lesson plan Russian language grade 8

Subject: Types simple sentences by the presence of the necessary members of the proposal: complete and incomplete sentences

Purpose: to promote the assimilation of knowledge abouttypes of simple sentences by the presence of the necessary members of the sentence: complete and incomplete sentences.

Tasks: 1. Introducetypes of simple sentences by the presence of the necessary members of the sentence: complete and incomplete sentences

2. develop spelling skills, develop speech and thinking;

3. instill interest in the Russian language.

Type: combined lesson.

Visualization: cards, didactic games.

During the classes

1. Organizational moment.

Greeting, checking attendance, writing in the notebook the number and class work, setting the goal and objectives of the lesson.

2. Actualization of previous knowledge

Determine the type of one-part sentences

1. Definitely personal. I love winter forest. I contemplate the stormy sea.
2. Vaguely personal. A new store is being built in the village. On the outskirts they sing songs.
3. Impersonal. It's getting light. It's getting dark. Sleep would. I'm cold.
4. Names. Summer. Here is the heat.
5. Generalized personal. You never know where you will find your true happiness.

3. Explanation of new material

From the point of view of completeness of the sentence structure, they are divided intofull andincomplete .

Complete sentences are called in which there are all members necessary for expressing a thought.

incomplete sentences are called in which any necessary in meaning and structure member of the sentence (main or secondary) is omitted.

Incomplete can be two-part and one-part, common and non-common sentences.

The possibility of skipping sentence members is explained by the fact that they are clear from the context, from the speech situation or from the structure of the sentence itself. So the meaning is not complete sentences perceived based on the situation or context.

Here is an example of incomplete sentences in which the missing subject is restoredout of context .

Walked, walked. And suddenly in front of him from the hill the master sees a house, a village, a grove under the hill and a garden over a bright river. (A.S. Pushkin.)(Context - the previous sentence: In a clean field, of the moon in a silvery light, immersed in her dreams, Tatiana walked alone for a long time.)

Examples of incomplete sentences whose missing members are restored from the situation.

Husband knocked down and wants to look at the widow's tears. Unscrupulous! (A.S. Pushkin) - the words of Leporello, a response to the desire expressed by his master, Don Juan, to meet Dona Anna. It is clear that the missing subject isis he orDon Guan .

– Oh my God! And here, with this coffin! (A.S. Pushkin.) This is an incomplete sentence - Dona Anna's reaction to the words of the protagonist of "The Stone Guest": Don Juan confessed that he was not a monk, but "unfortunate, a victim of hopeless passion." There is not a single word in his remark that could take the place of the missing members of the sentence, but based on the situation, they can be approximately restored as follows:“You dare to say this here, in front of this coffin! ».

May be missed:

subject: How firmly she entered her role! (A.S. Pushkin) (The subject is restored according to the subject from the previous sentence:How Tatyana has changed! );

He would have disappeared like a blister on water, without any trace, without leaving descendants, without delivering to future children either a fortune or an honest name! (N.V. Gogol) (The subject I is restored according to the addition from the previous sentence:Whatever you say, he said to himself, if the police captain hadn’t arrived, I might not have been able to even look at the light of God! ) (N.V. Gogol);

addition: And so I took it! And I fought so hard! And I fed it with gingerbread! (A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentences:How Tanya has grown! How long have I, it seems, baptized you? );

predicate: Only not to the street, but from here, through the back door, and there through the yards. (M.A. Bulgakov) (Previous sentence:Run! );

several members of the proposal at once , including grammatical basis: How long ago? (A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentence:Are you composing Requiem? )

Incomplete sentences are commonin complex sentences : He is happy if she puts a fluffy boa on her shoulder ... (A.S. Pushkin)You Don Juan reminded me how you scolded me and gritted your teeth. (A.S. Pushkin) In both sentences, the subject missing in the subordinate clause is restored from the main clause.

Incomplete sentences are very common in colloquial speech , in particular, in a dialogue, where usually the initial sentence is detailed, grammatically complete, and subsequent remarks, as a rule, are incomplete sentences, since they do not repeat already named words.

– I am angry with my son.
- For what?
- For a bad crime. (A.S. Pushkin)

Among the dialogical sentences, there are sentences of a replica and sentences - answers to questions.

1. Quote offers are links in a common chain of successive replicas. In the replica of the dialogue, as a rule, those members of the sentence are used that add something new to the message, and the members of the sentence already mentioned by the speaker are not repeated. The replies that begin the dialogue are usually more complete in composition and independent than the subsequent ones, which are both lexically and grammatically oriented to the first replicas.

