Any sharp turn in the road, uphill or downhill increases the danger of driving and makes it difficult to control. Before sharp turns, as a rule, visibility of the road is limited.

It is easy to make a mistake when estimating the steepness of a turn, even when the road is visible for a long distance.
On mountain roads, you should drive at low speeds with extreme caution.

On long descents, before descending, slow down and shift into a lower gear. When stopping on slopes, you need to rest the wheels against a curb, stone or other obstacle, engage reverse gear and the parking brake.

To check the technical condition of the car and eliminate the malfunction that has appeared in the mountains, overpasses are built in a specially designated place.

• with a slope of at least 23 o - for cars and buses;
• with a slope of 31 o for trucks and road trains.

It must be remembered that when leaving the overpass, premature turning of the steering wheel can cause the vehicle to fall off the overpass.

Driving in traffic

On a road free of vehicles, the driver chooses the speed of the vehicle depending on the road circumstances (width and number of lanes, profile, quality and condition of the vehicle). pavement), visibility conditions and restrictions established by traffic rules.

In each case, the speed must be combined with the surroundings, driver experience, traffic volume and road conditions. The higher the speed, the more difficult it is for the driver, as there is less time left to make a decision.

In the traffic flow, some vehicles move one after another with a limited distance, and the conditions for maneuvering are extremely cramped. In this situation, the driver is deprived of the opportunity to choose the speed of movement.

The speed is set under the influence speed limit of the entire flow and, above all, the head car - the leader. This mode of movement is typical for many roads outside settlements and in cities.
The actions of the driver in dense traffic flows are very intense. Moving in cramped conditions, some drivers lose their temper, take unnecessary risks, trying to get ahead of the flow of vehicles, which often leads to dangerous and emergency situations.
In dense traffic flows, the driver must be able to keep on long time prudence and endurance.

For such streams, the most typical are accidents with passing collisions that occur when the leader brakes, especially on wet and slippery roads. Most often, collisions occur due to driver errors in choosing a distance, inattention, and also due to the inept actions of the driver-leader or his selfish inclinations. The driver-leader must be proactive in relation to the drivers following him and warn them in advance of his every intention.

The choice of distance in the traffic flow is an important task. This is often associated with risks, especially when moving together in a stream of vehicles with different dimensions, traction and braking dynamism. The safe distance depends on the speed of the traffic flow, the size of the leading vehicle, the difference in the characteristics of the braking systems and the load of the vehicles, as well as the type and condition of the road surface.

Taking into account the above factors, the safety distance is chosen equal to the stopping distance, depending on the speed of movement.
In populated areas - it should be approximately equal (in meters) to the speed of the car, expressed in m / s. For example, at a speed of 60 km/h (17 m/s), a distance of 17 m must be maintained.

Outside built-up areas - it should be approximately equal (in meters) to the speed (km / h). For example: when driving at a speed of 50 km / h, the safe distance should be 50 meters; at a speed of 70 km / h - 70 meters, etc.

on the wet dirty road the safety distance must also be increased, otherwise splashes dirty water can get on windshield and reduce visibility.

In dense traffic flows, especially in cities, it is often necessary to move at a distance to the leader that is less than the safety distance. In these cases, the driver must be prepared for instant braking.
You can determine the increased danger with a closed view by different features, for example, intersections - by the behavior of other road users, the location of road signs, and also to judge the intentions of the driver moving ahead by such signs:

• Slow down and move to the right or left with the direction indicators on (stop, turn, turn).
• An increase in speed with the turn indicators on and the vehicle moving - leading or overtaking.
• Moving to the right without slowing down - about the oncoming siding.
• Moving to the left without increasing speed and the included turn signals - about a detour.
• Slowing down and moving to the right edge of the roadway or even to the side of the road when the left turn signal is on is about a U-turn.

If the distance to the leader is increased, drivers of other shorter vehicles with better traction and agility can take advantage of this by lining up behind the leader. You need to react calmly to this.

The driver must also calmly respond to incomprehensible or incorrect actions of the leader and other road users.

On multi-lane roads in dense traffic, changing lanes is a challenge, especially for large trucks, buses, and road trains. It is easier to change lanes in which vehicles move more slowly. In this case, it is sufficient that the distance from the rear end of the vehicle to the front of the vehicle ahead is two to three times the length of your vehicle.

To change lanes in which vehicles move faster, the specified distance must be three to four times the length of the car.

Rebuilding must be clear and in strict accordance with traffic rules.

Driving at intersections and pedestrian crossings

It is known that the most big number Accidents happen at intersections. And since intersections, especially in populated areas, are common and their passage is quite difficult, it is necessary to carefully work out safe maneuvering techniques at intersections, bringing them to automaticity.
Great importance for convenience and safe passage of the intersection have visibility conditions.

It is necessary to remember the sequence of actions when driving through an unregulated intersection:

• Determine the nature of the intersection (crossing equivalent or unequal roads).
• Timely take the necessary lane, check your position on the road.
• Reduce the driving speed to a safe one according to the actual driving conditions.
• Carry out the passage of the intersection in accordance with the rules for the passage of unregulated intersections.
• Be prepared to avoid accidents.
• Be prepared for emergency braking.
• When maneuvering at an intersection, you must:
• Look in the rearview mirror, make sure the maneuver is safe and signal with the turn signal.
• 2-3 seconds after the signal is given by the direction indicator, once again check the situation in the rear-view mirror and start rebuilding.
• At unregulated intersections, the following typical dangerous situations arising:
• In case of violation of the rules traffic. The driver did not give way to a vehicle that has the right of way.
• When visibility is limited due to a turning vehicle.
• When combined with limited visibility with a distraction of attention to the bus or other vehicle.
• If you do not want to let pedestrians pass at a pedestrian crossing, making a right or left turn.
• When turning (road train) not from the extreme right lane to the right due to large dimensions.
• With a combination of traffic violations with inattention.

The technique for performing turns and U-turns at a regulated intersection is similar to the technique for performing these maneuvers at unregulated intersections. Only these maneuvers are carried out with the appropriate traffic lights or traffic controllers.

The following typical dangerous situations arise when passing through regulated intersections:

Collision at a permissive traffic light with a vehicle that did not have time to complete the passage of the intersection in the transverse direction, trying to cross.

A collision in front of an intersection when changing the traffic light due to inattention and inconsistency in the actions of drivers during sudden braking to a green flashing signal.

Collision with a pedestrian completing the crossing of the carriageway with a prohibitory traffic light turned on for him.

Driving at high speed (on the go) to a permissive signal in conditions of insufficient visibility or limited visibility of the road when making turns.

Passage of pedestrian crossings and stopping places of route vehicles

These places are characterized by increased danger due to the frequent sudden appearance of pedestrians.

When approaching a pedestrian crossing, you should reduce your speed in advance, increase your attention, evaluate the conditions of visibility and visibility on it. Moreover, the lower or worse the visibility, the more the speed should be reduced.

Particular attention should be paid to the behavior of pedestrians in inclement weather, at night and in conditions of insufficient visibility (raised umbrella and collar, headgear), etc., rushing while crossing, due to which danger is not noticed.

Major driver error- lack of forecast and inability to detect the appearance of a pedestrian in time.

A sign of danger is the accumulation of pedestrians at the crossing while waiting for a gap between cars moving from traffic violation. In this situation, there is often an impatient pedestrian suddenly running across carriageway.

A characteristic feature of dangerous situations is the presence of crowded places, a bus stop (route vehicles). In these areas, pedestrians are not sufficiently focused due to distraction, tend to run across the road in front of nearby vehicles. The driver must take these factors into account in advance when passing stops of route vehicles.

Exit to the roadway in an unspecified place is quite typical for children. The most important sign of danger is the limited visibility of the nearest roadside space. Fences, dense green spaces in the immediate vicinity of the roadway always significantly increase the likelihood of the sudden appearance of pedestrians, especially children.

Need to slow down in advance, increase attention, increase the distance to the landing and be ready for emergency braking.

Typical dangerous situations at tram stops:

• The driver misses an early sign of danger - a tram stop.
• Does not predict the possible sudden appearance of pedestrians.
• Does not take preliminary measures for the safe passage of a tram stop.

Special conditions (TVS, UNV) and traffic safety

The work of the driver when driving a car takes place in various road conditions and, no less important, climatic conditions. From the way he prepared his workplace depends on fatigue and labor productivity.

There are difficulties for the driver, especially when driving at night and UNV.

At night, the driver's working conditions worsen - the visibility of the road and surrounding objects is reduced. There is a possibility of blinding the headlights of oncoming vehicles. A driver working in a more stressful environment gets tired faster.

At the onset of darkness, when the visibility of the road decreases by a distance of 150 m, it is necessary to turn on the high beam headlights. It should be borne in mind that the illumination of the road with headlights, even when the high beam is on, does not provide good visibility of the surroundings, so drivers must slow down. When passing oncoming traffic, the driver must switch the headlights to dipped beam at a distance of at least 150 m in advance.

In an urban environment- on illuminated streets or roads, when the light of the lamps provides good visibility of the road and the environment, turn on the dipped beam or sidelights. Of great importance while driving at such a time is the condition of the headlights and their adjustment. The road in the immediate vicinity of the car is better illuminated by dipped headlights, so at low speeds it is better to turn on the dipped headlights.
The higher the vehicle speed, the greater the distance the road should be visible. So at a speed of 30 km/h visibility should be 30 m, at a speed of 60 km/h - 90 m, at a speed of 90 km/h - 180 m at least.

When stopped, parking in places with UNV, it is necessary to turn on the alarm, in case of malfunction of the alarm, install an emergency stop sign behind the car no closer than 20 m in populated areas and 40 m outside populated areas.

Driving in the rain the danger is that the surface of the road is wetted along with the dust present on it, which makes the road slippery. During rain, the visibility of the road deteriorates sharply, in this case it is necessary to reduce the speed of movement.

When passing with oncoming vehicles and overtaking, the windshield is splattered. Therefore, the use of a windshield wiper where there is no windshield washer fluid impairs visibility. The resulting puddles fill the potholes in the road, so you need to slow down so as not to fall into the pit. When it rains, the brake pads get wet, which significantly reduces braking efficiency. It is necessary to dry the brake pads more often, for which, at a short distance run, dry the brakes with a few sharp presses on the brake pedal

Driving in fog dangerous because the visibility of the road deteriorates sharply. If the fog is dense, then it is better to wait it out by moving off the carriageway. Objects in fog always appear more distant than they really are. When driving in fog at night, turn on the dipped headlights, fog lights, and sidelights during the day.
Trees, poles and other objects at the edge of the road serve as a guideline while driving. The main beam should not be turned on, as it scatters and only dazzles oncoming drivers. Fog is always at some distance from the road surface, so fog lights are more effective.

Driving on country road has a number of features that the driver must take into account. The absence of heavy traffic, fewer intersections, better visibility of the road - all this weakens the driver's attention, it calms him down, and he does not immediately assess the aggravation of the situation and cannot take timely precautions. The monotonous landscape has a soporific effect on the driver, and if the driver is tired and has been in motion for a long time, he may fall asleep. In order to avoid this, you need to stop, rest, stretch, make a few sudden movements, and if the warm-up does not help, you need to take the car to the side of the road and rest.

Statistics show that almost half of all accidents with the most severe consequences occur during the hours of darkness.
The reduced volume of traffic gives many drivers the confidence that they can drive faster and maneuver more freely than during the day, and the loosening of control creates a sense of impunity.

At night and in conditions of insufficient visibility, the driver most of the time is in a state of increased emotional tension, so he gets tired much faster than during the day. To work on a car in the dark, you need to carefully prepare. The speed of movement in the dark in almost all cases should be less than the speed during the day.

When approaching an oncoming vehicle, the driver must quickly determine whether it is moving or standing still. It is necessary to switch the headlights to low beam when the driver experiences a feeling of inconvenience or when the driver of an oncoming car switched the headlights, but not closer than 250 m to the oncoming vehicle. After switching, set (reduce) the speed due to the reduced visibility distance and observe the right edge of the carriageway.

