Modular energy saving house. Zero house
Calculate the approximate cost of building an energy efficient home using the building calculator.
What is an energy efficient home?
This is a house where:
The fulfillment of the above conditions ensures low and ultra-low energy consumption in the house. In Germany, good indicators of an energy-efficient house are considered when no more than 1.5 ... 3 liters of equivalent fuel is consumed per 1 m2 of heated area per year, i. no more than 15...30 kWh/m² per year.
According to the theory of German scientists, any locality has its own specific (for a given locality) natural renewable sources, which, in the case of low energy consumption, can completely replace traditional energy sources and provide comfortable living in a house.
Low energy consumption at home makes it possible to use renewable energy sources of the environment. At the same time, energy sources can be of various types: geothermal energy of the Earth, solar energy, wind energy, water energy. In the coastal zone, for example, wind turbines and tidal power plants. In mountainous areas - wind turbines and geothermal systems. In flat terrain - geothermal, solar installations, etc. Such use of the environment is environmentally friendly, ensures the safety of the environment, and most importantly, provides independence from the ever-increasing prices for energy resources.
Despite the high cost of equipment required to produce heat from renewable energy sources, it is becoming competitive with traditional equipment operating on gas, electricity, wood and coal, since current operating costs are minimal and practically independent of price increases. In addition, recently the cost of this equipment, which in the recent past was fantastic, has significantly decreased and continues to decline every year.
Construction of individual low-rise energy-efficient residential buildings in Russia
Currently, individual low-rise energy-efficient houses for the majority of the Russian population are a pipe dream. Single copies, built recently, at a cost (more than 100 thousand rubles / m2) significantly exceed the cost of ordinary houses, calculated according to the standards in force in Russia.
The specialists of InterStroy LLC were tasked to develop a project and build a prototype of an energy-efficient individual low-rise building at a cost not exceeding the average cost of an ordinary country house (approximately no more than 60 thousand rubles / m2).
In the future, based on the results of monitoring the operational properties of the building under construction, it is planned to continue optimizing costs and reduce the cost of construction by another 10-15%. Such a condition is necessary for the implementation of mass construction of houses of this class in areas with limited energy resources (lack of electricity, gas).
Pre-selection of the main architectural and technical solutions
Prior to the adoption of the main version of the "pilot project" of an individual low-rise residential building, the specialists of the Passive House Institute LLC analyzed several options for planning and design solutions, as well as made preliminary calculations for the selection of types of insulation and their thicknesses.
In order to reduce the cost of the house, a rectangular house plan was adopted, which made it possible to minimize the volume of external walls per unit area of the building.
Particular attention was paid to the choice of the design of the outer walls. As a result of comparing various materials (brick, foam blocks, wooden frame, etc.), it was decided to use monolithic reinforced concrete structures as load-bearing and enclosing structures. Concrete walls have a dense structure, which makes it possible to more efficiently perform the required sealing of the internal volume, which is necessary for controlling and controlling air exchange in order to minimize heat losses and maximize heat retention (up to 80%). It also provides high bearing capacity with minimal thicknesses, which significantly reduces the volume of structures and reduces the cost and time of work.
As a heater, among the huge variety of materials presented today (hard, soft, mineral, synthetic, "blown", etc.), a new generation of slab mineral wool insulation produced by the company "SAINT-GOBAIN". In addition, an agreement was reached on joint development with the company "SAINT-GOBAIN" insulation attachment points (thickness 400 mm or more) to the concrete surface of the outer walls.
Building exterior
Basic design decisions of the building
Architectural and planning solutions
The architects adopted a modular concept of building layout, using which it is possible to implement the adjoining of modules in different directions.
The module is a square with internal dimensions of 9.6×9.6 meters with a total area of about 90 m². The square shape was adopted to reduce the material consumption of expensive external walls per 1 m2 of area.
The modular layout makes it possible to build houses with an area of 90 m², 135 m², 180 m², 225 m², 270 m², etc.
Foundation
The foundation is made in the form of a monolithic reinforced concrete slab 300 mm thick, the walls of the basement are made of monolithic reinforced concrete 150 mm thick.
