How to make a shed roof. Flat and pitched designs

Pitched roofs are divided into 8 large groups, among which a special place is occupied by the type of roof with one inclined plane.

Of course, hardly anyone can compete with, whose peak of popularity fell in the second half of the last century.

However, in our time, specialists and construction customers are increasingly focusing on .

The essence and peculiarity of such a shelter is extremely simple. The load-bearing structure rests on multi-level external walls.

This phenomenon has a very attractive appearance, but due to its structural features, it is not advisable to use it to create the "top" of a house, cottage or any other important building or room.

One sloping surface is ideal for a veranda, terrace, as well as storage and utility rooms.

One of the main advantages of this eaves is wind resistance.. A certain option is due to the design, since in this case we are not talking about serious slopes of the covered surface.

ATTENTION!

To reduce the dependence on precipitation in the form of snow, it is necessary to carefully approach the calculation of the sections of the structural components during the design period. Regarding insulation - this aspect is especially important at minimum angles of inclination.

Thus, the area of ​​influence of the wind force is significantly reduced, which leads to a stable resistance to air gusts. If the room is located in an area prone to frequent winds, experts advise the installation of curbs.

Therefore, these measures will reduce the likelihood of roofing to a minimum. It is advisable to use galvanized iron or tiles as the top layer of the curb in order to avoid damp fences.

Very often, when it comes to construction or repair, a person tries to buy the necessary materials as profitably as possible and at budget prices. A canopy with one slope fits perfectly into the “economy” category, and besides, cheap prices are not displayed in any way on its appearance.

For example, Costs compared to a gable surface are two times less.

Construction content of roofing process one pitched roof does not require special knowledge and many years of experience in the architectural field. Everything is extremely simple, so you can take on this business with your own hands. Quite uncomplicated and.

In addition to the above advantages, we note the following:

• Rational use of available space in the attic. As an option - the creation of an attic floor;
• Relatively a light weight inclined plane, which eliminates the connection to the process of establishing lifting equipment;
• No restrictions due to the area of ​​the house;
• High level of maintainability;
• Possibility of choice (the only nuance is taking into account the angle of inclination);
• Preconditions for establishing solar panels.

Installation of solar panels

The list of shortcomings is much less:

• For the sake of a nice appearance, you need to try. Focus on the quality of materials and facade work;
• Increased sensitivity to snow loads;
• The need to strengthen the hydro and inclined plane;
• Complicated organization due to fluid flow to one side.

Increased sensitivity to snow loads

Is it worth making a private house with a pitched roof?

Despite the fact that in most cases similar ideas do not receive the approval of professionals, there are situations when a house with this type of roof is a reasonable and safe solution.

CAREFULLY!

A roof with one slope is difficult to tolerate rainfall resistance.

Therefore, no precipitation - no problem, therefore being in an area with a dry climate, this idea can be safely implemented.

The slope in such a situation should be set within 5%. In its turn, regions with cold or temperate climate , which is more or less spent under snowfall, not very suitable for almost flat roofs.

But if 10-20 years ago the geographical "diagnosis" was perceived as a sentence, now they will simply take up increasing the strength of the future roof. If you still achieve a slope in the range of 90-100%, then the idea is really expedient. At the present time, there are many opportunities in the construction industry, but be prepared for additional costs.

Shed roof design - what you need to know?

Inclined planes are classified according to different criteria. In particular, this applies to emphasis. There are two varieties - with an emphasis on load-bearing walls of different or the same height .

The first option is used more often., but the stumbling block may be the lack of a high external wall, which will exclude the establishment of a high slope. Second concept does not imply this, but this, perhaps, the pluses end - he much more expensive.

The slope issue is one of the main ones. The optimal range fluctuates around 10-30 degrees, the extreme frames are 5-60 degrees.

The number depends on the following factors:

• Precipitation volume;
• Wind flow indicators;
• Chosen roofing material.

The more precipitation in the area, the greater the slope. For example, in regions with heavy snowfall, the slope should be at least 40 degrees. Otherwise, there is a risk of damage to the supporting structures due to accumulated precipitation.

Below are the degree correspondences to the types of shelter:

• 5-7 degrees for roofing material;
• 3 degrees higher than the y range;
• 25-35 - for;
• Slightly lower requirements are put forward for slate (20-30 degrees), almost the same for seam roofing (18-28).

It is advisable to increase the degree marks by several units in those areas where a lot of snow falls. Such non-compliance does not apply to metal tiles, because it threatens with water ingress due to the low density of the seams.

Not less than topical issue is the definition of the type of roof in the context of ventilated/non-ventilated. In the first case, we are talking about a reliable and durable house surface, while the second option is suitable for “light” rooms ala terrace and through a minimum slope (4-6 degrees) can bring a lot of worries in winter.

As a material for a single-pitched top, the undisputed leader in requests is the wood of the “family” of conifers. This is due to resistance to decay, mold and other evil spirits. Pay attention to the percentage of humidity - the indicator should not exceed 20-22.

As a preventative pest control we advise you to treat the tree with flame retardant and antiseptic.

Shed roof houses: photos of projects below.

House project

Two-story house project

One-story frame house project

Finnish house

Varieties of design and engineering

The top with one slope is not a limiter in the fantasy of shaping the shape of the roof.

Many successful projects have been implemented, within which they created a "broken" roof or through facades.

It is not necessary to copy the idea seen live or on the Internet - this kind of house top is supportive of various architectural collages.

Projects of houses with a pitched roof:

Project example #1. Private house with an area of ​​240 sq.m. Additional premises and ground floor are not provided. Cellular concrete is used as a wall material, and reinforced concrete slabs are the basis of the foundation. Facing - plaster or wooden lath to choose from.

Project example #2. Two-storey house of 225 sq.m with an attic, a garage, a balcony on the 2nd floor. The foundation, as in the first example, is made of aerated concrete walls with brick cladding. Possible use decorative tiles. Type of roof - to choose from, taking into account climatic conditions.

The main task is to harmoniously reunite those examples that are collected in one project. Attention should be paid to the possibility of installing solar panels, which have already been mentioned above - this will make the roof even more functional. A competent one will keep your home safe and sound for a long time.