If the driver of an oncoming vehicle does not turn off the high beam, the headlights must be switched again. In the case when he continues to violate traffic rules, it is necessary to slow down, take to the right and stop in his lane.

Movement on the road in the presence of a track on it.

The track formed by horse-drawn carts is not very deep and of considerable depth. The track width of a horse-drawn cart is less than that of a car, and if it is shallow, then one wheel of the car can be put on the track. If the track is deep, then it is better to refuse it.

When you need to cross the track, you should direct the car obliquely to the track at an angle of 45 degrees. if the track is deep, then it is better to first bring down its edges at the intersection.

Before leaving the track after a stop, you must first turn the steering wheel in the direction opposite to the side of the exit, and then in the direction of the exit. It is necessary to leave in a lower gear, without jerks, smoothly turning the steered wheels so that they do not interfere with leaving the track. In motion, it is necessary to leave the rut with a slight acceleration, in a lower gear.

Passage of puddles and dirty sections of roads.

Such areas must be overcome very carefully. Before entering them, you must first scout them - there may be swampy, dirty areas under water. It is better to drive through a puddle along the existing track - the soil is denser there and there is less chance of getting stuck.

You should switch to a lower gear in advance, move evenly through the puddle, without slowing down or accelerating the car.

Movement on sandy areas.

Overcoming sandy areas, you should choose the safest direction of movement in advance.

• On viscous sand or a long sandy section, deflate the tires in advance to half the pressure Р = 1.8 - 2.0.
• Engage a lower gear and do not change it while driving.
• Try to drive straight, as turns can cause the car to stop or slip.
• On wet sand, you need to drive faster, as low speed leads to swimming of the wheels.

Shallow and narrow ditches, ditches should be overcome at right angles in low gear.

To overcome the water barrier, you must:

• Drive into the water without acceleration, in first gear, at a slight angle to the shore and downstream.
• Drive smoothly, increasing engine speed after overcoming the ford, dry the brakes on a flat area.
• To ensure safety during the ice crossing, it is necessary:
• Explore the most gentle slopes on the ice and exits to the coast, determine the thickness of the ice and its condition,

• When measuring the thickness of ice, only a pure, continuous, vitreous layer of ice is taken into account.
• If there is an air gap between the ice and the water surface, then crossing such ice should be abandoned.
• Move on ice constantly at a speed of 10 - 15 km / h.
• Before the start of the crossing, disembark passengers, open the cabin door and do not close it throughout the crossing.

Driving a car on ice crossings and roads covered with ice does not forgive mistakes and inaccuracies in driving. Most often this is a skid. The cause of skidding can be a sharp acceleration of the vehicle and sudden braking.

Side skid occurs from the impact of centrifugal (on a turn), or transverse inertial force.

Causes of side skid can be:

• non-simultaneous and uneven braking of the wheels due to incorrect adjustment, oiling or wear of the friction linings of the pads;
• unequal air pressure in tires or large wear of the tread pattern; tire puncture;
• too high speed on turns;
• sudden acceleration on slippery roads; hard braking, and especially on wet, muddy, snowy and icy road sections;
• sharp steering wheel turn at high speed.

Thus, the main factor here is the speed of movement, so the driver must pay great attention to choosing the right speed for a particular situation.

Skid, as a rule, is the rear axle and less often - the front. One way to stop a rear axle skid is to turn the front wheels in the direction of the skid. In this case, the steering wheel should be turned smoothly at a small angle. A sharp and large turn of the steering wheel can cause a skid in the opposite direction. At the initial moment of skidding, it is not recommended to immediately release the throttle pedal, disengage the clutch and brake hard, which can only increase skidding.

Driving a car while driving through railway crossings, bridges, tunnels. Vehicle towing.

Vehicle drivers may cross railways, only at railroad crossings. When starting to move after stopping in front of the railroad, the driver must make sure that no train or other rail facility is approaching.

Be guided by the barrier, light and sound alarms, road signs, road markings and instructions and signals of the duty officer for the crossing. The driver must stop at marking 1.12 or in front of a road sign 2.2, a traffic light or a barrier so that he can see the signals. If there are none, no closer than 10 m from the nearest rail to the vehicle.

Movement through the railway station is prohibited in the following cases:

• The officer on duty at the railway station gives a signal for prohibition of movement.
• The barrier is lowered or has begun to lower.
• The prohibitory signal of the traffic light is on (regardless of the position of the barrier).
• A traffic jam has formed behind the crossing, which will force the driver to stop at the crossing.
• If you see a locomotive approaching.

Agricultural, road, construction and other vehicles and mechanisms are allowed to move through the railroad only in the transport position.

In the event of a forced stop of the vehicle at the crossing, immediately disembark people and take measures to free the crossing by the vehicle. Send people in both directions at a distance of at least 1000 m to signal and stop the train. Stay near the vehicle and give alarms, take all measures to free the vehicle from crossing. When a train appears, run towards it, signaling a stop with a circular motion of the hand during the day and a lantern or flashlight at night.

Features of the passage of bridges, overpasses.

When passing through narrow bridges, overpasses, overpasses, it must be remembered that the absence of roadsides on them gives the driver a false impression of a significant narrowing of the road, and therefore they tend to drive as close to the center line as possible, which makes it difficult to pass oncoming traffic. In many cases, when entering bridges, overpasses, visibility deteriorates in the same way as the condition of the road surface, so the speed must be reduced in advance to safe limits.

With the onset of cold weather, at the entrance to the bridge, one must beware of sleet, although it may not be on the roads. This is due to the fact that the span structures of the bridge are rapidly cooled. Icing also contributes high humidity air from water evaporation.

On highways, the carrying capacity of bridges is determined by road signs. If there is a wooden bridge on the way of movement, the carrying capacity of which is not determined by the road sign and the possibility of driving on it is in doubt, then it is better to go around it on a different route. It is not necessary to determine the carrying capacity of the bridge.

Towing and operation of vehicles.

Towing is done:

• On a rigid hitch (not more than 4 m), the towed vehicle must have proper steering.
• On a flexible hitch (from 4 m to 6 m) - the towed vehicle must have a working brake system and steering.
• With partial loading onto a platform or a special vehicle.

The absence of a driver behind the wheel of a towed vehicle is allowed if a rigid hitch provides the towed vehicle with a repetition of the trajectory of movement.

Before towing begins, drivers coordinate the signaling.
Transport people when towing in the body of the towing vehicle, as well as in the cab and body of the towed truck prohibited
It is allowed to transport people in a passenger car and in the cab of a towing truck.

When towing, the towing vehicle has a dipped beam, and the towed vehicle has an alarm. If the alarm is defective, secure the back of the ZAO. Flexible coupling is indicated by signal flags every meter.

movement in a column.

Every vehicle must have low beams on.
Driving a car in a convoy is much more difficult than driving a single car and requires the driver to be extremely focused and attentive. Moving in a convoy, the driver is deprived of the necessary visibility. He must drive the car strictly following the vehicles moving in front. Therefore, many obstacles arise in front of the driver unexpectedly. This requires a constant readiness for immediate action.

At the beginning of the column, heavy and low-speed vehicles should move, which will avoid their stopping and a strong increase in the distance.

At the beginning, the main car starts moving at a speed of 15-20 km/h, and then the speed gradually increases (30-40 km/h on unpaved roads, 40-50 km/h on paved roads).
Each vehicle has a sign. The movement of a column of more than 5 cars in it is consistent with the traffic police.

On dirt roads the resistance to vehicle movement is much greater than on paved roads. Therefore, when starting off, it is necessary to give more acceleration and change gears faster.

When entering a difficult road, downshifting must be done faster, the softer the ground, the less correct and accurate the turn of the car will be. It can drive through a large curve.

Hard braking forces the wheels into soft ground and the steering wheel can be pulled out of your hands and require more force to keep the vehicle in the desired direction. When driving on steep descents of dirt roads, you need to turn on a lower gear and brake mainly with the engine.

Especially dangerous is the combination of a steep slippery turn with a downhill. Here you can not brake and turn the steering wheel at the same time. The car cannot react to the turn and moves straight ahead. In this case, the brake must be released and try to slow down with the parking brake.

In case of lifting in wet, slippery ground, it is best to put on snow chains in advance.

Driving on forest roads carries with it many surprises due to limited visibility and, consequently, difficulties in orienting the driver when driving on it. In all cases when it is required to move along a forest road without a good track rolled on it, one should reconnoiter the path, look for whether it is possible to bypass such a section.

If it doesn't exist, then:

• if the road is narrow, you should move at a low speed, enabling emergency braking;
• if you hear the sound of an approaching vehicle, it is best to take to the right in more wide area and stop, let the vehicle pass;
• if there are areas with wet ground, then it is better to go around them or cover them with branches and drive at a higher speed, but not break the springs;
• if there are areas with deep mud, then overcome them at 2nd speed with acceleration;
• if the area is covered with water, then the car must be driven carefully so as not to fall into a pit or run into stumps and stones hidden under water, and in case of doubt, check the depth of the pit;
• if you have to travel on a track road, you need to drive on one side along a dry, not hackneyed section.

Driving on a snowy road presents no difficulty. It should only be remembered that on it the grip of the wheels of the car with the road is small, therefore:

• do not turn the steering wheel sharply and brake before turning; it is necessary to reduce the speed of the car in advance;
• small snow drifts and snowdrifts should be overcome from acceleration without gear shifting and steering wheel turns;
• if long section the car has not passed and begins to slip, then, preventing it from completely getting stuck, you should stop and start moving back along the old track, then disperse the car and overcome the remaining section.

Areas with deep snow best overcome with snow chains. To overcome the road covered with loose and wet snow at low speed, smoothly and carefully.

On road sections with viscous soil you should be careful and choose the path that is most convenient and safe.

Areas covered with water or mud, it is necessary to prefer places with thick mud, because there is less rolling resistance of the wheels.

Not rolled track, left by the previous car is suitable for travel. The presence of water in the ruts indicates that there is dense soil at their bottom. If the track suddenly widened, this means that it has a great depth in this place.

To drive a section of road with viscous soil it is necessary to stop the car at a distance of possible acceleration, engage a lower gear and keep the car moving smoothly, smoothly, without jerks and sudden braking, without shifting gears and without stopping. When stopping the car, use the swing method.

Road conditions and traffic safety These concepts are inseparable from each other. Complex road conditions is one of the factors directly affecting traffic safety.

Road conditions include both the quality of the road surface itself (pits, bumps, potholes, markings), and weather conditions, as well as terrain (for example, driving along a serpentine in the mountains). In this article, we will briefly dwell on the intricacies of driving a car in the most difficult road conditions.

Road conditions and traffic safety

Driving a car in difficult road conditions affects all drivers in one way or another. Despite the fact that most of the population lives in cities, the urban road network is far from ideal. Therefore, even in major cities difficult meteorological conditions and traditionally “sudden” winter

In accordance with traffic rules the driver is obliged to observe the necessary safety measures, to avoid the occurrence of emergency situations up to a complete stop of the vehicle.

At the same time, road services are obliged to respond in time to changes in weather conditions, to the quality of the road surface and take all measures to ensure accident-free traffic.

In practice, however, the picture appears somewhat different.

Under difficult road conditions, traffic safety primarily depends on the skill of the driver, his attentiveness, combined with caution.

Compliance simple rules, will reduce the likelihood of an accident by several times.

Driving in ice

One of the most dangerous road conditions is ice. It is characterized by a vitreous coating on the road, which consists of ice, dust and water. Due to the special state of water at sub-zero temperatures, any object on the ice easily slides along an arbitrary trajectory. The car, getting on an icy road surface, almost always loses control due to insufficient grip. Conditions are especially dangerous: ice + fresh snow, ice + water. With ice, the undoubted advantages will be:

High-quality spikes and qualified spikes;

Anti-lock braking system ABS ;

Low speed of movement;

Four-wheel drive;

Smooth terrain.

Ice also includes snow run-up, which has a similar structure and low coefficient of adhesion.

Driving in icy conditions:

Starting is smooth, without jerks in the forward direction;

Braking is smooth, without disengaging the clutch, if necessary, switching to lower gears;

Using intermittent braking reception (For vehicles without ABS);

Do not spin the engine, "gas" smoothly and gradually. The same applies to gear changes. Any jerks and regassing are almost guaranteed to lead to the failure of the drive wheels and the skidding of the car.

