Mandatory element the design of any house or structure is an overlap. Both load-bearing loads and the function of floor separation are assigned to this component of the building frame. Actually, thanks to the overlap, the formation of a multi-storey building or the separation of the main space of the building and the attic is ensured. Builders use different materials to get the right ones for specific tasks overlap. Types of floors also differ in the type of purpose, design and other operational parameters. To determine the design that best meets the needs of the project, it is necessary to know the characteristics of the existing types of floors, as well as the requirements for the power loads of this element.

Classification by purpose

When choosing the type of overlap, you should first of all start from its future application. As a rule, experts distinguish three directions for the use of such elements.

1. Plinth. This group includes types of floors at home, which provide separation of rooms in the lower part of the building. In this case, the structure is used, for example, to separate the first floor from basement.
2. Intermediate zone. The most common option, in which the overlap is arranged between floors.
3. Attic. Provides separation of the attic or attic and the living room.

In each case, their functional tasks are imposed on the floors, which may depend both on the location of the structure and on the materials from which other elements of the building are made. Based on these parameters, specific types of floors are selected that can endow the "skeleton" of the house with strength and durability. For example, in a private wooden cottage, a lightweight floor system can be used to equip the attic, and in a multi-story brick building, high-strength reinforced concrete structures.

Overlappings of monolithic type

One of the most difficult floors to perform, which also provides the highest strength to the building. Such structures are created on the basis of reinforced concrete according to filling technology. First of all, formwork is formed, for which reinforcing bars corresponding to the design requirements are preliminarily selected. Further poured concrete base, the thickness of which can vary from 8 to 14 cm. The main advantage that almost all types of monolithic floors have is the possibility of endowing the future structure with any shape. This applies to traditional options for reinforced concrete floors, and to cast-in-situ prefabricated systems, which, however, have some limitations.

Varieties of reinforced concrete floors

Thanks to their technical qualities and operational characteristics, reinforced concrete structures are quite popular in construction. Also, their prevalence is facilitated by a simple, albeit time-consuming, manufacturing technique. Considering the types of reinforced concrete floors, it is immediately worth noting that they are all divided into factory-made and products made right at the construction site.

Finished floors are more often used in the construction of cottages. Since reinforced concrete as such has a fairly significant mass, its installation is simply impossible without the use of truck cranes. For this reason, it is recommended to mount directly "from the wheels". That is, special equipment delivers the plates and installs them on site. If the method of self-manufacturing of such plates is chosen, then you should take care of the workplace (solid metal or plank surface) and consumables, which usually also have a factory origin.

A modern filigree-type slab is also included in its group of reinforced concrete floors. The types of floors of this family are distinguished by the presence in the structure of metal factory plates, the thickness of which does not exceed 6 cm. A base of reinforcing bars is integrated into the prepared formwork, after which it is poured with concrete mixture.

Frequently ribbed floors

This option is more often used in the construction of small private houses. The design of the often ribbed floor is based on beams and hollow blocks that fill the free space between the frame elements. The most common prefabricated types of floors, the installation of which consists in the installation of elements on a previously prepared site and the creation of a concrete screed. Among the advantages of often ribbed models, their refractory properties, rather high reliability, noise absorption, as well as the possibility of installation without the use of special equipment are distinguished.

It is worth noting that overlaps made from a prefabricated type have similar qualities. Their installation usually does not cause any particular difficulties, but in some cases it still requires the involvement trucks and lifting cranes.

Beam ceilings

Usually wooden beams are used. With their help, they create floors in brick and wooden structures. The design is a base of laid out beams and a plank floor, which will later be used for decorative coating. traditional views wooden floors provide a scheme for the formation of connections between the boards by means of grooves. Beams used may have following sizes: 10-20 cm in width, up to 40 cm in height and up to 15 cm in length.

Despite the fact that the structure is made of wood, the step between the carriers can reach 150 cm. The structurally flexible system of beams allows you to lay in it and Wooden floors are also convenient in decorative design. On the upper side, almost any coating can be laid on them, and on the lower side, a suspended ceiling can be installed.

Types of beams

Two types of beams can be used for wooden floors. These are solid wood elements or glued products. In the production of the former, hard varieties of trees are usually used. It is important to take into account that in interfloor systems, solid elements can only be used if the length of the room is not more than 5 m. Glued types of floor beams make it possible to use them more widely, since their manufacturing technology gives the material higher strength.

