The scheme of the electrical apartment shield is a single-phase version. How to open the shield in the entrance without a key Electric floor panels in old houses

Modern apartments, as a rule, are equipped with individual electrical panels. But the inhabitants of the old houses were not so lucky.

The equipment is brought to the landing, and is designed for two, three and even four neighbors. The owners do not have the key to the shield.

In case of knocking out traffic jams or life-threatening situations (for example, a fire), it is very difficult for them to get to the knife switch.

The absence of a key in the public domain is explained by the security of the residents themselves. People without special skills run the risk of touching high-voltage wires, which can end sadly for them.

The purpose of the switchboard is to control the admission of electricity to the apartments, and take into account the amount of its consumption. In addition, he is also responsible for the devices of the telephone and Internet networks.

General features of floor shields:

they are old (found in houses built in the last century) and new (in modern buildings), their difference is in the internal structure system;
each of them has at least two, and more often three compartments: one of them contains electricity meters, and the other is responsible for devices operating from low currents (Internet, telephone); any compartment is equipped with its own lockable door;
the compartment with metering devices should be equipped with special windows, from which the indicators of the devices are clearly visible;
the material for the shield in the entrance can only be metal with a set of necessary properties;
to install it, choose a recess in the wall on the landing;
sashes open freely at an angle of 95 degrees;
access for outsiders to the device of the shield is limited by means of a lock, the key is kept by an electrician serving an apartment building.

And yet, it is very inconvenient after each case of broken traffic jams to invite the master.

Types of electrical panels

The shield is needed to distribute voltage to all electrical systems that are connected to it. The automata mounted in the device are used to turn on / off the current and protect against small accidents and short circuits.

Switchboards for entrances are made of metal, and for individual apartments - from fire-resistant plastic.

The storey version combines several functions at once: energy distribution to all apartments on the landing and accounting for consumed electricity.

However, there are panels without meters, they are installed in the apartment and are called group distribution.

The inhabitants of new buildings are lucky, their electrical panels are located directly on the occupied living space. They do not need to be opened without a key, as it is included in the kit.

But what about the neighbors in the old house? How to open the electrical panel without a key yourself?

Procedure

Strictly observing the following instructions, you can open the shield without harm to health:

First, figure out what series the device is installed in your entrance. How many leaves does it contain. A standard electrical panel has 3 of them:

the long door on the right - there are low-voltage connections for the phone and the Internet;
rectangular top left - automatic switches are located behind it;
square at the bottom left, equipped with special windows - contains electric meters for each of the apartments on the site.

Determine the types of locks on each of the wings. If they are made in the form of plates protruding forward, it will not be difficult to open them. For this, ordinary pliers are suitable. By the position of the plate and tongue, you can determine whether the lock is closed with a key or not. Sometimes, locks on electrical panels are installed the same as on mailboxes. In this case, each tenant receives his own key and can easily use it.
After you managed to open the first sash, follow the safety rules and do not harm the property of the management company, namely:

do not touch the wires and metal parts in the shield, they may be under high voltage;
do not repair the system yourself, even if you have basic electrical skills;
do not try to stop or turn off the meter, as well as exert any external influence on it, it is owned by the management company and you may be held liable by law for its breakdown;
do not cut off the power supply to other apartments, except in cases of emergency, for example, if one of the residents is struck by an electric shock.

If your panel is equipped with electronic meters, using special buttons you can get information about the electricity used (per month, day or night). At the same time, it is worth overcoming your curiosity and not climbing into the devices of your neighbors. The buttons must be pressed with the greatest care so as not to touch the current conductors. How to use electronic meters correctly should be detailed in the instructions located next to the shield. Using the system, you can only get acquainted with the incoming data, but you cannot change the readings or stop the meter.
To troubleshoot electrical wiring problems, do the following without waiting for the arrival of a professional:

open the sash, the one with machine guns (yours should be marked with the appropriate numbers, they match the apartment number);
before turning off the power, be sure to unplug computer equipment and others from the sockets, the operation of which may be affected by a sudden blackout;
determine which of the machines is responsible for the sockets;
in emergency situations, it is necessary to cut down the machines immediately, regardless of the type of operating devices.

Before carrying out repair work with wiring, you need to take care of the safety of the craftsmen. For this, a person must be on duty next to the shield, who will not allow the electricity to be turned on.
Upon completion of all work on the devices in the panel, restore the power supply and securely close all doors with a lock.

Preventive electrical inspection

Checking the operation of the floor board should be carried out by a specialist from the management company, in whose statement the apartment building is located, at least once a year.

Unfortunately, this rule exists only in words. In life, the master comes to the call only after a breakdown or an emergency, and you want to avoid both. Or, let's say you buy an apartment and you need to assess the condition of the wiring.

You can carry out a preventive examination yourself, most importantly, follow the safety requirements.

For an independent audit of the access shield, follow these step-by-step instructions:

Inspection of the external state of the device.

Everything is fine if it does not have serious cracks, chips and other defects, and the lock on the door closes tightly with a key.

Assessment of the condition of internal devices.

The machines must be marked, and the cables and wires must be clearly and clearly signed.

Serviceability of contact connections.

For junctions of wires with metal, the following rules apply:

check for rust;
inspect the bolted connections for the presence of washers, and tighten the nut better.

After that, pay attention to the wire connections to the automatic meters.

Operation of switchboards.

After all contacts are checked, nuts are tightened and bolts are tightened, it is necessary to check the serviceability of automatic devices. Return voltage to the electrical panel and turn on all automatic devices.