With a manual transmission, gear shifting should be as fast as possible, with perfectly matched engine speeds;

Driving uphill should be done at a higher engine speed, approximately + 20% of the nominal value. This will allow you to switch more accurately, preventing the wheels from slipping.

If you have already stalled, you should rock the car. In no case do not "gas"! The wheel will dig into the ice very quickly, and it will be impossible to start without help. Critical periods are spring and autumn, the time of day is morning and evening.

Driving in the snow

It is also quite common in our country. It entails two main dangers - a deterioration in visibility and a change in traction. The first is very dangerous, especially at night. The headlights are instantly scattered by falling snowflakes, the beams of the headlights become shapeless and the road surface is practically not illuminated. With heavy snowfall at night, the effect of self-dazzle is possible - when a light spot worsens visibility to almost zero.

Snowfall threatens to reduce the effectiveness of traction. For this reason, it is worth reducing the speed to the maximum possible. In advance, at the first sign of snowfall, check the operation of the wipers and washer.

Driving style is similar to driving in icy conditions. It is very dangerous to brake on a smooth and / or uneven surface - on cobblestone pavements, tram tracks, road markings etc. Almost always, this is fraught with loss of control.

It should be noted that snow almost always quickly clogs light optics. Not surprisingly, after half an hour of driving, your headlights may no longer illuminate the path, and brake lights and direction indicators will be completely invisible! It is very dangerous!

The heater must be in good working order - during a snowfall, the windows quickly fog up and you can almost instantly “go blind”.

We pass snow drifts and even small snowdrifts slowly so as not to get hit in the bumper.

In winter, it is useful to have belts or snow chains - this can help out in difficult situation. Take care also of a shovel and a good cable.

Driving in the rain

Rain, downpour. There are also two main dangers - a decrease in visibility and a change in grip. Rain is somewhat easier to bear than snowfall, at least because it does not, as a rule, cause a sharp change in air temperature and does not “clog” light fixtures. However, there are unpleasant "surprises" in the rain. He tends to fill holes of considerable size and depth, which become indistinguishable from an ordinary puddle. Getting into such a hole with a wheel is at least unpleasant, and at most it threatens with a torn suspension and tipping over.

On an unfamiliar road, you should behave very carefully and do not exceed the speed limit. Firstly, you can get into the already mentioned hole “disguised” by water. Secondly, you can "grab" hydroplaning. This is a very unpleasant effect, which is characterized by a complete or partial loss of contact between the wheel and the road. The physics of the phenomenon is simple. At a certain speed, the wheel can no longer “squeeze out” a layer of water from under itself in time and begins to literally swim. Grip with the road surface is zero and the car almost always loses control. And this is a potential disaster.

Due to the fact that hydroplaning occurs at a fairly high speed, drivers often encounter it on country roads or urban highways. What does it mean to lose control of a car in a busy passing and oncoming traffic, we believe, it is not necessary to explain. In addition, the same aquaplaning makes it impossible to quickly and effectively brake. And if, moreover, half of the wheels roll on hard asphalt, and the other half “floats”? Pressing the brake pedal almost guarantees instant skidding.

If you get into a puddle, you should not change the trajectory of movement and brake sharply. The best way out is to smoothly release the gas while braking.

Driving in fog

Fog is an intermediate in complexity phenomenon between snowfall and downpour, which, however, has its own characteristics. Fog can make visibility zero, meaning you can't see anything but the hood of your car. Fog is often called a "deceiver" or "illusion generator" - it absorbs light and sounds well. Moreover, it can distort sounds, for example, illusoryly bringing distant sounds closer, and significantly moving away close ones. Morning or sudden fog is especially dangerous, usually in areas of lakes and rivers. Entering the fog can be sudden for the driver, which is fraught with severe accidents.

When approaching the fog, we must reduce the speed to almost zero, since it is impossible to understand and feel the density of the fog at a distance. Be sure to turn on all lights. Some experts recommend opening windows and periodically serving sound signals. If visibility is zero, it is best not to continue driving and find an opportunity to pull off the road altogether. Fog is not a very long phenomenon, however, it is extremely dangerous. Every year we see terrible accidents not only on domestic roads, but also on foreign autobahns with dozens or even hundreds of broken cars and crippled drivers. A good helper will be high-quality and properly adjusted fog lights.

Riding at night

Tough driving period. This is especially true for unlit country roads. Despite the fact that traffic intensity drops tenfold at night, the probability of getting into an accident, on the contrary, increases significantly. Attention weakens, the usual mode of wakefulness and sleep is disturbed,

The main dangers of night driving:

insufficient illumination,

Increased fatigue and tiredness

Danger of falling asleep while driving

Blinding by oncoming and passing traffic,

Distortion of visibility, biased assessment of the distance, color and structure of objects.

There are rules and restrictions for driving at night:

Always reduce your speed to the minimum, especially in winter and on unfamiliar roads.

Never look at oncoming headlights! If you accidentally “caught” the beam, immediately slow down and stop smoothly without changing lanes.

Look carefully at the edge. This will allow you not to move off the surface (in the absence of markings) and in time to notice a car standing on the side of the road or a walking pedestrian.

If an oncoming car blinds you, blink your high beam several times. The oncoming vehicle should blink in response. If this does not happen, the driver of the oncoming car did not understand you or simply does not notice your signals. There are three options here: stop and skip, continue driving with low beam, continue driving, but turning on the high beam. Each scenario has its supporters and opponents, decide for yourself. Our recommendation is to slow down to a stop.

Turns are slow, especially in unfamiliar terrain. At night, without bright markings, it is very difficult to assess the curvature of the turns, so it's not worth the risk.

The most dangerous time is around 4 am. Be sure to ask someone to take over for you, and if you're the only driver, it's worth getting some sleep. Find a safe place and get at least half an hour of sleep. Usually this period is enough to restore strength.

Finally, given the beginning of the holiday season, some recommendations for driving in the mountains.

Mountain serpentines

Sometimes, for example, when traveling south, an unprepared driver may encounter mountain roads. Management in the mountains also has its own characteristics. The main thing is the observance of safety regulations. Common incidents on mountain roads are run-offs, overtaking collisions on hills, speeding on descents, and the corresponding loss of control with a “bounce” off the motorway or a head-on collision.

The main rule is to slow down. If the serpentine is high enough, unaccustomed oxygen starvation can affect the perception of speed and distance, and provoke illusions. If you have no experience of driving in mountainous areas, it is better to avoid overtaking - this is quite dangerous. Slowing down is also necessary because mountain turns are usually very steep.

If you need to stop, try to avoid it on the rise. Always stop on a downhill slope, regardless of the amount of ascent or descent.

Stock up on recoil wedges in advance, or at least a couple of flat cobblestones - this may be needed.

Stock up on brake fluid and antifreeze. On mountain roads, brakes often fail, and cars boil. This is especially critical in the summer heat.

Avoid shifting gears on a hill.

If you notice a slow moving car ahead, do not approach it, continuing to move at a distance. This is necessary in case of loss of control topics.

If there is a visible obstacle on the rise, switch to a lower gear in advance, but do not twist the engine - you will get overheated very quickly!

Consider "dead zones", especially for heavy trucks.

Traffic safety in difficult road conditions depends primarily on the driver himself, his skill, caution, attention and a sensible choice of driving style.

In conclusion, I suggest reading the blog article: what directly affects both traffic safety and driving in difficult road conditions.

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Driving in difficult road conditions

Dnepropetrovsk State University

internal affairs

Department of "Tactical and special training"

abstract

on the topic: „Driving in difficult road conditions”

Completed:

cadet 301 year

police officer

Krut S.Yu.

Checked:

teacher

department of tactical and special training

Makarevich V.V.

Dnepropetrovsk, 2007

Plan

Introduction

1. Slippery road.

2. Movement on water.

3. Driving on a bad road

4. Long road

Literature

Introduction

About 1/3 of all traffic accidents occur on wet, icy or snowy roads. Such roads have deteriorated grip conditions. This means that the likelihood of wheels slipping on the road surface, as well as their withdrawal to the side, increases. Under these conditions, the car often becomes uncontrollable.

The slipperiness of the road is characterized by the coefficient of adhesion. The normal coefficient of adhesion of asphalt concrete pavements ranges from 0.6-0.8. Under the influence of meteorological conditions, road surfaces lose their qualities, the coefficient of adhesion decreases to dangerous limits. The friction coefficient of 0.4 is adopted as the minimum allowable in terms of traffic safety.

Depending on the condition of the road surface, the stopping distance may vary by 3-4 times. Thus, the stopping distance at a speed of 60 km/h on a dry asphalt concrete surface will be about 37 m, on a wet one - 60 m, on an icy road - 152 m. clutch can differ by a factor of 2 or more.

Driving speed also has an effect on tire grip, as at high speeds, aerodynamic lift forces begin to appear, which reduce the vehicle's grip on the road.

1. Slippery road.

Slippery roads are not only in winter. Such a phenomenon is observed when a binder acts on the surface of the asphalt concrete pavement on hot days or moisture from the air or frost in cold weather is deposited in the morning. When it starts to rain, a mixture of water, tire and pavement wear material, and petroleum products forms on the roadway. The result is an excellent lubricant. Therefore, in a drizzling light rain, the road is more slippery than in a heavy downpour.

Slippery can be a cobblestone road, especially when wet, a road during leaf fall, or an ordinary dry road polished by thousands of cars moving along it.

It is important for the driver to learn how to determine (feel) such a dangerous road for driving and change the mode and tactics of movement in a timely manner. An analysis of accidents involving passenger taxis conducted by NIIAT found that 49.6% of them occurred on wet, muddy or slippery roads. The main mistake of the drivers was not taking into account the slipperiness of the road and the wrong choice of speed.

It is clear that slippery sections of the road should be avoided as far as possible, trying to go around them, or use special driving techniques. Let's take a closer look at what dangerous areas you should try to avoid.

Avoid areas that have oily oil stains. A road that is oily or covered with fresh binders (for example, fresh, freshly laid asphalt) is very slippery. Seek every opportunity to bypass such a site. In hot weather, the oil stain on the road is clearly visible, go around it.

Try to avoid sections of the road hidden under water. There are various dangers underwater. In addition, after driving through a deep puddle, the brake pads may get wet and the brakes may fail, the engine may stall, etc.

Move along the track. If you can clearly see the track laid by other vehicles, move along it. In a rut, the grip of the tires with the road is better.

When the road is covered with melting ice, avoid driving in heavy traffic lanes. On lanes with more heavy traffic, the ice melts faster, and therefore driving on such lanes is safer than where there are few cars, therefore, the ice crust on the road surface lasts longer.

You also need to be wary of areas with unmelted ice found in the shade of trees or buildings. Keep in mind that ice in such sun-sheltered areas melts more slowly, and in the evening it freezes again faster, even if it thawed a little during the day.

Be especially careful when approaching bridges or overpasses. There, the ice crust on the road appears earlier than everywhere else, and disappears later. In these areas of increased danger, avoid sudden movements of the steering wheel, gas, brake.

Do not overtake unless absolutely necessary. Better stay in your lane. Even a simple lane change on a slippery road threatens trouble, and overtaking even more so. This maneuver is dangerous even in good road conditions, and becomes extremely risky with poor traction.

Drive around sand and snow drifts, drifts, mud or wet leaves. Damp leaves make the road surface as slippery as ice. If you, say, try to brake on a road covered in wet leaves, you will almost certainly lose control of your car.

If you need to stop, look for a place on the road that is free from the dangers listed above: ice, snow, leaves, sand. If there are no such sections, say, when driving on a country road in winter, it would be preferable to stop on dry packed snow. If there have been frequent stops before you, the snow can be polished to a state of ice. Beware of this. And stopping and further starting from this place will be very difficult.

Don't stop on climbs. It is better to stop before the start of the ascent or behind it. Remember that hill starting with poor grip is difficult and dangerous.

When there is no end to the ups and downs, it is better to stop on the descent. It will be easier for you to move.

