP percentage will definitely be exceeded. Fourth - on a span of three meters, I use reinforcement with a diameter of 12 mm in increments of 120-130 mm. For comparison, a monolithic floor slab of six meters is reinforced with the same reinforcement in increments of 200 mm. What will be stronger? Of my more than a hundred staircases made, three were made under the supervision of technical supervision, technical supervision did not make any comments on reinforcement - this is the fifth.

According to alexxxxx, double reinforcement is justified when:

• there is pinching of the top and bottom - if there is no third support;
• there is no support at all on the bottom and top, and the structure “hangs” embedded into the wall;
• stairs on one kosour - upper reinforcement and clamps prevent torsion of the kosour;
• with thin monolithic steps, for example, one side stringer - the lower reinforcement of the steps works in compression, and the upper one works in tension;
• the flight of stairs crosses the retaining wall (it is necessary to reduce the thickness of the lower layer, so as not to exceed the permissible percentage together with the upper one).

The exception is typical factory marches, designed for high throughput and use both inside and outside - they always have double reinforcement.

One of our forum moderators has a different point of view.

Rolandspb

I usually always do two grids in a ladder, no matter what. But in general, of course, they are not always needed. If tension is clearly in the lower zone, then reinforcement in the upper zone is not needed. But, in fact, the overspending on the upper grid of the ladder is about 100 kg, you will not gain much. Reinforcing the stairs is quite difficult with several bends of the rods from the upper to the lower zone. I especially do not like the transition from the lower march to the platform or slab. A bent rod may not work within a certain range. Therefore, I connect two rods (one from the lower zone of the slab, and the second from the lower zone of the march), each of which I anchor at the point of their intersection and lead to the upper zone of the march and the slab, respectively. And in the transition from the slab to the upper march - there, in my opinion, it is quite possible to leave simply bent rods passing from the bottom of the slab to the bottom of the same march. It is not certain that this is how it should be. But I do it. I am not campaigning for anyone.

Concreting of a monolithic staircase

For monolithic stairs, it is desirable to use factory concrete, with a class of B20 (M250), and preferably B25 or B30. If it is not possible to order a ready-made solution, then a self-mix prepared in a concrete mixer is also suitable, but the use of plasticizers is mandatory. The typical ratio of cement, sand and gravel (fraction 10 × 20 mm) is 1/3/3, the solution should not be too liquid.

The staircase is poured in one go, starting from the lower steps, moving up, each step must be vibrated to prevent the formation of voids. During the vibration process, concrete may be squeezed out or settled, the excess is redistributed, after the final shrinkage, the surface of the steps is carefully smoothed with a rule or trowel. For a uniform set of strength, concrete is recommended to be covered with a film and moistened several times a day for a week.

About a week later, a partial demoulding is carried out - the crossbars and sides are removed in order to carry out rough grinding. The bottom is removed no earlier than after 3-4 weeks, when the structure gains the necessary strength. The next step will be finishing - installation of fences, plastering, cladding with wood, tiles, stone or other material. Previously, in the process of concreting, mortgages were necessarily made, today they have lost their relevance.

alexxxxx

Why mortgages? Will there be railings to weld? Very aesthetically pleasing! Yes, and railing installers will remember with a very “kind” word the one who put these mortgages when they need to gouge a hole for fasteners in this place. Now everyone has punchers, and the anachronism in the form of mortgages only interferes with the normal installation of the railing. Why do you need a mortgage when hidden fasteners look better. about a monolithic staircase using fixed formwork technology.

In private houses between floors, stairs made of wood or monolithic reinforced concrete are most popular. A comfortable and beautiful wooden staircase is an expensive pleasure. In a private house, it can be cheaper to build a simpler and more durable reinforced concrete staircase with your own hands.

Advantages and other features of a monolithic concrete staircase

Monolithic concrete stairs are quite heavy structures. Therefore, such stairs are made in houses with monolithic, prefabricated or.

Concrete stairs are built in the process of building a house box. They can be used for their intended purpose immediately, before the completion of the construction of the house.

Concrete stairs have high rigidity and strength, do not creak or vibrate.

Reinforced concrete stairs are safer due to their simple design and massive steps.

Finishing, facing of concrete stairs during repair is easy to restore, replace.

It is difficult to make staircases of complex configuration or miniature from concrete.

Design options for concrete stairs in a private house

The design of a concrete staircase should be developed before the start of building a house, since it is necessary to provide for embedded anchors made of reinforcing steel and other elements for fixing flights of stairs and intermediate platforms in the ceilings and masonry walls.

In the ceiling or load-bearing beam, reinforcement outlets are made, which are connected to the reinforcement of the flight of stairs. A monolithic reinforced concrete staircase in a private house consists of flights of stairs and an intermediate landing between flights.

The flight of stairs is a reinforced concrete slab on which concrete steps are located.

Reinforcing cages of reinforced concrete floors, flights of stairs and landings are interconnected into a single structure. Thanks to the joint work of reinforcement and monolithic concrete, the staircase has a very high rigidity and strength.

Staircase with stringer made of monolithic reinforced concrete. Kosour is located along the longitudinal axis of the flight of stairs.

The kosour here is a reinforced concrete beam with ledges to support the steps. Cantilever steps are called steps, the ends of which do not have support.

The steps of the stairs on the stringer can be made of wood or cast-in-place concrete. Wooden steps are attached to the stringer with metal embedded elements.

Formwork of a monolithic staircase on a stringer with concrete steps. The reinforcing frame of the cantilever steps made of concrete is connected to the stringer reinforcement.

Reinforced concrete stair stringers, as well as flights of stairs, can be installed either between interfloor ceilings, or between the ceiling and an intermediate landing.

Cantilever steps made of reinforced concrete are pinched in the masonry of the wall.

A staircase is said to be closed if the gaps between the steps are closed by risers. Without risers, this is an open staircase.

Concrete for reinforced concrete stairs

For the manufacture of reinforced concrete stairs, concrete is used that has a compressive strength of at least 20 MPa(class B20). Freshly laid concrete in the formwork must be carefully compacted by vibration.

Stair flights and landings happen it is advantageous to make from architectural (decorative) concrete. The surface of the steps and platforms of such a staircase will not require additional cladding or finishing. It is better to order the production and laying of architectural concrete to specialists.

Where in the house to place a staircase made of concrete

In order for the stairs to be comfortable, safe and “quiet”, it is necessary to choose the right place for its location in the house, correctly arrange and determine the dimensions.

The modern architecture of a private house usually does not provide for special isolated stairwells to accommodate stairs. Stairs are installed openly and are part of the interior of the living room, hall or hallway.

It should be borne in mind that the staircase in the living room, as an element of the interior, makes higher demands on the appearance. The staircase in the living room should be more refined, and therefore more expensive, than the stairs in the hallway, hallway or in an isolated stairwell.

Compared to wooden ones, concrete stairs look heavier, they are simpler in shape and do not fit into the living room interior in the best way.

A place near the wall is more suitable for placing a concrete staircase.

How to choose the dimensions of the stairs

Choosing the slope of the stairs

A comfortable and safe staircase should be fairly gentle. Building regulations limit the steepness of stairs in a house. The slope of the stairs should not be more than 1:1.25 (the ratio of the height of the flight of stairs to its horizontal projection). In the figure below this the maximum slope of about 40 ° has a ladder 1.

Two ladder options: stairs 1- steep with a maximum slope, provides a minimum of comfort and safety, but occupies a minimum area in the house; staircase 2— comfortable and safe staircase with recommended slope.

So that the stairs in the house are comfortable enough and do not take up too much space it is recommended to choose a staircase slope of about 30 o, which corresponds to the ratio of the height of the flight of stairs to its horizontal projection as 1:1.75. Such a slope has staircase 2 in the figure above.