In addition, glued beams can be produced with a length exceeding any analogues from solid wood. In practice, elements of this type are able to withstand heavy loads and cover spans up to 20 m long. It is also important to note the aesthetic properties of glued beams, due to which there is no need for their special processing after installation.

floor slabs

To provide an interfloor partition, this is an ideal option - the main thing is to decide on the choice of a specific type of structure. On the this moment The following types of floor slabs are common, suitable for various construction purposes.

1. Ribbed. Due to the peculiar profile, they cope well with bending loads. Usually used in the arrangement of attics and basements.
2. Void. The advantages of such ceilings include high heat and sound insulation, as well as low weight, which allows them to be used in buildings for various purposes.
3. Monolithic. They have the greatest strength, which determined their main direction of use - in high-rise buildings.
4. Solid. Due to the high bearing capacity, such ceilings are successfully used in the construction of industrial facilities.

Klein Overlap

This type of overlap is not as common in Russia as the same monolithic reinforced concrete slabs, but earlier its representatives were popular among developers, and today there are many adherents of this technology. Kane's structure can be included in floor views of beam-based buildings. Only in this case, not wooden, but steel I-beam elements are used, the height of which can be from 8 to 24 cm. The beams are laid at a distance of approximately 160 cm from each other. ceramic brick. The slab is also reinforced with metal strips or rods, the thickness of which varies from 0.6 to 0.8 cm. If necessary, the bearing potential of such a design is increased by strengthening the brick filling or I-beams.

Installation of a monolithic ceiling

Ready-made ceilings based on reinforced concrete products look like a solid slab up to 15 cm thick. The same channel elements or I-beams act as load-bearing components of the structure. With their help, it is possible to cover spans with large distances - even they will provide high strength, as well as protection against fire and decay processes, which almost all concrete floors have. Types of floors on a wooden basis in this lose to reinforced concrete counterparts, although with proper processing they serve for quite a long time.

Along the entire perimeter of the site for overlapping, it is necessary to arrange a wooden formwork. In the future, it will act as a kind of "bottom" of the structure. Formwork is made of plywood sheets, which are placed under racks, tripods, iron and wooden beams. It is necessary to lay a reinforced frame on a metal base, in which rods were used, with an approximate thickness of 1 cm. Then the prepared structure must be poured with concrete. It is preferable to use the M200 brand. The overlap made in this way will be distinguished by a high degree of strength and durability.

Installation of prefabricated monolithic ceilings

The prefabricated monolithic structure is formed by the types of floor slabs corresponding to the characteristics and For the installation of such a floor, it is necessary to lay a plank covering on the span, which will perform the function of a supporting structure for the beams. Installation is carried out on the walls, while hollow blocks must be laid between the beams. Next, the created frame is reinforced and poured with cement mortar. Concrete milk will begin to impregnate the pores of the blocks and form an integral structure of hollow elements and metal beams. Such floors meet modern standards, in accordance with which houses are being built. In particular, they provide strength, sound insulation and durability, while remaining in an inexpensive way covering devices.

Repair and reinforcement of the floor

In this case, repair operations mean the replacement or strengthening of individual fragments of the floor. Types of floors based on beams are the most suitable for the possibilities of technical strengthening of the structure. Work begins with the installation of racks, which later act as supports. Strengthening wooden floors usually involves replacing beams with analogues with a large cross section or increasing their number. The need to repair reinforced concrete structures, as a rule, arises due to the appearance of traces of rust. Concrete is beaten off around the affected areas, after which the bare reinforcement is painted. Next, the restoration of the previous state of the ceiling follows.

The overlap of a private house is a horizontal building element that separates the building in height. At the same time, it is the floor of the upper floor and takes on its load along with the environment and people. Overlappings provide the structure with the necessary rigidity, therefore, their construction is very demanding. Structures separating residential floors from attics and basements also perform the function of energy saving. Which is better to choose a floor for a private house from foam blocks? How to mount it yourself? Let's deal with the issues together.

Types of floors

By technical solution interfloor vaults are conditionally divided into 2 groups:

• - floors made of homogeneous elements;
• prefabricated - structures from beams and filling.