If driving on a slippery road cannot be avoided, then try to determine the degree of its slipperiness. To do this, you can use several methods: visually, braking, changing the fuel supply, depressing the accelerator pedal. A person with normal vision will almost always see a slippery surface, but will not always be able to appreciate how dangerous it is. If the road is clear, you can try to assess the slipperiness by sharply pressing the brake pedal. In other conditions, you should check the grip of the wheels by sharply depressing the throttle control pedal. If the drive wheels break into a slip, then the road is quite slippery, and when driving on it, the following recommendations should be followed.

Drive at a reduced speed, increasing the margin of safety on all sides of your vehicle. A large margin of safety is necessary due to the fact that on such a road you need much more space in order to have time to stop. Earlier we talked about the need to maintain a 2-second distance in relation to the leader. But this applies to normal road conditions, dry pavement. What if it's raining? To be on the safe side, add 2s. In the snow - another 2 s, so now it will be 6 s. On an icy road, where the braking distance is the longest, add another 2 seconds - you get 8 seconds.

Try to keep the speed constant, use the pedal very carefully, smoothly, softly. No extra moves. Reduce your speed before turns and intersections well in advance. Crossroads, when the road is slippery, are especially dangerous for two reasons: there is a threat of collision with other vehicles, the drivers of which, moving in the crossed direction, did not calculate the speed and lost control; the surface near the intersection can be especially slippery due to the constant braking of cars.

Maintain a constant speed while climbing. You need to select the appropriate gear and speed in advance so as not to change them on the climb itself. The calculation must be very accurate so as not to add gas during the ascent.

On icy descents, brake with the engine by engaging second gear at the top. If you press the brake, then the car will turn out to be a sled with a former cost of several thousand rubles. The same thing can happen with a sharp turn of the steering wheel: the car was driving straight ahead and will continue to go.

In front-wheel drive cars, although rarely, it happens that the front wheels on a slippery slope begin to slip; try to take the lift in reverse, it often helps.

It is dangerous to change gears on a slippery slope, this must be done before climbing. You also need to be careful with gas, otherwise slipping and even slipping back will begin. If the road is clear and no one sees the “shame”, it is better, carefully slowing down, go down and try to take the climb again, taking into account the mistakes of the first time. In other cases, carefully roll back to the side of the road, slow down, placing an emphasis under any wheel, and think about how to live on. Most likely, try to lay a track of sand and dry cement, a bag of which you have thriftily put in the trunk since autumn.

What to do if you need to brake urgently on ice? Beginners usually press the brake pedal all the way: on ice, the wheels instantly lock to the skid, and ... the car successfully slides across the ice on frozen wheels, like on skates, and even does not obey the steering wheel. Therefore, it is impossible to slow down on the skid.

For an emergency stop on a slippery road, three methods of braking can be used: brake with gas, intermittent and stepped braking.

You noticed an obstacle late, you need to slow down, and there is ice under the wheels. Driving experience is minimal. Try to gently but firmly apply the brake and gas at the same time. Then the torque supplied by the engine to the wheels will prevent them from blocking and skidding, and braking will be more effective than when braking to skidding. But remember: if the engine starts to stall from such violence over it, you need to loosen the force of the foot on the brake.

Whoever has stronger nerves and more experience, in the same situation, press gently but decisively on the brake. As soon as you feel that the skidding of the wheels has begun, force yourself to release the pedal for a moment with an effort of will. The wheels will "catch" the road again. Press again (but already weaker) on the brake and release when the wheels lock. And so on until it stops, each time loosening the pressure. With this technique, you will not let the wheels constantly slip, so the braking distance of the car will be much shorter. With this method of braking, the necessary actions with the steering wheel must be performed at the “released” stage, when the brake pedal is not pressed and the wheels rotate freely. Thus, the driver has full control of the car, performs the necessary maneuvers and at the same time brakes.

If you brake sharply, with the wheels completely blocked, you immediately lose control of the car, because the wheels do not rotate, the car does not obey the steering wheel and rushes forward by inertia, sliding like a sleigh on a slippery road surface.

So, brake without bringing the wheels to full lock, use the intermittent braking method and at the moment when you release the brake pedal, carry out the necessary actions with the steering wheel. Remember: brake-rudder-brake-rudder is an effective means of stopping on slippery surfaces, combined with the simultaneous avoidance of danger in a critical situation. At the same time, the stopping distance on slippery surfaces, as you remember, increases significantly. Therefore, when braking, you should always choose a section of the road on which there is a lot of free space ahead.

For trained people, the best way is stepwise. It differs from intermittent only in that when the brake is released, the pedal is released not completely, but partially. The foot is on the pedal all the time, ready to release the pressure a little if there is a blockage, in order to then press the brakes again. This is very delicate work. But it will become available to you after training in safe areas. So, let's compare the braking distances on ice with different methods of braking (vehicle speed 60 km/h).

When cornering, a lateral force begins to act on the car, tending to move the car away from the turn. It is the greater, the higher the speed and the steeper the turn. Therefore, before a slippery turn, you need to slow down more. Braking is dangerous!

If the car skids, follow the following rules of conduct:

Never slow down. This will not help, but will only aggravate the skid. It is very difficult not to do this: an unknown force irresistibly pulls your foot to the brake, but you must resist, otherwise you will lose your last chance ...

Don't depress the clutch. Squeezing the clutch is just as useless as, say, pressing the cigarette lighter button when skidding.

Don't drop the gas pedal, Dropping the gas pedal means aggravating the skid. But if you smoothly lower the throttle on a rear-wheel drive car, and slightly increase it on a front-wheel drive car, this can reduce the skid.

Turn the steering wheel in the direction of the skid. The back of the car went to the left, the steering wheel follows the same way, and vice versa. This must be brought to automatism, performed without jerks, but quickly. Hands rotate the wheel on the side sector.

Note that the front wheels always point in the direction of travel. It is important. An extra turn of the steering wheel in a panic may not “calm down”, but “chatter” the car even more. Therefore, the steering wheel must be turned in the direction of skidding quickly, but in moderation.

So, summarizing our recommendations, we remind you that any movement that you make on a slippery road should be smoother, more controlled, more controlled than on a dry road. Avoid sharp steering turns, sudden braking, sudden gear changes. Smooth, soft, measured driving will give it greater stability, reduce the likelihood of skidding, which always exists on slippery surfaces.

You can improve your position on slippery roads by increasing the grip of your tires on the road. To do this, you can use special tires ("snowflakes", with spikes or snow chains) and additionally load the drive wheels.

Snowflake tires, as their name implies, are good for driving on loose snow. When it comes to driving on ice or packed snow, they are almost no better than regular tires. Good "snowflakes" and when driving through the mud. It should be noted that if you ride "snowflakes", this does not mean at all that you are completely safe. You must follow all the rules for driving on a slippery road: do not make sudden movements, think about speed. And not only to think, but also not to exceed its reasonable limit, etc.

Studded tires make it easier to start and stop on ice or packed snow. However, they should also not be trusted too much, especially when cornering, especially if they are used only on the rear wheels.

Anti-skid chains provide the best grip. In the presence of chains, the stopping distance of a car on ice is significantly reduced. However, chains require special care: always make sure that the chains are put on and fitted correctly. Periodically they should be checked for braking; in the presence of chains, you must move slowly; when driving on a road without ice or snow, the chains must be removed. On dry surfaces, they are not only useless, but also harmful - they can damage tires and the road surface.

To improve the traction properties of the car on slippery roads, you can increase the load on the drive wheels. This is done as follows: additional cargo, such as sand and a shovel (which you should have in case of eliminating wheel slip), is located in the trunk above the rear wheels (for a car with rear-wheel drive).

In general, you should not overload the car when driving on slippery roads - this will only worsen traction. And our first advice refers not so much to increasing the load, but to the correct location of the load in the car. All this is really very important. It is important on any road, and especially on slippery ones. Loose cargo is especially dangerous.

What not to do on a slippery road:

Do not overload the vehicle. This will not improve tire grip on the road.

Do not reduce tire pressure to improve traction on slippery roads. Some drivers think that reducing pressure supposedly improves traction. This is not true. Your tires will simply wear out quickly.

Studded tyres, snowflake tyres, snow chains help improve traction, but they don't provide driving conditions, equal to those that exist on a dry surface. Therefore, do not lose the advantages gained due to such tires by developing greater speed.

2. Movement on water.

If water floods the road to a depth greater than the depth of the tread pattern of the tires of the car, then at high speed the tires can begin to slide on the surface of the water without touching the road surface. This "floating" of the car on the water is called "hydroplaning". When this phenomenon occurs, the car becomes uncontrollable, not obeying the steering wheel.

Aquaplaning is an unpleasant, undesirable and very dangerous phenomenon. It can occur when there is a layer of water only 1 cm thick on top of the road surface. If the reflection of surrounding objects is clearly visible in puddles, in a wet road surface, then there is a danger of aquaplaning.

Another sign of the danger of this phenomenon is that the car moving in front leaves no traces. These signs should prompt you to take the necessary action, namely the immediate reduction in speed.

Generally speaking, the occurrence of aquaplaning phenomenon depends on a number of conditions:

From the speed of your car. At speeds below 80 km/h, this phenomenon is most unlikely to occur. In any case, complete aquaplaning is unlikely, and partial hydroplaning can occur under certain conditions at speeds below 40 km/h.

From the thickness of the water layer on the road. The deeper the water, the more likely the wheels are to come off the road surface.

From the type of tire tread, its depth, from tire pressure, wheel alignment.

The best way to avoid hydroplaning is to slow down in time, move slowly. When you see a road in the water, try not to hit it at all if possible, if possible, bypass this section. If this is not possible, slow down immediately and drive slowly through the water.

Last but not least, watch your tires. Avoid excessive wear, constantly check the pressure - do not deviate from the established norm.

3. Driving on a bad road

Those who are going to buy a car often dream about how they will go to the country, fishing, hunting, picking mushrooms. The ringing silence of the forest, the bend of the river, not a soul, just a car in the shade of trees... Why not an idyll? Then, for many, all these dreams are shattered by harsh reality: there is no exit from the road, and if there is, then you won’t go down without a parachute or such a hole, clay, snow, sand, swamp, etc., etc., that drive.

Let's pay attention to the technical capabilities of the car, namely the cross-country ability. Cars "Zaporozhets", "Zhiguli", "Moskvich", "Volga" are, in principle, designed for driving on good roads. And only LuAZ, UAZ and Niva can move off-road. Remember the mysterious formula "4x4"? It means that both axles are leading. This is the main thing in increasing cross-country ability. Let's see fig. 63. It can be seen from it that ordinary cars are ruined by low ground clearance, long base and large overhangs, especially for sedan-type bodies. They easily hit obstacles. Hence the first principle of off-road driving: measure seven times - then go.

We know that to overcome an obstacle, you need to apply great strength. On a car, this is the traction force, the lower the gear, the greater it is. Hence the second principle: through obstacles - on the lowest gear.

On unpaved and viscous roads, in a rut, you must hold the steering wheel firmly so that it does not knock out. So, the third principle: hold the steering wheel with both hands with your thumbs out.

Dirt roads. Try to switch gears less often, as starting off on such roads is often a problem. To do this, the driver must carefully evaluate the road in order to smoothly regulate traffic. Sometimes, to improve visibility, you even have to put a pillow under the seat. On slippery clay, the car may not obey the steering wheel and go straight. Don't be scared. Firstly, the car slows down perfectly on such soil, and secondly, after 10-15 m, it will still reluctantly, but begin to turn. Therefore, if such a phenomenon is observed, it is necessary to start turning earlier, with a margin for sliding.

Along the track. It all depends on the depth of the track. Difficulties often arise when trying to get out of the rut - the car throws back. It is necessary to apply a pendulum movement with a steering wheel with a sharp turn towards the exit and press the gas. It is better to cross the track obliquely at an angle of 45-60 °. If the track goes into a puddle, mud, then, oddly enough, it is better to go into the mud, because the bottom of the track is rammed. However, there are options here. It is necessary to check the depth and soil with a stick. Then carefully drive into the puddle with only the front wheels. If a full dive has begun, quickly back up and look for a detour. The recommendation is valid for rear- and all-wheel drive vehicles.