Wall structures of the first, second and third floors
External walls - load-bearing, made of monolithic reinforced concrete 150 mm thick, followed by mineral wool insulation, with external finishing with ventilated facades and partially plastered facades. Internal walls, except for two walls of the stairs and the first wall of the communication shaft, can be made of any wall materials at the request of the customer (brick, tongue-and-groove blocks, plasterboard, etc.).
Overlappings
Interfloor ceilings - beamless monolithic reinforced concrete, 160 mm thick, supported by external walls, piers of stairs and a communication shaft. A monolithic ceiling with a large span enables architects, when designing an interior, to carry out any individual layout and satisfy the most stringent customer requests.
Roof
The roof is accepted as partly unused with a single-pitched radius rounding with an internal drain and partly used with a flat slope. Radius roof insulation is made of ISOVER mineral wool boards 600 mm thick. Flat roof insulation - 450 mm of extruded polystyrene foam. Various decisions were made in order to show the possibility of using various types of roofs in this project (both flat and complex with a curved contour, as well as various types of one, two, four pitched roofs).
Thermal envelope of the building
Insulation of the building begins from the base under the foundation slab with a 300 mm thick extruded polystyrene foam insulation. Next, the basement walls are insulated with XPS insulation 350 mm thick. The outer walls are insulated with mineral wool boards 400 mm thick. For insulation of roofs, parapets and cornices, heaters with low volumetric weight are used, both dense and loose (extruded polystyrene foam, ISOVER, etc.). The choice of various thermal insulation materials is due to the fact that structures operating in different conditions (foundation, basement walls, external walls, roofing) are subject to insulation.
To fix the semi-rigid insulation on the walls, 2 variants of the ventilated and "wet" facade subsystems have been developed. One subsystem consists of I-beams made of OSB, installed vertically, with filling the space between the trusses with ISOVER insulation. The second one is made of metal brackets and wooden bars, made in the form of a frame, filled with ISOVER insulation. Together with the Saint-Gobain company, the development of other types of unified subsystems is ongoing in order to reduce their cost and improve their characteristics (for the possibility of attaching insulation with a thickness of 400 mm, 500 mm or more).
External glazing and doors
Due to the fact that the thermal calculation of the experimental house was carried out according to German standards, the architects were given a difficult task. When designing the glazing of the house, the orientation of the house to the cardinal points was strictly taken into account. The minimum glazing is taken on the north side, the maximum - on the south. In hot summer time, an automatic sun protection system is provided on the facade of the house. In order to reduce heat loss, one entrance is provided. The windows and doors used must meet the following project requirements: Ro = 1.19 - 1.20 (m & sup2 C) / W.
External decorative elements of facades
There are various technical solutions that allow you to remove the problem of freezing through these elements. However, they are often expensive and their use in construction will lead to an excessive rise in price. Therefore, in this project, the facade finishing elements are various combinations of a ventilated facade and external facade plaster. The varieties of these materials currently available on the construction market make it possible to satisfy the taste of the most demanding customer.
A skillful combination of different types of finishing of ventilated facades, the use of different colors of external painting of wall sections, as well as the use of different roof structures allows architects to offer customers a wide variety of houses that are not similar to each other.
Internal layout
All rooms with the maximum stay of people are concentrated on the south side, where maximum glazing is possible. Premises for technical and household purposes are located mainly on the north side, where there is no external glazing or it is minimal. It was decided to abandon the premises with double light, due to a significant deterioration in the thermal performance of the building.
Engineering equipment at home
Water supply
There is a well on the site. The well provides all the needs of the house. Pump control automation and all water supply equipment are located in a well equipped above the well head.
Inside the building, in the basement, an input unit is provided, equipped with the necessary shut-off valves, fine water filters and water meters.
Hot water is heated jointly using a heat pump and solar collectors, and in the event of a failure of one of the systems, heating is provided using a backup source (in this project, a gas boiler).
In the event of a pump failure, the house provides an emergency supply of drinking water in the amount of 1000 liters.
Gutters and storm sewers
The roof consists of a flat part with an area of about 45 m² and a shed with a variable slope - 75 m². On a flat roof, water flow is carried out along slopes towards funnels located in the corners of the building. On a sloping roof, water flow is also carried out along the slopes to the drain funnels located at the lowest points in the corners of the building.