In the production of monolithic structures, concrete is used, which is poured into the formwork right at the construction site. The thickness of the plates must be at least 150 mm. Such floors are durable and have a high bearing capacity. In addition, they can be given arbitrary geometric shapes.

The bearing part of prefabricated options are beams. They are wooden, metal, reinforced concrete. Beams are evenly distributed over the top of the floor. Filling elements are laid between them, which serve as a fence.

1. Overlapping from wooden beams.

This is the most popular material for the construction of wooden and frame structures. The basis of the floors is glued laminated timber of coniferous and hardwood. It is lightweight, simple installation and low cost. The whole structure consists of wooden beams, insulation, rolling and floor. It can be used in rooms up to 5 meters wide. The disadvantage of a wood frame is an increased flammability, as well as the likelihood of decay and damage by pest beetles.

2. Metal floors.

Channels No. 12-36 and above are chosen as the carrier base. To prevent corrosion, they are covered with soil. Wooden logs are laid on top, and the resulting voids are filled with insulating materials with sound insulation. Wooden shields, rolls, inserts made of lightweight concrete are well suited for this. Unlike wood, such floors are more reliable and durable. They have less thickness, which saves living space. Big minus metal options is the complexity of installation, so they are rare in private houses made of foam concrete.

3. Ceilings from reinforced concrete beams.

Products are made in the factory industrial way. This is the most popular option used in the construction of cottages. The structure is made up of rolled profile beams and hollow reinforced concrete slabs with a thickness of 90 mm or more. Interfloor ceilings are 1.3-7.5 m long and 1-1.5 m wide.

• fast installation;
• high bearing capacity;
• good thermal and sound insulation;
• acceptable price.

The disadvantages include the need to involve special equipment during installation. The massiveness of the structures requires additional reinforcement of the walls in the form of reinforced strapping. In addition, finished reinforced concrete slabs have fixed dimensions, which limits the architectural possibilities of a private house.

Cover requirements

The slabs separating the floors must be strong enough to withstand their own and useful mass (people, furniture, household appliances, interior items). The size of the payload per square of the floor area is determined depending on the purpose of the room and the nature of the objects located in it. So, for interfloor ceilings, the allowable indicator is no more than 210 kg / m2. More information about floors different types can be found.

The plate must have good rigidity, which will not allow deflections under the influence of loads. The permissible thickness of floors between residential floors should be no more than 1/250 of the span dimensions.

To ensure reliable sound insulation, all cracks in the joints of building elements are carefully closed. Any overlap cannot withstand strong and long burning. For each type of material, the maximum fire resistance time is calculated:

• 60 min - reinforced concrete slabs;
• 45 min - wooden structures with backfill and plaster on the lower surface;
• 15 min - wood floors with plaster;
• less than 15 minutes - wooden beams not protected by refractory materials.

Ceilings that separate living rooms from a cold attic or basement need additional thermal insulation.

Do-it-yourself laying of reinforced concrete floors in a private house from foam blocks

Reinforced concrete slabs are a strong and reliable foundation for buildings made of cellular materials. However, they have a large mass, which must be taken into account during masonry work. In order for the weight of the floor to be distributed evenly over the floor and not to violate the integrity of the walls, it is better to make an additional device in the form of a reinforcing belt.

Option I:

• Mount a concrete tape measuring 150 × 250 mm along the perimeter of the cottage wall. It is reinforced with a steel bar with a diameter of 10-12 mm and poured with M200 concrete.
• Lay the floor slab on a frozen monolithic belt, leaving a gap between the end and the wall of 10-20 mm.
• Fix sheets of extruded polystyrene foam 50 mm thick on the plates. This will help eliminate cold bridges.

The insulation of the ceiling and the reinforcing belt does not seem to be a difficult process. Therefore, in order to save money, this work can be done by yourself.

Option II:

• Reinforce wall blocks with reinforcement. To do this, deep grooves must be drilled along the perimeter of the room, reinforcing bars should be laid in them and fixed with cement mortar.
• Make a fired brick distribution tape, placing it above the fittings. It consists of three rows interleaved with masonry mesh.

The overlap of the first floor should go 130-140 mm deep into the wall, observing a temperature gap of 10-20 mm. This arrangement ensures the stability and rigidity of the building structure. Brickwork is the most popular type of spreading belt. Its device does not require the construction of formwork and reinforcing cage, which greatly facilitates and reduces the cost of work.