Calculation of the dimensions of the stairs

After determining the slope - the height and horizontal projection of the flight of stairs, at the second stage, perform the calculation of the optimal dimensions of the steps of the stairs.

The optimal dimensions of the stairs in a private house. For comfortable movement on the steps of the stairs, it is necessary to fulfill the condition indicated in the green frame.

Building regulations require that the height of a stair step be within h=16-19 cm.

For example, let's calculate the dimensions of stairs 2 in the figure. Taking into account the requirements of the rules, for further calculations we accept the height of the steps of our stairs h=17 cm.

Then, we find the number of steps in the flight of stairs. To do this, divide the height of the flight of stairs by the height of the step. Number of steps in the flight of stairs: 272 cm / 17 cm= 16 steps.

Building regulations limit the number of steps in one flight of stairs to no more than 18 steps. If this restriction cannot be met, then it is necessary to make two flights of stairs with an intermediate platform between them.

Knowing the number of steps, we calculate the width of the tread of the flight of stairs. To do this, we divide the value of the horizontal projection of the flight of stairs by the number of steps. For stairs 2 in the figure, the calculated step width will be equal to s = 474 cm / 16 = 29 cm.

On a step 29 wide cm. the human foot will feel confident and comfortable.

In conclusion, we check whether it will be comfortable to move up the stairs. To do this, we do the calculation according to the formula shown in the figure in the green frame: 2h + s = 60-65. For our ladder 2*17 cm+29 cm=63 cm— the condition of comfortable movement is met.

What should be the height of the steps without finishing?

A comfortable staircase should have all steps of the same height. The decision on what material to finish it with is best taken before the construction of the stairs begins - this will avoid surprises in the form of a height difference between the individual steps.

If the floor and treads will be finished with the same material or materials with identical thicknesses, all unfinished steps must have the same height.

If the materials are of different thicknesses, the open height of the first step must be matched to the thickness of the material that will cover the tread and floor on both floors. The thickness of the ceramic tile (together with the adhesive layer) is approximately 2 cm, roll material - about 0.5 cm, stone cladding -3-4 cm, from wood - 4-5 cm.

Staircase width

The width of the flight of stairs is the width of the passage between the railing of the stairs, and not the length of the step. The length of the step may be different, depending on the method of attaching the railing.

Building regulations require that the width of the passage on the stairs be at least 90 cm. For the sake of comfort and ease of moving furniture, it is recommended to increase the width of the passage to 110 cm.

Step overhang

Steps on stairs are usually performed with an overhang of 2-3 cm as in the picture above. The overhang is necessary so that the vertical surface under the step(s) is less polluted and damaged.

On reinforced concrete stairs, which are lined with wood, the overhang of the steps is arranged by increasing the width of the wooden covering.

On stairs without wood cladding, the surface under the step (riser) is made not vertical, but inclined, so that the surface of the upper step hangs slightly above the lower one.

However, for stairs made of concrete, an overhang is not necessary.

Finishing monolithic concrete stairs

Reinforced concrete stairs look too massive, so they require a creative approach to finishing.

On a reinforced concrete staircase, you need to finish all parts of the step:

• horizontal planes, that is, treads;
• vertical - risers;
• as well as skirting boards - wall sections located directly above the steps.

The treads are covered with a non-slippery and abrasion-resistant material, while the risers, which we most often touch with the toes of our shoes, must be resistant to impacts.

How to choose a finishing material?

The choice of material is influenced by the place in which the staircase is located, and the way the floor is finished on both floors. It is also worth asking yourself some other important questions.

What shape is the flight of stairs? The steps of straight marches can be covered with almost any finishing material. For winder steps, it is better not to choose materials that will have to be cut in place (ceramic tiles, stone cladding) - the steps will not look very aesthetically pleasing, and the material consumption will turn out to be excessively large.

Who will use the stairs? In a house where there are small children or the elderly, the stairs must be covered with a material that perfectly absorbs falls. If children often play on the steps, the facing material should also be warm (wood, carpet).

Should stairs be quiet?

Various finishing materials absorb sounds differently, which can affect the comfort of using the stairs.

Carpet and wood absorb sound well, while stone and ceramic tiles sometimes amplify the sound of footsteps.

Will the stairs be damaged?

If the home improvement has not yet been completed, it should be taken into account that when moving furniture, the stairs may be damaged. In this case, for finishing steps, you should not choose soft woods or carpets that are prone to damage.

Staircase with soft material

Another inexpensive and easy way to finish steps is to cover them with a soft material. Stairs with elastic lining are easy to keep clean, and carpeting is warm and absorbs sound well.

The finishing material must be carefully glued to the steps: in case of peeling off any fragments, there is a threat to stumble and fall.

The roll material is thin and elastic. It can be laid without cutting, but the riser of a staircase finished in this way must be protected by a special metal or composite profile.

If it is a hard facing, then it will have to be cut, while each step should be laid separately.

Which roll cover is suitable for stairs?

Carpeting should be easy to clean and dry quickly: polypropylene and polyamide carpets meet these conditions. Do not choose coverings with a long pile or thick lining, such as felt.

Woolen coverings are not suitable for stairs as they get dirty easily and are difficult to clean. It is also better not to choose acrylic - they have low strength.

Carpets intended for stairs are additionally reinforced. It is better to choose those that are marked with a special icon.

Elastic coatings must be resistant to abrasion, non-slip and flame-retardant. These requirements meet the rubber coating. At the same time, it is better not to use vinyl coating, as it is not resistant to dents, and shoe polish can leave marks that are difficult to remove.

Wood - for a home with a soul

The wooden staircase evokes associations with the interiors of old houses. Due to its many advantages, it is also appreciated by the owners of modern interiors.

Wood is warm to the touch, and it visually makes the room warmer. It is a springy material that absorbs falls well. Wood is readily used because of its plasticity and ease of processing: it can be adapted to steps of any shape.

Many people choose this material because of its natural color and layer pattern. But a wooden staircase can also be painted or stained, thus giving it a completely different look.

Great opportunities open up the use of exotic wood, characterized by a rich palette of colors: from white - through yellow, red, brown, olive, green - to deep black.

Often, only treads are made of wood, and the risers are left in white-painted plaster. Such a staircase is made not only for reasons of economy - it looks light and less monotonous.

But it should be remembered that white risers get dirty very quickly, plaster can fall off, and the surface painted with paint is not so easy to clean. To avoid this, the risers must be plastered with a strong cement mortar.

Other materials can also be used to finish the risers: resin-based plaster, ceramic tiles and even steel sheet.

The risers are finished with mosaic plaster. Against its background, treads made of light oak stand out expressively

Oak planks are used for treads, and stone or ceramic tiles are used for risers.

Dark wood strips protect the surface of the treads and the top of the riser

Stairs with a straight march can be finished with almost any material. In this case, dark wood is used, contrasting with the color of the walls.

White-painted risers make stairs with wooden steps seem lighter

Ceramic tiles - for practical

It is so diverse that it allows you to equip the staircase for any interior. Richly decorated southern-style tiles create the atmosphere of a Greek tavern, floor tiles imitating old stones - a country house, and sparkling polished stoneware - a modern residence.

Is it a good material for stairs from a practical point of view? Tiles are cold, hard and do not absorb falls. At the same time, it is easy to keep clean, it is cheaper than stone, and much more durable than wood. It does not burn - in the event of a fire, it does not contribute to the spread of fire between floors.

However, if all elements of the stairs are tiled, it will look too monotonous. Interesting effects are obtained by combining ceramic tiles with other materials, such as wood.

Which tile is suitable for stairs?

For stairs, tiles with certain parameters are suitable: they must have a high abrasion class, IV or V is best, a hardness of at least 5-6 on the Mohs scale and anti-slip properties.

Such high requirements are imposed only on treads - risers can have lower technical parameters.