When driving in a rut, strong lateral shocks occur, so the speed must be low, otherwise the car may tip over. It is better for passengers to grab the elastic handles located above the doors.

Stones on the road. Big ones are better to go around. If it is not possible, “measure” with the bumper, driving close to the obstacle. Remember that a stone can damage not only tires, tie rods, drive, brake hoses, but also pierce the engine oil pan. And it has oil in it. Therefore, it is better not to be too lazy and remove the stone from the road. Remember, a lazy person does double work.

Through the mud better with acceleration, but most importantly - without stopping, since the second time you can not even start - the wheels will stall. And to avoid this, it is not necessary to give too high speed. If, nevertheless, this happened, you should not slip until the smoke from under the wheels. The wheels burrow even deeper, and then you certainly won’t get out yourself. It is better to try to get back on your own tracks. If unsuccessful, then you will have to dig out the wheels, making an artificial track for them, and put brushwood, boards, a foot mat. -Some people put covers from the seats, clothes. Sometimes it helps to put passengers in the back seat or on the hood (if the car is front-wheel drive). If this does not help, it remains to take the towing cable.

Motorists, being completely upset, often cling to the bumper cable instead of special hooks. This is extremely frivolous. The bumper will probably be wrinkled, and it will grab the wings. Tie rods, stabilizer, suspension arms, rear axle is also better not to touch. Only the rear spring (this is for the Volga and Moskvich) will still come down to bring the cable, and the most correct thing is the standard attachment points.

Before starting off in tow, both drivers need to agree on signals. For example, one long beep - slow down, two short - stop. Pay special attention to corners so that the cable does not overflow and damage the cladding.

Hillside riding does not give pleasure. It looks like the car is about to tip over. But for passenger cars, this is unlikely; rather, the car will slip. If the slope is wet, it is better not to drive, the car will slide, both sideways and backwards.

Through a small river with non-viscous and non-steep banks, you can move. But first of all, you need to measure the depth and determine if the bottom is not viscous. For an ordinary passenger car, the permissible depth is no more than half the height of the wheel. Carefully inspect the opposite bank - whether the car will take it. For front-wheel drive vehicles, this task is easier. Carefully go down to the water and smoothly, with increased gas (to avoid water getting into the muffler), we will overcome the ford. Some try to do it with overclocking. As a result, a high wave rises, which turns off the engine. And again, putting it in the water, as a rule, is an empty undertaking.

In deep snow as in the sand, the car gets stuck, the wheels slip easily. It’s good if there is a track, but moving like that - without chains on wheels, and even on ordinary tires (not “snowflakes”) - is a hopeless and dangerous business. Spikes here do not give much effect. By the way, about tires. Experienced drivers improve their vehicle's ability to handle muddy roads by halving (and even more) tire pressure. They flatten out and, like skis, prevent the car from sinking into snow and sand. So you can try this old way.

4. Long road

Driving on a country road is different from driving in a city. Here, the speed is higher, and there are fewer cars, and pedestrians are a rarity. This often relaxes the driver. Not all drivers know that a long straight road is very dangerous, stretching for tens of kilometers across a monotonous landscape. It puts a lot of pressure on the driver. Eyes are open, and thoughts are far, far away ... Salvation is to listen to peppy music or sing yourself, talk to fellow travelers. Be sure to make a stop for 3-5 minutes every 2-3 hours of movement: get out of the car, warm up, go around the car 4 times, at the same time inspecting the tires and so on, wash with cold water, etc.

Be aware of possible hidden defects in the road. Longitudinal furrows 30-80 m long or transverse (“comb”) undulations can throw a driver who is thinking about an outsider off the road. Salvation - in advance to reduce speed. A narrow trench, imperceptible from afar, can unexpectedly cross the road. The mistake of many drivers is that, having noticed an obstacle late, they desperately slow down. In this case, the wheel with the front suspension spring compressed to the limit (body peck during braking) without depreciation hits the limiters of the levers so that characteristic dips appear on the wings (Fig. 64). And the levers really bend. An experienced driver also slows down, but just before the obstacle gives a strong gas. The car "squats" on the rear wheels, the front springs and shock absorber stretched, ready to spring and take the hit. In this case, suspension damage will be less. However, do not forget: before you brake hard, look in the mirror. Otherwise, there may be a collision with another car from behind.

A similar mistake is made by drivers, suddenly falling into a smooth failure of the road. It seems as if the car is flying into the abyss, the foot reflexively presses on the brake, the front springs are compressed, and ... then you already know. In order not to “take off” on the rise, as from a springboard, slow down at the top.

The road goes downhill, at the bottom there is a bridge with a high curb, there is a long climb ahead ... Accelerating more to make it easier to take the climb is a typical mistake. After all, a bridge is not only a bridge, but also a narrowing of the road, although at a glance it seems to be the same. It turns out that high curbs, parapets, spans, as it were, narrow the road by 1.5, even 2 m. In addition, the bridge in the lowland often has a broken canvas (mud, puddles, ice, etc.). This is another reason for not too much acceleration on the descent. It doesn't hurt to look in the rear-view mirrors on the descent more often. It may be necessary to move to the right to let the unlucky driver who has not learned this lesson and is rushing down towards adventure with increasing speed. He did not want to pay attention to your warning flashes of stoplights.

Before a long journey, they usually estimate the route, peering intently at the Atlas of Highways. Which road to take? Along this bold red line on the map - a motorway or a thin web of local roads, which in total is 200 km less than the highway?.. Yes, the task... Let's try to outline ways to solve it. Usually, the purpose of the trip is the same for everyone - to get there safely, quickly and comfortably. Information to think about:

Safely. On the roads of republican, regional and regional significance, more

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MINISTRY OF ROAD TRANSPORT
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COLLECTION OF INSTRUCTIONS FOR DRIVERS
FOR TRAFFIC SAFETY

INSTRUCTION N 1

General duties of drivers

The driver of a power-driven vehicle must have:

Certificate for the right to drive a vehicle of this category;

Registration documents for the vehicle (technical certificate, registration certificate, etc.);

Track or route sheet, documents for the transported cargo, as well as a license card.

The driver must:

Before leaving, check and ensure that the vehicle is in good technical condition on the way.

It is forbidden to move if there is a malfunction of the working brake system, steering, coupling device (as part of a train), unlit headlights and tail lights (on roads without artificial lighting at night or in conditions of insufficient visibility), a windshield wiper inoperative on the driver’s side (during rain or snowfall)

To pass, at the request of police officers, an examination for the state of intoxication;

Provide vehicle:

A) to police officers for transportation of vehicles damaged in accidents, travel to the site of a natural disaster;

b) police officers federal bodies state security, tax police in cases of urgency;

C) medical workers traveling in the same direction to provide medical care;

D) medical workers, police officers and federal state security agencies, combatants and freelancers militia to transport citizens in need of urgent medical care to medical institutions.

The driver of the persons who used the vehicle must require a certificate or make an entry in waybill indicating the duration of the trip, the distance traveled, last name, position, service certificate number, name of the organization, and from medical workers - receive a coupon of the established form.

In the event of a traffic accident, the driver involved in it must:

Stop the vehicle immediately, turn on the emergency alarm and put up an emergency stop sign;

Do not move items related to the incident;

Take measures to provide first aid to the victims;

Call an ambulance or send the injured by passing transport, and if this is not possible, then deliver them to the nearest medical institution in your vehicle;

Report the incident to the police and to your company;

Write down the names and addresses of eyewitnesses and wait for the arrival of traffic police.

The driver is prohibited from:

Driving while intoxicated, under the influence medicines that impair reaction and attention, in a painful or tired state;

Transfer control of the vehicle to persons who are not recorded in the waybill and who do not have a driver's license for this category of vehicle;

Leave objects (cargo) on the road that interfere with the movement of other vehicles.

INSTRUCTION N 2

Obligations of the driver before leaving and while working on the line

Before leaving the line, the driver must:

Pass a medical examination before the flight;

Make sure the completeness and technical serviceability of the car;

Upon receipt of the travel documentation, present to the dispatcher your certificate for the right to drive a vehicle.

When checking the technical serviceability of the car Special attention pay to:

The operation of the engine, brake system, steering auxiliary equipment(windshield wipers, lighting devices, light and sound alarms), coupling and support devices (as part of a train, tractor), body or cab door locks, loading platform side locks, door control drive (for buses), heating system, speedometer;

Condition of wheels, tires, suspension, windows, license plates, appearance car;

No leakage of fuel, oil, water;

The presence of an emergency stop sign, a complete first-aid kit, a fire extinguisher (the bus has 2 fire extinguishers), hammers for breaking glass;

2 wheel chocks (for buses and cars with permitted maximum weight over 3.5 tons).

In case of detection of malfunctions, in the presence of which, according to the rules of the road, the operation of vehicles is prohibited, it is prohibited to enter the line until they are eliminated.

The driver does not have the right to go on a flight if his rest between shifts was shorter than twice the duration of work in the previous shift, as well as with an expired certificate of periodic medical examination.

On line:

Follow only the indicated route. Observe the established norms for the capacity of the bus and the carrying capacity of the car;

Start moving and move only with behind closed doors vehicle, except for the cases of movement with open doors(on ice crossings);

Avoid sharp maneuvers, move off smoothly and also brake smoothly, increase and slow down the speed of movement gradually, do not make sharp turns;

Maintain the speed of movement, taking into account road, weather conditions and traffic signs;

If a malfunction of the car occurs that threatens traffic safety, take measures to eliminate it, and if this is not possible, call technical assistance;

While driving, do not be distracted from driving, do not engage in conversations with passengers, do not leave your workplace until the car comes to a complete stop;

When forced to stop, make sure that the car is safe and does not interfere with other vehicles, turn off the engine, brake the car with a parking brake and turn on a lower gear, and in mountainous conditions, in addition, put shoes under the wheels (better - wedge-shaped);

On descents, do not disconnect the transmission from the engine, before long descents - ascents, stop to check the operation of the brakes;

If blinded by the light of an oncoming vehicle and loss of visibility, without changing lanes, immediately slow down, turn on the hazard warning lights and stop;

In the event of a traffic accident, provide assistance to the injured and report the incident to your company and the police as soon as possible;

Follow the instructions of the police, stop the car upon request and present travel documentation, observing the rules of stopping;

In the dark and with insufficient visibility, turn on the high or low beam headlights;

If you become drowsy when working on the route at night, stop, get out of the car, warm up and do some physical exercises;

When driving, do not use acceleration-coasting, do not disconnect the engine from the transmission, except when approaching the intended stop at a speed of not more than 40 km per hour;

Passing through stop public transport and pedestrian crossings, the driver must move at a speed that ensures traffic safety, or stop to give way to pedestrians who have entered the crossing;

Immediately upon arrival at the facility, at the auto company, note the actual time of arrival with the dispatcher and inform him about the traffic conditions on the route, at the loading and unloading areas, present the car to the mechanic on duty to check its technical condition, informing him of the technical conditions discovered during work on the line faults. Get a post-flight medical checkup.

The driver is prohibited from:

Exceed top speed defined technical specification of the car, as well as indicated on the identification sign "Speed ​​​​limit" installed on the car;

Transportation of people in a towed bus and in the back of a towed truck.

In fog, rain, hail, snowstorm, dust storm, when the visibility from the driver's cab is less than 50 m, the driver of the intercity and suburban bus routes decides to temporarily stop traffic.

INSTRUCTION N 3

Work in difficult road conditions

1. When working on mountain roads:

Before leaving the line, be sure to get information from the dispatcher about the state of the road, the weather and traffic conditions on the route;

On sections of the road marked with the sign "Steep descent", where oncoming traffic is difficult, when driving downhill, give way to vehicles moving uphill;

Remember the prohibition:

A) driving with the clutch or gear disengaged in areas marked with the sign "Steep descent";

B) towing on a flexible hitch;

C) any towing in icy conditions.