Shed roofs: projects and drawings

Drawing of a house with a pitched roof

Frame house project

House scheme

Useful video

In this video you will see an example of a house project with a shed roof:

In contact with

Ever since mankind left the caves and began to build separate housing, the builders have not come to a consensus on how to equip it in the best way. On the other hand, this issue will never be resolved: too many requirements are imposed on the form of housing by geographical location, climatic conditions, culture, etc. The differences in construction are most clearly visible in the shape of the roofs of houses and structures. But is it even necessary to look for the only correct answer, if beauty can lie in a variety of forms? It is only important that these forms are optimal. Choose best option not easy, but you need to strive for it, because this is not only a matter of beauty and originality: an unsuccessfully chosen form can lead to its frequent failures, accidents, and unforeseen costs. To resolve the issue, some types of roofs with their inherent pros and cons should be considered.

flat

Traditional option for multi-apartment and high-rise buildings, public buildings, manufacturing enterprises. In private construction, such roofs are not very popular, and in vain. There are few disadvantages: they accumulate snow and ice too quickly, delay the flow of water, and with poor-quality installation and load calculation, they often deform. The advantage is that construction is the most inexpensive, because it does not have complex geometry, which facilitates the installation of a roofing pie. And the coating itself does not have to be multi-sectional, which further reduces the cost of the process. An additional plus: you can organize a recreation or picnic area, a flower garden, etc. The flat area can be combined with other geometries of the roof elements.

pitched

Such roofs have many types, but they all have one feature: the slopes are located at an angle relative to the ridge. This configuration is necessary to drain the water so that snow does not linger on it. The common disadvantage is that it is much more difficult for them to mount under-roof structures, create truss systems (ridges, rafters and battens): it is necessary not only to calculate wind and vertical loads, but also to provide many layers of hydro-, steam- and thermal insulation. The installation of a roofing pie here is also complicated by the fact that individual sections of the coating must be fixed at an angle, and on the roofs themselves there are often additional structures, grooves and hard-to-reach areas. Pitched more often require maintenance and repair. Finally, they are simply expensive in terms of costs, although these costs more than justify their appearance and frilly design. The advantage is that for most of them construction technologies have long been developed, and ready-made farms are available for sale.

Shatrovaya

Hipped roofs are of limited use in private construction, as they are mounted on buildings with a certain geometry: a square or a polygon with equal edges. All slopes in the form of isosceles triangles converge at one point.

Dome (conical)

It is also rarely used in suburban construction. It is more often used in open architectural premises, as well as for light outbuildings with a rounded base.

Chalet

Chalet roofs are also an infrequent guest in mass construction. View: gently sloping, asymmetrical, protruding beyond the perimeter of the walls of the house. Roofs of this type are used if a half-timbered house is being built in the vicinity of mountains and hills, where avalanches, mudflows, and snow cover movements can be expected. The purpose is to mitigate the damage caused by such natural disasters.

Shed

These roofs are used in small buildings, such as summer country houses. Functionally, they cope with their duties quite well, but in the field of housing construction they are contemptuously called “barn”. This is very strange, since in the functional part they do not differ at all, say, from four-slope ones. Apparently, it's all about appearance.

Gable (gable)

The most popular types of roofs for a half-timbered house: a high ridge, various slope angles. A simple design, well-established installation techniques, standard assembly elements make the choice of such a design preferable, and Maintenance- minimal. Sometimes multi-tongue species are erected.

Four-slope (hip)

It is also a popular view in which two slopes look like trapeziums, and from the end part two slopes in the form of triangles-hips adjoin them. Sometimes these triangles are truncated, which gives rise to another subtype - half hip. The installation of these roofs is complicated by the complex geometry of the ridge and rafters, the variety of ways of their fastening. Most often, dormers and dormer windows, decorative spiers and turrets are erected on them. As a result, maintenance is difficult, and precipitation accumulates in the transitions of the slope planes.

Combined

In spacious buildings, there is often a desire to install complex or combined types, the installation of which is very difficult, and the pros and cons of such a device accumulate as the category in which the separately considered part belongs.

Each type has its advantages and disadvantages, and this is inevitable: simple types make it difficult to create attic spaces; complex ones look amazing, but are very expensive and require constant maintenance. Therefore, the choice of the “middle option” is a very difficult task, and it can be solved only by examining all available combinations of projects under consideration.

The combination of dark wood wall cladding and light tiles looks very good, especially against the backdrop of a pine forest and water surface behind the house. The slopes of the roof form a large canopy over the terrace, protecting it from rain. At the same time, the design of the roof allows you to make this canopy partially or completely glass. This creates a feeling of open, "street" space, the terrace does not seem closed
GLORIA HOUSE can fit perfectly into any natural landscape. The number of glass surfaces, facade decoration are selected according to the terrain This section of the terrace is closed from prying eyes not by chance - the door from the sauna opens here. Great place to unwind after a steam bath Thanks to the abundance of glass surfaces both in the external walls and in the internal partitions, the house is filled with natural light all year round. Here you, like nowhere else, feel like living together with nature, feel the change of seasons
Thanks to modern building technologies and materials, the cost of heating a house is much lower than you might expect with such an abundance of windows, glass partitions Glass walls expand the space of the living room and allow all the nature surrounding the house to become an integral part of the life of its inhabitants. Stained wood and smooth white walls are a simple and elegant combination that will always be in fashion. Although, if desired, the style of this cottage can be radically changed
Please note: the upper part of all internal partitions is made of glass. Therefore, the house looks so spacious, filled with fresh air and sunlight. Utility room next to the kitchen, thanks to which it is freed from household "little things", such as a washing machine and a refrigerator
A high-tech kitchen combined with a romantic view outside the window creates a unique image, where every corner demonstrates the skillful "implantation" of an architectural object into the surrounding area. The bedroom looks very reserved. Enrich its appearance with a mezzanine fence and a staircase It seems that the shell is standing on a solid decorative shelf, but in fact it housed three functional boxes
Built-in wardrobes are located in the ledges of the end walls, which saves space in the bedroom The guest bedroom, like the master bedroom, has panoramic windows and a small bay window. Therefore, there are no "decorations" here, except for the view outside the window. The master bathroom is connected to the sauna and has its own exit to the terrace. The very only area that is closed with a crate
The house was built in such a way that from here, from the mezzanine, not only spectacular views of the entire interior space open up, but also magnificent landscapes outside the windows. Therefore, household members love to relax here, under the very roof.
There is not much space on the mezzanines. But since the walls do not reach the ceiling and the space is not closed, you can arrange an additional comfortable bedroom here. Ground floor plan

To standard projects many are wary. And in vain. After all, a successful standard design does not interfere with the use of a variety of architectural ideas and planning solutions, but at the same time guarantees a proven quality of workmanship. A clear confirmation of this is the house that will be discussed.

Cottages GLORIA HOUSE can be considered the embodiment of the European idea of ​​the modern comfort of a country house. They are built from environmentally friendly clean materials, high-tech, have a standard design and many modifications, thanks to which they fit into any landscape. The cottage provides a large number of additional options, ranging from glass heating to the "smart home" system. However, the basic equipment provides a very comfortable stay. The house that we will talk about is one of the most expensive built by the manufacturer. But its design, the main technological units, most of the finishing materials are still typical for the cottages of this company.

The house stands on a concrete strip foundation, its reinforced concrete insulated floor lies on a sand and gravel pad 50 cm thick (in the case when the quality of the foundation is unsatisfactory, it needs to be additionally prepared, but this is no longer included in the range of standard construction tasks). Water heating pipes, water supply wiring, ventilation and air conditioning pipes are laid in the floor during the work. And the withdrawal system ground water and hidden drainage is located along the perimeter of the foundation cushion. In addition, storm drains from the roof of the building are connected to this network. The basis of the construction of the walls of the house is formed by a rigid frame of massive glued racks and beams, called half-timbered construction. The peculiarity of the half-timbered house is that any premises or parts of the building can be glazed or made deaf at will. The design allows you to implement almost any planning option, because the internal walls here are not load-bearing, which allows you to create large open spaces, change the layout. Here, the owners used all the advantages of half-timbered houses: the house has large glazing surfaces, bay windows, and open interior spaces. But we will talk about planning decisions later, but now - about the design of the building.