Further, everything is very simple. Press the test button ("test"). Devices that continue to work are faulty and need to be replaced. Before testing, you need to make sure that the contacts do not leave, otherwise the result will be unreliable.

Marking cables and wires in the electrical panel

According to safety rules and to facilitate the work of a professional electrician, the shield at the entrance has a generally accepted marking.

The technical operation document clearly spells out the basic principles.

His name should be on the box of the shield.
Inside is a piece of paper with a printed table. It indicates the number of sockets and sockets for chandeliers that consume electricity on the floor.
The shield, without fail, is accompanied by a diagram of the device and assembly.

The rules are spelled out in PTEEP:

all wires, cables and electric circuits of common use are subject to marking;
the name of the group circuits is applied on top of the circuit breaker or on the free space in the shield (marks may contain a digital designation, the name of the room, and more);
if inscriptions on the described devices are not possible, the information is entered in the technical data sheet.

According to GOST 23594-79:

for marking use special tags (PVC tubes), and in their absence, PVC tape;
tag length - 2.5 cm and above;
inscriptions must be clearly visible and understandable;
it is possible to mark the insulated part of the wire or cable.

Electricity distribution boards are not a toy and require a serious attitude.

It is unacceptable to break the lock in the absence of a key, bending the door or using a crowbar. In this case, it will be difficult to close it back.

It is impossible to keep the electrical panel in the public domain. In the future, this could cause serious injury to bystanders, including curious children.

In case of problems with the floor device, it is better to contact a specialist, and make a duplicate key for yourself in case of broken traffic jams or an emergency.

“Power outage on the line” - these words upset every person today. After all, an elementary action becomes difficult to perform if there is no light in the apartment. An electrical panel located at the entrance is responsible for providing electricity to the apartments. Each tenant should know where the light comes from in the house and who is responsible for the safe operation of the switchboards. This article will help you understand these issues.

Let there be light!

The supply of electricity to an apartment building begins with connecting it to the nearest substation using a cable to the room where the switchboard is located in the apartment building. There are three main connection categories depending on the size of the home.

The first category is complex and is used for skyscrapers, large industrial premises and objects of social significance. With its device, two cables are connected that mutually reserve each other and the ATS system (automatic switching on of the reserve). This assumes that if one cable fails, the other one will be started automatically. Thus, the house will remain without light for a few minutes.

The second category is a simplified version of the first. This connection also has two cables available. Only when the first one breaks down, the second cable is turned on not automatically, but with the help of the dispatcher. In this case, the light will turn on in the house after the dispatcher connects the backup cable.

The third category of energy supply is the simplest, consists of one cable and is used for houses no higher than five floors with gas stoves. If it breaks, there is no way to connect the reserve and you have to wait until the repair is completed. Shutdown may take up to a day.

Light for every home

Regardless of how the house is connected to the substation, the cable leads to the electrical panel. This room is available in every house, if the house is multi-entrance - in each entrance.

Usually, the switch room is located in a separate room on the ground floor of the building, access to which only technical personnel has. A special shield or cabinet is installed in the room, from which electricity is distributed throughout the building.

Electricity is supplied through the MSB (main switchboard). The general electrical system consists of additional equipment that is installed in the switchboard:

Distribution devices;
Electricity supply lines;
Switches and switches;
Instruments for measuring electricity.

The layout of the switchboard and all necessary devices must be made at the design stage of the building. Its description should indicate the exact dimensions of the room, its location and the parameters of the equipment to be installed.

From the "heart" of the electrical system, electricity enters the electrical panels located on each floor of the building. Already from them the light enters the apartments.

The shield contains the number of electricity meters equal to the number of apartments on the floor with the corresponding numbers. In modern houses, additional electrical panels are installed directly in the apartments. This is very convenient, because during power surges, when the switch pops up, there is no need to go out into the common corridor to turn it on again.

Who is responsible for the light?

If turning on the switch on the shield did not help, most likely problems arose in the general power supply system and the cause of the breakdowns will have to be looked for in the electrical panel. Here you have to wait for the experts.

Today, every management company in the state has an electrician. All you have to do is call and report any problems. In special cases, for example, on holidays, round-the-clock emergency city services are involved in repairs.

Residents of old houses most often have to sit without light, the reason for this is completely outdated electrical panels. In order to solve this problem, you must contact the Management Company with an application to replace the electrical panel.

In accordance with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 491 dated August 13, 2006, the switchboard is the property of the house. It follows that the replacement should be performed by the CC.

Rules for the operation of electrical switchboards

To ensure the smooth operation of the electrical panel, it is necessary to comply with the requirements and standards. The room in which the equipment is located must be located on the ground floor of the building or in a dry basement.

It is strictly forbidden to equip switchboards over "wet" areas (bath, bathroom), because current and water are incompatible. Location above living rooms can be harmful to the health of residents. Most often, electrical panels are located under the kitchen.

Access to the electrical room must be from the street. Doors must be fireproof and open outwards. The requirements for the dimensions of the doorway cannot be less than 0.75 m wide and 1.9 m high. In the room itself, natural ventilation is required, the temperature should not be lower than 5 gr. according to S. It is not recommended to lay engineering systems (sewerage, water supply, gas pipeline) in the switchboard.

It is also necessary to have working, repair and backup lighting. The illumination level should be 200 Lux. To carry out repair work and maintenance, it is required to install an outlet with a voltage of not more than 50V.

In the electrical room, the presence of personal protective equipment and fire fighting equipment (fire extinguisher, sandbags) is provided.