For example:

- Go to the dressing.
- Will kill.
- Crawling.
- All the same, you will not be saved (Nov.-Pr.).

2. Offers-answers vary depending on the nature of the question or remark.

They can be answers to a question in which one or another member of the sentence stands out:

- Who are you?
- Passing... wandering...
- Sleep or live?
I'll look over there... (M. G.);

4. Fixing

Write down incomplete sentences, put dashes in place of the missing members of the sentence. 1) The world is illuminated by the sun, and man by knowledge. 2) A lie stands on one leg, the truth on two. 3) The wise man blames himself, the ignorant of others. 4) A snake changes its skin once, but a traitor every day. 5) A writer needs courage in dealing with words and a store of his observations, a sculptor with clay and marble, an artist with colors and lines. (K.G. Paustovsky.)6) Behind was a fast clear river, just crossed by the detachment, in front cultivated fields and meadows with shallow gullies, still ahead mysterious black mountains covered with forests, behind the black mountains there were still protruding rocks, and on the highest horizon eternally charming, eternally changing, playing with light like diamonds, snowy mountains. (L. Tolstoy.)

5. Summing up, comments on grades, for making incomplete sentences

1. The concept of incomplete sentences.

2. Signals of incompleteness.

3. Types of incomplete sentences:

· contextual;

· situational;

elliptical.

Only structurally segmented sentences, both one-part and two-part, can be complete or incomplete. There are semantic (informational) and structural (grammatical) completeness or incompleteness. Semantic completeness is created by 3 factors:

1. situation,

2. context,

3. the general experience of the speakers.

If a sentence is taken out of context, it may not be understood by the speaker. In this case, one speaks of semantic incompleteness. For example: And this green World sang along to the little singer. In this sentence, we are talking about green poplar. This sentence is complete in structure, but incomplete in semantics. Another example: On the shore of desert waves he stood full of high thoughts. To understand what in question, it is necessary to have a certain literary competence. In the context, the semantic incompleteness is filled.

In syntax, the term "incomplete" applies only to structurally incomplete sentences. Therefore, to distinguish between complete and incomplete sentences, it is important to take into account the factor of continuity of syntactic links and relations. Let's compare 2 sentences. South winds bring us warmth. Northern - cold. In the second sentence, there is a break in syntactic links. The word "northern" indicates the omission of the subject "winds", similarly, the addition "cold" indicates the omission of the predicate "bring". As minor members always attached to the main. The presence of a definition always requires a defined word, the presence of a direct object - a verb-predicate. Thus, the violation of the chain of connections is a signal of incompleteness, which is reflected in the definition.

Incomplete sentences- These are proposals in which any member or group of members of the proposal that are mandatory in structure is missing. Incomplete sentences are updated to a greater extent than complete ones. In incomplete sentences, the rhematic group is most easily distinguished.

First of all, contextually incomplete sentences are singled out, which are characterized by the omission of one or more members of the sentence indicated in the context. The soldiers walked in a column that stretched for a block. sang songs. What is ringing is not clear. May be, forest or air. Someone is holding me by the shoulder. Holds and shakes . Contextually incomplete sentences are characteristic of writing. Their use makes speech concise and dynamic, avoiding unreasonable repetitions. Incomplete sentences are especially widely used in dialogue replicas. They use those words that carry new information, that is, the topic is omitted, but the rheme is present.

So you're married! I didn't know before! How long ago?

About two years.

- On whom?

- On Larina.

In incomplete replicas, both main members are missing, their omission is restored from the context. Usually the first lines of the dialogue are complete, the rest are built based on them.

Signals of incompleteness are secondary members of the sentence. The omission of the subject is usually indicated by the presence of a definition, the omission of the predicate is usually indicated by the presence of an addition or circumstance. It is easy to qualify as incomplete sentences. in which one of the main members of the proposal is omitted, since PPPs are structurally mandatory and in this case the chain of links is broken.

1. The omission of the subject is evidenced by the presence of a definition or the very form of the predicate. For example, if the predicate is expressed by the past tense verb plural, then this sentence is incomplete. Vera and Vityakleili wallpaper. worked unanimously. The second sentence is identical in form to a one-part indefinitely personal sentence. However, according to semantics, the verb "worked" is subject-oriented, since it does not indicate an indefinite agent. Compare with an indefinitely personal sentence: His called to the blackboard. When distinguishing between such sentences, we will rely on the semantics of the verb. Sentences with a predicate expressed by a verb of 1 or 2 persons will be qualified as one-part definite-personal, since the form of the verb self-sufficiently indicates the agent. Compare: For you I trudge everywhere at random.