All elements of the frame connections are made on an automatic line with high precision, so the process of building a cottage is short. One of the differences of the house is the absence of metal ties that spoil the interior. Basically, all the joints of the frame are wooden, of the traditional type with a spike. Metal ties are used, but rarely and only where traditional fastening is not possible or an additional guarantee of strength is needed. But in any case, in the finished building, the fastening elements are not visible.

Painting of house details is carried out in the factory. All parts are delivered to the place of assembly tinted and impregnated with Valtti AquaColor glaze antiseptics (TIKKURILA, Finland). This allows for long-term protection of wood and uniform painting, emphasizing its texture.

After the frame is installed, the cell space is glazed or covered with insulated wooden sandwich panels in accordance with the architectural plan. What is a typical sandwich panel? outer skin made of waterproof plywood, and the inner one is made of dense plywood (northern pine). Between them, a layer of natural cellulose fiber insulation is blown under pressure. On the inside, as a vapor barrier (so that the walls "breathe" better), construction paper is laid. Windproofing is provided by external waterproof plywood. All cladding elements are interconnected and screwed to the frame. The thickness of such a panel is at least 200 mm. An already finished wall can be finished in various ways: natural stone, lined with "lining" or, as in our case, narrow wood paneling.

Double-glazed windows in half-timbered structures are mounted directly into the frame. As a rule, they occupy spaces from floor to ceiling; there are options with continuous glazing of the facade. Therefore, the heat and sound insulation properties of double-glazed windows are given increased attention.

Construction technology. frame

The main advantages of the house - comfort and environmental friendliness - are predetermined, first of all, by the design of its walls. They are frame, half-timbered (Fig. 1), which means they are of a cellular structure, rigid and light, and therefore allow the use of an inexpensive, shallow foundation. Filling their cells is easy to diversify and give outdoor decoration elegant or austere look. In this house, more than 70% of the wall surface is glazed and fills the house with light and wonderful pictures of the surrounding forest and lake.

The frame of the walls, as well as the load-bearing elements of the roof and terraces, are built of glued non-warping beams (pine) impregnated with protective compounds in factory conditions. All elements of the frame were connected to each other on spikes, and metal corners, brackets or plates were placed only in especially critical or inaccessible places.

The lower supporting beam of the frame, 145 mm wide, rests on the body of a strip, evenly smoothed foundation. Although the beam is separated from the concrete with a waterproofing tape, it is securely fixed with anchor bolts and insulated from the floor with expanded polystyrene. At the locations of the blind piers, the frame was built up with additional frames to increase the depth of the cavities (up to 190 mm) for laying the insulation. All unglazed

The half-timbered cells were sheathed on the outside with waterproof antiseptic plywood 9 mm thick (Fig. 2). Along the long walls, the frame is reinforced from above with a mauerlat bar (270 90 mm). And the skeleton of the walls acquired full spatial rigidity after connecting with the roof truss system.

Internal partitions are also made according to the frame scheme of bars with a section of 40-50 and 50-60 mm (Fig. 3). They were attached to the floor, columns and walls with the help of frame dowels. Later, the partitions were filled with Pellavilla linen soundproofing mats, and in the sauna with Vital cellulose fiber boards (VITAL FINLAND). Finally, the partitions were finished with lacquered white panels from SCHAUMAN WOOD.

Construction technology. Facing

The walls were faced after the installation of windows and external doors. The blind sections of the outer walls, occupying about a quarter of their area, were decorated with panels with a section of 140–30 mm from dense, antiseptic northern pine (Fig. 4). They were sewn horizontally along a vertical crate 50-22 mm, leaving gaps (3 cm) for ventilation at the base and roof overhang.

Construction technology. Roof

The roof is gable (angle of inclination - 20), layered, perfectly insulated. The legs of the rafters, made of two boards cohesive across the width with a section of 170-45 mm, rest on a ridge beam and a beam-mauerlat on the outer walls (Fig. 2). The ridge run rests on five columns (Fig. 7), each of which has its own foundation column. Between themselves and with the supports, the legs are connected with

With the help of metal squares and plates. From above, the rafters are protected by Tyvek Supro diffusion waterproof film, which is fixed with a crate for BENDERS (Sweden) tiles. From below, the rafters are covered with polyethylene film and sheathed with tinted and varnished two-strip "lining" and false beams with a section of 90-70 mm (Fig. 7, 8, 16). The space between the tiles and the "lining" is filled with insulation. The roof overhangs are made wide (3050 mm) - they form a shelter for the terrace.

Construction technology. House insulation

Almost every corner of the house is insulated: concrete floor, corners and blind cells of the frame, mauerlat, roof. The windows have electrically heated double-glazed windows. Insulation 190 and 400 mm thick, respectively, is embedded in the filling of the "sandwiches" of the walls and roof. Insulation technology - know-how of the material manufacturer Ekovilla (EKOVILLA, Finland). It consists of crumbs of cellulose fibers with the addition of foamed borate powder. The work is being carried out

The subcontractor after the construction of the shell of the house: the walls and roof are sheathed on the outside, electrical wiring is laid in the frame. In order for the insulation to fit more tightly into the cavity, it is slightly moistened. Filling is carried out in sections, starting from the roof. The planned area is covered with a plastic film (Fig. 5, 6) and a heater is blown under it through a hose. Then he is given

Lie down so that the fibers "hook" and dry with warm air. After that, the area is lined, keeping the film as a vapor barrier. On the walls (fig. 8, 9, 10) the film can be replaced with kraft paper to improve steam removal. Hard-to-reach areas are insulated mineral wool Paroc.

Construction technology. Wiring

The main "dispatcher" in the house was a concrete floor 80 mm thick. Inside it are hidden wiring of cold and hot water (Fig. 21); power supply cables (Fig. 12) to appliances in the kitchen, in the sauna, in the utility and technical rooms, to window heating transformers and outdoor lighting; heating circuits for hot water

Floors (Fig. 11); pipes of the PUZER central vacuum cleaner system (Finland). Cables and pipelines are hidden in corrugated hoses. For water supply networks, pipes made of cross-linked polyethylene were used. The electrical wiring was carried out with copper according to the scheme with zero protective grounding. Wiring to switches and sockets was carried out inside the frame of walls and partitions with NYM cable (Spain). For underfloor heating, a system of materials from WIRSBO (Sweden) was used.

Construction technology. Window

The translucent structures of the house occupy almost three-quarters of its outer walls (Fig. 13, 8). Most of these structures are blind showcase-type windows with a height of 2850 mm. They are equipped with double-glazed windows with electrically heated glass SGG Eglas. Packages with a thickness of 31 mm were mounted directly into the cells of the frame with a quarter of 27 mm selected in them. Sealed with silicone sealant. They were pressed to the frame with platbands through a soft felt

Gasket. In order not to destroy the package with excessive force, when tightening the screws, short spacers of calibrated thickness were placed under the platbands (Fig. 14). Higher large windows the openings are filled with double-glazed windows, but already of "normal" sizes. Windows with reclining transoms are built into some cells of the frame for ventilation (Fig. 15).