All diverted rain and melt water is directed to the drainage wells of the wall drainage of the house.
It is possible to use internal gutters on a flat roof with a rainwater storage tank in the basement or a buried tank in the ground (for use for irrigation).
Sewerage
The project provides for two types of sewerage:
1. For the basement, a pressure sewage system is provided using the SOLOLIFT installation (for a bathroom, showers and a drain for collecting water from the floor of the washing room and sauna) and a drainage pump (for pumping water from the pit of the technical room during operation).
2. For the rest of the house, a gravity sewer is provided with one vertical riser in the technological shaft, a horizontal section under the basement ceiling and an outlet from the building in the basement at a height of 1 m from the finished floor.
Gravity sewer brings domestic waste to a septic tank. The septic tank of the brand "Tver", provided for in this project, is located 3 meters from the northern wall of the house.
Heating
Initially, this project set the task of using non-traditional, environmentally friendly, renewable energy sources of heat. It was customary to use heat pumps (using the geothermal heat of the Earth) and solar collectors using solar energy as an energy source. The heat generated by these installations, according to the calculations of ENSO INTERNATIONAL Company LLC, is sufficient to heat water and provide the house with heat throughout the year. Due to the fact that the heat loss of an energy-efficient house is much lower than in an ordinary house, the required power of thermal installations does not exceed 10 kW.
It is possible to obtain this power from two wells with a total depth of about 200 m (50 W from each linear meter of a well for 200 meters = 10 kW).
A gas boiler was adopted as a backup power plant (other types of power plants are also possible: boilers running on wood, coal, diesel fuel, electricity, etc.).
The heating project with the help of the combined operation of a heat pump and a solar collector was carried out by ENSO INTERNATIONAL Company LLC.
In this project, a modular system is proposed for heating and hot water TYRRO with geothermal ground (horizontal or vertical) heat exchanger and function "freecooling" in summer time.
Solar collectors are proposed to be installed on special brackets on a flat roof on the south or south-west side of the building. Their area is determined during the design process, based on architectural and engineering considerations. Solar heat in the summer will be used to heat the soil at the installation site of the ground heat exchanger, as well as to heat the water in the pool and water for watering plants. In winter, part of the low-temperature heat will be used to heat the heat pump.
It also provides for air heating through the ventilation system in winter, and cooling in summer. While the heat pump is heating water, the ground will be cooled on the other side of the pump in the evaporative circuit (collector located in the ground), increasing the cooling efficiency in mode "freecooling".
Ventilation
This project of the house provides for forced ventilation using supply and exhaust ventilation units with heat recovery. The use of forced ventilation has both advantages and disadvantages.
The disadvantages of this system, compared with natural ventilation, are:
The advantage is the possibility of high-quality cleaning of the supplied air, which is an important indicator for the health of people, especially those suffering from allergic and pulmonary diseases. The purity of the surrounding air, both in the city and in the countryside, leaves much to be desired. In the city - soot, exhaust gases from cars, etc. In rural areas - microparticles from flowering plants that cause allergic diseases, etc.
Control and management of air exchange makes it possible to provide in any room, depending on the situation, the supply of a sufficient amount of air, respectively, and oxygen, which qualitatively improves the functioning of the human body, especially its brain.
The ability to recover heat from the exhaust air provides a major savings in energy consumption. Modern recuperation installations make it possible to recover up to 90% of the heat emitted from the house along with the air in traditional natural ventilation systems. This allows you to significantly reduce operating costs for heat and provides significant budget savings.
To ensure ventilation in the house in the event of a power outage, a natural ventilation system is provided. To ensure its operation and the possibility of air circulation, windows with a micro-ventilation mode are provided.
To remove exhaust gases from the gas boiler, which is a backup source of heat, a separate chimney with access to the roof is provided. The air intake for the operation of the boiler is carried out from the street, and not from the premises.
Electrician
According to the technical conditions, 10 kW of electricity has been allocated to the site where the house is being built. The house is connected from a distribution electrical panel installed on a lighting pole.