The surface of tiles intended for treads must be corrugated (corrugations are convex or concave elements on the surface of the tile) or embossed (relief - bulges on the entire surface of the tile).

The stairs can also be covered with matt tiles with an uneven, rough structure.

For the internal stairs, floor tiles, gres and clinker are used.

Mosaic ceramic tiles are used for steps and risers, as well as for the flooring of the staircase hall

To finish the steps of the stairs, ceramic tiles of various colors were used, reminiscent of a multi-colored carpet.

Finishing a monolithic concrete staircase with porcelain stoneware

Porcelain stoneware stair treads are slabs specially designed for finishing concrete stair treads. Porcelain stoneware slab has dimensions 300 - 350 mm. wide and 1200-1300 mm. in length.

Porcelain stoneware steps can be with or without anti-slip notches.

Porcelain stoneware slabs can be used to cover both treads and risers.

Slabs of porcelain stoneware imitating wood, marble, natural stone, as well as steps of pure colors (monocolors) and many others are produced.

Steps come in a straight shape with a processed frontal edge, as well as with a curved "nose" - in this case, the choice depends on what appearance you want to give to the concrete stairs.

Porcelain stoneware steps are very durable, do not let moisture through, are not subject to chemical attack, do not fade from sunlight, are environmentally friendly and do not require replacement for a long time. This is one of the best options in terms of price-quality ratio for finishing stairs made of concrete.

Porcelain stoneware steps as a material for finishing an interfloor staircase are very diverse. Depending on your preference, you can choose matt, lappated, embossed or polished treads for concrete stairs.

You can finish porcelain stoneware in the same style as the concrete staircase itself, as well as the entire space between the stairs.

Not a single building for residential or industrial purposes is unthinkable without such a structural element as a staircase. A series of steps serves as a communication point between rooms located at different levels. She experiences a lot of stress every day. Therefore, it is subject to increased requirements for comfort, reliability and safety. The article will discuss how to make a staircase out of concrete with your own hands.

Reinforced monolithic concrete stairs

• Stair structures can be rectangular, rotary and spiral. But regardless of the type, a concrete architectural element stands out with the following advantages.
• Resistant to moisture, temperature fluctuations and aggressive environments. Therefore, such structures are erected in the interior arrangement of premises, and in the open air.
• High strength is achieved by reinforcing the concrete mix. The steps can withstand very impressive loads, which makes them incredibly reliable and practically durable.

Monolithic concrete stairs photo

• Concrete stairs provide ample opportunities for decorative finishes. Here you can use porcelain and ceramic tiles, wooden planks (parquet, laminate) and other materials.
• The steps do not require special care and regular impregnation. If a defect occurs on the surface, it is enough to re-fill the area to be restored with concrete mortar.
• The construction of the structure is carried out on its own without the use of special or expensive building materials, as well as without the involvement of special equipment and specialists.
• The filled steps are ready for operation in 7-10 days. That allows you to use them at all stages of construction, carry tools, materials, etc.
• Since the staircase is erected simultaneously with the construction of the house, in addition to its direct purpose, it performs another role - a constructive one.
• Among the shortcomings, one can note its impressive weight, massiveness (takes up a lot of space) and solidity - the staircase cannot be dismantled, rearranged or modified.

Concrete grade for stair structures

• For the manufacture of concrete stairs, a ready-made mortar M200 of class B15 or M250 of class B20 is usually used. This material is based on crushed stone of a fine fraction, with the addition of binders, modified additives and other fillers.
• When choosing concrete for the construction of outdoor stairs, it is important to pay attention to frost resistance (F) and water resistance (W).

The following proportions are used for mixing Grade 250 concrete mortar on their own:

• 1 part of concrete M400;
• 2 parts washed sand;
• 4 parts of crushed stone fraction 10x20 mm;
• about ½ part of water;
• 0.7% by weight of cement plasticizing additive C-3.

It is incredibly difficult to knead the mortar in the old fashioned way, using a pallet and a shovel, especially since the pouring of the steps should be done in one go. Therefore, it is recommended to take a compact concrete mixer from neighbors or rent from construction teams.

First, sand and gravel are poured into the device, bulk materials are mixed for at least 2-3 minutes. Then a plasticizer (in dry or concentrated form) and water are added. All components are mixed for at least 5 minutes.

Important! Poor mixing of all components reduces the final strength of concrete by 20%.

How to make a staircase out of concrete with your own hands

Stair design

• If the work on the construction of the stairs is carried out independently (without the involvement of specialists), then the project on paper is drawn up on its own. The plan calculates the dimensions of the room, the slope of the structure, its length and width, also takes into account the presence of doorways, the method and direction of opening the doors.
• The construction of a concrete staircase requires special attention to the angle of inclination. The optimal value of this parameter is in the range of 26-37º. A staircase that is too steep can become life-threatening, and a more gentle one will take up a lot of usable space, and it does not differ in particular comfort when climbing / descending.

• When developing a project, you must act consistently. First, the number of steps is calculated, then their length, width, angle of rotation, platform parameters, etc. Only with the right approach can we talk about the safety and convenience of the design.

Calculation of step parameters

• In addition to strength characteristics, such a design must meet operational characteristics. The selected parameters should maximally meet the convenience when ascending or descending, while maintaining the evenness of the step.
• As for the width, it can vary from 0.9 to 1.5 meters. Undoubtedly, the wider the staircase, the more convenient it is, but the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room does not always allow the construction of structures of preferred sizes. Therefore, when designing, they are repelled not only from comfort, but also from free quadrature.

There are average indicators of steps that determine the ease of use:

• height 190-220 mm;
• width 250-330 mm.

• For the correct calculation of the parameters, a simple formula is used 2a + b = 640, where: a - step height; b - step width; 640 mm - the average length of a human step.
• Substituting the average data, we get: 2x190+280=660. As can be seen in the example, the selected dimensions are fully consistent with comfortable performance.
• Using the Pythagorean theorem, we calculate the length of the march. Here it is necessary to take into account the thickness of the decorative flooring. The result is divided by the height of one step. For example: 3000/190=15.8, which means there are 16 steps for a march 3 meters long.
• If during calculations the tenth part is small (for example, it turned out to be 14.3 or 16.4), then it is recommended to take only an integer as a basis, and distribute the remainder evenly over the height of all steps (the damage to the comfort of ascent and descent will be insignificant).

Important! When calculating, the height of the tallest member of the family should be taken into account. So that he gets up on the second step, he does not hit his head on the ceiling. Here it is necessary to add 400 mm to the height of a person (the average height of two steps without finishing material!)

Formwork for pouring concrete stairs

• Formwork assembly is one of the key moments of construction. To make the concrete surface as smooth as possible, use moisture-resistant plywood with a thickness of at least 20 mm. For the side walls of steps and the formation of risers, a cut board with a thickness of 30-35 mm is used.

• For the bottom surface take a solid plate. Its installation at the desired angle is carried out using vertical bars or special telescopic racks, which can be rented from construction teams without any problems.
• Since the mass of the concrete mixture is quite large, it makes sense to use metal corners and bars to strengthen the formwork. Additional reinforcing elements are recommended to be attached to the bottom of the formwork every 50-80 cm.
• Next, steps are formed by means of edged boards. During installation, the internal dimensions are taken as the basis, that is, when fixing, the external parameters of each step will be 30-35 mm (exactly the width of the lumber used) more than the design indicators.
• Wooden elements must fit snugly against each other, the formation of gaps and cracks is not allowed. So that the solution is not absorbed into the lumber, it is abundantly moistened before pouring or the walls are protected with plastic wrap, as well as any waterproofing material.

Important! When assembling the structure, self-tapping screws are used. Their location should only be external, so that during the dismantling of the formwork there will be no difficulties that can lead to partial destruction of the concrete surface.