The modern way of life of the residents is much different from the way of life of the Soviet period. Today, each apartment has a considerable amount of household appliances (washing and washing machines, multimedia systems, combines, microwave ovens). The use of such a quantity of equipment requires the presence of a high-tech electrical system.

Today, five-story buildings are practically not being built; they have been replaced by skyscrapers. In each high-rise building, the number of apartments increases significantly, and an elevator is provided. All this leads to the need to improve the electrical system.

The wear of the electrical system is directly dependent on careful operation. Frequent power surges can damage equipment very quickly. Residents of a home can help keep things running smoothly by taking care of appliances and not trying to fix problems themselves.

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Electrical shield…. What is it? This is the beginning of the entire electrical part of the building, and it doesn’t matter what it is, a huge plant in a metropolis or a modest grandmother’s house in the countryside. Everywhere is electrical shield.

In this article, we will get acquainted with the most common electrical panels that can be found in everyday life. For example, let's take the most ordinary apartment building.

So, where does the electrical part of the house begin? Depending on the project, on the power that is supplied to the house, the electrical part begins with the switchboard. In the switchboard there can be an ASU (input-distribution device) or a main switchboard (main switchboard). It is to these installations that power cables come from a transformer substation (TS).

In the MSB and ASU there are introductory circuit breakers or circuit breakers with fusible links. Further, after the introductory machines, there are outgoing machines that feed the riser cables. Also, a metering device, circuit breakers and automation for lighting front doors, streets, basements and utility rooms are installed in the main switchboard and ASU. Also, the lighting board (SchO) and the emergency lighting board (SCHAO) can be installed individually in each front door (entrance).

In every front door, on every flight of stairs, floor switchboards. Floor boards (ShE), depending on the project, are equipped with electricity metering devices (meters), post-metering machines, outgoing machines for protecting electrical wiring and consumer equipment.

Most storey electrical panels are arranged in approximately the same way, and consist of 3 main parts: subscriber, accounting and low-current parts. In the subscriber part of the electrical panel there are circuit breakers and an introductory RCD (residual current device), in the accounting part there is a meter, in the low-current part there are television and telephone cables, the Internet.

In modern floor boards (SHE), the subscriber and accounting sections are combined into one common compartment.

Recently, during the renovation of apartments, most apartment owners equip their own, separate distribution electrical panel in their apartment. On the staircase, in the floor electrical panel, only the metering device and the introductory machine remain. What is the advantage of an apartment switchboard?

In most apartments, no matter when they were built, according to the project, the entire electrical part of the apartment is divided into two or three groups - a lighting group, a socket group and a group for lighting a bathroom and kitchen. These same projects were typical in the 70-90s. These projects are still being used to this day, without taking into account the fact that the loads on the socket groups are far from what they used to be.

Almost everyone who has purchased an apartment in a new building or who makes repairs in the old fund makes a complete one for a new one, and accordingly the number of machines increases to 10-20 pieces, depending on the number of consumers.

Without really going into the electrical layout of the apartment, let's consider the most common version of the shield for a 2-3-room apartment.

1) Introductory machine - 32 A

2) Room lighting - 10A (16A)

3) Corridor lighting - 10A

4) Lighting of the kitchen, bathroom - 10A

5) Kitchen sockets - 16A (dif.automatic)

6) Oven - 16A

7) Electric boiler - 20A

8) Air conditioner No. 1 - 16A

9) Air conditioner No. 2 - 16A

10) Washing machine - 16A(20A)

11) Sockets room No. 1 16A (differential automatic)

12) Sockets com No. 2 16A (dif.automatic)

13) Sockets com No. 3 16A (differential automatic)

Electrical panels can be completed in different ways, depending on the qualifications of the electrician (most often, customers trust the distribution of loads to the installer, since few people do a project for an apartment), on the wishes of the customer.

Many electricians, in order to save money for the customer, put one common on all socket groups, and the outgoing socket groups themselves are protected by circuit breakers. In addition, in the switchboard there is a "zero" bus and a "ground" bus.

We analyze a number of reasons that led the access shield to an emergency state.

If you have the same shield, then after reading the article I recommend that you immediately check it for such errors and eliminate them before it's too late.

So, three weeks ago, I changed the old single-phase induction meter SO-I449 (1986) to the electronic two-rate SOE-55 (2014). The counter was installed in this access shield.

The scheme of such a shield

View from afar.

The fact is that this access shield is in disrepair. I can honestly say that while working, I myself was scared to be there.

And now in order.

The residential building has a TN-C earthing system, i.e. zero working and zero protective conductors are combined into one PEN conductor, starting from the transformer substation and ending with the consumer.

The first thing that caught my eye was the common zero block.

The main PEN conductor and the zeros of all four apartments are connected to it. From poor contact and heavy load, they were heated. As a result, we see bare baked zero conductors of all four apartments.

Then I drew attention to the phase conductor, which was connected to the package switch of the apartment where I changed the meter. The wire, terminal and body of the package switch were melted. The reason is the same - poor contact and increased load.

This phase wire is connected to the “B” phase terminal block, where the main “B” phase wire is connected. Throughout it was melted, in some places there was even no insulation.

But the worst thing was that he touched the head of the screw of the phase “A” terminal block, i.e. another (non-similar) phase. Considering that its insulation was melted, and in some places it simply wasn’t there, this means that at any moment a short circuit could occur. This is what I feared the most.

The photo below shows the touch point. Upon discovering this fact, I immediately carefully pushed this wire aside, thereby eliminating the touch.