The house has its own switchboard. A voltage stabilizer is provided. Horizontal wiring of cable lines is carried out on the ceiling (in cable channels, trays, in HDPE pipes). Vertical wiring of the supply floor cable lines - in the technological shaft in the cable channel, as well as hidden along the walls, in the trench, followed by plastering and painting. To connect the equipment, a separate supply line is adopted.
A backup power supply is provided from a small diesel generator, which ensures the operation of engineering equipment in the event of an emergency shutdown. Connection and operation of the generator occurs automatically and is designed for 8-10 hours of uninterrupted operation. During this time, all engineering systems must be switched to a special mode or turned off (depending on the purpose of this or that equipment).
grounding
The house is provided with grounding, adopted by building codes and regulations.
Lightning protection
In the house, for protection from lightning in the summer, lightning protection is provided, which complies with the safety requirements in force in Russia.
Operating costs and benefits
energy efficient home
Given the ongoing rise in prices for utilities and energy resources in Russia, houses of this class make it much easier for their owners to survive the rising costs of housing and communal services.
The increase in electricity and gas prices presented below, not to mention the increase in the cost of hot water, maintenance and operation of housing, shows that it is several times higher than the statistical increase in the salary of the average working Russian. In the event that the existing dynamics of rising prices for housing and communal services and the growth of the average salary continue for several years, the payment for utilities will be a significant, and perhaps the main amount of expenses in the budget of ordinary Russian citizens.
Dynamics of actual growth in gas and electricity prices
from 2004 to 2014 and, in case of maintaining the existing dynamics
price growth, for the period from 2014 to 2024.
According to preliminary calculations, additional general construction costs for ensuring the energy efficiency of the building and the costs of using modern expensive engineering equipment using alternative energy sources, at current tariffs, are justified already in 5-6 years of operation. Taking into account the forecasted increase in tariffs, in the near future, the payback period may be reduced to 2 years.
An assessment of the heating costs for a conventional house with an energy consumption of about 150 kWh/m² year and an energy efficient house of 25-30 kWh/m² year allows us to conclude that the costs of various types of energy resources (gas, electricity, etc.) when operating an energy efficient house are reduced by 5-6 times, and in the event that tariffs continue to grow, as evidenced by the last 10 years, saving only on heating will help save your budget.
Below are the heating costs for a conventional house with an energy consumption of 150 kWh/m² year and an energy-efficient house with an energy consumption of 28 kWh/m² year with the same area of 300 m², and using different types of power plants (electric boiler, heat pump, gas boiler).
Expenses for the operation of an electric boiler, rubles / year
Expenses for the operation of a gas boiler, rubles / year
| Year | ordinary house | energy efficient house |
|---|---|---|
| 2024 | 116 545 | 21 755 |
| 2019 | 45 556 | 8 504 |
| 2014 | 27 303 | 5 097 |
| 2009 | 10 062 | 1 878 |
| 2004 | 5 966 | 1 114 |
In custody
In the process of designing an energy-efficient house, engineers and architects of InterStroy LLC studied work experience, consulted with specialists, both domestic and foreign organizations working in this direction. Many of the achievements and recommendations that are worthy of attention were implemented in the development of an individual low-rise residential building of the series "IS-33e".
The construction of energy efficient houses in Russia is at the initial stage of its development. In the process of working on this project, it became obvious that the modern achievements, technological and technical solutions used by us are only a small part of what is currently used in foreign countries.
We have planned a lot of work on the study and implementation of domestic and foreign developments that are most optimally suited to the climatic conditions of Russia.
InterStroy LLC has planned several directions for the construction of energy-efficient houses. Below are some of them:
.1. Continued search for the most optimal architectural and technical solutions using various types of materials in building structures, both traditional and new, more efficient materials to achieve a reduction in energy consumption (below 28 kWh/m² year).
2. Carry out further work on the selection of engineering equipment and systems operating on renewable energy sources, as well as combining them with traditional equipment operating on gas, electricity, diesel fuel, coal, wood, etc.
3. To complete this year the construction of a prototype of an individual low-rise energy-efficient house (28 kWh/m² year), at a cost not exceeding the average cost (in the Moscow region) of an ordinary house.