If the presence of a definition testifies to the omission of the subject, then it is much easier to qualify these cases as incomplete, since the violation of the chain of connections is more noticeable. For example: old the dress stops liking, when bought new. The omission of the subject is indicated by the presence of the definition "new".

2. The omission of the predicate is evidenced by the circumstances and additions that depend on it. West wind blows in the morning evenings- eastern.

3. If a minor member of the sentence is omitted, then it is more difficult to qualify the proposal as complete or incomplete, since not every minor member is structurally necessary. Let's say. The absence of a definition does not make the proposal incomplete. Incomplete are one-part sentences that do not have "mandatory" additions. For example: Is there wind? Not ( wind). What's up with the roof? Blown away by the wind. ( roof).

The context indicates the omission of the mandatory members of the proposal. All of the above examples are contextually incomplete sentences.

The second group is situationally incomplete sentences. In them, the missing members are prompted by the situation, the situation, the gesture. They are more typical for colloquial speech. For example: You are standing at a bus stop, then you shout: "It's coming!" Those present understand that there is some kind of transport. In the sentence "Coming!" the subject is omitted. Or another typical example. You meet a friend who has returned from vacation:

Fine!

Dialogue cues are incomplete sentences. There are such sentences in literary texts, if they convey colloquial speech. - How mil! - said Princess Mary, looking at the child.

Naturally, the division into situationally and contextually incomplete is somewhat arbitrary. In literary criticism, by the way, the term “consituation” is adopted, since the situation is often described in the text.

Elliptical proposals- these are sentences in which the verb-predicate is omitted, and it is not required to restore it from the context. VV Babaitseva calls them semantically complete, but structurally incomplete. For example: I - to you! The information is complete, but the structure of the sentence is incomplete, since the position of the predicate is not replaced, as evidenced by the presence of an addition. Moreover, it is impossible in principle to restore the predicate. It can be any verb of motion: I ran, I went, I came, I looked, I was sent, I go. In these constructions, a secondary member of the sentence is updated - an addition or a circumstance. Elliptical sentences have a certain stylistic coloring. Compare:

No answer. He again message :

There is no answer to the second, third letter.

You see, the verb-predicate is "not compensated" by the context.

In elliptical sentences, the verb-predicate of the following semantic groups may be absent:

1. Verbs of being, absence, existence. Outside the city is a field. In the garden - elderberry, and in Kyiv - uncle.

2. Omission of verbs of motion. Tatyana - into the forest, the bear - behind her.

3. Skipping verbs of speech. I told him about Thomas, and he told me about Yerema.

4. Impersonal elliptical sentences with a missing predicate no. No fire, no black hut. The sky is clear. Some linguists refer to them as genitive sentences, and consider a noun in the genitive case as main member suggestions.

5. Nominative incentives. Syringe! Scalpel! They are also considered as incomplete elliptical sentences with a predicate missing in imperative mood. Compare with a typical incomplete sentence. into the corner!

One-part sentences can also be incomplete. Compare 2 designs: Close the window: see through//Close: see through. In the second construction, a direct object is omitted with a verb-predicate, and a strongly controlled verb requires an addition. In this case, the addition becomes structurally mandatory.

So, the problem of distinguishing between one-part complete sentences and two-part incomplete sentences is the most difficult in the syntax of a simple sentence. The fact is that the same constructions can be considered either as incomplete or as one-piece. Pay attention to the verbs of the 3rd person singular and plural of the present and future tenses. For example: goes, looking like a dead man. This proposal is incomplete two-part. Omission of the subject is indicated by the presence of a personal verb and separate definition. It's getting dark . One-part complete. This sentence cannot have a subject, since the verb does not presuppose an agent. Transmit summary. Complete, one-part, indefinitely personal. The children sat down at their desks. Read. Incomplete, two-part, since the verb "read" indicates the need for a figure.

From the point of view of completeness of the sentence structure, they are divided into full and incomplete.

Complete sentences are called in which there are all members necessary for expressing a thought.

incomplete sentences are called in which any necessary in meaning and structure member of the sentence (main or secondary) is omitted.

Incomplete can be two-part and one-part, common and non-common sentences.