Mounting technology hardwood floor between floors

According to construction experts, timber is the preferred option for a private house 1-3 floors high from light cellular blocks. The mass of the wooden floor is much less than the reinforced concrete counterpart. It exerts reduced pressure on load-bearing walls, so it looks simpler in design.

• Before laying the floor, build a reinforced belt along the perimeter of the walls. To do this, screw steel bars into the foam blocks every 150 mm and fix them with cement mortar.
• Wooden logs are best covered with a special protective compound. This will protect the wood from fungus, mold and increase its service life.
• At the ends of the beams that will rest on the walls of the cottage, wash down the end part at an angle of 60 degrees. After that, wrap it well with a layer of roofing material.
• Fix a mineral insulation with sound insulation 50 mm thick in the recess of the wall.
• Lay wooden logs into the wall to a depth of 140-150 mm. Between the insulation and the end of the beam, it is better to leave a gap of 20 mm in case of thermal expansion.

A wooden floor, together with transportation and installation, is much cheaper than a reinforced concrete structure. In addition, many of the installation work can be done independently.

Expert advice

• In the device of cottages from foam blocks, one cannot do without reinforcing bars fixed with anchors. The longest bar length (75 mm and above) is required for reinforced concrete slabs.
• In prefabricated ceilings, slag and concrete screed are used to connect the elements.
• technological feature cellular concrete is its relative softness. Therefore, interfloor ceilings made of reinforced concrete beams cannot be laid directly on foam blocks. Massive slabs are mounted on a reinforced belt made of heavy concrete or silicate brick.
• The device of a reinforced concrete strapping circuit around the perimeter of the ceiling enhances the rigidity and strength of the structure. With a section width of 100 mm, its height must correspond to the thickness of the slab.
• Ceilings between floors are laid only on the main load-bearing walls. It is better to make internal partitions a little lower.

They must be reliable, resistant to fire, with good soundproofing and thermal insulation properties. The strength and durability of the structure itself, as well as the comfort and safety of residents, depend on how well the choice was made and how high-quality the installation of the floor is. How do some types of these structures differ from others, which interfloor floors are better for a cottage, how to calculate the load, how to properly install - this week's topic.

Articles:

FORUMHOUSE experts tell how they differ hollow core slabs from slabs made by formless molding, how to properly lay floor slabs in houses and avoid installation errors.

Wooden beams, anti-frost additives and screeds. This review contains everything that the construction of building floors in the autumn-winter season needs.

The possibility of unsupported overlapping of large areas greatly expands the architectural possibilities when designing a building. This allows you to "play" with the volume of rooms, install floor-to-ceiling floor-to-ceiling panoramic windows in the rooms, install complex structures on site and build large halls. FORUMHOUSE experts talk about the need for calculation and the nuances of self-manufacturing wooden structures.

An armored belt is necessary for uniform distribution of the load and connection of the walls together, which well reduces the risk of cracks in case of uneven shrinkage of the building. On device attic floor with wooden floors, the armored belt will redistribute the point load from the beam to the entire wall. FORUMHOUSE talks about the construction of an armored belt in an aerated concrete house.

Video:

Ribbed monolithic bidirectional overlap. Sometimes in the layout of the house it is necessary to make large spans. We are considering the finished building technology monolithic ribbed bi-directional design, eliminating the use of elements such as intermediate columns and beams.

Non-standard solutions in the construction of a house from gas blocks. In the construction of this house were used non-standard solutions. Blocks with a width of 400 mm were replaced by two blocks of 200 mm. Different building options are used to organize window openings. And for the construction in houses, they did not use an additional reinforcing belt.

Concreting at sub-zero temperatures. It is often argued about whether it is worth doing special work such as laying the foundation and monolithic work in winter. The expert talks about the pros and cons of winter construction of a cottage, the use of additives of different quality and price, and about what time of the year it is more economical to build a cottage.

Filling the armored belt of a house from gas blocks. How to fill the armored belt with concrete, what you can save on during installation, and what you should not save on, Dmitry Kuzmin tells on the experience of his own construction.

Do-it-yourself aerated concrete house at no extra cost. Overlappings. For four years, Dmitry Kalinsky built a cottage from aerated concrete blocks with his own hands near Moscow. In this story, he shares personal experience laying of concrete blocks, installation of formwork, installation of lintels and armored belts, as well as self installation windows in the building.