The roof of the house is a typical element: a gable rafter structure without attic space, but with wide overhangs. The roof is a "pie" of Exclusive Antique tiles (BENDERS) and a layer of insulation covered with Tyvek Supro waterproofing film (DUPONT, France). Hidden gutters (RANNILA, Finland) are recessed into the roof structure. Wide overhangs are needed in order to protect the terraces from the sun and rain. But if there is not enough natural light on them, transparent triplex inserts are mounted in the overhangs. Terraces encircle the cottage almost along the entire perimeter. The level of the flooring coincides with the general level of the floor, which makes them a natural extension of the interior spaces. This increases the useful area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe building and allows you to organize the external space around it.

Of course, the interior design is chosen by the owners and cannot be fully typical. Nevertheless, some finishing elements are offered by the developer as optimal. All internal walls of the building are first covered with SCHAUMAN WOOD facing plywood panels. They are treated with white translucent varnish Paneeli Dssd AssA (TIKKURILA). As an option, you can use high-quality wood paneling from "euro lining". In the bathrooms - ceramic tiles (over drywall or brick wall) and glass blocks. In this house, except for the bathroom, there is no additional cladding. The end planes of the gables under the roof overhangs and the upper sections of the internal partitions are glazed. This solution creates a feeling of lightness and spaciousness, necessary in a country house. In addition, during the day, a darker, wood-paneled ceiling floods in with natural light throughout the entire length of the building. And in the dark, it is illuminated by lamps that are hidden in a beam laid along the perimeter of the house.

Used as flooring massive board and ceramic tiles. And since the heating of GLORIA HOUSE houses is carried out due to underfloor heating, here they use wooden coverings suitable for constant contact with a heated base. In this case, a board made of heat-treated Real Floor birch (Finland), coated with Osmo Color composition based on natural oils and waxes.

A few words about planning decisions. The house is designed for permanent residence of a family of two adults, so all the necessary premises were placed on one floor and small open mezzanines half a floor high.

The central place in the interior is occupied by the combined space of the living room-dining room-kitchen with a fireplace. This is a two-height room with panoramic windows and a large bay window, the ceilings at the highest point reach four meters. From here there are two exits to open terraces located on opposite sides of the building. The master bedroom, bathroom and sauna adjoin this room on the right, and the guest bedroom and bathroom on the left. Both bedrooms have panoramic windows and niches. From both, you can climb the mezzanine, of which there are two in the house - one in each wing.

Here is a house equipped and decorated according to the latest European building fashion. Of course, the project can be significantly reduced in cost by abandoning many expensive elements, but the customers immediately took a different path. Well, everyone is free to choose the lifestyle that suits him.

Construction technology. Heating and ventilation

Supplying the house with heat and fresh air is as economical and efficient as it is unusual for Russian reality. First of all, heat is obtained not from fuel combustion, but with the help of a heat pump from the Finnish company IVT (Fig. 17). That is, it is collected bit by bit in the surrounding space. Most of it comes from the bowels of the earth through two pipes with antifreeze immured in the well. Another amount is taken from the exhausted room air, which is thrown out into the street. The heat pump heats water for the underfloor heating system (Fig. 17) and hot water supply. On days of severe frost, a fireplace (Fig. 16) with a power of 5 kW comes to his aid.

Ventilation in the house is forced. The network of ventilation ducts is laid partly under false ceilings (Fig. 19), partly (to remote areas) under the floor using flexible insulated hoses (Fig. 21). Not Fresh air is taken from the middle zone of the house through the grate (Fig. 16) and sent by the fan to the heat exchanger (Fig. 18) of the MEPTEK system. There, the heat pump “appropriates” its heat and directs it to water heating. The heat exchanger also receives fresh air, which is heated in winter and cooled in summer using the same heat pump. Further, the conditioned air is distributed through the air ducts (ceiling and underfloor) and enters the rooms of the house. The operation of the systems is controlled by smart electronics SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC (Germany).

Construction technology. Water supply

Cold water is supplied to the house from autonomous well. It is equipped with an insulated caisson, where there is a pumping station and a hydromembrane tank with a volume of 50 liters, which maintains a constant pressure in the water supply network. Water only passes mechanical cleaning from suspensions. All hot water consumers are connected by separate pipelines (Fig. 21) to a collapsible manifold. into it hot water(with a temperature of 50 C) is supplied by the circulation pump from the buffer tank of the heat pump. Connection to plumbing fixtures is carried out according to the "out of the wall" scheme using fittings H GFORS

(Finland) (Fig. 20). Effluent is discharged by gravity along sewer pipes from PVC laid under the floor. The entry and distribution points of most communications are concentrated in the technical room, where the geothermal installation, the central unit of ventilation systems and the power unit of the central vacuum cleaner are located.

Construction technology. Terrace

In terms of area and constructive-architectural solution, the terrace is perceived as an integral part of the house. Its roof is covered with a common roofing carpet with the main building, and the floors are made on the same level with its floors (Fig. 22). The skeleton of the terrace was erected immediately after the installation of the roof truss system. It rests on several (from 10 to 16 pieces in two rows, depending on the configuration of the terrace)

Shallow foundation pillars (250-250 mm) on each side of the house. On them, through waterproofing pads, longitudinal doubled beams are laid, and on top - transverse logs, resting at the end on the tape of the foundation of the building. Into the pillars of the inner row

(5 pcs.) during pouring, two embedded rods were inserted with a threaded part (M20) protruding 100 mm above the concrete. During the installation of the terrace, support bushings were screwed onto these rods and wooden columns were lowered from above (Fig. 23), which support the purlin of the roof of the terrace (previously, holes for the rods were drilled at the end of the columns). In order to ensure structural rigidity with a large width of the roof overhang above the terrace,

The rafter legs of the roof were extended on both sides with boards (120 45 mm) and a running beam was brought under them. The adjustable position of the columns makes it possible to ensure their reliable contact with the purlin and, if necessary, to lower it as the house settles. Depending on the architectural solution of a particular building, some sections of the overhang

Roofs can be decorated from below with "lining" or covered with translucent material. After sheathing the walls outside, in the underground of the terrace, electrical wiring was laid (in metal hoses) to the places where outdoor lighting devices were installed (Fig. 4, 13). After that, the flooring was mounted, fences were made and lamps were installed (Fig. 24, 26). All wooden parts were covered with protective compounds in several layers (Fig. 22).

Construction technology. Storm system

The house is equipped reliable system storm water drainage. It consists of two main parts: underground and aboveground. The first began to be built along with the foundation. First, a layer of earth about 0.7 m deep and about 2 m wide was removed along the perimeter of the house from the outside. and then two layers of polyurethane foam with a total thickness of 100 mm.

The heat insulator was covered with geofabric, leading it up to the foundation. Thus, it was protected from erosion and freezing. Then everything was covered with sand, rubble and a narrow strip of concrete pavement. In the corners of the house, drains were brought into drainage plastic wells. The mouths of the wells with inspection hatches were brought out of the ground by 10-20 cm (Fig. 25). From the deepest, drains are discharged by gravity through a PVC pipe to a storage tank, and from it to the relief or are used for household needs, for example, for irrigation.