Zero pads of flats also show signs of heating. Moreover, in the 4th apartment (this is the same apartment in which I changed the meter), 3 wires are connected at once on one terminal: an input zero from the meter and two outgoing wires to the apartment. And this, by the way, is not permissible according to GOST 25034-85 "Contact screw terminals".

The owner of this apartment told me that one day she “lost the light”. She called the electricians, who quickly fixed the problem. As far as I understood, the contact was lost precisely in the zero terminal, where the outgoing zeros were connected to her apartment. From the photo you can see that the terminal was heated. Apparently the screw is so attached to the pressure plate. that the electricians could not unscrew it, so these two wires were connected with zero, which came from the meter - so it turned out that at present 3 wires are connected to one terminal at once: the input zero from the meter and two outgoing to the apartment.

A few words about group automata. In total, 2 groups go to the apartment, i.e. two automata with a rated current of 25 (A) with characteristic C are involved. One automaton is a backup, although for some reason it is turned on. And so for each apartment.

In a neighboring apartment, the situation with the state of the wires is similar (heating, insulation melting). This was not noticed in the other two apartments on the site, but after learning later that no one lives in them at all, this clarified the situation.

The reasons that led the shield to an emergency state

Let's analyze the errors that led the electrical wiring of the floor board to an emergency state.

1. Increase in capacities (loads) in apartments

Every year, the power (load) of our apartments is increasing, thanks to the acquisition of modern electrical appliances, which have not small capacities (dishwashers, microwave ovens, air conditioners, electric kettles and stoves, electric heaters, washing machines, etc.). There is no one to blame here, because each of us is trying to create coziness and comfort at home by acquiring modern technology.

Fortunately, according to Federal Law No. 261 "On Energy Saving", we were forced to change incandescent lamps to energy-saving lamps, thereby slightly reducing the overall apartment load.

But at the same time, one should not forget that the needs of citizens 20-30 years ago and now are somewhat different. But the projects of electrical wiring of residential buildings were calculated according to the conditions of those times.

2. Cross section of input wires

If we take into account the fact that two groups of aluminum wires with a cross section of 4 sq. mm go into the apartment, then group automata with a nominal value of 25 (A) are chosen, in principle, correctly for them, although I would reduce them to 20 (A). According to the table for selecting cross-sections of conductors of wires and cables, the long-term permissible current of aluminum wires with a cross section of 4 sq. mm is 27 (A).

But the input wires that are laid from the main riser to group machines 25 (A) are made of aluminum wires with the same cross section of 4 sq. mm, which is a mistake.

Why?

Suppose that the first group will be loaded on 14 (A), and the second - on 16 (A). With modern electrical appliances, this is easily feasible. It turns out that a total current of 30 (A) will flow through the input wires. And according to the table above, the long-term permissible current of wires of this section is 27 (A), naturally, the wires will start to heat up, the insulation will melt, etc.

It turns out that the mistake of the designers is not the correct choice of the cross section of the input wires. They must withstand the total current of both groups, but it turned out that they have the same cross section.

What to do next? My suggestions

Undoubtedly, it is necessary to immediately eliminate all malfunctions in the shield. There are two options here.

The first is to call the power grid, explain the situation with the shield and call electricians to troubleshoot. They have to replace the melted wires from the main to the package switch, and then their service boundary ends there and they will have to pay for the additional amount of work.

The second option is to immediately turn to specialists who will do everything efficiently, and most importantly, correctly.

Here are my suggestions for the shield, which were explained in detail to the landlady and her neighbors.

1. Replacing the introductory packet switch with an introductory machine

In any case, you need to get rid of the batch switch, and instead install a modern (modular) introductory machine (single-pole or two-pole), the rated current of which must be agreed with the power supply organization in order to observe its selectivity in relation to the input protection devices installed in the ASU -0.4 (kV).

From my own experience I will say that the introductory machine will have a rated current of 32 (A) or 40 (A).

Choose a machine manufacturer according to your financial capabilities: you can install expensive ones from ABB or Schneider Electric, or you can get by with inexpensive brands like IEK, EKF or TDM.

2. Replacement of group automata

At present, group automatic machines of the AE-1031 type (single-pole) are installed. They are, so to speak, already obsolete, but that's not even the point. They are not very reliable, when they are loaded, a large number do not pass the test, especially for thermal protection.

Introductory and group machines are installed on a standard DIN rail, which is attached to the body of the floor board in place of the old machines.

3. Get rid of aluminum wires

Currently, aluminum wires with a cross section of up to 16 sq. mm are prohibited for use in the residential sector (PUE, clause 7.1.34), therefore, installation should be carried out only with copper wires.

Introductory wires from the terminals of the trunk to group machines can be made with copper wire PV-1 4 sq. mm or 6 sq. mm. Other approved wire brands may also be used.

4. Replacing the apartment zero block

The old zero block must be replaced with a zero insulated bus for a DIN rail (SHNI), for example, like this.

5. Optional (optional)

If the first four paragraphs are mandatory, then this paragraph is more advisory. I suggested that the hostess at least conduct a visual inspection of the electrical wiring of the apartment (general condition, heating, quality of wire connections, etc.), starting from group machines in the floor panel and ending with sockets, switches, junction boxes. It would also not be bad to measure the insulation resistance of group lines, which are made of old aluminum wires.

6. Floor board connection diagram

Here is a new connection scheme in the floor board for one apartment - a minimum investment, everything is simple and reliable.

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I want to write a little about those nuances that must be taken into account at the time of connecting or re-swapping a floor shield when transferring an apartment to a new wiring. In fact, there are a lot of nuances, and one could even draw explanatory diagrams, but I'm too lazy to do it :) Let's take care of the floor shield: it is with it that the repair of the apartment's electrics ends. I hope that this article will also be so popular that everyone who is not lazy will steal it from me, similarly to the previous ones about the electrical plan.