Reinforcement technology for stairs made of concrete

• To give strength to the staircase structure and prevent spilling of the edges of the steps, reinforcement is carried out. For work, you will need steel reinforcement with a diameter of 8 and 14 mm, knitting wire, as well as a tool for bending and cutting rods, pliers.
• Thicker steel bars are used for longitudinal reinforcement, and smaller diameter rods for transverse reinforcement. At a distance of at least 30 mm from the bottom of the formwork, 14 mm reinforcement is laid out in increments of 150-200 mm. To do this, it is enough to put broken pieces of brick or ceramic tile under it.

• The transverse rods are also laid out at a distance of 150-200 mm from each other. Fixation of reinforcement in the form of a mesh is provided by means of a knitting wire fastened and tightened with pliers.
• For reliability, you can lay out the second row of the finished mesh with 150x150mm cells from 4 mm reinforcement. This layer should be located in such a way that the concrete layer covers the metal by 30-40 mm. To ensure such parameters, peculiar high chairs are prepared from metal rods.
• If the structure will be based on three sides (top, bottom and side), then in the process of building walls, reinforcement is laid in advance. As a result, the most durable fixation of the stairs from the side is provided.

How to pour concrete stairs

• Concrete mortar begins to be poured from the bottom step. The frame is filled in small portions. After filling, tamping is carried out with an electric vibrator. This tool will help get rid of air voids that adversely affect the strength characteristics of the finished structure.
• In addition to the vibrator, light tapping with a hammer can be carried out on all sides of the formwork. As a rule, the mixture will settle by 2-3 cm from the required level, the disadvantage is compensated by a new portion of the concrete mixture. Next, the tamping process is repeated.

• If the solution no longer settles, then the surface is finally leveled with a trowel or rule. Between the concreting of each stage, a break of 10-15 minutes should be maintained, during which time the pressure of the solution drops slightly.
• To move up, you can lean a standard wooden ladder on the frame or use ordinary boards. After completion of the work, the concrete is covered with a plastic film, which prevents it from drying out prematurely.

Important! For the first 2-3 days, the polyethylene is periodically removed and the concrete surface is wetted by spraying, a direct jet of water should be avoided.

• The frame is dismantled after 3-4 weeks, it is during this period that the concrete mixture will gain at least 80-90% strength.
• The undoubted advantage of concrete surfaces is the absolute maintainability. Therefore, if any defects were found after drying, they can easily be corrected by partial “patches” or refilling. However, in order to avoid financial and time costs, it is better to do it once according to all the rules, with more effort and effort.

Decoration Materials

• Leaving a concrete staircase without further finishing is not recommended. After some time, the edges of the steps will begin to crumble. And the appearance of the stairs leaves much to be desired, although many modern styles welcome concrete structures in their original form.
• Depending on the style direction, the steps are faced with porcelain stoneware, ceramic mosaics, wooden planks. The side walls and bottom surface of the stairs are usually plastered and then painted.

• For the safety of movement, the staircase structure is equipped with fences. Balusters and railings are made of wood, chrome-plated metal. High decorative qualities are distinguished by forged products, which can be called real works of art.

Choosing a ladder reinforcement scheme
Assembling the reinforcing cage of the stairs

Before starting the reinforcement of the concrete stairs, it is necessary to assemble the formwork of the stairs, and then concrete the stairs. How to do it yourself is described in the article Do-it-yourself concrete stairs.

Bar reinforcement is great for reinforcing concrete stairs with simple shapes.

To understand what and why to reinforce, let's look at the forces that arise on a single-flight staircase.

This will be the force of gravity from the own weight of the stairs, its pedestrians, things brought in and other heavy property. All of the above puts pressure on the stairs from above.

At the same time, in the upper part of the stair slab, the concrete is compressed, and in the lower part it is stretched. All this means that concrete, which is weak in tension, needs to be reinforced at the bottom of the stair slab. In the upper part of the slab of the stairs, in this case, there is no need to reinforce the concrete, where the concrete will perfectly withstand compressive forces without any reinforcement. It should be noted that some private developers, when assembling the reinforcing cages of stairs, lay steel channels, angles, beams, etc. into the formwork on the sides.

Of course, it won’t get any worse, but this is a completely useless waste of metal that is not cheap today. Reinforcement of a concrete staircase with reinforcement at the bottom is more than enough to absorb tensile forces.

The figure shows a reinforcement scheme for a simple single-flight staircase. It can be seen that a single-flight monolithic staircase (without a monolithic platform or winders) is reinforced only in the lower part of the slab, that is, where tensile forces are concentrated.

Sometimes you can find projects where the top of the stairs near the top surface of the concrete is reinforced with a 100x100x5 mm steel mesh. Such a mesh practically does not increase the rigidity of a monolithic staircase in any way, but only protects the steps from chipping in case of accidental strong impacts.
Such a simple nature of the impact on a simple single-flight staircase allows you to use a simplified methodology to draw up a reinforcement scheme.

It is quite possible to determine the optimal reinforcement scheme for such simple monolithic stairs on your own.

Designations in the figure of the concrete staircase reinforcement scheme: working height of the monolithic staircase slab (H), length of the flight of stairs (L).

The distance between the transverse reinforcement (E) is usually chosen to be 40 cm. Bars with a diameter of 10 mm are used as transverse reinforcement. The optimal distance of power reinforcement to the surface is 3 cm.

The height of the working plate of the stairs (H), the diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement and the distance between the bars of the longitudinal reinforcement (I) is selected according to the table. 1 depending on the free flight of stairs (L).

Table 1. Determination of the longitudinal reinforcement of a single-flight concrete staircase

In the case of a two-flight staircase with a monolithic platform, the forces that arise in the construction of a monolithic staircase, the reinforcement scheme of the concrete staircase becomes more complicated.

The picture shows that, unlike a conventional single-flight ladder without a platform, the own and useful weight of the ladder wants to break off the platforms, as it were, causing tensile forces in the upper parts of the monolithic platforms.

This, in part, is helped by shrinkage stresses. Therefore, monolithic platforms are reinforced both from below and from above, and the upper reinforcement in the platforms partially continues in the stairs. The parameters of the upper reinforcing cage are selected similarly to the lower reinforcement.

The landings of double-flight stairs are under great effort from the weight of the stairs, and therefore must be firmly fixed to the wall.

In practice, to fix monolithic platforms, reinforced concrete crowns are most often used, which are formed by recesses in the walls with an average size of 20x20 cm. Thus, in order to fix a monolithic concrete platform, strong and thick walls are needed, for example, from concrete, concrete blocks or bricks . With brick walls, free recesses are left in them, and in the case of erecting thick walls of monolithic concrete, wooden trapeziums or foam products of the appropriate size are laid at the site of the site.

If the walls are built using the “thermal house” monolithic casting technology, then it is most practical to monolith the flights of stairs and the landing at the stage of wall construction.

Stairs with monolithic platforms to increase structural rigidity should be attached from above to the reinforcing cage with top and bottom reinforcement.

As for the schemes for reinforcing concrete stairs with their own hands with winders and spiral stairs, their schemes for reinforcing bar reinforcement are too complex and individual.

To compile them, at least, you will have to use special programs for calculations and design of reinforced concrete structures.

Do-it-yourself concrete staircase and its finishing options

Therefore, the design of the reinforcement scheme for such stairs is best entrusted to professional designers, especially since the project itself will be relatively inexpensive in the total cost of a complex staircase.

In order for the bars of the reinforcement cage to maintain their design position in accordance with the reinforcement scheme, you need to fasten all the bars of the reinforcement together. For fastening reinforcing meshes, either spot welding or knitting can be used.

There is an opinion that welding leads to a decrease in the strength of the reinforcement, but this is true only if special high-strength reinforcement is used. In this case, indeed, high-strength hardened reinforcement due to heat treatment at the welding points turns into ordinary building reinforcement. Such high-strength fittings are expensive and are produced by only a few factories in the CIS on special orders.