2. When driving through ice crossings and ferry crossings:

Transportation of passengers in buses on ice crossings is strictly prohibited;

Start moving through ice crossings on ferries only if the waybill contains the written permission of the dispatcher, disembarking passengers;

Before leaving for a flight on a route where there are such crossings, get a special briefing.

3. When driving through railway crossings:

In all cases, when approaching a railway crossing, the driver must make sure that there is no approaching train (locomotive, trolley) within sight, follow the requirements of road signs, traffic lights, markings, the position of the barrier and the instructions of the duty officer for the crossing;

On out-of-town routes, before moving, it is necessary to stop and continue moving only after making sure that there is no train approaching the crossing;

In the event of a forced stop at a crossing, immediately disembark passengers and take all measures to free the crossing. If it is not possible to remove the car from the crossing, then it is necessary:

A) if possible, send two people along the tracks in both directions from the crossing for 1000 meters or one person in the direction of the worst visibility of the track, explaining to them how to transmit a stop signal to the driver of the approaching train;

B) stay near the car and give a general alarm signal;

C) when a train appears - run towards it, giving a stop signal, such a signal is Roundabout Circulation hands: during the day with a patch of bright matter or some clearly visible object, at night - with a torch or lantern.

The driver is prohibited from:

a) carry agricultural, road, construction and other machines and mechanisms through the crossing in a non-transport position;

B) to cross railway tracks in an unspecified place;

C) unauthorized opening of the barrier or bypassing it;

D) go to the crossing:

When the barrier is closed or starting to close;

At a traffic signal forbidding;

At the forbidding signal of the duty officer for the crossing;

If there is a traffic jam before the move;

Drive around with exit to the lane of oncoming traffic vehicles standing in front of the crossing;

D) stop at the crossing;

E) disembark (board) passengers and park closer than 50 m from the railway crossing;

G) to overtake at the level crossing and closer than 100 m in front of it.

INSTRUCTION N 4

Driving and parking at night

When driving at night or other conditions of insufficient visibility of less than 300 meters (fog, heavy rain, blizzard, as well as in tunnels), the cars must turn on high or low beam headlights, the identification sign of the road train, and the side lights on the trailer.

Adaptation of the driver to the movement in the dark does not occur immediately. At this time, the number of violations of the rules for the use of lighting devices increases one and a half times than in other months.

Light traffic at night is accompanied by a misleading impression of safety: the driver thinks that the road at night is excellent conditions for fast driving.

But the road landmarks that the driver used during the day are poorly or not visible at all in the dark, so you can drive into a ditch, fly out to the side of the road or the oncoming lane.

Driving with an oncoming car is especially dangerous, although the danger does not come from it, but from some kind of obstacle: a cyclist, a pedestrian, who may be on the road. The main beam must be switched to low beam at least 150 m before the vehicle moving towards you. When blinded, the driver must, without changing lanes, turn on the alarm, slow down or stop. It is very dangerous to smoke while driving a car. the flame of a lighter or match can blind you. If you smoke, ventilate the car: the substances contained in tobacco smoke, reduce visual acuity.

When returning from a long trip at night, make short stops that break the monotony of traffic in the dark.

A few minutes is enough to restore the level of attention necessary for traffic safety.

When stopping and parking on unlit sections of the road in the dark or in conditions of poor visibility, the side lights must be turned on on the car, and in conditions of insufficient visibility, the dipped beam headlights, front and rear fog lights can also be turned on. For a road train - illumination of the identification sign "Road train".

In the event of a forced stop on the vehicle, the emergency light signaling and an emergency stop sign was immediately put up at a distance of at least 15 m from the vehicle (in a built-up area) and 30 m outside a built-up area.

The driver is not allowed to leave the car on the roadway. He must take all possible measures to take him out of the carriageway.

INSTRUCTION N 5

Features of the work of the driver in the spring-summer period

With the beginning of snowmelt, a lot of spring water accumulates on the roads. Under a layer of water on the roadway, bumps and pits can be hidden. When driving on such roads, it is necessary to drive with extreme caution so as not to damage the car, damage the chassis and avoid accidents.

After the driver has driven through the water, the operation of the brake should be checked immediately.

When driving through water, the brake pads get wet, the coefficient of friction decreases sharply, and the brakes do not work. Slowly depress the brake pedal and hold until effective braking is restored. In this case, you need to move at low speed.

Earthen roadsides from a large amount of moisture soak and become viscous. Therefore, it is necessary to avoid exits onto a wet roadside, because. The vehicle may pull away from the curb and roll over, especially at high speeds. The minimum speed is selected.

With the onset of warm days on the streets and roads appears a large number of pedestrians, cyclists and drivers of individual vehicles. Driver, be especially careful on the roads!

Pedestrians, cyclists and drivers of individual vehicles have very low knowledge of traffic rules and driving skills. They can suddenly make an unexpected maneuver, so be especially careful when traveling with this category of drivers.

Morning frost covers the road thin layer ice, tires have almost no grip, the coefficient of adhesion, which on a good road can vary between 0.7 or 0.9, drops to 0.05 in icy conditions. What should be done to move in relative safety when the car seems to be floating on the road?

If you are driving on ice, our advice is: do not brake hard, it is not only useless, but also dangerous. Sudden braking leads to blocking of the wheels and an increase in the braking distance, and most often to the loss of a controlled skid; when driving through a dangerous area, try to keep the speed constant, use the accelerator pedal very carefully, smoothly, gently. No unnecessary, especially sharp movements of the steering wheel. If it is necessary to stop, use the engine brake or intermittent braking, i.e. "pressed-released".

In the event of a skid, the front wheels must be turned in the direction of the skid using engine braking.

When approaching bridges or overpasses, be especially careful. There, the ice crust on the road appears earlier than everywhere else, disappears later. In these areas, avoid sudden movements with the steering wheel, gas, brake. On a slippery road, changing lanes can be troublesome, and overtaking even more so. So it's best to stay in your lane.

In the oncoming and passing direction on a wet road from the wheels of the car, dirty splashes fall on the windshield and make it difficult to see. Therefore, you can not go to the line with idle wipers.

Summer is the time for school holidays. "Peak" of children's road traffic injuries falls on this time. Driver, remember - you should be especially careful when passing schools, playgrounds, as well as on sections of streets and roads where the sudden appearance of children is possible.

INSTRUCTION N 6

The work of the driver in the autumn-winter period

Autumn came. Rain, fog, leaf fall, light morning frosts - all this makes the autumn road dangerous and difficult for those who are driving. And only a driver who takes all precautions can skillfully overcome difficult sections of the road.

On wet pavement and a road covered with leaves, overtaking and sudden braking are dangerous.

Driver, remember: totally unacceptable high speed cornering, on wet and icy roads. Before turning, it is necessary to reduce the speed to a minimum without applying sudden braking. But if a skid occurs, the following measures should be taken without fuss and nervousness: without engaging the clutch, turn the steering wheel in the direction of the skid, slowly braking, and take the car out of the situation.

Crossroads and public transport stops are especially dangerous, when the road is covered with snow, they become especially slippery due to the constant braking of cars.

General rules for driving on slippery roads

1. Slow down.

2. Increase your distance and lateral spacing from other vehicles.

3. Perform all actions smoothly, do not make any sudden movements.

It must be remembered that in the autumn-winter time daylight hours are shorter, and the driver has to use more headlights. Strictly observe the rules of the road, but do not blind each other at the junctions, switch the headlights to low beam.

When driving in rain and snow, you must remember that visibility is reduced, since the wipers clean only part of the front glass.

The braking distance increases, which means that the general danger of movement increases. When driving uphill, select a gear so that you do not have to shift until the hill is completed.

When descending, do not depress the clutch, drive the car at speed, slowing down gently.

Do not leave with a broken vehicle. Serviceable brakes, steering, tires, lighting devices - the key to safe work on the line.

Driver, do not give sharp sound and light signals when pedestrians appear on the roadway, because, in a hurry to get off the road, a pedestrian can make a sudden movement, slip and fall in front of a moving car.

Drivers! Driving safety on a slippery road depends only on you. Experience and skill, attentiveness and discipline are a reliable guarantee of trouble-free work in the autumn-winter season.

INSTRUCTION N 7

Procedure for emergency evacuation of passengers
in traffic accidents
for bus drivers engaged in the transport of passengers

In the event of a traffic accident that threatens the life and health of passengers, the driver is responsible for ensuring their emergency evacuation from the passenger compartment.

The bus driver must:

Stop the bus, brake it with a handbrake, immediately turn off the engine and open all the doors of the passenger compartment;

Manage the evacuation of passengers from the passenger compartment;

Give a command to passengers, based on the degree of threatening danger, about the order of evacuation from the bus, which creates the most favorable conditions and preventing panic.

For bus passengers, the evacuation order must include:

Separation of passengers, starting from the middle of the cabin, into two groups and exit direction for each group through the nearest door;

Priority exit of passengers located in the accumulation areas and in the aisles between the seats;

Exit of injured passengers, disabled passengers and passengers with children;

Exit of other passengers.

For passengers of buses with only one exit, the evacuation command should provide for the priority exit of injured passengers, disabled passengers and passengers with children, and then the exit of passengers, starting from the rear seats of the bus.

In cases where, due to the nature of the traffic accident (bus overturning, fire in the passenger compartment, etc.), it is not possible to open the doors, or evacuation through the doors does not ensure the rescue of all passengers, the bus driver:

Gives a command to passengers to open hatches, remove existing special hammers from window mounts, break glass with them and carry out evacuation from the passenger compartment through hatches, window openings, providing each other with all possible assistance;

If the bus is not equipped with special hammers, it transfers cash to passengers to destroy windows, window openings salon (hammers, mounts, wrenches, etc.);

Personally participates in the evacuation of passengers from the bus;

Organizes, upon completion of the evacuation of passengers, the provision of first aid to the victims and the call of the "Ambulance" or sending them to the nearest medical institution and uses for these purposes all the cash at the scene and vehicles passing by.

INSTRUCTION N 8

For drivers transporting children on buses

The bus driver must remember that when transporting children, he is entrusted with the most expensive, the most precious, and therefore, he must be perfectly healthy, collected, feel confident and, in addition, fulfill the following requirements:

1. Check the technical condition of the vehicle, i.e. comply with all articles of the Rules of the Road, which refers to the technical condition and equipment of vehicles.

2. Remember that at night, in windy, rainy weather, with snowfall, with the windshield wiper not working, movement is prohibited.

3. Pick up and drop off children only in safe places.

4. All windows must be closed to prevent the child from leaning out, which is dangerous when overtaking or avoiding vehicles.

5. The buses must have a senior (representative of the organization sending children), who is obliged to monitor the boarding, transportation and disembarkation of children.

The surname of the elder must be entered in the driver's waybill without fail. The driver must instruct the elder about the rules for transporting children. The latter is obliged to comply with all requirements and at the same time bear responsibility for the consequences.

6. According to the Rules of the Road, when transporting a group of children, square bars must be installed in front and behind the vehicle. identification marks yellow color(side size 250-300 mm depending on the type of vehicle) with a red border (width 1/10 of the side) and with a black image of the symbol road sign 1.21 "Children".

7. Transportation of people must be carried out on vehicles specially designed for this purpose (buses). Before starting the bus, the driver must make sure that all conditions for the carriage of passengers are provided. The driver is obliged to start driving only with the doors closed and not open them until it comes to a complete stop.

8. The number of children transported should not exceed the number seats in the bus.

9. The speed of movement should not exceed 40 km/h.

12. When transporting children in a convoy, overtaking is strictly prohibited.

13. On wet asphalt, with limited visibility, the speed should not exceed 20 km/h. The interval of movement is chosen by the driver himself, depending on the speed of movement, climatic conditions, the state of transport.

14. The dispatcher on duty is prohibited from issuing a waybill without a written opinion of the doctor about the driver's state of health.

15. The head of the operation service, and in his absence, the senior dispatcher must personally instruct the driver about the route, about the condition of the carriageway along this route, about dangerous places and precautions, when long distance about times and places of rest.

16. When transporting children, the head of operation, together with the head of the column, must determine in advance drivers from among the experienced ones, as well as allocate buses with the shortest service life (preferably the first, second year).