4. To carry out at this facility (after the completion of construction - the next 2-3 years) a comprehensive monitoring of the performance of engineering systems and building structures, which will allow:
Monitoring data is necessary to optimize and reduce the cost of construction and subsequent costs. In turn, reducing the cost of an energy-efficient house to a cost comparable to the cost of an ordinary house will allow it to take its rightful place in the housing market.
Obviously, for any Client who is not indifferent to his financial well-being in the future, the choice of building an energy-efficient home will be the right decision.
Modular homes for permanent residence are just beginning to gain ground and popularity in the housing market. At the same time, the main problem that they have to overcome is the stereotype that has developed over the years around modular construction. Modular container houses have gained popularity as prefabricated temporary structures in places where conventional housing is either very difficult or prohibitively expensive.
Typical examples are dormitories, modular canteens and office buildings in the area of oil and gas production, change houses at a construction site, as well as tire shops, hostels, kiosks and simply modular stores that can hardly be called architecturally attractive. However, having accumulated relevant experience, companies are increasingly offering to build modular houses for year-round use, adapting them to the wishes of future residents.
Modular private houses: advantages and disadvantages
A modular residential building is being built from separate blocks, which may include both ready-made premises (for example, bathroom or kitchen) and just be part of the room. This principle of construction, if you look at it in a simplified way, reminds everyone of the well-known LEGO constructor - it allows, taking a standard solution as a basis, to adapt the projects of modular houses, creating optimal premises, increasing the area, changing the functional purpose of the rooms, etc. Therefore, ready-made modules / blocks are delivered to the construction site, which only need to be connected by combining engineering communications.
The undoubted advantage of modular construction is the production of residential modules in the factory. Thanks to this, it is possible to solve several tasks at once:
- full compatibility of individual blocks/modules due to precise adherence to manufacturing standards
- when manufactured in the workshop, the materials are not subject to atmospheric influence - there is no danger that the insulation will become damp or get wet. Plus - the quality of work is guaranteed by the use of modern equipment
- control of all processes - all operations are under supervision, because often in private housing construction you just have to take the "word" of hired workers, because there is no way to fully control their work. This ensures both full compliance with technology and standards, and improves the quality of work. Some manufacturers carry out full control of engineering communications, including the operation of the plumbing system.
The manufacture of the base module is determined by the frequency of use of the future home. A modular house for permanent residence has more durable walls, for example:
- 12 mm cement laminated board
- vapor barrier (first layer, 0.15 mm)
- basalt insulation (minimum - 15 mm)
- vapor barrier (second layer, 0.15 mm)
- 12 mm cement laminated board
In terms of its thermal insulation properties, such a “sandwich” surpasses half a meter brickwork. A pre-fabricated modular house for year-round use will require a reinforced base frame and pouring a solid foundation, improved hydro and thermal insulation, and the installation of an efficient heating and ventilation system.
There are a lot of options for choosing materials for creating the base of the module. The most common is a metal frame with the installation of insulated panels, they are most often used to build houses for permanent residence. For country houses, an option from a frame created on the basis of a light steel structure, walls of small thickness with thin insulation is suitable. Much less commonly used are frames made of wood, with sandwich panels or planed board panels with mineral insulation.
- erection speed - if you do not take into account the time for laying the foundation (this will be the longest part of the construction), then the construction of a modular house will take 1-2 weeks. After all, ready-made modules will simply need to be installed and docked engineering systems, connecting them to external communications, sealing the seams, mounting flashings and finishing work
- expandability – the project may provide for further expansion of the house by installing (on the sides or on top) additional blocks
- strength and seismic resistance - modular houses are often erected in areas with high seismic risk, a reinforced metal frame ensures the safety of modular houses during earthquakes up to 9 points. The fact is that in New Orleans, practically wiped off the face of the earth by Hurricane Katrin, it was modular houses created on the basis of metal block containers that suffered the least.
- minimum construction waste, which inevitably accompanies the construction, because the module arrives at the site in a state of 95% readiness. This allows you to build houses, keeping the original natural landscape almost untouched.
- low cost - the price per square meter in a modular house will cost almost 2 times cheaper than in traditional construction.