For conventional building reinforcement, welding does not harm in any way and is the main method of connecting reinforcing cages in industry.

Assembling the reinforcing cage of the stairs

If there is no welding machine at hand, then the reinforcing mesh can simply be tied with annealed knitting wire using a hook.

Hook for fast binding is convenient to clamp in an electric screwdriver.

It is even more convenient to fasten reinforcing cages with the help of electrical plastic clamps. The truth about this method of connecting fittings is so far hushed up by domestic SNiPs, but this method of bonding is already being used to the fullest abroad and at private construction sites.

To maintain a distance between the bottom of the formwork and the reinforcement of 3 cm, it is convenient to use plastic clamps, which are sold in building supermarkets.

For a monolithic staircase, it is preferable to use a retainer shaped like a "chair".

Sometimes it is not possible to assemble a reinforcing cage from continuous bars of the desired length.

It is difficult to do this when connecting on bends, since it is not convenient to bend the reinforcement without a bending machine. In this case, it is possible to connect power reinforcement from pieces. The connection is made by welding or ligament. As welding, the easiest way is to use manual electric arc seam welding between the bars of the reinforcement. When welding the bars with an overlap on both sides of the joint, there must be at least 6 diameters, and with a weld on only one side, at least 12 diameters.

In the case of a double-flight staircase with a monolithic platform, the diameter of the wire, which is taken to fix two reinforcing meshes, must be at least 6 mm. If the power reinforcement is connected to each other by tying, then the overlap should be (on average) equal to 50 diameters of the connected reinforcement.

If there are several joints to be connected, then they are staggered so that they are at a distance of 0.7–1 m from each other.

The construction of houses, dachas, cottages has recently been one of the most common "hobbies" for most Russians. Who is richer, he hires professional builders, someone is trying to slowly cope on their own. It is this category that most often searches for building advice on the Internet.

It is for those who want to build their own house with their own hands, our guide about how - " How to make a concrete staircase yourself».

Stairs are usually installed in buildings of more than one floor, but sometimes stairs are required to be made into the basement.

After all, not a single private house can do without a basement today. Where else to store the "gifts of nature": potatoes, pickles, preservation and jam?

The most durable and durable is a concrete staircase. And, by the way, the process of its arrangement is quite within the power of a skilled owner.

Calculation of a concrete staircase

If interfloor stairs in a house under construction are planned from concrete, then their calculation is done at the project stage.

How to make a concrete staircase with your own hands: recommended dimensions, materials and technology

If it became necessary to equip a staircase for descending to the basement or to the basement, then measurements should be taken on the spot, a drawing should be made for the future structure, and then proceed with its construction. Before you make a concrete staircase yourself, you should consider involving a specialist in the work.

In order for the stairs to be comfortable, it is necessary to remember the standard building codes that have been used for a long time.

So, the optimal width of the stairs is 1 meter, the minimum is 80 cm, and the maximum is optional. The optimal step height is 17-18 cm (if facing is planned, then the height of the facing material is minus).

Convenient step width - 28-30 cm, i.e. on the length of the foot, (if the staircase is made with winder steps, then their width is calculated based on the angle of rotation of the stairs).

When calculating stairs, the angle of elevation is important. Optimal - 30-35 degrees. It is important to observe the distance from the ceiling to any step, which cannot be less than 2 m.

Sequence of work

Work must be carried out in a strict sequence:

• mount the formwork;
• to reinforce the frame of the future stairs;
• concrete steps.

The most time-consuming process is the installation of formwork.

The simplest formwork is made for stairs laid between two walls that perform load-bearing functions. The marking of the future stairs is done directly on the wall and the frame itself is attached to them.

For stairs, which are attached to the wall only on one side, it will be necessary to provide supports.

We put the formwork

The actual formwork for a concrete staircase is a box, at the bottom of which there is a solid slab (it is advisable to close it with a film), side walls that correspond to the shape of the steps, and transverse boards that form the steps themselves.

With a step length of up to one meter, you need to take boards with a thickness of 30-40 mm, and if more than a meter, then you do not need to compact them with a second board. Boards for end formwork can have a thickness of about 30 mm.

Formwork elements can be fastened with wood screws with a diameter of 3.5 mm, they are easier to remove during dismantling than nails.

Corner elements are best connected using metal corners.

The boards that form the steps are set with a slight offset - the second step is made 2 centimeters below the top edge of the first. According to this principle, formwork is built for all other steps. This is done so that the concrete does not fall out from under the boards.

To prevent concrete from soaking into the wooden parts of the formwork, it is abundantly moistened before concreting, or protected with a waterproofing material.

The manufactured formwork must be well strengthened, since the concrete is very heavy and a cubic meter weighs 2.5 thousand kilograms. Therefore, the reinforcement is also attached to the side supports by about 15-25 cm.

For a non-professional builder, the procedure for knitting the reinforcement necessary to give strength to the stairs will be difficult.

Reinforcing cage manufacturing

As a rule, steel ribbed reinforcement with a diameter of 10 - 12 mm is used, which is knitted at the intersections with wire.

There must be at least 3 cm between the bottom of the formwork and the reinforcement.

If you plan to install a railing, then you should make mortgages from wood.

After that, you can start concreting.

Remember that the steps and the slab are poured with concrete in one step. The optimal composition of concrete contains 10 parts of cement, 30 parts of crushed stone, 20 parts of sand, 7 parts of water.

Pouring concrete into the formwork begins from the bottom step, after pouring the mass is rammed and smoothed with a trowel.

Between concreting the steps, it is better to take short breaks - 5-10 minutes to contain the pressure of the concrete.

After pouring all the steps, it is advisable to cover the steps with a film so that the concrete does not crack when it dries quickly.

It is better to start dismantling the formwork after three to four weeks, when the concrete is completely dry. The staircase is ready: it remains to finish it to your taste.

08.12.2013 at 15:12

I. General information

II. Product Main Features

Design

V. Scope

VI. Sample project

VII. Do-it-yourself reinforced concrete staircase manufacturing

VIII. Installation

IX. The average cost of stairs made of reinforced concrete

During the construction of buildings, all the technical nuances associated with engineering projects, building technologies and building materials are developed in detail.

Multi-storey buildings, cottages, schools, kindergartens, institute buildings, banks, industrial complexes and many other residential and industrial structures have reinforced concrete stairs + reinforced concrete flights of stairs in their master plan.

I. General information

Reinforced concrete staircase and flight of stairs are connecting elements that are installed in special openings between floors or levels (this opening is called a staircase).

These elements are subject to constant kinetic or mechanical stress. Reinforced concrete products are manufactured at reinforced concrete factories, according to standard dimensions and building codes using concrete grade M300. And privately to order - according to individual sketches.

Flights for stairs is an inclined component of the stair structure, which includes load-bearing beams and a certain number of steps (from 3 to 18 steps).

Standard march width, exactly 90cm.

II. Product Main Features

- durable monolithic construction,
- has a long service life
- not subject to destructive effects from sudden temperature changes,
- does not rot and is not destroyed by insects or rodents,
- has high resistance to chemical and mechanical influences,
- does not tend to age
- has high wear resistance,
– the possibility of diversity in the decorative and finishing design of the flooring,
- the ability to manufacture any shape and configuration,
- acceptability of price and quality,
- stair steps are reinforced concrete, fire-resistant and durable.

Reinforced concrete stairs and marches have one single minus - the weighting of the overall structure of the building.

III.

According to the methodology of the production process and engineering technologies, products are divided into:
- on a monolithic type (prefabricated),
- combined type.

By the number of marches used, concrete stairs are classified:
- on single-march,
- double march
- three-march
- and screw.

The form is: straight, L-shaped, U-shaped, U-shaped, curved, screw and exclusive configuration.