17. The head of the QCD (mechanic) is personally obliged to check these buses, their technical condition. If a technical malfunction is detected, submit an application for RMM. The head of the repair shop is personally obliged to check the elimination of the identified malfunctions and hand it over to the head of the QCD (mechanic) against signature.

18. When releasing buses to the line for transporting children with a service life of more than 2 years Chief Engineer is obliged to personally check and give permission for the operation of these buses.

19. The head of the operation service is obliged to provide these buses with all the necessary equipment.

20. When the bus is traveling outside the city, the head of the enterprise appoints the head of the column the day before. The senior of the column receives the column according to specified requirements and bears full responsibility.

21. Moving off is allowed at the end of boarding all buses. Disembarkation is allowed when all buses come to a complete stop at the parking lot.

INSTRUCTION N 9

Responsibilities of the driver of a vehicle
in the transportation of people, and requirements for rolling stock

The driver must:

1. Before leaving the line:

Check the technical condition of the car, paying special attention to the control and braking units;

Check the condition of the sides, their locks, the reliability of fastening the awning (booth), the strength of the fastening of the backs and seats, the operation of the alarm from the body to the cab and the lighting of the body;

Pass a pre-trip medical examination, as well as briefing on the rules for transporting people and the state of the route.

2. Upon arrival at the customer's vehicle, present the waybill.

3. Boarding and disembarking of people should be carried out in specially provided places or at the edge of the sidewalk (roadside) only after the car has stopped.

4. Landing of people should be carried out only in the presence of the person responsible for transportation (whose name is indicated on the waybill), monitor the placement of passengers in the body (cabin), forbid them to stand in the body and sit on the sides when transported by truck.

5. Do not allow the passage of people in the body (salon) in an amount exceeding established norm, as well as people who are not related to the work performed, and passengers who are intoxicated.

6. Require persons in the car to unconditionally comply with safety regulations and traffic safety.

7. Before starting the movement, make sure that all conditions are provided for the safe transportation of passengers. The driver is forbidden to start moving when people are on the steps, fenders and sitting on the sides of the car.

8. Move the car from its place and stop smoothly, without jerks, drive through bumps, potholes at a reduced speed. It is forbidden to turn off the engine and move "freewheel" when driving downhill and in ice on a slippery road.

9. When driving a truck, be especially careful, ensure its movement, regardless of the number of passengers, at a speed of no more than 60 km / h.

10. Be extremely attentive and careful in the area of ​​warning signs.

11. When the car is forced to stop, take measures to prevent its spontaneous movement.

12. Transportation of people in the back of a truck must be carried out by drivers with category "C" (when transporting more than 8 people, including passengers in the cabin, having categories "C" and "D") and the experience of driving vehicles of this category for more than 3 years.

rolling stock requirements

1. Passengers are transported, as a rule, by buses. Transportation of passengers on specially equipped trucks is allowed.

2. Transportation of passengers is allowed on vehicles with reliable operation of components, assemblies and equipment that ensure traffic safety in any conditions. Use for transportation of people trucks with an expired normative term operation (by years and mileage) is prohibited.

3. All vehicles intended for the transportation of people must be equipped with a first aid kit, an emergency stop sign, and fire extinguishing equipment in accordance with the Rules of the Road.

4. Technical condition vehicles must guarantee the safety of the vehicle.

It is forbidden to install tires:

With through damage or rupture of cord threads;

Not corresponding to the vehicle model in terms of size and permissible load;

Having a residual tread height of less than: passenger cars - 1.6 mm, trucks - 1 mm, buses - 2 mm;

There is no bolt (nut) fastening or there are cracks in the wheel disk;

Studs on one axle different types or with different tread patterns.

5. The heating device in the cab must operate without interruption.

Application for heating the cabin of a truck, bus interior and passenger car, booths for transporting passengers (for truck) exhaust gas is prohibited. Concentration harmful substances at passenger locations should not exceed sanitary standard(carbon monoxide - 20 mg cubic meters, acrolein - 0.7 mg cubic meters).

6. Buses and cars must meet the following requirements:

A) body doors must have serviceable locking devices that exclude the possibility of their spontaneous opening while driving, and have devices for forced opening and closing by the driver;

B) additional reflectors (mirrors) should be equipped that allow the driver to observe the boarding of passengers and the order in the cabin;

C) the engine hood (for wagon-type buses) must be securely sealed;

d) the muffler pipe must extend beyond the overall dimensions of the body by 3.5 cm;

D) Cars must be equipped with seat belts.

7. The total capacity of buses (number of seats) is:

RAF-977DM, UAZ-452A, "Kubanets" - 10 people.

RAF-2203 - 11 people

Rotational car "Spetsselstroymontazh" - 17 people.

"Kuban" - 20 people.

KAVZ-685 - 21 people

PAZ-627 - 23 people

PAZ-3201 - 26 people

LAZ-3202, OBIAZ-677 - 28 people

LAZ-699N - 41 people

8. The number of passengers transported in trucks should not exceed the number of seats equipped for seating.

9. A truck must be equipped with an awning (removable booth), a ladder for boarding and disembarking passengers, body lighting, an alarm system from the body to the cab.

10. When transporting people, a truck with an onboard platform must be equipped with seats fixed at a height of 0.3-0.5 m from the floor and at least 0.3 m from the upper edge of the side, and when transporting children, in addition, the sides must have a height of at least 0.8 m from the floor level. On the wall of the cab facing the car body, there should be inscriptions: "Do not stand in the back!", "Do not sit on the sides!".

Passage in the body of a truck not equipped for the carriage of people is permitted only to persons accompanying the cargo or following its receipt, provided that they are provided with a convenient place located below the level of the sides.

At the same time, measures must be taken to prevent people from falling from the body. Transported materials are placed over the entire area of ​​the body, and piece materials are folded and fixed so that the possibility of their arbitrary displacement when the car is moving is excluded.

11. When transporting groups of children by bus or truck, identification signs "Transportation of children" must be installed in front and behind, and during daylight hours, in addition, dipped headlights must be turned on.

12. When transporting groups of children on a truck with a van body, it is necessary that at least 2 adults accompanying these children are in the back of it.

Outside the cab of a dump truck, tank truck, tractor and other specialized vehicles, self-propelled machines and mechanisms, the design of which is not suitable for transporting people, as well as in the body of a cargo motorcycle;

On a cargo trailer (semi-trailer);

In excess of the amount provided for by the technical characteristics of the vehicle, excluding children under 12 years of age.

INSTRUCTION N 10

On traffic safety and safety
for drivers on business trips
and long-haul flights (more than one work shift)

1. When working on the line and on the route, the driver must:

Follow the rules of the road, incl. maintain speed, taking into account road conditions and traffic intensity;

Monitor the readings of instruments, the operation of all mechanisms of the car;

In the event of a malfunction in the car that threatens traffic safety, take measures to eliminate the damage, and if this is not possible, go to the nearest repair base or return to the garage with precautions;

When stopping the car, take measures to prevent collision with passing vehicles, choose the safest area for stopping and parking or drive off the carriageway, turn on and wipe the signal lights, put an emergency stop sign. When leaving the cabin, make sure that there are no oncoming vehicles;

On country roads, after every hour of movement, make a short stop, get out of the cab to warm up and visually inspect the main components of the car;

Take special care when driving in conditions of ice, fog, limited visibility, on turns, uphill and downhill, railway. crossings, bridges and crossings, when driving at night and on an unfamiliar route, and in case of sudden meteorological changes in the weather (severe snowstorm, hurricane) that captured on the way, drive to the nearest settlement and stay there until the safety on the highway is completely clarified.

2. The driver is prohibited from:

Drive a car under the influence of alcohol or drugs, sick or overtired;

Transfer driving to persons who do not have a driving license or who are in a state of alcohol and drug intoxication;

Heating of the engine, gearbox, rear axle and other vehicle components with open fire;

Use the car for personal gain;

Transportation of passengers on trucks, if they are not recorded in the waybill;

Allow persons who do not have the right to repair the car, carry out repairs at loading and unloading sites, in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bmechanisms;

Rest or sleep in the cab and body of cars with the engine running.

3. When driving at night with one headlight, the light must be on the left side.

4. If, during certain work, the driver finds himself in hazardous conditions, he is obliged to stop work, inform his administration or the one at whose disposal he is, make a note on the waybill and continue work only after the danger has been eliminated.

5. Special precautions must be observed when working on road trains during their loading and unloading, when coupling and uncoupling, ensuring reliable coupling devices, securing safety cables, observing the speed of movement, and taking precautions when passing turns.

6. During the repair of the car on the line, the driver is obliged to comply with safety regulations and fire safety set for car repair and maintenance in the garage.

If the volume of repairs exceeds the permitted line, and the driver does not have necessary fixtures and tools, repairs are prohibited.

7. When working on the side of the road, work only on the right in the direction of travel.

8. When giving the car back, the driver must make sure that there are no vehicles, people or any objects. In case of poor visibility, reverse feed with a signalman.

9. Crossing cars ford and on ice is allowed only in places marked with special signs and signs.

10. When inflating tires on the line, be sure to use a safety fork or wheel, which should be placed with the locking ring down to the ground.

11. Do not wipe or wash the engine with gasoline or suck ethyl gasoline in your mouth.

12. When starting the engine with the handle, check the neutral position of the gear lever, do not grasp the handle.

13. Open the radiator cap of a running engine carefully, protecting your face and hands from steam burns.

14. In rainy weather, during snowfall, be careful when entering and exiting the cab, promptly clearing dirt, snow and ice from the cab steps.

15. When loading a car, the driver is obliged to monitor the correct placement of cargo in the body, compliance with the permitted dimensions, its stowage, fastening and linking, ensuring the reliability and safety of transportation.

INSTRUCTION N 11

Providing first aid to the injured
in a traffic accident

In a road traffic accident, various types of injuries can occur.

First health care, provided correctly and in a timely manner at the scene, can be of the most significant importance for the fate of the victim. This is all the more important given that many road traffic accidents occur on roads at a considerable distance from populated areas and medical facilities.

For the proper provision of self-help and mutual assistance, it is necessary some training and skills, as well as the availability of a set of dressing materials and medicines.

I. Wound care

With any damage to the skin and deep-lying tissues, it is necessary to treat the edges of the wound and apply a bandage.

1. Do not wash the wound, do not remove foreign bodies from the wound. Wipe the skin along the edges of the wound with a sterile material, making movements from the wounded surface to intact skin.

2. Lubricate the skin around the wound with iodine with the same movements, do not fill the wound with iodine.

3. Close the wound with sterile material, without touching the part of the material adjacent to the wound with your hands. Put on a bandage.

II. Stop bleeding from a wound

A. Arterial (blood of a bright scarlet color) splashes with a pulsating stream.

1. Take measures to stop bleeding with a pressure bandage. To do this, a sterile material is placed on the wound, a tightly rolled bandage or a piece of foam rubber, or sponge rubber is placed on top of this material, tight bandaging is performed.

2. If a tight bandage does not help, a rubber tourniquet is applied above the site of damage to the vessel. In the absence of a tourniquet, a twist is applied from a belt, scarf, etc., which is tightened and fixed with a stick.

It is better to apply the tourniquet on clothes or a soft pad without folds. The tourniquet can be kept for no more than 1.5-2 hours.

3. In case of very severe bleeding, you must immediately press the vessel above the site of bleeding with your fingers to the bone. This will give you time to orient yourself and choose a way to stop the bleeding. The vessel should be pressed against the bone with the thumb or four other fingers so that they lie along the artery.

4. When the bleeding vessel is located in a place where it is impossible to apply a tourniquet (axillary region, inguinal region), bleeding can be stopped by sharply bending the limb in the nearest joints and thus squeezing the vessel. The limb must be fixed in this position with a bandage made of a scarf or other durable material.

B. Venous and capillary (dark red blood flows or red blood oozes).

A sterile, moderately pressing bandage is applied.

Signs: swelling, bruising and pain, some limitation of movement is possible. Help - peace, cold.

IV. stretching

Signs: swelling, bruising and severe pain in the joint area, limitation of active movements in the joint.