The drainage system from the roof is unusually made. At the ends of the overhangs of the roof of the house and the garage shed, hidden gutters are mounted. They are hidden in V-shaped wooden troughs, which are nailed to the beveled ends of the overhang beams (Fig. 27). On the other wall, the troughs are stuffed into pieces of beams so that they look like a continuation of the overhang beams and give the impression that the trough is cut into them. The RANNILA metal drain is connected at the ends to a drain pipe laid along the nearest column (Fig. 22, 25, 27) and draining water to the ground.

Construction technology. septic tank

While two people live in the house, a large-volume septic tank (Fig. 28) is used (SAKO LABKO, Finland). Effluent flows into it by gravity through the main outlet, laid at a depth of about 1 m. The tank was buried to a depth of about 2.5 m, stands on a sand cushion and was covered with a mixture of sand and cement from the outside. From groundwater, this mixture has turned into a strong shell that securely holds the container in the ground and creates additional thermal protection. A PVC septic tank with a working volume of about 6 m 3 is filled in about a month. During this time, the sediments have time to ferment and decompose. Once every 3-4 weeks, a sewage truck arrives. If such a mode of operation turns out to be economically unprofitable, the option with biological subsoil post-treatment will come into effect. The site is reserved. In this case, the machine will take the sediment from the septic tank only once a year.

An enlarged calculation of the cost of work and materials for the construction of a two-story house similar to the one presented

Name of works	Unit rev.	Qty	Price, $	Cost, $
FOUNDATION WORKS
Stakeout, grading, development and excavation	m 3	38	18	684
Backfilling, soil compaction	m 3	12	7	84
Crushed stone foundation device	m 2	140	8	1120
The device of the foundations of tape reinforced concrete	m 3	32	60	1920
The device of a monolithic reinforced concrete slab	m 3	33	60	1980
Coated side insulation	m 2	90	3	270
TOTAL				6060
Heavy concrete	m 3	65	62	4030
Granite crushed stone, sand	m 3	70	28	1960
Bitumen-polymer mastic, hydrostekloizol	m 2	90	2,8	252
Fittings, knitting wire, lumber, etc.	set	1	510	510
TOTAL				6750
WALLS
Arrangement of framed external walls and internal partitions	m 2	199	20	3980
Floor device	m 2	140	12	1680
TOTAL				5660
Applied materials by section
Frame, panels, lumber for mounting facade walls, ceilings and internal partitions, fasteners, consumables	set	-	-	28300
TOTAL				28 300
ROOF DEVICE
Installation of the truss structure	m 2	190	8	1520
Installation of rafter and ridge shields	m 2	190	6	1140
Tiling device	m 2	190	12	2280
TOTAL				4940
Applied materials by section
Tile BENDERS	m 2	190	28	5320
Vapor, wind and water barrier films DUPONT	m 2	190	2	380
Built-in gutter system RANNILA	set	1	560	560
TOTAL				6260
WARM CIRCUIT
Insulation of coatings and ceilings with insulation	m 2	190	2	380
Filling openings with windows and door blocks	m 2	46	35	1610
TOTAL				1990
Applied materials by section
Insulation (Finland)	m 2	190	3	570
Window blocks - double-glazed window with electric heating SGG Eglas	m 2	34	720	24480
Doors	PCS.	6	-	2300
TOTAL				27 350
ENGINEERING SYSTEMS
Autonomous water supply device (well)	set	-	-	2460
Sewer system installation (septic tank)	set	-	-	3100
Fireplace device	set	-	-	1980
Installation of the ventilation system	set	-	-	1350
Plumbing and electric installation work	set	-	-	9800
TOTAL				18 690
Applied materials by section
SAKO LABKO septic tank	set	1	-	5700
Fireplace TAKKATAITURIT	set	1	-	2400
IVT geothermal pump	set	1	-	11400
System " Smart House" SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC	set	1	-	10280
Water treatment system	set	1	-	690
Sauna	set	1	-	2300
Central vacuum cleaner PUZER	set	1	-	1260
System forced ventilation MEPTEK	set	1	-	4850
Plumbing and electrical installation equipment	set	1	-	5300
TOTAL				44 180
FINISHING WORK
The device of plank coverings	m 2	197	10	1970
Surface tiling with ceramic tiles	m 2	18	16	288
TOTAL				2260
Applied materials by section
Ceramic tile	m 2	18	27	486
REAL FLOOR floor boards	m 2	197	94	18518
Staircase JIDEART	set	1	-	1200
Varnishes TIKKURILA	set	-	-	980
TOTAL				21 190
TOTAL cost of work				39 600
TOTAL cost of materials				134 000
TOTAL				173 600

If you want to build an extraordinary, unlike the neighbor's house, take a closer look at the houses under a pitched roof. It gives the building originality. In addition, a shed roof is the easiest to construct. So simple that it is quite possible to do it yourself.

Advantages and disadvantages

Shed roofs are considered the most inexpensive and easy to install. And this is true, especially with a small width of the building. However, in our country, houses with shed roofs are very rare. For the most part, this is due to the fact that two or four pitched roofs are more familiar to us - they look more familiar. The second snag is to find a project adapted to our needs. weather. There are a lot of projects on Western resources, but they are designed for a milder climate, as a rule, they have a large glass area. Finding an architect who will competently change the project you like is very difficult. But if you still succeed, and at the same time the harmony of the building is not disturbed, the house turns out to be very original.

Many are afraid of uneven ceilings in some part of the building. Of course, they are more difficult to beat than the standard ones, but the result is of a completely different level - 100% original. True, this time it is very difficult to find a designer who can design such an interior in the vastness of our Motherland, however, it is possible.

There is another way out - to align the ceilings due to the overlap, and use the free space under the roof as Technical buildings. Implemented and such options and the owners are very satisfied. Yes, the technical rooms are on the ground floor, but upstairs, but there are no problems with groundwater.

These are, perhaps, all the disadvantages or pitfalls that a pitched roof can bring. There is, however, one more point that can hardly be called a disadvantage. Due to the peculiarity of the structure, the roofing material on such houses is not visible from the ground. If the terrain is flat, without large elevation changes, there is no point in bothering with the appearance of the roof. It is better to choose simple-looking, but high-quality materials, quiet (the plane is large, it makes a lot of noise in the rain) and reliable. One of the popular options is seam roofing. It provides the proper degree of tightness, not very noisy. Another option is from modern materials. Such roofs are even quieter, and modern materials can be used for 20-30 years without repair.

Shed roof device

Organize the required slope of the shed roof due to the difference in heights of opposite walls. One wall of the building is much higher than the other. This leads to an increased consumption of materials for the walls, but the rafter system is very simple, especially for buildings of small width.

With sufficient bearing capacity of the walls, the truss system of a pitched roof rests on a Mauerlat attached to the wall. To make the load distribution more uniform, the upper row of masonry walls is reinforced with longitudinal reinforcement (for brick walls, concrete blocks) or an armored belt is poured over the last row (for walls made of limestone, shell rock). In the case of a wooden or frame structure, the role of the Mauerlat is usually performed by the last crown or upper harness.

With insufficient strength of the building material of the walls, most of the load can be transferred to the ceiling. To do this, install racks (step - about 1 meter), on which runs are laid - long bars running along the building. Then the rafter legs rest on them.