According to GOST, reinforced concrete flights of stairs are divided into the following types:
— flat march without frieze step elements (LM)
- march of ribbed type with equipment of frieze steps (LMF),
- ribbed march with a half-platform (LMP).

IV.

Design

All reinforced concrete elements of the stairs - marches, steps, platforms and beams, as well as additional components and fastening materials make up the reinforced concrete structures of the stairs, which are obviously displayed in the project documentation of the house, namely in the drawing of the staircase.

The design parameters of the prefabricated modification divide the products into small-sized and large-sized ones.

A small group is assembled from separate elements into a composition, which includes steps, stringers (or without stringers), platform beams and slabs.

The heaviest of this design are platform beams (300-450kg).

Large-sized or industrial stairs differ in size and number of structural elements: platforms and marches.

v.

Application area

– industrial complexes of all kinds,
- schools and kindergartens,
- airport and railway stations,
- cinemas and restaurants,
- buildings of higher educational institutions,
- ordinary stairs for a reinforced concrete house up to 3 floors,
- multi-storey frame, brick, stone houses and other areas.

VI.

Sample project

The development of drawing and technical information with the provision of all structural details of the future stairs is a standard project. Several options with drawings are provided for consideration by the customer. They include technical drawings with component parts and their dimensions. Drawings can be drawn up individually for each type of stairs. Namely: with straight, L-shaped, U-shaped, U-shaped, curved, spiral staircases.

How to make a concrete staircase with your own hands

In three dimensions and in section, all the complexities of the future structure in combination with the interior of the house are clearly visible.


A typical design of a staircase complex is carried out before the construction of a house (low-rise or multi-storey buildings). It is included in the general construction project.

All details of the project plan are negotiated and agreed with the customer. A typical project for the installation of reinforced concrete stairs and marches can be ordered from state design organizations or private design bureaus.

List of detailed information of the drawing part of the project
exact technical marks for high-rise installation,
range of sizes in the horizontal and vertical plane,
clearance niches for fastening products;
parameters of concrete steps,
all technical data for establishing beam products,
calculation of the resistance of buildings to the additional weight of stairs,

Typical projects are divided into standard (for multi-storey buildings), and non-standard or customized(for private houses).

The first includes prefabricated stairs (factory), consisting of two elements: stairs and march. To the second - all other options.

In typical projects of private houses up to 3 floors and above, they take into account: firstly, the size of the site allocated for construction or installation, secondly, the manufacturing and installation technology, the type of raw materials used in production and the shape of the staircase, thirdly, the place provided for installation (bearing walls, the middle of the hall) and the geographical area.

The number of steps, width, height and shape are agreed with the customer.

VII. Do-it-yourself reinforced concrete staircase manufacturing

The question always arises “how to make a reinforced concrete staircase with your own hands?” When performing this work, some skills in the construction industry are required, as well as to perfectly study the installation steps: assembly of the formwork, installation of the frame from the reinforcement and concrete pouring of the frame.

Formwork assembly is the most sensitive moment– an accurate selection of formwork for each element is carried out.

Wooden boards, plywood and metal sheets can serve as formwork. When installing the wooden formwork, it is necessary to soak it in water to prevent the absorption of moisture from the concrete and the violation of the geometric shape of the steps, etc.

elements. An easy option for manual installation is the option of a wall ladder or an inter-wall ladder. The most difficult operation is the manufacture of formwork for a spiral staircase type.

All options are inherent in the installation of supporting beams from a thick beam.

After the final assembly and strengthening of the formwork sections, the marches and platforms are reinforced. The role of reinforcement is performed by metal rods and mesh. The final step is pouring concrete. To prepare the concrete composition, you will need cement, sand, crushed stone. All components are diluted with water, then mixed in a concrete mixer for 15 minutes.

Using buckets, the solution is poured into the formwork.

Within 25-28 days, concrete takes one hundred percent maturity time to start decorating. Natural wood, laminate, thick plastic, cork - ideal for finishing work.

Accurate technological execution of phased construction will give concrete structures strength and appropriate resistance to various destructive environments.

Everything do-it-yourself products, elements and stairs (reinforced concrete) have a number of advantages, namely: high resistance to mechanical stress due to the used building materials, special decorative finishes and various exclusive forms, therefore stairs in private houses, reinforced concrete, are preferred by all customers with country houses.

VIII.

Installation

Installation begins with the pouring of the concrete pad on the first floor in the flight of stairs. Precise marks are made in advance for reinforced concrete structures. Each plate is checked for defects.

Installation steps: stringers of 2 marches go into the nests of platform beams. The stepped part is superimposed on the stringers, resting on it with its ends, while the leading edge rests on the step lying below.

The march consists of two steps - lower and upper. Their purpose is the transition to the site. In turn, the site is a reinforced concrete slab with an emphasis, which serves as the bearing walls of the building or concrete beams. The handrails are attached with screws to the grate.

The connection of these structural elements is carried out by welding.

Factory marches have a solid section, and treads are folded or overhead. Handrails are delivered to the site in finished form and installed on site. The weight of the reinforced concrete element reaches 1t.

When installing reinforced concrete large-sized positions, teams of professional builders and special equipment (crane) are involved. The installation technology is carried out simultaneously with the construction of high-rise buildings. The phasing of the technological process is recommended to be strictly observed, otherwise it is fraught with unforeseen circumstances - the collapse of stair structures or cracks in the bearing walls and the products themselves.

Installation of stairs on metal stringers reinforced concrete is the easiest option and consists in: installation of stringers, installation of formwork and reinforcement, the last - pouring concrete.

Such an architectural composition can be installed anywhere. Mounted without the use of additional equipment, unless the weight of marches does not exceed 350-400kg.

IX. The average cost of stairs made of reinforced concrete

To the attention of builders - combined reinforced concrete stairs can be bought in ready-made prefabricated form at factories. And also individually it is possible to make reinforced concrete flights of stairs to order in professional companies for the production of reinforced concrete products.

Product type (length) (width) (height) (weight) price

ML30-60-10(9 speed) (3610.0) (1050.0) (1200.0) (1.80) 10570r
ML30-60-12(9 speed) (3610.0) (1200.0) (1200.0) (2.0) 11860r
ML36-60-13(11 speed) (4280.0) (1350.0) (1200.0) (2.70) 17970r
1LM30.11.15-4 (3000.0) (1050.0) (2500.0) (1.480) 9850r
1LM30.12.15-4 (3000.0) (1200.0) (2500.0) (1.70) 10500r
LM1(3910.0) (1050.0) (1600.0) (1.920) 11650r
LM2(4250.0) (1050.0) (1800.0) (2.080) 10750r

Stair structures made of monolithic concrete

When building country houses and apartments on several levels, stairs are used. These integral elements must be practical and safe.

Most often, monolithic concrete stairs have recently begun to be used, since they do not need to be processed after pouring and have a number of undeniable advantages.

1. Calculations and drafting
2. Manufacturing

Device options and advantages

The structure can be both indoors and outdoors and, depending on the type, consists of one or two inclined beams and steps.

As load-bearing elements can be used:

• Stringer of a monolithic staircase - can be made of reinforced concrete or steel, the steps are attached from above.
• Bowstring - the steps are inserted into the grooves located on the inside. It is made of reinforced concrete, steel or wood.

Monolithic stairs made of concrete have a number of undeniable advantages: strength, durability, high environmental friendliness.

The design does not require frequent repairs, can be made to order. The advantages include relatively inexpensive materials and work.

It is very important that high-quality monolithic stairs made of concrete are silent and safe.

Main types

Step products are different:

• A concrete staircase for a house can be completely monolithic.

  It is poured into a pre-prepared formwork, which is dismantled after the cement mortar has set. It is worth noting that for the home this option has recently been used infrequently. There are several reasons for this, but the main one lies in the large weight, due to which the load on the foundation increases significantly. But the basement or courtyard stairs made of concrete are not uncommon today.