Forum topic:

The purpose of this topic is to refer to it when you need help: Anatolevich shares his experience and photo report on the construction of an “ideal” monolithic structure with spans between high load-bearing walls weighing up to 4.5 m. FORUMHOUSE participants give their assessment of this work.

. Sergio1974 began to make an attic floor in his house, in connection with which the question arose - where would it be good and correct to place the hydrovapor barrier: laying in strips between the joists, laying a continuous canvas, practically “wrapping” the beam in a heater, or attaching the insulation to the joists and closing fine finish. Which of the construction options has the most rights to use, their advantages and disadvantages are discussed by members of the forum in this thread.

Many projects have a bay window with a open balcony. The floor structure (thermal and waterproofing, drainage, junction with the main wall, etc.) for a self-builder is a real minefield, it is easy to make mistakes, especially with reliable hydro and thermal insulation. "Sappers call back!" - called topikstarter navigator, and knowledgeable members of the forum expressed their opinion.

Between the slabs of the first floor there was a span for the entire width of the house. At azid the question arose - on what to rest the floor slabs above the stairs: I don’t want to put a wall there so as not to block the free approach to the stairs. Is it possible to solve this problem - read the topic.

There are always a lot of questions and doubts that complicate the choice of interfloor overlap. You can set and resolve any of them here together with advanced users and FORUMHOUSE experts.

Floor structures

The ceiling of a residential building is a structure that takes the load from the mass of people, furniture and equipment and transfers it to the walls. Ceilings must have the necessary strength, heat and technical (attic ceilings, over basements and over driveways), acoustic, water-proof (floors in sanitary facilities) and gas-insulating (above boiler rooms, canteens and similar rooms) properties, and also be sufficiently fire resistant. Floor structures are made of reinforced concrete, armosilicate, ceramics and wood.

Armosilicate and ceramic floors are of limited use and are not considered here. If necessary, wooden floor beams are replaced with reinforced concrete or steel; steel reinforced concrete.

Reinforced concrete floors are characterized by strength, durability and fire resistance. Reinforced concrete floors are divided into monolithic and prefabricated. Most often in last years used in housing construction prefabricated

overlap.

Monolithic reinforced concrete floors were used mainly over the first floors and basements of residential buildings when placing shops and other non-residential premises. By design, monolithic reinforced concrete floors are ribbed, coffered and beamless.

A ribbed monolithic floor consists of a slab, secondary beams (ribs) and main beams (purlins). To obtain a smooth ceiling, it is performed with ribs up or with false ceiling. When the ribs are located in two mutually perpendicular directions, a coffered floor is formed.

Prefabricated reinforced concrete floors are divided into three groups: floors on reinforced concrete beams with small-sized filling (Fig. 17), floors from flooring weighing up to 0.5 tons (Fig. 18) and wide elements weighing 1.5-2 tons, large-panel floors from elements the size of the room (weighing 3-7 tons).

Seams between reinforced concrete decks with double-hollow and tray transverse section and laid close to each other, sealed with cement mortar. In a separate tray structure of the ceiling, the lower trays are embedded in the wall, and the upper ones are supported against the walls on the lower trays and elastic gaskets. The split floor structure provides better impact sound insulation.

Floorings from elements are ribbed and often ribbed with liners, multi-hollow, single and multilayer.

The three-layer flooring consists of a bottom and upper layers reinforced concrete with a thickness of 20-30 mm and a middle layer of lightweight concrete (expanded concrete, etc.). The two-layer flooring has a bottom layer 30-50 mm thick made of ordinary concrete of class B 15, and the top layer is made of lightweight concrete of class B 7.5. Single-layer panels are made from concrete of classes B 7.5-B 12.5.

Of the multi-hollow panels, panels with round and oval voids are the most effective, therefore they are recommended by the USSR State Construction Committee for widespread use in housing and civil construction.

Large-panel ceilings of the size of a room (weighing up to 7 tons), in contrast to ceilings made of elements of small width, do not have joints above the overlapped premises, which increases their soundproofing and operational qualities. The hipped panel is a flat slab, bordered by ribs along the contour in the form of cornices, which rests on the longitudinal and transverse walls.