When pouring the armored belt or laying the last row, studs are installed in it, with a step of 80-100 cm, with the help of which the Mauerlat is then attached to the walls of the building. AT wooden houses, if you do not make an armored belt, it is impossible to lay studs. In this case, installation on pins with a hexagonal head is allowed. Under the pin, a hole is drilled through the Mauerlat, a couple of millimeters smaller than the diameter of the pin. A metal rod is hammered into it, which attracts wooden beam to Wall. The connection is tightened with a hex wrench of the required size.

Shed roof truss system

Such roofs are especially popular in the construction of courtyard buildings - sheds, garages. It's just that the dimensions of the buildings allow the use of not very powerful beams, and the beams are required in a small amount. With a building width of up to 6 meters, the shed roof truss system contains almost no additional reinforcing elements (props and girders), which is beneficial. Also attracted by the absence of complex knots.

For Central Russia, for a span of up to 5.5 meters, beams of 50-150 mm are taken, up to 4 meters, 50-100 mm is enough, although in a good way, you need to consider the snow and wind load specifically in your region, and, based on this, be determined with beam parameters.

With a distance between the walls of up to 4.5 meters, a shed roof consists of two Mauerlat bars fixed on the walls and rafter legs that rest on the Mauerlat. A very simple design indeed.

With a span width of 4.5 meters to 6 meters, another bed is required, fixed on a higher wall at the level of the ceiling and a rafter leg, which rests against the beam almost in the middle. The slope angle of this beam depends on the distance between the walls and the level of installation of the bed.

More complex truss systems in a shed roof with a building width of more than 6 meters. In this case, it is optimal if the house is designed in such a way that there is also a load-bearing wall inside, on which the racks rest. With a house width of up to 12 meters, the trusses are still simple, and the cost of roofing is minimal.

For buildings with a width of more than 12 meters, the system becomes more complicated - there are more rafter legs. In addition, the manufacture of beams longer than 6 meters is expensive. If an increase is required only by the width of the roof overhangs, the beams are grown along the edges with fillies. These are pieces of beams of the same section, connected to the beam and fixed on the sides with two wooden plates at least 60 cm long, fastened with bolts or nails, allow the use of mounting plates.

If the total length of the beam is more than 8 meters, they are usually spliced. The joints are additionally reinforced by nailing boards or mounting plates.

Options for attaching rafters to the Mauerlat: sliding glory at the top and hard at the top right. Bottom right tie-in option without overhangs (very rarely used)

There may still be questions about how to attach the rafters of shed roofs to the Mauerlat. There are no fundamental differences. Everyone also makes a cutout in the rafter leg, with which the timber rests against the Mauerlat. In order not to suffer with each rafter leg, aligning its fit, sawing out the first one, a template is made from a piece of board, thick plywood or timber, exactly repeating the resulting “drank”. All subsequent rafters are cut down before installation. A template is applied to them in the right place, a notch of the required shape and size is circled and cut out.

This was about the rigid fastening of the rafter legs to the Mauerlat. It is used on all buildings that have low shrinkage. On wooden houses, this method of fastening cannot be used - the house settles all the time or rises slightly, which may cause a skew. If the roof is fixed rigidly, it may tear. Therefore, when constructing a shed or any other roof on wooden houses, a sliding connection of rafters and Mauerlat is used. For this there are so-called "sliders". These are plates, a state of corners that are attached to the Mauerlat and metal strips movably connected to them, which are attached to the rafter leg. There are two such slippers on each rafter.

The choice of the angle of the roof

The angle of the roof slope is determined by a combination of indicators - wind and snow loads and the type of roofing material. First, they are determined with an angle according to climatic conditions (depending on the amount of precipitation and wind loads). After looking at the minimum recommended slope for the selected type of roofing material (in the table below).

If the desired angle is larger, everything is fine, if it is smaller (which happens very rarely), increase it to the recommended one. Making a roof with an angle less than the minimum angle recommended by the roofing manufacturer is not worth it for sure - it will flow at the joints. To make it easier to navigate, let's say that for Central Russia the recommended slope of a shed roof is 20 °. But it is desirable to count the figure for each region, and even for a different location of the building on the site.

By the way, keep in mind that different manufacturers of the same type of roofing material may require a different minimum slope. For example, one brand can be produced on a roof with a minimum slope of 14 °, the other - at 16 °. And this despite the fact that GOST defines a minimum slope of 6 °.

It is also worth remembering that with a slope of up to 12 °, in order to ensure the tightness of any roofing material, it is necessary to coat all the joints of the material with a liquid waterproofing composition (usually bituminous mastic, less often roofing sealant).

Determine the height to which you want to raise the wall

To ensure the found angle of slope of a shed roof, it is necessary to raise one of the walls higher. How much higher we learn, remembering the formulas for calculating a right triangle. From them we find the length of the rafter legs.

When calculating, do not forget that the length is obtained without taking into account overhangs, and they are needed to protect the walls of the house from precipitation. The minimum overhang is 20 cm. But with such a small protrusion outside the building, the shed roof looks sparse. Therefore, overhangs of at least 60 cm are usually made on one-story buildings. On two-story buildings, they can be up to 120 cm. In this case, the width of the overhang is determined based on aesthetic considerations - the roof should look harmonious.

The easiest way to determine how much you need to extend the roof is in design programs that allow you to draw a building on a scale and “play around” with overhangs. Everything should be displayed in 3 dimensions (most popular program Scratch Up). Twist different sizes of overhangs in it, decide which one looks better (this is if there is no project), and then order / make rafters.

Photo report from the construction site: shed roof on a house made of aerated concrete

A house was built in St. Petersburg. There was no project, there was a general idea, which is presented in the photo. The house is made of aerated concrete, the finishing is plaster, the roof is folded, chosen based on low cost, reliability, ease of installation.

After the walls were driven out, an armored belt was poured into them, in which studs (Ø 10 mm) were installed every meter. When the concrete in the armored belt has reached the required perversity, bituminous mastic laid a layer of waterproofing ("Gidroizol", cut lengthwise into strips of the desired width). A Mauerlat is laid on top of the waterproofing - a beam of 150-150 mm. All lumber used for roofing is dry, processed protective impregnations, flame retardants.

The beginning of the installation of a shed roof - laying the Mauerlat

It is first put in place (it lies on studs, held by assistants), they pass along, knocking with a hammer on the places where the studs are. The places where the studs stick out are imprinted in the beam. Now drill holes and just put it on the studs.

Since the span is large, supports made of timber (150-150 mm) were installed, on which a run was laid that will support the rafter legs.

The width of the roof is 12 meters. This is taking into account the removal of 1.2 meters from the front side. Therefore, the Mauerlat bars and the run “stick out” beyond the walls for just such a distance.

At first there were doubts about such a large offset - the rightmost beam hangs 2.2 meters. If this offset is reduced, it will be bad for the walls, and the appearance will deteriorate. Therefore, it was decided to leave everything as it is.

Laying rafters

The rafters are laid from two spliced ​​boards 200 * 50 mm, with a step of 580 mm. Boards are knocked down with nails, in a checkerboard pattern (top-bottom), with a step of 200-250 mm. Nail heads on the right, then on the left, in pairs Two on the top / bottom on the right, two on the top / bottom on the left, etc.). We spread the splicing points of the boards by less than 60 cm. The resulting beam is much more reliable than a similar solid beam.