• Combined - made of cement-sand mortar and metal.

  They consist of a stainless steel frame and concrete steps. In this case, the formwork is assembled for each of them separately.

There is another classification of monolithic concrete stairs:

• Marching - may contain 1, 2 or more spans, called marches. According to building codes, the ideal angle is 45˚. The most optimal march is considered to have 9 steps, sometimes it is advisable to use more, although then you will also have to make a landing.

  In width, it should be the same as the span, and its length should not exceed 1.5 medium steps. This type is one of the most common.

• Screw or spiral - are a more complex design, so they are not used very often.

  They are not very convenient, but take up little space, so they can be used in small areas. Screw monolithic reinforced concrete stairs are calculated and designed much easier than marching ones.

  Do-it-yourself concrete staircase - calculations, installation, tips on how to do it

  So, if the length of the steps is 0.5 m, the length of the entire staircase structure will be approximately 2 times longer. In the interior of modern houses and multi-level apartments, they look very elegant and stylish. They can be successfully combined with marching ones. So, in the main part of the house, a product of the first type is installed, for example, from the 1st to the 2nd floor, and from the 2nd to the attic - a spiral staircase, which will save not only money, but also space.

The product can be ordered from professional builders or made independently.

It should be noted right away that this is a very time-consuming process, and for those who have never worked with a cement-sand mixture, it is better not to undertake it, as this will jeopardize the safety of movement. Do not forget that a monolithic staircase with your own hands should be made of high-strength concrete.

It should be thick and not slide out of the formwork, thus violating the symmetry.

In order to calculate the height, you need to measure it from the floor to the part of the wall where the last step will end.

After that, visually draw a diagonal from the end point to the floor so that you get a right triangle. Then calculate the most optimal march width, length and height of each step. Do not forget to deduct the height of the upper floor slab, as well as those that will serve as the base of the stairs and its platform, if you decide to make a two-flight structure.

Write down all the calculations on paper and draw a drawing. When calculating the height of the steps, do not forget that they will be lined with some material, such as plastic or carpet, their thickness must be taken into account.

We make a staircase with our own hands

Only the highest quality materials are used. The grade of concrete for the manufacture of a monolithic staircase should not be less than M-300.

• Start with formwork assembly. It is necessary so that the cement-sand mixture does not leak out and does not spread, it is advisable to use moisture-resistant plywood. Do not forget about the special adhesive lubricant, which will help to easily and without damaging the surface to dismantle the prefabricated equipment.
• Reinforced mesh, consisting of strong metal rods, welded together by a point method, is an indispensable component of both mid-flight monolithic stairs and spiral ones.

  It performs the function of a skeleton that prevents concrete from cracking and crumbling.

• After the formwork and reinforced mesh are ready, you can start concreting monolithic stairs. It is worth noting that they are installed before the finishing of the dwelling, during construction. Make sure that the concrete is viscous and start pouring it into the formwork. It is more convenient to do this from the top step.

  It is very important to monitor the absence of bubbles and voids; each freshly poured step must be tamped. To do this, use a vibrator.

Stair structures made of monolithic concrete can be used only after the surface has completely dried. And facing work is best left at the time of completion of the interior decoration of the house.

Price

If you do not want to do the work yourself, then you can turn to specialists.

The price of a monolithic concrete staircase in Moscow in this case will be approximately as follows:

Do-it-yourself monolithic concrete staircase: photo and video instruction

Concrete is a material of extraordinary strength and durability. But for the builder, its most interesting property is the plasticity of the freshly prepared mixture. If structures from other materials are precisely constructed, that is, they are made up of elements, then concrete ones are poured according to the finished form.

A monolithic concrete staircase is without a doubt the most durable of all.

In this case, the view can be more than fantastic. In this lesson, you will learn how to make a monolithic concrete staircase with your own hands without the involvement of specialists.

To do this, you only need desire, perseverance, patience and determination.

Varieties of construction

According to the method of manufacturing concrete stairs are classified into two types:

1. monolithic - the march and the landing, if any, are a single unit and are made as one structure.

   For a monolithic concrete staircase, the price varies depending on the structure;

2. combined - march elements are produced separately. For example, a metal frame is installed, and steps for stairs are made of concrete.

In the first case, the entire process is carried out at the installation site. In the second, the structure is only assembled on site.

Do-it-yourself calculation, installation, pouring and finishing of concrete stairs

In the photo - monolithic stairs made of concrete.

Requirements

A concrete structure, with its other advantages, has one significant minus for private construction - a lot of weight.

Therefore, before deciding how to make a concrete staircase in the house, you first need to make sure that the wall and floor can withstand such a load.

A standard march 4 m long and 1 m wide march weighs about 2.5 tons. Such structures should be supported by either a monolithic foundation or a reinforced concrete beam.

When installing in an already finished building, another difficulty may arise.

If a layer of heat insulator is placed under the coating, then under the weight of the march it will push through. Before installation, it is necessary to disassemble the floor and remove the insulation.

Construction of concrete stairs

This whole process is laborious and lengthy, since the installation of the formwork, and pouring, and, most importantly, the hardening of the material, take a lot of time.

However, a do-it-yourself concrete staircase is a doable task.

Do-it-yourself work on the construction of concrete stairs is carried out in several stages:

• layout;
• formwork device;
• reinforcement;
• pouring concrete.

preliminary calculations

The manufacture of concrete stairs will not require excessive effort if its construction is foreseen at the planning stage.

The easiest option is to make steps between two walls. And the formwork in this case is simple, and the volume of concrete is minimal.

If the building has already been built, then the arrangement of stairs will depend on the parameters of the room.

When choosing a project, you need to remember some features:

• the steeper the march angle, the less concrete will be required and the lower the price of the product.

  But at the same time, the greater the slope, the more difficult it is to rise and fall along it;

• it is easier to build a landing than winder steps;
• for spiral staircases, it will require a lot of custom-shaped formwork panels, which will greatly complicate installation. The price goes up as well.
• when calculating, it is necessary to take into account the recommended sizes of steps, otherwise it will be extremely inconvenient to use it.

Formwork manufacturing

In fact, this is a wooden form on which concrete is poured.

Formwork is constructed from plywood 12–18 mm thick or edged boards 3 cm.

1. If the formwork for a concrete staircase is intended to be used once, then the material is not protected. If repeatedly, then the product is covered with glassine, old linoleum, roofing material.
2. The material is fastened with wood screws: nails are difficult to remove after concreting.
3. For props and temporary racks, a beam with a cross section of up to 10 * 10 cm is used. The number of props is calculated based on the fact that a pine beam 3 m long can withstand up to 150 kg.
4. All elements are cut from plywood or boards with a jigsaw and assembled according to a sketch.

   When finished, the formwork looks like a staircase model, in which only the upper part of the step and platform are missing.

5. It is better to make side formwork from plywood, the bottom from boards, as shown in the photo.

Reinforcement of the staircase structure

Before pouring the formwork of the stairs with concrete, reinforcement is made.

The metal frame significantly increases the strength of the product, prevents cracking and crumbling of concrete. Mounting rods and steel mesh are used.

1. At the stage of installing the formwork in the wall, you need to make strobes for attaching mounting rods.
2. Transverse rods are fixed in the strobes, then longitudinal rods are laid - the step between them depends on the length of the span.
3. Reinforcing bars are fastened either by spot welding or wire knitting.

   The latter method is more appropriate for a small amount of work.

4. The resulting frame mesh should rise 5–10 mm above the bottom. To do this, plastic bosses are installed under the grid.
5. The side edge of the step is reinforced with a reinforcing bar, the top is reinforced with a flat steel mesh fixed to the main frame.

Stair concreting

For pouring concrete stairs, a mortar grade of at least B15 is used.