The possibility of skipping sentence members is explained by the fact that they are clear from the context, from the situation of speech, or from the structure of the sentence itself. Thus, the meaning of incomplete sentences is perceived based on the situation or context.

Here is an example of incomplete sentences in which the missing subject is restored out of context .

Walked, walked. And suddenly in front of him from the hill the master sees a house, a village, a grove under the hill and a garden over a bright river.(A.S. Pushkin.) (Context - the previous sentence: In a clean field, of the moon in a silvery light, immersed in her dreams, Tatiana walked alone for a long time.)

Examples of incomplete sentences whose missing members are restored from the situation.

Husband knocked down and wants to look at the widow's tears. Unscrupulous!(A.S. Pushkin) - the words of Leporello, a response to the desire expressed by his master, Don Juan, to meet Dona Anna. It is clear that the missing subject is is he or Don Guan.

- Oh my God! And here, with this coffin!(A.S. Pushkin.) This is an incomplete sentence - Dona Anna's reaction to the words of the protagonist of "The Stone Guest": Don Juan confessed that he was not a monk, but "unfortunate, a victim of hopeless passion." There is not a single word in his remark that could take the place of the missing members of the sentence, but based on the situation, they can be approximately restored as follows: “You dare to say this here, in front of this coffin!».

May be missed:

• subject: How firmly she entered her role!(A.S. Pushkin) (The subject is restored according to the subject from the previous sentence: How Tatyana has changed!);

He would have disappeared like a blister on water, without any trace, without leaving descendants, without delivering to future children either a fortune or an honest name!(N.V. Gogol) (The subject I is restored according to the addition from the previous sentence: Whatever you say, he said to himself, if the police captain hadn’t arrived, I might not have been able to even look at the light of God!) (N.V. Gogol);

• addition: And so I took it! And I fought so hard! And I fed it with gingerbread!(A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentences: How Tanya has grown! How long have I, it seems, baptized you?);

• predicate: Only not to the street, but from here, through the back door, and there through the yards.(M.A. Bulgakov) (Previous sentence: Run!);

• several members of the proposal at once , including the grammatical basis: How long ago?(A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentence: Are you composing Requiem?)

Incomplete sentences are common in complex sentences : He is happy if she puts a fluffy boa on her shoulder ...(A.S. Pushkin) You Don Juan reminded me how you scolded me and gritted your teeth.(A.S. Pushkin) In both sentences, the subject missing in the subordinate clause is restored from the main clause.

Incomplete sentences are very common in colloquial speech., in particular, in a dialogue, where usually the initial sentence is detailed, grammatically complete, and subsequent remarks, as a rule, are incomplete sentences, since they do not repeat already named words.

- I'm angry with my son.
- For what?
- For a bad crime.(A.S. Pushkin)

Among the dialogical sentences, there are sentences of a replica and sentences - answers to questions.

1. Quote offers are links in a common chain of successive replicas. In the replica of the dialogue, as a rule, those members of the sentence are used that add something new to the message, and the members of the sentence already mentioned by the speaker are not repeated. The cues that begin a dialogue are usually more complete in composition and independent than subsequent ones, which are both lexically and grammatically oriented to the first cues.

For example:

- Go to the dressing.
- Will kill.
- Crawling.
- All the same, you will not be saved (Nov.-Pr.).

2. Offers-answers vary depending on the nature of the question or remark.

They can be answers to a question in which one or another member of the sentence stands out:

- Who are you?
- Passing... wandering...
- Sleep or live?
I'll look over there...(M. G.);

- What's in your knot, eagles?
"Crayfish," the tall man answered reluctantly.
- Wow! Where did you get them?
- Near the dam(Shol.);

They can be answers to a question that requires only confirmation or denial of what has been said:

- These are your poems in Pioneer published yesterday?
- My(S. Bar.);

- Did Nikolai Stepanych show you? asked the father.
- showed(S. Bar.);

- Maybe you need to get something? Bring?
- Do not need anything(Pan.).

Can be answers to a question with suggested answers:

- Do you like it or don't like it? he asked curtly.
“I like it,” he said. a (Pan.).

And finally, answers in the form of a counter-question with the meaning of the statement:

- How will you live?
- And what about the head, and what about the hands?(M. G.)

and answer-requests:

- I came here to propose to you.
- Offer? To me?(Ch.).

Questions and answers are lexically and structurally so closely related to each other that they often form something similar to a single complex sentence, where the question-sentence resembles a conditional clause.