Further, the shed roof pie for this case is as follows (from the side of the attic - to the street): vapor barrier, stone wool 200 mm, ventilation gap (batten, counter-batten), moisture insulation, roofing material. In this case, it is a dark gray pural.

We will carry out insulation from the inside later, but for now, we are laying a hydro-wind-protective membrane "Tyvek Solid" (vapor-permeable) on top of the rafters.

The membrane is laid from the bottom up, fastened with staples from a stapler. The canvas that rolls out higher goes onto the one already laid by 15-20 cm. The joint is glued with a double-sided tape (bought together with the membrane). Then, strips are stuffed over the membrane, on them - a crate for a folded roof.

First, a crate was made from a board 25 * 150 mm in increments of 150 mm. After laying, walking along the roof, it was decided to strengthen the crate. To do this, between the already laid boards we fill the boards with a width of 100 mm. Now there is a gap of 25 mm between the boards.

Shed roof sheathing as a result

Further, on the lower pediment, hooks were stuffed for. They are packed unevenly, because due to the large length of the pediment, it was decided to make two receiving funnels at a distance of 2.8 meters from the edge. To ensure flow in two directions, such a relief was made.

Next, you need to bring in pieces of metal (paintings) 12 meters long. They are not heavy, but you can’t bend them, because the “sled” disappears. For lifting, a temporary "bridge" was built connecting the ground and the roof. Sheets were lifted along it.

Next comes roofing work, which differs depending on the type of roofing material. In this case, it was necessary to solve the problem of thermal expansion of the material - galvanized steel (pural) significantly changes its dimensions when heated / cooled. To ensure freedom of expansion, it was decided to fasten the material to the crate behind the seam with movable clamps with a freedom of movement of 15-20 mm.

After laying the roofing material, the filing of the overhangs remains, and they are no different.

The roof needs to be brought “to mind” - to hem the overhangs, but, basically, it is already ready

Well, in the photo below is what happened after finishing. Very modern, stylish and unusual.

Shed roof house - almost finished

Projects and photos of houses with a pitched roof

As already mentioned, hard to find interesting projects residential buildings with a pitched roof. So far, these buildings are not popular with us. Perhaps just because of its eccentricity. This section contains several projects or photos of already built houses. Maybe someone will be useful at least as an idea.

Large windows - beautiful, but irrational in our climate

Multi-level house - an interesting completed project

This is the prototype of the one above.

Original house. Under one shed roof and a house and household buildings, and even part - a canopy over the yard between two buildings

When we talk about "types of roofs" and "types of roofs of houses", we do not always clearly understand the difference between these two concepts. Therefore, before talking about what roofs are, let's find out the differences in the concepts of "roof" and "roof".

The roof (in the traditional sense) is a part of the building structure that provides protection from all types of precipitation, retains heat or protects against overheating. That is, this is the entire upper structure of the structure. For a modern stone building with flat design- these are floor slabs, heat and waterproofing. Exit, fences, ventilation ducts and their protection, antenna attachment elements, funnels for storm drains are also roof elements. There is no consensus regarding the ownership of the hatch with a lock, which is hung by the ZhES so that they do not climb on the roof. For a house with an inclined (pitched) structure, this concept includes a supporting truss system or trusses, insulation, hydro and wind insulation, pipes, weather vanes and roofing.

In fact, from the point of view of Soviet building science, the roof is a pre-revolutionary and illiterate concept, and only the progressive term “covering” should be used. But in life, even professional designers and builders rarely use it. Perhaps due to the possibility of a dual interpretation. In part, the definition of “covering” has taken root in relation to structures with a supporting reinforced concrete or metal base, mainly flat ones. And to call the upper part of St. Basil's Cathedral or the roof of a village hut a “covering” would never occur to any architect, even though they were taught “correctly”.

The roof is only a shell that protects the coating from atmospheric influences. The roof does not perform load-bearing functions. That is, floor slabs, truss system, beams, insulation do not apply to the roof. Often, it includes a load-bearing roof preparation: lathing, flooring, screed. The material laid on the prepared surface: Soviet roofing material and slate, folk Russian-French ondulin, fabulous German tiles and New Russian copper are called roofing.

Flat and pitched designs

Roofs are flat and pitched. In accordance with SNiP, roofs with a slope of up to 12 ° are flat, with a large slope - pitched. On flat roofs, the slope is arranged to remove precipitation, 1.5-3 ° is enough.

The flat roof provides a lot of room for imagination in terms of design.

The pitched roof can be very original.

Attic and non-attic roofs

As the name implies, an attic roof has an attic, a non-attic one does not. The Russian hut, and indeed most types of traditional dwellings of all countries and peoples, have a ventilated attic. With the exception of mobile housing: yurts, tents, wigwams. It's hard to do there. Also, there are no attics among the tribes living in the equatorial jungle, they do not need them. Attics (technical floors) are in modern multi-storey residential buildings. Therefore, if the roof leaks, the tenants will not know about it immediately.

Atticless (synonymous - combined) coatings can be pitched (mansard) and flat. We are familiar with flat combined structures from panel "Khrushchev". The attic device allows you to use the attic as a full-fledged living space. Non-attic and mansard roofs require good thermal insulation of the upper floor. The roof of a one-story building can also be combined.

The combined gable roof in a one-story house creates the impression of spaciousness

Types of flat coverings

In terms of layout, flat roofs are quite similar, differing mainly in design. According to the mutual arrangement of the layers of insulation and waterproofing, in addition to the usual type, inversion roofs are also distinguished, in this case, a hygroscopic (waterproof) insulation is located above the waterproofing layer. As load-bearing structures in flat roofs, prefabricated or monolithic reinforced concrete, metal profiles with metal beams, wooden beams with solid decking.

The structure of the roof of a flat roof over a reinforced concrete slab is multi-layer

The area of ​​flat roofs can be used by laying a covering that can be walked on: ceramic or paving slabs, boardwalk, or by arranging a lawn on the roof.

In New York, a program has been adopted to turn the roofs of public buildings into gardens and lawns.

In fact, arranging a lawn on the roof of a house is not as difficult as you might think. Perhaps the only thing that is relatively expensive is a waterproofing polymer membrane. Everything else is quite simple, and grass care is standard: it needs to be mowed and watered in a drought. A layer of earth additionally protects the premises from cold in winter and from overheating in summer.

The design of the lawn on the roof is quite simple. It is necessary to use reliable waterproofing - a roofing polymer membrane

Pitched construction details

Before talking about what roof shapes are, let's define the main details of pitched roofs and terms. Main elements: ridge, inclined rib, valley (groove). Overhangs are divided into cornice (lower) and gable (end or gable). For most types of roofing, in addition to the base material, there are separate additional elements for protecting and decorating roof details.

The main elements of pitched roofs are standard.

Consider what are the roofs of houses, depending on the configuration. The forms of pitched roofs are very diverse. More often, the most simple in design and rational single-pitched, gable and hip types and roof structures are used.

The first eight types shown in the illustration are available to a private developer of average income. The rest are quite complex and expensive to implement.

Consider the individual types of roofs and their properties in more detail.