Insulation of interfloor reinforced concrete floors from impact noise is achieved by laying slag layers and installing special soundproof boards (wood-fiber, mineral cork, etc.) that are part of the floor.

At the junction of floors on elastic gaskets or backfills to walls, partitions or frames, a gap of 1-1.5 cm wide should be left, filled with elastic material. Skirting boards should only be attached to partitions or floors.

Examples of adjoining floors with floors made of various materials to walls or partitions are shown in fig. nineteen.

Ceilings on steel and wooden beams (Fig. 20) are almost never used at present, since up to 30-35 kg of rolled metal is required to install 1 m 2 of overlap. However, in existing buildings, especially with spans of 6-8 m, these overlaps are common.

Overlaps by steel beams can be of two types - with combustible (wooden) and fireproof filling. Fireproof inter-beam filled is a monolithic reinforced concrete slab or from * boron slabs and hollow blocks.

Wooden floors are performed in residential buildings up to three stories high. However, until 1954, such ceilings were arranged in buildings with a higher number of storeys. The space between the beams is filled with a roll of plates or shields. Inter-beam filling of lightweight concrete and gypsum slabs is also used.

For soundproofing and protection from wetting the floor when washing the floors along the reel, clay-sand lubricant is arranged or rolled material is laid. For lubrication, a loose backfill with a thickness of 60-80 mm is arranged. Lags are laid every 500-700 mm. The clean floor is made of grooved boards; when constructing a floor made of parquet, xylolite or linoleum, the base under it, called the black floor, is provided from unplaned boards. Soundproof pads between the beams and joists are made of three layers of rolled material, antiseptic fiber boards, etc. The joists create an air gap over the entire floor area, which improves ventilation of the underground space.

To increase the service life of wooden floors, it is extremely important to correctly seal the ends of the beams into stone walls and protect them from moisture and decay. The depth of embedding the ends of the beam into the wall is assumed to be 150-200 mm. The ends of the beams are antiseptic with a 3% solution of sodium fluoride and coated (except for the ends) bituminous mastic or resin and wrapped with two layers of roofing paper.

In buildings old building there is insulation of the ends of the beams with birch bark. Nests for beams are made in such sizes that there are gaps of 20-30 mm around the end of the beam.

If the thickness of the outer walls is not more than 510 mm, then condensation may form in the nests, leading to decay of the ends of the beams. To avoid this, the gaps between the ends of the beams and the nests must be filled with mortar or the nests should be insulated with tarred wooden boxes. When leaning wooden beams on external steppes with a thickness of more than 510 mm, as well as when leaning on internal walls gaps between the beams and nests are left, which ensures ventilation of the ends of the beams. The connection of the beams with the walls is carried out by anchors installed through one beam (Fig. 21).

Features of the device of some types of floors.

In sanitary facilities, floors are made with a waterproofing layer, which is placed between the floor covering and the base. Waterproofing consists of two or three layers of rolled material on mastic, which, when adjacent to walls and partitions, are raised by 50-100 mm. In reinforced concrete floors, instead of rolled waterproofing, a cement mortar with sealing or hydrophobic additives (sodium aluminate, ferric chloride, etc.) is used.

Floors in sanitary facilities are usually made of ceramic tiles laid on a cement mortar over a prefabricated or monolithic reinforced concrete floor.

If there are wooden floors in the sanitary facilities, a continuous flooring of tongue-and-groove bars 50-60 mm thick is laid on the beams, a waterproofing carpet is glued on the flooring, and a clean floor is laid on the carpet. All wooden elements covers are antiseptic.

Overlappings arranged over a cold underground and over a passage differ from interfloor ones in that they have a heat-insulating elephant (according to calculation).

Attic floors (Fig. 22) are also insulated. Thermal insulation is arranged from loose backfills or board materials and laid between the beams or on top of the flooring. Steel and reinforced concrete beams are insulated from above from freezing. To protect the thermal insulation from compaction, when walking in the attic, two or three boards are laid, thermal insulation is arranged from bulk materials, which are protected by a crust of porous clay or cement mortar. At the outer walls, the thickness of the thermal insulation is increased.

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Ceilings are special structures that separate floors. They can be made from various materials and be of a wide variety of types. Custom construction is becoming more and more popular. A large number of urban residents dream of getting out of their apartments and becoming the owner of a spacious house. In order for the construction to be of high quality and reliable, it is necessary to consider the types and features of the overlap.