For example:

- And if during sowing they break?
- Then in last resort make homemade(G. Nick.).

Dialogic speech, regardless of what structural types of sentences make it up, has its own patterns of construction, caused by the conditions of its formation and purpose: each replica is created in the process of direct communication and therefore has a two-way communicative orientation. Many syntactic features dialogue are connected precisely with the phenomenon of speaking, interspersed with the exchange of statements: this is conciseness, formal incompleteness, semantic and grammatical originality of the compatibility of replicas with each other, structural interdependence.

Elliptical proposals

There are sentences in Russian called elliptical(from Greek word ellipsis, which means "omission", "lack"). They omit the predicate, but retain the word that depends on it, and the context for understanding such sentences is not needed. These can be sentences with the meaning of movement, displacement ( I - to the Tauride Garden(K.I. Chukovsky); speech - thoughts And his wife: for rudeness, for your going words(A.T. Tvardovsky) and others.

Such sentences are usually found in colloquial speech and in works of art, and in book styles (scientific and official business) are not used.
Some scientists consider elliptical sentences to be a kind of incomplete sentences, while others consider them to be a special type of sentences that adjoins incomplete sentences and is similar to them.

Punctuation in an incomplete sentence

In an incomplete sentence forming part complex sentence, in place of the missing term (usually predicate) put a dash , if the missing member is restored from the previous part of the sentence or from the text and a pause is made at the place of the gap.

For example:

They stood opposite each other: he - confused and embarrassed, she - with an expression of challenge on her face.
However, in the absence of a pause, a dash is not put. For example: Alyosha looked at them, and they looked at him. Below it is a stream lighter than azure, above it is a golden ray of sun.

A dash is placed:

1. A dash is placed in place of a zero predicate in elliptical sentences, divided by a pause into two components - adverbial and subject.

For example:

They cling to each other at home. Behind them are vegetable gardens. Above the yellow straw fields, above the stubble - blue sky and white clouds(Sol.); Behind the highway - a birch forest(Boon.); AT big room On the second floor wooden house- long tables, over which hang kerosene lamps - "lightning" with pot-bellied glasses(Kav.).

This punctuation mark is especially stable with the structural parallelism of parts of the sentence: There are eleven horses in the yard, and in the stall there is a gray stallion, angry, heavy, busty(Boon.); A wide ravine, on one side - huts, on the other - a manor(Boon.); Ahead is a deserted September day. Ahead - lostness in this vast world of fragrant foliage, herbs, autumn wilt, calm waters, clouds, low sky(Paust.).

2. A dash is placed in incomplete sentences at the place where members of the sentence or their parts are skipped. These omissions are common in parts of a complex sentence with a parallel structure, when the omitted member is restored from the context of the first part of the sentence.

For example:

It was getting dark, and the clouds either dispersed, or now came in from three sides: on the left - almost black, with blue gaps, on the right - gray-haired, rumbling with continuous thunder, and from the west, because of the Khvoshchinsky estate, because of the slopes above the river valley , - muddy blue, in dusty stripes of rain, through which mountains of distant clouds rose pink(Boon.).

Compare the possibility of skipping a dash in everyday speech: They both spoke at once, one about cows, the other about sheep, but the words did not reach Kuzemkin's consciousness.(Bel.).

3. A dash is placed when skipping sentence members restored in the context of dialogue replicas or adjacent sentences.

For example: Do you like pies? green onion? I am passion!(M. G.); In another room, the workshop of an artisan jeweler is recreated. In the third - the shepherd's hut, with all the shepherd's utensils. In the fourth - ordinary water Mill. In the fifth - the furnishings of the hut where the shepherds make cheese. In the sixth - just the atmosphere of a peasant hut. In the seventh - the furnishings of the hut, where these very chergy and halishte were woven. All of this is skillfully recreated.(Sol.).

4. A dash is placed in sentences consisting of two word forms with the meaning of the subject, object, circumstance and built according to the schemes: who - what, who - where, what - to whom, what - where, what - how, what - where, etc.

For example: All wells are in operation; The microphone has a heart!; Book - by mail; Grades - for knowledge; You - the key to the university; Following the record - an accident; Trains - "green"!; First of all, efficiency.

incomplete sentences

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Incomplete offers.

1.Full offers -

Incomplete offers -

1. In dialogic speech.

elliptical

Incomplete offers.

1.Full offers - sentences in which there are all the main and secondary members of the sentence necessary for understanding the meaning.