Shed cover

A roof with one slope is as simple as possible structurally, has a minimum number of parts. There is no ridge, for non-ventilated roofing (for example, flexible tile, folded roof) there is no need for special ventilation elements. It is enough to provide a ventilation layer above the insulation, and ventilation holes can be placed in the filing. A shed roof does not have valleys, ribs and ridges, which are most exposed to atmospheric influences. The maximum wear of roofing in cold climates occurs in the valley, as snow and ice lie there longer. A simple roof with a slope in one direction is exposed to uniform rainfall, ultraviolet radiation and wind. The snow load is also distributed evenly. Ceteris paribus, a shed roof will last a little longer. And it will cost less: the truss system is simpler, the minimum number of not always cheap additional elements.

Russian project of a typical house with a shed roof. A high slope with living rooms should be oriented to the sunny side

Shed roofs are quite popular in developed countries. More often they are used for inexpensive, or, conversely, prestigious housing. For a house with an attic, one slope allows you to rationally organize the layout, bringing living quarters under a high slope, and stairs, bathrooms, and wardrobes under a low slope. In a premium-class home, such a roof makes it possible to create a magnificent interior.

For the construction of this country house applied simple materials: wood, galvanized metal profile and a lot of glass. Large roof overhangs protect the walls from precipitation, and the premises from overheating. Athermal stained glass windows fill the house with light, open up the landscape and protect people from the cold

The roof with one barrel-shaped slope looks quite interesting.

Gable design

The most common form in the world. A gable (gable) roof is traditional in almost all countries where at least some precipitation occurs. It is not much more difficult to build a supporting structure for two slopes than for one. It is very durable, especially if it is possible to build a closed truss system using a puff.

The tightening (2) tightens the rafter legs (1). From the closed triangular contour, only the vertical load is transferred to the Mauerlat (3) and the wall.

For large spans, additional supports must be used.

The gable roof is simple in execution, economical in materials, it is not difficult to build it yourself. Gables serve as a better place than slopes for placing windows; it is easy to equip an attic.

The gable roof fits perfectly into the design of the frame house, allows you to rationally use the space of the upper floor

The slopes do not have to have the same slope; the shape of the roof may be asymmetrical. The slope of the roof is determined mainly by the layout of the second floor.

Peaked roofs half-timbered houses traditionally hid attics where residents kept some of their supplies. In this reconstructed house, the attic is adapted for living quarters.

The Swiss chalet has a gable roof with a slight slope.

The minimal slope and open space of the upper floor create a wonderful, spacious interior.

A gable roof can have many options. With a house plan more complex than a simple rectangle, more complex roof shapes are inevitable.

Gable roof with additional gable. With a stretch, it can be called multi-forceps

A gable (as, indeed, a shed) roof is perfect for landscaping.

Green roof slope must not exceed 25°

hip view

A hipped or hipped roof is more complicated than a gable roof. Both the rafter system and the roofing will cost more. But you do not have to build masonry gables. With an inexpensive roofing (asbestos slate, ondulin), a hip roof, taking into account the absence of gables, will cost less than a gable roof. At more expensive - hardly. Of the positive properties of the hip structure, one can name the optimal aerodynamic resistance of such a structure, which in general can increase its service life (slightly). The slopes on all sides of the house allow you to make large canopies around the perimeter of the entire structure, providing the walls the best protection from precipitation. But in the organization of the attic space, the hipped roof loses.

Simple four-pitched attic roof

There are varieties of hip roofs: semi-hip (an intermediate type of roof between a gable and hip), hip with a visor, or their varieties.

The main part of the roof is quite complex shape- half hip. On the right, a bay window with a multi-pitched roof is attached, a pediment is arranged.

The windows in the hip roof have to be built into the slopes, into the roofing. This complicates their construction and operation and is often more expensive than placing a window in a pediment.

Skylights of this type are called "bull's eye"

Multi-slope variety

A hipped roof is called a hipped roof. But if the house does not have four outer corners, but more, there will also be more slopes. A roof with more than four slopes is called a multi-pitched roof.

Multi-pitched roof is difficult to install

A hipped roof is called a hipped roof, all the faces (slopes) and edges of which converge at one upper point. Such a roof does not have a horizontal ridge.

Shed roof. Three types of skylights are placed on it at once

Mansard construction

Roofs are called mansard various forms and types that share one common feature: the shape of the slope is broken to increase the height of the attic space. Thus, it is possible to avoid the installation of sloping ceilings, to arrange full-fledged rooms at the top. The broken contour of the rafters can be used for any type of roof: gable, hip, semi-hip and so on.

The truss construction of a gable mansard roof was assembled.

The design of the mansard roof allows you to connect the upper and lower beams (puff), racks, rafters into a single truss, which provides it with extreme strength and allows you to somewhat reduce the cross section of the frame elements.

The load from the mansard roof truss is transferred vertically

Mounting the load-bearing structures of mansard roofs is more difficult than for prototypes with a straight slope. Slightly larger roof area. Accordingly, the cost is higher. However, these costs are paid off by increasing the area of ​​\u200b\u200bnormal height on the attic floor.

Mansard roof based on a gable roof. Additional fractures in the eaves area allow creating large overhangs, making the roof vaguely reminiscent of Chinese pagodas

Pleasant to the eye hip mansard roof. Slopes divided into different volumes, the lower part has a curvilinear shape

Roofs of complex shape

All kinds of domed, conical and closed roofs are complex in execution and were invented by architects to decorate important public buildings. After the period of “crimson jackets” and “locks on the ruble”, complex roofs in the architecture of individual residential buildings are not common.

Residential building with a complex domed roof

Sometimes complex roofs are made up of known elements and are "hybrids" of different types.

This roof combines the features of a gable, hip, semi-hip, pyramidal and conical roofs.

But people tend to decorate their home, make it unusual. Sometimes there are "hybrid" types of roofs, which are difficult to unambiguously define.

The natural slate roof is definitely not flat. Germany

Simple in form, but unusual roof. To be more precise, this house has two of them, downstairs and upstairs.

The roof of this "dugout" would have been designed for sledding in winter, if palm trees were not reflected in the windows. And what type is it?

The choice of roofing material for a pitched roof

Types of roofing are determined by the material of the roofing. The roof can be tiled, metal, shingled, copper and so on. The choice of roofing is primarily determined by the financial capabilities of the developer, the aesthetic tastes of the spouse and himself, and secondly by the shape of the roof and its slope. Roofs of curvilinear shapes are covered with small-piece or flexible coatings, sheet materials more suitable for simple pitched and gable roofs. In the presence of fractures (inclined ribs, valleys), cutting sheets is less rational.

The table shows the minimum roof slopes for different types of roofing.

For roofs of simple shapes, you can use any roofing materials with no restrictions. Roofs of complex curvilinear shape can only be decorated with small pieces (natural tiles, slate slate, shingles, shingles), flexible ( shingles) coating. A roof made of galvanized steel, copper, steel with a titanium-zinc coating is also suitable, provided that the elements are individually cut and the fold is made on site.

So, we found out what types of roofs are. What to choose for yourself? First of all, the roof must fit the budget. The more complex the form, the more money have to spend. With gable roof any builder can do it. In Germany, there are 80 percent of such roofs. And why are we worse? If you have the funds, you can think of something more original, but simple things can be done beautifully.