The device of overlappings in a private house

The ceiling structure has various variations, but there are rules that work in relation to each option: the ceiling must be rigid, reliable and be adapted to the intended load.

Overlapping is a structure, the purpose of which is the separation of adjacent zones in height. We can say that this is a ceiling space that separates the living area from the roof area and the basement. The main requirement is assigned to this design - strength, due to the fact that bulky objects will be installed on it and the inhabitants of the house will move. There are certain construction parameters for floors: for the upper, attic floor, the load weight should not be more than one hundred kilograms per square meter, as for the floor between floors, it must withstand a load of up to two hundred kilograms per square meter. The second, no less important condition put forward for overlapping is rigidity. It should not "play" from loads and bend.

You should also think about soundproofing when building such a ceiling yourself. This can be achieved by sealing cracks and gaps at the junction. Those structures that will differentiate residential and non-residential areas require the use of an additional layer of heat-insulating materials.

Do-it-yourself ceilings in a private house

In a private dwelling there can be a variety of floors, which can be grouped as follows:

• basement - share non-residential unheated premises;
• basement - in fact the floor of the first floor;
• attic - serve as protection of residential premises from high and low temperatures of the attic;
• attic - divide structures in height.

The main requirements for floors were listed above: strength, rigidity and a high level of sound insulation. In addition, the following features can be noted:

• fire resistance - in the event of a fire, it is necessary to have a margin of time for evacuation;
• heat-saving qualities - it is necessary to lay a vapor barrier, as a barrier to the formation of condensate;
• waterproofing is a necessary condition, provided that the overlap borders on non-residential premises;
• resistance to fungus and mold.

The structures that are erected are of two types: prefabricated and monolithic. Or another name for structures - beam and beamless. The beam version consists of a lag and filler, and the beamless version consists of tile or panel components.

Installation of ceiling in a private house

Before erecting a ceiling in your own house with your own hands, you should treat the wood with a special solution that will prevent the development of microorganisms and mold. Provided that the beams will be inserted into concrete walls or stone, the edges of the tree should be carefully wrapped in roofing material. The so-called nest is prepared in advance, where the beam will be inserted. It should have a bevelled edge. After installation, the nest with the beam is filled with mounting foam.

In a private house, the construction of a ceiling involves the manufacture of rolling. These are the bars that are necessary for the future ceiling covering.

The issue of sound and thermal insulation deserves special attention. Two goals can be achieved at once with such materials: sand, slag, expanded clay, foam plastic, mineral wool, sawdust. Not all of the materials listed are ideal, as they "do not breathe." by the most best material counts mineral wool, as an option, perfectly passing air through itself.

On the coast, they are first located waterproofing materials, after which there is a layer of thermal insulation.

Floor options in wooden houses

There are such types of overlaps:

• wooden;
• reinforced concrete;
• metal.

But in modern designs there are such options for overlapping:

• beamless;
• coffered;
• prefabricated monolithic;
• aerated concrete.

For some flooring options, it is necessary to use horizontal logs, others require factory floor slabs, which are laid using special lifting equipment. Monolithic ceilings are poured in place. Prefabricated monolithic structures - a combination of a concrete monolith with beam supports. Caisson floors in own houses almost never used.

Beam ceilings in a private house

In beam structures, the basic foundation is beams that are installed at an equidistant distance. Filling materials are placed on them. It can be wood, reinforced concrete or metal.

In your own private dwelling, floors made of wooden material are most often used, it is used for:

• interfloor ceilings - when the span is five meters;
• attic floors - when the surface size is more than six meters, as for metal beams, they have no restrictions and can be used with arbitrary span widths.

At the heart of the wooden floor, light tree species are used. construction beam ceiling includes the following elements:

• beams;
• rolling;
• gender;
• insulation.

The main advantage of using a wooden floor is the fact that it is mounted quickly and easily, without the use of special tools. Need not construction machinery, and the coating itself is inexpensive and light.

The disadvantages of wood flooring are that wood is a fire hazard, is attacked by microorganisms and is prone to mold.