The main disadvantage of modular construction is directly related to its advantage, namely, the complexity of the delivery and installation of the finished module, which will require a car with a special platform, as well as a powerful truck crane. If we take European calculations, then a square meter of modular housing at the factory costs about 200-250 dollars, but due to the rental of heavy construction equipment, its cost in a finished (mounted) house increases by 1.5-2 times.
Construction of modular houses: from unification to individuality
Talk about constructive limitations and monotony of architectural solutions of modular construction is a thing of the past. Today you can order a modular house in almost any style - from colonial with a traditional central hall and other rooms grouped around it to a house in mediterranean style. But still, modular houses in modern styles are most in demand - high tech or minimalism. The square simple shape, in which clear and simple lines give geometric rigor, fully meets the spirit of minimalism. Another popular solution that is typical for modular buildings is a large glass area, which helps to fill the house with natural light, blurring the line between the external environment and the interior.
How much does it cost to build a house? This issue is key for the majority of Belarusians - not every family can afford housing for the cost prevailing in the construction market. How to make the house accessible to the majority? Guided by market trends, several companies at once presented products based on the principles of modular housing construction. Small in size, but equipped with everything necessary for a family, these houses are available to almost every Belarusian.
The new trend was picked up by the Modern Frame Technologies company, known for being the first Belarusian energy-efficient house in Dzerzhinsk. During the exhibition "Stroyexpo 2015" on the open area of the National Exhibition Center "BelExpo" the company showed the result of the work of its division of modular housing construction House Machine - an energy-efficient modular house. The exhibitor has an A+ energy efficiency class with energy consumption of 55 kWh/m2 per year or 5.5 m3 of natural gas for heating. The total area is 40 square meters. It has three rooms - a studio room (kitchen + living room), a sauna and a bathroom.
The "chip" of a modular home is that it is designed to expand over time. With the help of additional modules that can be purchased as needed, you can create a building of almost any configuration and size. Finishing options outside and inside - any. You can order without finishing, but then the charm of such a house is lost, when you can immediately live in it without doing repairs.
Construction and installation of the house are carried out within 4-12 weeks from the moment of agreement with the project documentation. The entire build-to-finish process is done in-house, minimizing the amount of work "on site" once the modules are installed, and allowing you to constantly monitor build quality levels.
Mineral wool of two types Isover profi and Isover Karkas P-34 was used to insulate the house. The thickness in the walls is 200 mm, in the floor - 250 mm, in the roof - 300 mm. Wind and waterproofing is done with a Tyvek Housewrap membrane, full wrapping takes place on all 6 sides with mandatory gluing of seams, junctions, passages of communication sleeves. The module is sheathed with a massive bar 40 × 60 mm. From the inside, the walls, floor and roof are sheathed with a vapor barrier film. The structure is sheathed with OSB boards. All communications are hidden in the wall.
The breather is responsible for ventilation in the house - a small supply and exhaust unit with heat recovery. Of the heating devices - a wood-burning stove (it also heats the sauna) and a convector.
In order to save natural and energy resources, humanity has developed comprehensive measures to insulate buildings and bring the level of thermal insulation to a value close to absolute. This material will reveal the essence of a passive house as a modern and economical type of housing.
Concepts of passivity and energy efficiency
Our review will bypass the generally accepted list of advantages and technical indicators. For example, a building is considered energy efficient if its heat loss does not exceed 10 kWh per square meter during the year, but what should this tell the reader? If you recalculate, then about 1.5-2 MW of energy is consumed from a small (up to 150 m 2) house per year, which is comparable to the energy consumption of an ordinary cottage in one winter month. The same amount is consumed by 2-3 incandescent lamps of 100 W, switched on constantly for one year, which is equivalent to 200 m 3 of natural gas.
Such a low energy consumption makes it possible, in principle, to abandon the heating system in the house, using the heat emitted by humans, animals and household appliances for heating. If the house does not require targeted energy costs for the operation of heating installations (or requires, but an insignificant minimum), such a house is called passive. In the same way, a house with very high heat losses can be called passive, the need for which is replenished by its own energy plant operating on renewable energy sources.
So an energy-efficient home does not necessarily claim to be passive, and the opposite is also true. The house, which not only covers its own energy needs, but also transfers any type of energy to the public network, is called active.