Electricity enters our apartment from the floor panel. The exception is very old houses, in which the riser of the house goes in the shaft inside the house, and the shield with the meter is in the apartment. The floor shield usually contains two important things: an introductory machine, the task of which is to limit the power allocated to the apartment, and a meter to account for the consumed electricity. And most importantly - in the floor shield is happening balance delimitation property. Usually, before the terminals of the introductory machine, the management company of the house is responsible for the condition of the electrics, and after the introductory machine, the owner of the apartment.

There are two options for working with floor shields. Option one: house - new building. In this case, you don't really have to do anything. You will have everything you need in the floor panel: an introductory machine, a meter, a fire-fighting RCD, and you will be given an Agreement for the power supply of the apartment, where the allocated power will be registered (“..power xx kW, limited by the machine in yy A”) and the border balance affiliation (“.. it is delimited at the terminals of the introductory machine / knife switch”). You will receive a three- or five-wire (one- or three-phase input; when ordering, it is better to check with me in advance), and the only thing you can do is replace the standard components of such a shield with branded ones. Or do nothing at all: this is common house property - if something happens, then let them figure it out.

But with second option - secondary housing- will have to understand in more detail. Here we will deal with them. Firstly, in the old shields from houses built in the USSR there was no such thing as “dedicated power” at all. The power supply of apartments in this case is single-phase. Usually in such a shield stood:

Packet (breaker) in front of the counter to turn off the general power supply of the apartment. It can be in the form of a rotary switch, which is better not to touch: if they are rotten and have lost the strength of the body, they explode beautifully when you try to turn them off, or a huge knife switch for everyone on the entire floor at once.
Counter- everything is clear with him. Most likely it will have to be changed, since it will be of a low accuracy class and single-rate.
Group RCD(in houses built in the 90s and 00s) to ensure the electrical safety of the apartment.
Group automatic feeders. The standard set of these machines: 16A for the whole light of the apartment and usually a bathroom outlet (in the bath-toilet-kitchen block), it is powered by a light line; 16A for all sockets in the apartment and, if the house is with electric stoves, then from 25 to 40A for the electric stove.

And the most important thing is that there no PE protective conductor(before it was called "grounding"). Our task in the alteration of electricians is to bring our part of the floor shield into the proper form. Let's go over the points again.

1. Separation of the riser into PE and N. So, firstly, we need to figure out whether it is possible to switch to a full-fledged three-wire or not. The rules say the following about this. We can divide zero into PE and N only if its cross section is at least 16 sq. mm if the riser is aluminum, or at least 10 sq. mm if the riser is copper. This rule is dictated by a completely banal consideration: if there is an accident with a phase short circuit to the case, then the riser must withstand a certain short circuit current until the introductory or group machine works and disconnects the emergency line. At the same time, the riser must withstand this short circuit: if the zero of the riser burns out, then the accident will be larger and in two versions. Option one: zero riser will burn out, and up to 380 volts of power will get into some apartments. This is fraught with burnout of a part of household appliances and, possibly, a fire: for example, some small charge for a cell phone in a plastic case may catch fire. Option two: for those who similarly connected PE to zero of the riser, there will be a phase on the cases of all devices. Follow the manipulations: the phase went through the electrical appliance, returned to zero. By zero, the riser returned to zero, which no longer has contact with the riser. We have PE connected to zero riser. The phase happily rushes through PE to all the ground contacts of the sockets. Hello death.

The possibility of separation can be assessed as follows. If the house is with electric stoves, then with a probability of 95% you can safely connect PE to zero riser and enjoy life. If the house is with gas, then with a probability of 80% the riser will be very frail and cannot be used to connect PE. In this version, the shield is assembled as usual, with an RCD and differentials, and the protection works after the fact: someone was hit with a current, and the RCD immediately turned off. About how to perform this division, I will write a little later.

3. Branches from the riser. It is necessary to revise the taps from the riser themselves: whether they have a normal length and cross section for connecting an introductory machine, or not. In very old houses, packets were generally connected by a cable, and this connection must be redone.! It is usually good practice to install new nuts (or other clamps) on the riser line and organize your own outlets.

2. Introductory machine. As I wrote above, there was no specific dedicated introductory automaton before. If your house is relatively fresh, you will still find it. In this case, you put a new one of the same denomination as the old one. And if there is no introductory machine, you can call a local electrician, engineer, contact the management company and try to find out its value. Reasonable denominations should be as follows:

25-32A for houses with gas (frail riser);
40-50A for houses with electric stoves.

The exception is the intermediate series of houses with electric stoves, where the machine for the stove was 25A, not 40A. The riser there is still frail, and in this case it is not recommended to overestimate the value of the introductory machine; it can be selected in 32A.

3. Counter. You will most likely need to reseal or replace the meter, because you will need to replace the old aluminum wires that fit it. To do this, Energosbyt is called: you need to call them and tell them that you want to replace the meter or that the seal on it is broken (you can say that everything was smoking, they called an emergency gang, she came, broke the seal and redid the connection to the meter - and now it needs to be done again seal up). Usually this does not cause problems: an aunt or a boy comes, puts a filling and leaves.

4. Fire RCD. This is an RCD with a leakage current of 100 or 300 mA. Its task is to protect your apartment shield and the input cable to the apartment. The idea is as follows: in the event of a fire (or other emergency), in your apartment or floor hall, the insulation of the input cable or one of the apartment wiring cables deteriorates. This RCD reacts to a large leakage current and turns off your apartment. Therefore, this RCD, if you install it, must be in the floor shield: it will have nothing to protect in the apartment shield.