Do-it-yourself interfloor ceilings in a private building: monolithic, reinforced concrete and aerated concrete

Monolithic floors have a large number of advantages: a flat surface that does not have joints and seams. For the construction of such ceilings do not need special equipment. The procedure for pouring floors is complex and requires skills. To carry out such a procedure, it is necessary to prepare such tools and things:

• high quality cement;
• gravel or slag;
• sand;
• fittings made of high-quality metal;
• reinforcing mesh;
• wooden boards;
• formwork supports.

First, vertical supports are set up, plywood or similar material is laid on top for pouring the mortar. It is necessary to make formwork and pour concrete. Due to its complexity and labor intensity, this option is almost never used in multi-storey private buildings.

Reinforced concrete slabs are another option for flooring. These are factory materials nine meters long. Support for them are load-bearing walls. Very important correct styling to avoid distortion. Plates are of two types:

• hollow;
• flat voidless.

The slabs are laid on a liquid mortar that adheres well to the slab. The gaps must be carefully sealed, and then the entire surface should be sealed with a screed.

If private ownership is low-rise and is made of a gas block, a structure made of aerated concrete is considered a convenient and high-quality way of overlapping. They can be ordered according to the required size directly at the enterprise. When mounted together, the blocks are linked using special connectors or clamps. To transport the material, you need to hire a car. As a result, the idea will be expensive, in addition to paying for the material ordered by size, it is necessary to pay for transportation, unloading, lifting and installation. It is cheaper to install the floor with your own hands during the construction of the building.

Metal ceiling in a private house

Undoubtedly metal beams are more durable material and can serve without the limitations and problems that arise with wooden structures. Due to the strength of the material, you can save space by making the minimum thickness overlap. But with all the attractiveness and advantages, metal floors are used infrequently. The most commonly used wooden version.

The gaps between the beams are filled with concrete mortar or wooden shields. The final weight of the structure will be as follows: a square meter of overlap will have a weight of about four hundred kilograms.

Metal beams can cover spans of considerable size. The advantage of such structures is their fire resistance, immunity to microorganisms, mold, termites.

The disadvantages of this kind of structure is that areas in contact with moisture are subject to corrosion. To avoid this, problem areas wrapped in felt.

Most often, a rolling profile is used for such structures. During installation, reinforced concrete slabs are laid between the beams, and they are covered with a layer of slag or reinforced concrete material on top.

For this type of overlap use:

• metal corners;
• reinforced concrete slabs;
• plaster mesh;
• materials for waterproofing;
• plank flooring.

A noticeable disadvantage of this option is the need to use special equipment.

What to make a ceiling in a private house

After analyzing everything possible options manufacturing floors in a private dwelling, it can be argued that a wooden floor is rightfully considered one of the most optimal for a private building. The basis of this design is only wood: load-bearing beams and floor boards. A solid bar or board goes into the load-bearing beams. The material is affordable and can be applied to any walls: aerated concrete, brick or timber. Most home craftsmen use this particular material.

Speaking of wooden floors, the main characteristics of such a design should be highlighted:

• cost - the price of a tree is affordable;
• durability - depends on the quality of service and conditions of use, as a rule, it is from thirty to fifty years;
• manufacturing complexity - is considered an average degree of complexity, but does not require special equipment;
• fire safety is one of the most flammable materials, but the degree of risk can be reduced by treating the surface of the tree with fire retardants;
• weight - the design is considered light, approximate weight one square meter- forty kilograms;
• maintenance - application required protective compounds: from microorganisms, mold, fungus.

Among the positive aspects of a wooden floor are:

• profitability - the price is much less than other overlap options;
• light weight - light weight compared to metal;
• no need for finishing;
• ease of installation - no equipment or special knowledge is needed for self-installation;
• universality - the ability to use such a design for a building made of any material;
• the ability to hide the insulation - thermal insulation is hidden behind the sheathing boards.

But wood flooring also has its downsides. Let's dwell on them:

• creak - after some time of operation, the wooden structure will begin to creak;
• high fire risk wooden materials subject to combustion, quickly light up and support the process;
• the need for additional maintenance - in order for the structure to serve the maximum amount of time, it is necessary to process protective equipment and mixtures;
• low mechanical strength - the material is susceptible to impact and can be partially deformed;
• complexity in the construction of large spans - it is impossible to apply this design on surfaces of more than five meters.

If you have any questions about installing the ceiling in a private house with your own hands, you can watch the video at the end of the article. There you will find answers to all questions on the topic of overlapping in a private house.