What is the main idea of a passive house
All three of the above concepts are usually combined: a passive house has the most expanded set of measures to ensure energy autonomy. In the end, no one is interested in testing their home for years, achieving the standard for heat loss in order to receive an honorary title. It is important that the inside is dry, warm and comfortable.
There is an opinion that today any new building should be built according to the technology of a passive house, fortunately, there are technical solutions even for multi-storey buildings. This is not without meaning: the cost of maintaining a house during the period between repairs is usually even higher than construction costs.
A passive house, on the other hand, with a more voluminous initial investment, practically does not require expenses for the entire service life, which, moreover, exceeds the service life of conventional buildings due to the absolute protection of load-bearing and enclosing structures in combination with the most modern and technological solutions for construction and repair.
The main technical feature of a passive house can be called a continuous thermal insulation circuit, from the foundation to the roof. Such a "thermos" retains heat well, but not all materials are suitable for its construction.
Thermal insulation materials
Expanded polystyrene in such volumes is not applicable, it is combustible and toxic. In a number of projects, this is solved by a fire-retardant layer at the bearing pillar and under the facade finish, which leads to an unjustified rise in price. The use of glass and mineral wool also does not solve the problem. Pests (insects and rodents) actively settle in it, as well as in polystyrene foam, and the service life of cotton wool is 2-3 times shorter than that of the passive house itself.
A material suitable for the purposes of a passive house is foam glass. Brief summary of characteristics: the lowest thermal conductivity of known consumer materials, complete environmental friendliness due to the inertness of the glass, easy processing and good bonding ability. Of the minuses - the high price and complexity of production, but the material is definitely worth the money.
A less expensive, but suitable material for insulating a passive house is polyurethane foam. Technically, such houses cannot be called passive, their heat loss is 30-50 kWh per square meter per year, but these figures are quite acceptable. Polyurethane can be installed as a sheet material or applied by shotcrete plastering.
Roof and warm attic
Another key difference between passive houses is the presence of an unheated attic or a warm attic and high-quality roof insulation without cold bridges. With this approach, two temperature limits are distinguished: on the ceiling of the upper floor and in the roof itself. Thanks to the spacing of thermal protection, the formation of condensate in the roof insulation is guaranteed to be eliminated and heat losses are significantly reduced.
The ceiling of the upper floor is usually made framed on wooden beams, the voids are filled with a layer of medium-density mineral wool 20-25 cm thick. All seams and joints are filled with special glue or mounting foam. Particular attention is paid to the device of the protective belt in the place where the truss system is supported on the walls.
A warm attic is arranged according to the principle of ventilation system recuperation. Exhaust ventilation ducts lead directly to the airtight attic, from where they are discharged through a single hole with forced outflow. Often this channel is equipped with a heat recovery unit that transfers part of the heat from the exhaust air to the supply air.
Windows, doors and other leaks
With windows for a passive house, everything is simple: they must be of high quality and must be certified for use in the energy saving industry. Insulating glass units with two or more gas-filled chambers, low-emission glasses of different thicknesses and double junction of the insulating glass unit to the profile, sealed with rubber tape, are signs of a suitable product. For doors, honeycomb filling and the presence of a double porch around the entire perimeter are important. It is equally important to follow the rules for installation and protection of junctions.
A passive house has its own foundation design features. To protect the structure of concrete, it is hydrophobized by injection and additionally protected by an outer layer of coating waterproofing. The insulation goes down to the entire depth of the foundation, so the basement becomes the second buffer zone after the warm attic.
Power supply of the passive house
Gas is usually not supplied to a passive house; a single-phase electrical network is completely sufficient for domestic purposes and heating. With electric heaters, everything is simple: how many kilowatts are invested in the house, so much remains in it, the efficiency is almost 99%, unlike gas boilers.
But the electrical network as the only source of energy supply has a lot of disadvantages, which are mostly in the unreliability of the connection. Often houses are supplied with a rather complex electrical network, including an emergency generator with auto start, or use a battery park or solar panels for backup.
Domestic water heating is usually done by solar collectors, predominantly vacuum. In general, autonomous energy sources are quite diverse, among the varieties you can choose the best solution for objects with different conditions.
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