5. Cable input to the apartment. Since we are making a new shield in the apartment, we need to throw out all the old group machines and lay a new input cable into the apartment. Usually, an ordinary plastic box is used for this, which is nailed in the floor hall. Up to a heap in the same box it is convenient to lay the input of a low current. A 40x25 box is quite enough, but you can also lay something like 60x40: it can also come in handy for neighbors. The input cable goes directly from the floor panel to the apartment

And now we will discuss some points of this whole alteration.

A) PE connection to riser. Usually in all shields, zero has direct contact with the shield body, as shown in the photo on the left. Pay attention, this time I came across a very good example: the zero of the riser is clamped with a frail washer, and the shield body is not even cleaned - who can say what quality the contact is there?

Therefore, it is highly desirable to get rid of the extra connection on the PE path and connect directly to the zero riser. Moreover, this connection must be made with a separate clamp; For safety reasons, it is not possible to put the working zero tap and the PE tap under the same screw.

If you want to do good to your neighbors, then you can take a piece of wire of 10-16 sq. mm, take a metal bar (for example, a stub of ordinary brass), screw it with some metal screws to the shield body (let it have contact with it) , and bring the above-described wire from under the walnut onto it. Please note that this is exactly what was done in P44 type houses with electric stoves, here is an old photo:. On the top of the shield there is such a “shank” in the form of a welded bar with screws. And from the nut of the riser there is a wire going to it. In this case, you can use it directly without additional inventions.

B) Branches from the riser. Now the requirement for them is as follows: for each introductory machine - its own personal taps. Here is another photo from the old ones:. Here, four outlets for four apartments are assembled together under one nut. This is the right decision . If you can’t go through the entire floor shield at once (and this would be ideal: cooperate with neighbors, throw out all the stuffing, sew two or three DIN rails into the shield and install modern machines), then make yourself two personal taps directly from the riser.

And here is a living example of such hilling. It was a shield near Moscow, quite clean and tidy. We called the ZhEKovsky electrician, who did everything necessary: he put two separate nuts (N and PE) on the zero of the riser, and made a new branch from the phase wire of the riser with the third nut. It remains to add an introductory machine and a fire RCD - Profit!

So, in words, ideally, you should get the following scheme:

Branches from the riser, separation of PEN into PE and N;
Introductory machine;
Counter;
Fire protection RCD;
Cable input to the apartment.

Dare!

If you are interested in the information from this post and you want to contact me (or order /), then write to me by mail or call +7-926-286-97-35 . I respond to the name "Electroshaman".
Inattentive, stupid and arrogant salespeople and managers, I will banter hard if they do not look into, but rather rush to call.

An unscheduled shutdown of electric machines is a problem that almost every resident of an apartment and a private house, the owner of a summer house, a country cottage faced. Most often, traffic jams fly out due to surges in the power supply network, short-term current overloads after turning on powerful household or building appliances, and short circuits. In order to restore the power supply, it is necessary to determine the reasons for the shutdown, start the electric machine.

Knocked out the light in the apartment: what to do

Before you climb into the electrical panel yourself, you need to figure out the reasons for the shutdown. So, if there is no light in the whole house and neighboring ones, then the reason for the shutdown could be problems at the power plant, rolling blackouts. In this case, you should disconnect all electrical household appliances from the sockets (so that when high voltage is applied, it does not burn out), and wait for the restoration of the power supply. If you live in an apartment building of the post-war years of the twentieth century (for example, in Khrushchev), then, most likely, safety plugs were knocked out in your apartment or on the site.

In order to return the power supply, you must:

Exit to the landing;
Open the electrical panel;
Determine which of the plugs has flown out (this can be done visually: the white button on the black round plug will stick out of the case for a few cm);
Push the white button into the fuse box.

Some sites may have new electric vending machines installed. If the pedals of the machine are lowered down, then the plugs are knocked out. In order to return the light, it is necessary to move the pedals to the upper position.

Why and how to turn off the electricity in the apartment

When carrying out any electrical work, a long departure of the owners or the occurrence of potentially dangerous situations associated with the quality of the wiring, the apartment must be de-energized. You can do this from the landing.

So, to cut off the electricity in the apartment, you must follow these recommendations:

If the plugs in the machine are old, ceramic, without buttons, to de-energize the apartment, it will be enough just to unscrew them;
If the traffic jams on the site are black, with buttons, you need to press the small red buttons on all of them;
If there is a new machine on the site, in order to de-energize the apartment, you will need to lower its pedals down.

After that, you need to check whether you have turned off your machine. Otherwise, when carrying out repair work, you can suffer greatly.

Rather and easier to control the shutdown will be using a special indicator screwdriver.

Working with such a tool is simple: you just need to insert a screwdriver into the socket and check whether the indicator lights up on the tool. If yes, then the apartment is not de-energized. For such a test, any outlet in your apartment is suitable.

How to de-energize an apartment from the landing

In the apartment panel there can be several groups of switches. One group may be responsible for the light in the rooms, the other for the current in the sockets. In order to de-energize the apartment in this case, it will be necessary to move all the toggle switches of the machine to the lower position or find a common switch to which the phase and zero are connected. It is this switch that is responsible for entering electricians into the apartment. Such a switch is located under your group in the electrical panel.

In old houses, in addition to the main machine, it is necessary to turn off the switch, which is responsible for zero.