The composition is made independently in a concrete mixer. At least 4 parts of crushed stone (fraction 10 - 20 millimeters) must be added to the finished solution so that the concrete does not flow out of the formwork during pouring.

The technology for the construction of stairs made of concrete provides for a sequence of the following steps:

1. Concreting of stairs is done at a time, so it is advisable to prepare the solution in one portion.
2. The formwork is wetted with water.
3. Filling is done from the bottom up.
4. The steps are rammed and carefully leveled with a trowel.
5. Concrete surfaces are covered with a film to prevent uneven drying.
6. Formwork and supports are removed after the concrete has hardened - not earlier than after 4 weeks.

Concrete monolithic stairs are designed for the most severe operating conditions.

For external structures, it is difficult to find a more resistant and unpretentious material. Inside the building, the attractiveness of the structure is equally important. Finishing is possible the most diverse: wood cladding, cladding with artificial stone or ceramic tiles, a combination of materials. The choice of design depends only on the features of the interior and personal tastes.

The video below will tell you in detail about the construction of a monolithic concrete staircase on your own!

Good luck with your construction!

Do-it-yourself monolithic concrete staircase: video

A concrete staircase can not only fulfill its direct functional duties, but also become an excellent design solution for your home.

The presence of stairs in the house can be not only functional, but also stylish, as in itself it is an excellent element of decor. But a ladder made with your own hands gives a reason to brag about your skills to the owner of the home and will become a source of pride at home. In addition, it should be noted that its independent installation does not require as much effort as it might seem at first glance.

How to make a concrete staircase

A concrete staircase is one of the most reliable and more durable structures, unlike its wooden brothers.

Varieties of concrete stairs

Concrete stairs are divided into two types:

1. Monolithic. This type of concrete stairs is installed in almost all places, for example, in basements, on the streets or for a porch.

2. Combined. The same type of concrete stairs implies a complex metal structure, which at the same time serves as a frame for fastening concrete steps. The ebb of the steps themselves occurs with the help of formwork with a reinforcing mesh. For the manufacture of the steps themselves, concrete, crushed stone from granite and marble chips are used. After the concrete mixture dries, it should be polished.

How to make calculated measurements correctly

To facilitate the work, you can use your own sketch of the future staircase, which may also come in handy in the future. Like any repair work, this process should also be divided into stages:

1. Formwork calculation.Initially, the position of the stairs should be determined - it can be located on the ground, adjoin the wall, connect two opposite walls, etc. After all, it is on these moments that the further calculation and construction of the stairs, and the formwork as a whole, depend.

2. When calculating the stairs, the number and dimensions of its steps are taken into account. The recommended step height should be from 16 to 20 cm, and the width should be more than 27 cm. If you end up with more than 14 steps, then it is recommended to make two spans.

You should also consider the residents of the house, as it is difficult for older people to climb high steps, and small children running around the house may not successfully stumble and injure themselves.

3. When designing a ladder, it should be taken into account that its angle should vary from 25 to 45 degrees, because the higher the angle of inclination, the more difficult it is to climb such a ladder.

4. The width of the staircase itself should not exceed 80-90 cm. Although if the concrete staircase is part of the interior of a private house or summer cottage, then the width is chosen to the taste of the owner of the house.

5. When choosing materials for the construction of formwork, it is required to take into account the entire weight of the structure: 1 sq. a meter of concrete 20 cm thick weighs on average about 500 kg. And the weight of a whole march with a difference (height 2.5 meters, length 4 m) with a width of 1 m is approximately 2.5 tons.

6. To prepare a concrete solution, you will need: 0 PC-400 cement (1l), sand (2l), crushed stone (4l), water (0.6l), plasticizer (C-3) (10ml).

7. To obtain a high-quality concrete solution, it is better to use a concrete mixer; to compact, use a special electric vibrator. After all, the strength of the support depends on the quality of the produced solution in the future.

8. The filled surface is covered with a plastic film in order to prevent drying. The formwork is removed no earlier than after 3-4 weeks, while the concrete is at least 80% stronger.

It is important to remember that when calculating all the initial data, one must take into account such factors as the thickness of the flooring and the floor itself.

The formwork design is the very first stage in the preparation of a concrete staircase. For its proper assembly, certain materials will initially be required: waterproof plywood (about 20 mm in section), construction timber (section 100x100 ml).

For formwork intended for a monolithic concrete staircase, the following materials are needed:

A piece of timber that will fasten the formwork elements to each other and walls;

Also, to connect the steps, which will be an obstacle to stretching the sheets when pouring concrete;

Formwork elements together with winder steps. If the length of the foot is 1m, then the boards must be at least 30mm thick, and the length of 1.2m requires a thickness of at least 40mm.

End formwork. It can take the form of plywood sheets, or a template with pre-prepared dimensions can be used. The boards used for this formwork are selected with a size of approximately 30 mm.

I would like to draw your attention to the fact that formwork elements are often fastened with wood screws (diameter 3.5), since they are easier to remove than nails during dismantling.

Applied technologies in the production of concrete stairs

Such a thing as formwork serves as the basis for the high-quality operation of a concrete staircase, and its main criterion is that it should not have any gaps or cracks. For the formwork frame, waterproof plywood is used, which prevents the concrete solution from flowing. Plywood is used in combination with boards that are tightly fitted to each other.

Before the resulting frame is filled with a concrete solution, a reinforcing cage is inserted there. The entire flight of stairs is framed with steel bars, which are firmly connected by cross braces.

To strengthen the front steps of the stairs, transverse reinforcement is used, which prevents their crumbling and the appearance of cracks in them. Before direct pouring of concrete, it is necessary to leave wooden plugs or embedded metal plates, to which the stair railing will be attached in the future.

The surface of the poured mortar, while it has not cooled down, is leveled with special tools, so that it will be easier to grind it in the future.

You can move up the stairs only after the final drying of the concrete solution.

Facing the stairs is the final stage of all repair work. It is carried out no earlier than after 3-4 weeks, subject to drying at room temperature. The formwork frame is removed, the mortgages themselves and the surface of the steps are processed using a grinding machine.

It is designed to perfectly level surfaces. For facing a concrete staircase, you can use materials such as ceramic tiles, wood, natural stones or porcelain stoneware.

Today, the modern repair materials market offers a wide range of stair railings - welded, prefabricated, aluminum, combined.

Positive aspects of concrete stairs

When the layout of the future house is being developed, it must be taken into account that the concrete staircase, unlike wooden structures, is laid immediately on the spot, it cannot be transported. But, despite this, it has a number of undeniable advantages:

1. The operation of such a ladder can be carried out at any repair stage (in whatever form it is).

2. When designing the design of the stairs, you can add a variety of hidden cabinets and niches to it, which will significantly save space and help get rid of unnecessary things.

3. The financial costs of building a concrete staircase with your own hands are only in the cost of materials. And the cost, in turn, depends on the quality of the selected sources. In addition, when working independently, time intervals of work are easily calculated.

4. Concrete, as a material, is very moisture resistant in itself, and is also not susceptible to ignition.

5. The concrete staircase serves as an additional support for the entire building.

6. Concrete stairs are very resistant to external mechanical damage, which allows them to be used more intensively.

1. It is important to remember that when concreting flights of stairs, it takes place in one step and the process itself begins to be carried out from the bottom up.

2. In order to avoid "mobility" of the concrete solution, it is recommended to add crushed stone with a particle size of 10-20 mm.

3. When choosing a brand of concrete for stairs, it is necessary that it be at least B15.

4. An interesting fact: if heavy concrete is not compacted by 1%, then its strength will decrease by 5-7%. That is why such a nuance as compaction can significantly affect the quality of a concrete staircase. This is exactly what an electric vibrator is for.

5. The pouring of cement mortar is preceded by the formation of a reinforcing ladder frame. Its main function is to enhance the internal strength of all structures.

If you have any questions on this topic, ask them to specialists and readers of our project.