Help: calm, cold. A soft fixing bandage is applied to the ankle, knee, elbow joints (8-shaped).

With a dislocation, the articular surfaces are displaced, often with a rupture of the articular bag. Signs: change in the shape of the joint (limb length), sharp pain, especially when trying to move. active, passive movements in the joint are practically impossible. Help: creating complete immobility in the joints, as in a fracture (see below). Do not try to correct the dislocation!

VI. fracture

A fracture occurs when the integrity of the bone is broken. Fragments of bone may remain in place (non-displaced fractures) or may be displaced. Fractures without damage to the skin - closed. When the skin is damaged under the fracture site - open fractures. The main signs of a fracture: sharp pain, swelling, bruising. Violation of movement in the limb with fractures with displacement - deformation of the limbs. There may be a crunch at the fracture site, abnormal mobility, but these signs should not be specifically identified. A number of signs of a fracture are similar to those of a bruise and sprain. At the slightest suspicion of a fracture, care should be the same as for an obvious fracture.

1. Help with a broken limb. Do not set the fracture! With an open fracture, do not touch the bone fragments. Apply a sterile bandage (see section "Wounds"). The main thing is to ensure complete immobility of damaged bones. To do this, a special transport tire, board, ski, stick, metal plate, etc. is attached to the injured limb with a bandage, scarf or other improvised means. Tire or handy tool should be applied in such a way as to capture the joints above and below the fracture site. A broken limb can be fixed to a healthy limb (leg) or torso (arm).

2. Help with fractures of the clavicle, scapula. Hang your hand on a scarf, the same follows after fixing a fracture of the hand, forearm.

3. Help with fractures of the pelvis and spine. The main symptoms: pain in the pelvis, spine, often limited movement in the limbs. Danger if no help is rendered: damage internal organs, shock, spinal cord injury.

Basic help: lay the victim in a horizontal position on his back, on a hard, smooth surface. For pain in the cervical spine - fix the head and neck by wrapping them on the sides with some soft objects. When shifting the victim - fix the head and neck.

VII. jaw fracture

Signs: severe pain, swelling, possibility of bleeding from the mouth or nose. Help: a sling-like bandage that goes over the chin and presses the lower jaw to the upper. In case of loss of consciousness of the victim - position on the side.

VIII. Traumatic brain injury

It includes a concussion and contusion of the brain, a fracture of the bones of the skull.

1. Signs of concussion: short-term loss of consciousness, headache, dizziness, nausea, general weakness. First aid: lying position, transport in lying position. With a brain injury, prolonged loss of consciousness, vomiting and a state of loss of consciousness with the ingress of vomit into the respiratory tract, retraction of the tongue, which makes breathing difficult, is possible. Help to prevent vomit from entering the respiratory tract, as well as blood and reduce the retraction of the tongue (in the absence of a pelvic fracture): the patient should be laid on his side, putting something under his head so that the head does not hang down, but is not raised ( see below section "Impaired breathing").

2. A fracture of the skull may not differ in its signs from a concussion and a bruise of the brain, but in some cases it is manifested by the presence of a wound in the area of ​​​​the fracture, a slight or abundant outflow of blood or a clear liquid from the nose, mouth or ear. Help is the same as for a brain injury: apply a sterile bandage to the wound.

IX. Conditions that are directly life-threatening

1. Shock. Occurs with severe injuries, accompanied by severe pain irritation. Warning: exclusion of repeated painful stimuli due to shifting, movements in broken limbs, etc., strong fixation of the fracture. Help: create peace, give the victim analgin or pyramidon, in cold weather - warm the victim.

2. Violation of breathing. It may be due to tongue retraction, blockage of the respiratory tract by foreign bodies: vomit, blood, mucus, water, and also due to respiratory arrest. Signs of respiratory arrest: no visible respiratory movements, the victim may turn blue or pale.

Help with blockage of the airways: gauze or a clean cloth wound around a finger, or an instrument, clean the mouth and deeper sections of the pharynx from foreign bodies, turn the head or the entire victim to the side. When the tongue sinks, you can insert a dense rubber tube with a diameter of 1-1.5 cm and a special air duct along the finger behind the root of the tongue by 1-2 cm.

Attention: - when cleaning the mouth and inserting the tube with a finger, control the position of the tongue so as not to push it into the depth;

When cleaning the mouth and throat, be careful not to leave a cloth or gauze in the throat.

Help with stopping breathing. Artificial respiration is performed "mouth to mouth" or through the above tube. When performing artificial respiration, the nose of the victim should be clamped. Artificial respiration in children is carried out immediately through the nose and mouth. For hygienic purposes, you can put a gauze napkin on the victim's mouth.

Artificial respiration technique "mouth to mouth" or through a breathing tube. The performer of artificial respiration, after a sufficiently deep breath, presses his mouth to the victim's mouth or takes a breathing tube into his mouth and exhales vigorously. In this case, it is necessary to ensure that the air does not come out of the victim's mouth. The exit occurs independently, the frequency of artificial respiration is 14-18 times per minute.

3. Cardiac arrest. Signs: loss of pulse, pallor skin while stopping breathing. Help - indirect heart massage. The victim is placed on his back hard surface, more convenient - on top dining table. The person assisting stands on the left, puts left palm on the lower end of the sternum and with force squeezes the chest strictly vertically, additionally pressing on left hand right. Such compressions are performed 60 times per minute, the chest is compressed by 3-4 cm. At the same time, artificial respiration is performed. If assistance is provided by one person, then for every 4-5 compressions, 1 breath is taken.

With the effectiveness of this event, a pulse appears, pallor decreases, the pupils narrow and, finally, the independent activity of the heart is restored.

This event is especially important in case of electrical injury, in cases where the victim was drowning.

The text of the document is verified by:
"Compendium of Guidance on Ensuring
traffic safety and licensing
vehicles regardless of the form
property and belongings,
1997

General procedure for the movement of vehicles

When vehicles are moving, drivers give warning signals with light indicators on the vehicle or sound signals. Drivers give turn signals and other signals regardless of whether there are other vehicles nearby or not. The timeliness of the signal is that it was filed before the start of the maneuver.

In tunnels with artificial lighting, turn on the parking lights or dipped headlights, when towing, turn on the dipped beam, and the side lights of the towing vehicle turn on. When stopping in conditions of insufficient visibility or when forced to stop in places where stopping is prohibited, as well as in case of traffic accidents, turn on the alarm on the car.

Vehicles on the carriageway must be located in a certain order. So on two-way roads with four lanes or more, it is not allowed to drive to the side of the road intended for oncoming traffic. Outside built-up areas, drivers should drive vehicles as close as possible to the right edge of the carriageway.

Vehicles whose speed must not exceed 40 km/h or which, for technical reasons, cannot reach such a speed must drive only in the rightmost lane. Traffic on tram tracks in the opposite direction is not allowed. along sidewalks and footpaths only road vehicles or vehicles serving commercial or other businesses located directly next to these sidewalks or paths are allowed.

Before moving off, the driver must make sure that the cab or body doors are securely closed, that loads are securely fastened and people are safely stowed. When starting off, the driver, without interfering with the movement of other vehicles, turns on the appropriate direction indicators. The driver is even more careful when starting the car from a place in reverse, if necessary, using the help of another person.

Travel speed is of paramount importance for traffic safety. The driver must drive the vehicle at a speed that ensures safe movement in almost all traffic situations. If the speed of one car is too low, the movement of other vehicles is hindered. At the same time, a fast-moving car poses a great danger to vehicles and pedestrians, as it has a significant mass and can cause great damage in a collision. Therefore, in settlements, the speed limit of -60 km / h is set. When choosing the speed of movement, the driver must take into account the intensity of the movement of vehicles and pedestrians, the width and condition of the carriageway, visibility in the direction of travel, atmospheric conditions, terrain, features and condition of the vehicle and the cargo being transported. Outside settlements, it is allowed to drive cars and trucks with a gross weight of up to 3.5 tons, as well as intercity, tourist buses and motorcycles at a speed of up to 90 km / h, and other buses, cars when towing a trailer, trucks with a gross weight of more than 3, 5 tons is allowed to move at a speed of not more than 70 km / h. On highways, the movement of these vehicles is allowed at speeds up to 110 and 90 km/h, respectively. Drivers with a driving experience of up to two years are in all cases allowed to drive at a speed of no more than 70 km / h.

Vehicles are moving from different speed, therefore, it often becomes necessary to maneuver - ahead of one or more moving vehicles, associated with the exit from the occupied row, called overtaking. Overtaking is permitted provided that there is no obstruction to oncoming vehicles. Overtaking is not allowed at intersections, railroad crossings, sharp curves and slopes, and in areas with limited visibility. In case of oncoming driving on slopes in the presence of an obstacle, the driver of a vehicle moving downhill gives way. On a horizontal section of the road, if the oncoming passing is difficult, then the driver on whose side there is an obstacle gives way.

It is allowed to overtake vehicles only in good visibility and free way, without causing interference to other vehicles with full confidence in the implementation of the maneuver being made. It is forbidden to obstruct overtaking or to increase the speed during overtaking. It should be borne in mind that overtaking into the oncoming lane is always associated with an increased risk of collision with oncoming vehicles. The overtaking distance or overtaking distance depends on the speed of the vehicle being overtaken and the overtaking vehicle. Overtaking time is calculated in seconds. In table. 32 shows the approximate values ​​of the time and distance of overtaking, depending on the speed of the overtaking and overtaken cars.

Often the overtaking vehicle is in the oncoming lane or in the danger zone. In this case, for safe overtaking, it is necessary that the time spent on it be less than the time of approach of the overtaking and oncoming cars (Table 33).

Stopping a moving vehicle should be provided, if necessary, at almost any time interval, and the driver must be ready for this. He must take into account that even with properly functioning brakes, the vehicle cannot be stopped immediately; under the influence of inertia, it will continue to move from the beginning of braking to a complete stop for a certain distance, called the braking distance.

32. Values ​​of time (s) and distance (m) overtaking a car
The speed of the overtaken car, km/h
	30	40	50	60	70	80	90	100
20	14,3 / 119	8,2 / 91	6,1 / 85	4,5 / 87	4,1 / 90	3,8 / 93	3,5 / 98
30		18,3 / 204	10,2 / 141	7,3 / 122	6,1 / 118	5,3 / 117	4,7 / 112	4,2 / 117
40			23,3 / 310	12,0 / 199	8,8 / 170	7,1 / 157	6,1 / 151	5,4 / 150
50				25,9 / 432	14,2 / 275	10,1 / 224	8,1 / 202	6,1 / 184
60					29,9 / 581	16,0 / 343	11,3 / 280	9,0 / 249
70						34,3 / 762	18,2 / 453	12,8 / 343
80							38,3 / 958	20,2 / 560

Note. The numerator indicates the overtaking time, the denominator indicates the overtaking distance.

33. The speed of the car when overtaking and the time it takes to approach the oncoming rolling stock.
Overtaking vehicle speed, km/h		Approach time from a distance of 1300 m, s	Approach speed of oncoming vehicles, km/h	Approach time from a distance of 1600 m, s
	at an oncoming car speed of 100 km/h		at an oncoming truck speed of 70 km/h
40	140	33,4	110	52,4
50	150	31,1	120	48,0
60	160	29,2	130	44,3
70	170	27,5	140	41,2
80	180	26,0	150	38,5
90	190	24,1	160	36,0 " :
100	200	23,3	170	33,9

The stopping distance is greater than the braking distance and is equal to the total distance that the vehicle will cover from the moment the driver notices the obstacle to the complete stop of the car. The stopping distance depends on the speed of the vehicle, the weight of the transported cargo, the condition of the road surface, the type of brake drive. On fig. 51 solid lines shows the stopping distance of a loaded vehicle with a carrying capacity of 4.5 tons with hydraulic brakes, and broken lines show the stopping distance of the same vehicle with pneumatic brakes.

Rice. 51. Dependence of the length of the stopping distance of a loaded car with a carrying capacity of 4.5 tons on the speed and condition of the road surface:

1 - dry asphalt concrete pavement; 2 - wet asphalt pavement; 3 - asphalt concrete pavement with ice on its surface