There is such a switch in the shield below. There are often two such switches on a standard landing. You can determine which of them belongs to your apartment by logic: the one that is closer to your apartment will be your switch.

At the same time, it is necessary:

Always check whether the apartment is de-energized (voltage in sockets) using an indicator screwdriver;
Warn neighbors about possible outages;
Unplug household appliances that require delicate handling (computer, refrigerator, washing machine);
Do not touch plugs in case of malfunctions of the electricity meter: a broken electricity meter can be misleading, showing that electricity is not being supplied;
To continue repairs that require electricity, it is necessary to use special carrying cords with sockets connected to the wires of the machine. At the same time, such manipulations should not be carried out without a specialist.

If necessary, you can quickly find and turn off your machine, you can sign it. So, above the working group with a marker, you can write the apartment number.

Several ways to open the shield in the entrance without a key

The electrical panel is made of refractory material, is located in the entrance and often consists of two or three sections responsible for the machine, light meters and devices operating from low currents. Each section has its own lockable door. This key may be held by an electrician serving the house, a concierge. Often, duplicates are removed from the main key, which are issued for each apartment. This is done so that, in case of unforeseen situations, residents can quickly respond and not wait for an electrician. But what to do if the key was not given to you?

There are several ways to open the electrical panel without a key:

If the shield is protected by built-in small locks (as on mailboxes), you can use a female hairpin to open them. To do this, insert the pin with one leg into the upper part of the lock, the other into the lower one, and try to turn the mechanism. Instead of a hairpin, you can use any other thin but durable object. The main thing is to act carefully so as not to break the item in the lock.
Simple mechanisms can be opened with a flat screwdriver. To do this, insert a screwdriver into the lock and turn it to the right.
Padlocks can be opened with a crowbar or pliers.

Before cracking the shield, you can contact the neighbors. Often, tenants who have lived in the house for a long time have their own keys. At the same time, after an emergency de-energization of the apartment, the shield must be closed. This will protect curious children and adult residents of the house from injury.

If traffic jams are knocked out, how to turn on the electricity (video)

Power outages in old houses are a common thing, because the old electrical wiring and the machines themselves are not designed for modern electrical engineering. Therefore, often, with the simultaneous inclusion of a large number of electrical appliances, the machines knock out. If your light turns off often, then you, like no one else, should know how to quickly turn on the machine. After all, sometimes there is not enough time to wait for electricians. Use the above tips, and turn on the machines on your own quickly and safely!

Instruction

Familiarize yourself with the location and purpose of the driveway doors. Usually there are three. On the left are two doors: horizontal, and under it - square. Behind the first of them are automatic machines, and behind the second - electric meters. On the right is one vertical door, behind which are placed low-voltage devices, for example, antenna amplifiers and splitters, telephone terminal blocks. Sometimes there are shields of a different configuration.

Examine the locks on each of the doors. If they are equipped with protruding rectangular plates, any of them can be opened using pliers. The horizontal position of the plate corresponds to the vertical position of the tongue (the lock is open), and vice versa, when the plate is vertical, the tongue is in the horizontal position (the lock is closed). During major repairs, the front panels of the access shields are sometimes changed to new ones, where locks are installed, similar to those used in mailboxes. In this case, residents are most often given keys only to the door with automatic machines. Open and close it just like a mailbox.

When any of the doors is open, observe the following rules. Do not touch any metal objects inside the shield, even if you are sure that there is no high voltage on them - this may not be the case. Do not attempt to dismantle any items that do not belong to you. This even applies to the meter through which your apartment is connected - often it is the property of the power supply organization. Do not carry out any actions aimed at stopping or rewinding the meters, do not remove the seals from them. Do not turn off the machines through which other apartments receive electricity, except when necessary, for example, due to a fire or an electrical injury received by one of the neighbors.

If there are electronic meters with controls, you can, by opening the corresponding shield door, press the buttons located on them in order to find out the electricity consumption for the previous months, at different times of the day. Do this carefully so as not to touch nearby live parts. The procedure for controlling counters using the buttons is described in his instructions. It is not possible to rewind or stop it from the keyboard. Do not press the buttons on the counters of the neighbors.

If it is necessary to repair the electrical wiring, open the door behind which the machines are located. Find two of them marked with the same numbers as your apartment number. Having previously turned off computers and other devices that do not tolerate a sudden blackout, check through which machine the chandeliers are powered, and through which sockets. In an emergency, turn off the machines immediately, without waiting for the computers to turn off.

Please note that the bell and socket between the bathroom doors are usually powered through the same machine as the chandeliers. During the repair of the wiring, a person should stand next to the shield, making sure that no one approaches the shield and resumes the supply of electricity. Turn off and on the machines carefully so as not to touch their clamps and bare wires.

After completing work with the devices located in the shield, be sure to close all its doors and lock them.

To carry out diagnostics and repair of certain Opel components and assemblies, it is necessary to remove the instrument panel. If you wish, you can do it yourself. It does not require any equipment, only regular tools.

You will need

- a set of cap and open-end wrenches, socket heads;
- screwdriver and pliers.

Instruction

When receiving an electrical injury, starting from the 2nd degree, after first aid, the victim must be urgently hospitalized. For this, it is best to call an ambulance.

How to provide first aid for electric shock

With an electrical injury of the 1st degree, the victim himself can stop the effect of the current, since he does not lose consciousness and does not experience very severe pain and muscle cramps. However, with an electrical injury of the 2nd, 3rd, and even more so, the 4th degree, the help of other people is needed.