Incomplete offers - sentences in which individual members may be omitted - main or secondary.

Missing members of a sentence can be easily restored from a previous context or situation. Incomplete sentences are found:

1. In dialogic speech.

2. In context (A light flashed at the turn of the river. Flashed brightly, strongly.)

Incomplete can be both two-part and one-part common and non-common sentences:

You understand me? (two-part, common, complete) - I understand. (two-part, non-common, incomplete).

Punctuation marks in incomplete sentences.

1. A dash is placed when there is a pause in elliptical sentences (independently used sentences with a missing predicate): Around the month - pale circles.

In the absence of a pause, the dash is not put: Again at the hour of the night clouds above the earth.

2. A dash is placed in elliptical sentences, the basis of which is formed by two nouns - in the dative and accusative cases, without a subject and a predicate, with a clear division into two parts: To the Motherland - our inspired work.

3. A dash is placed in an incomplete sentence, which is part of a complex sentence, when the missing member (usually a predicate) is restored from the previous part of the phrase and a pause is made at the gap: They stood opposite each other: Oleg - confused and embarrassed, Nina - with an expression of challenge to face. Petya went to the theater, and Sasha went to the cinema.

4. A dash is placed in parts of a complex sentence of the same type when a member of the sentence is omitted or even without a pass: Money disappears, work remains.

3. There are bright stars in the sky.

3.Sentence words.

Incentive and emotional-evaluative (interjection): Come on. Ida. Ai. Hey, hey.

4.Mini test.

A) 5 B) 4 C) 7 D) 6 E) 8

2. Give a description of the proposals. Where necessary, place punctuation marks.

1. Vera ran out of the garden onto the balcony, followed by Sergei jumping three steps.

2. The Mironovites sailed here on a self-propelled barge. Landed on the shore.

3. There are bright stars in the sky.

4. Every young worker has a secondary education.

5. One sodium atom replaces one hydrogen atom, one zinc atom replaces two hydrogen atoms.

3.Sentence words. Can be used in dialogue. Are divided into:

Affirmative: Yes. Certainly. Maybe.

Negative: No. Not at all.

Incentive and emotional-evaluative (interjection): Come on. Ida. Ai. Hey, hey.

4.Mini test.

1. Define an incomplete sentence.

A) The happiness of noble minds is to see contentment around.

B) On the table is an open volume of poems presented to you.

c) The greatest book is the book of life.

D) Honesty and accuracy are twins.

E) The true purpose of man is to live, not to exist.

2. In the sentence, on that side of it that faces the sea, the waves threw chips of algae mud and the stone hung with them seems to be tied to a narrow sandy strip separating the sea from the mountains. need to put:

A) 7 commas B) 9 commas C) 8 commas

D) 6 commas E) 6 commas and a dash.

3. Indicate the number of missing commas in the sentence: The hazel grouse immediately fluttered all over, flew at us in the air, but suddenly soared in fright, turned to the side in a hurry, touched a branch and quickly, quickly working with its wings, disappeared into the forest dusk.

A) 5 B) 4 C) 7 D) 6 E) 8

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By the presence or absence of the necessary members of the proposal distinguish between complete and incomplete simple sentences.

Complete offers- these are simple sentences that have all the members necessary for the semantic completeness of the sentence. Being strong is good, being smart is twice as good.

Incomplete sentences- these are sentences in which any member of the sentence (main or secondary) or several members of the sentence are omitted. The omitted members of the sentence are easily restored from previous sentences or from the speech situation. The world is illuminated by the sun, and man - by knowledge . Compare: … and man is illumined by knowledge.

Incomplete two-part proposals must be distinguished from one-component full, in which there is only one main member of the sentence, and the second is not and cannot be in the structure.

Both two-part and one-part sentences can be incomplete. Dialogue sentences are often incomplete.

- What's your name?
- Alexei.
- What about your father?
- Nikolaich.

An incomplete sentence can be the second part of a complex sentence. Alyosha looked at them, and they looked at him. The predicate in the second part of the complex sentence is omitted. You received letters, but I did not. Addendum omitted.

The omission of sentence members in pronunciation can be expressed by a pause, and a dash is indicated on the letter. It dawns early in summer and late in winter.

In the so-called situational incomplete sentences omitted members are not restored. They are not named anywhere in the text, but are thought out from the speech situation, that is, their meaning is revealed by extra-verbal circumstances, gestures, facial expressions. Follow me! To health! Have a good trip!