First of all, it is necessary to de-energize the wiring as soon as possible. If, for some reason, this is difficult, it is necessary to drag the victim away from the current source. At the same time, the person providing assistance must take measures so as not to be struck by the current himself. In no case should you take on exposed skin or metal objects on the victim's clothing. It is best to use rubber gloves, and if they are not available, wrap your hands with some kind of insulating material. It is also desirable that the one who pulls the victim away from the current source wears rubber shoes or at least stands on an object that does not conduct electricity (for example, on a dry board or on a rubber rug). While one person is performing these manipulations, the other must, without wasting time, call an ambulance.

Is it possible to return the insurance after paying off the loan?

Life insurance, income insurance, as well as collateral belonging to the person who took the loan, is one of the conditions for the implementation of the loan program of numerous banking organizations. At the same time, many borrowers are interested in a reasonable question - can

) for all apartments located on the landing.

However, current trends have changed the approach to the distribution of electrical energy and electrical panels began to be equipped directly in apartments. Several main reasons contributed to this, namely:

Lack of space in floor boards due to too much electrical equipment placed ( , vending machines, counters, etc.);
The need to preserve rather expensive electrical equipment from vandalism and theft;
Convenience - to turn off a group of consumers in the apartment, there is no need to go to the entrance;

There are electrical panels hidden and outdoor installation.

Distribution of the apartment electrical network into groups

To improve the safety and reliability of power supply, as well as greater convenience during operation and repair, the electrical network of the apartment is divided into groups. The most popular distribution of an apartment electrical network into groups is as follows:

By type of consumer - very well suited for small apartments, where consumers are divided into the following groups: lighting, kitchen sockets, air conditioning, boiler, washing machine, sockets in rooms, and so on;
By premises - it is most advisable to use in large-sized apartments with a large relative energy consumption in each room: kitchen, corridor, technical rooms, rooms, and so on;
Quite often, a combined version is used, consisting of the methods described above;

The purpose of the apartment shield is an individual shutdown of the supply voltage for groups of electrical receivers, electricity metering, indication of the presence of phases, and so on.

Very often, to implement protection and shutdown schemes, the two most common options are resorted to:

All sockets are connected through the RCD to one machine. Lighting circuits are connected to another machine without the use of RCDs, and the third is used to power powerful consumers, such as a washing machine, boiler, air conditioner, and others.

The advantages of such a connection scheme:

Simplicity;
No need for additional junction boxes;
Small cost;

Disadvantages:

In the event of an accident, the entire group of consumers will be left without power supply;
The process of detecting a fault on the line is more complicated;

The circuit breaker combines the functions of powering lighting and sockets with the distribution of powers in junction boxes. In this case, potentially dangerous circuits must be equipped with RCDs.

Advantages:

Each zone of power supply is under control, which contributes to good management and fast finding of faults on the line;
Maximum protection;
In the event of an accident, almost all devices will remain connected to the network;

Disadvantages:

The dimensions of the shield are increasing;
Significantly increases the price of the project;

Circuit diagram of the shield

Below is a schematic diagram of an apartment electrical panel:

The shield circuit is made for single-phase input. It is conditionally marked on the diagram: L - phase of the supply voltage, N - neutral or zero working conductor, PE - protective earth.

More detailed diagram below:

Introductory circuit breaker - a circuit breaker designed to completely turn off the entire apartment in the event of an emergency or to force the entire apartment to turn off by the user.

An electric meter is a device for recording the consumption of electricity by a given room. Measurements are carried out in kWh. They can be either mechanical or electronic. Electronic electricity meters can be programmed and transmit energy consumption data to other electronic devices.

A differential machine is a device that combines the functions of a circuit breaker and an RCD residual current device.

Tires for connecting wires - complete electrical panels with at least two. One for connecting ground wires, and the second for neutral wires.

In the indicated shield there are two branches into separate groups (QA4, QA5). Group 1 has three branches (QA4) and group 2 has two branches (QA5). This option may be suitable for separate functional groups of the bathroom and kitchen.

Examples of schemes for apartment shields

The electrical installation of the apartment electrical panel is carried out on the basis of the electrical circuit. If the shield is purchased as an assembly, then the electrical circuit diagram must be attached.

An example of a simple apartment electrical panel using an RCD is shown below:

For clarity, the sections and brands of cables that can be used for individual cable lines are shown.

On the right, the standard equipment of an ordinary apartment is shown. At the entrance to the apartment, they are installed in series with a differential circuit breaker or a conventional circuit breaker. There can be several groups of consumers in the shield.

In the example shown, the lighting and socket groups are protected by two BA63 circuit breakers with a rated current of 16 A, as well as an automatic machine with a rating of 25 A to protect the electric stove.

Quite often, air conditioners or washing machines are singled out as a separate group.

The electrical panel diagram for a multi-room apartment will look something like this (diagram on the left):

A differential circuit breaker is installed to protect kitchen outlets that use a large number of different electrical appliances. The differential load switch protects other objects - bathroom lighting, room switches and other electrical equipment.

Below is a more complex diagram for the switchboard of a multi-room apartment:

In this case, an RCD VD63 with a differential current of 300 mA is installed at the input. This is due to the fact that the leakage current can be quite high due to the large length of the line, and when installing an RCD with a lower leakage current, false trips are possible.

The first three machines are needed to protect lighting circuits. A differential machine with a leakage current of 10 mA is used to protect the electrical equipment of the bathroom. This low trip current is necessary due to the increased risk of electric shock in the bathroom. A group of UZO VD63 and three automata protect sockets. The VA63 three-phase machine and the VD63 RCD protect powerful consumers, such as an electric stove. The last line of one RCD VD63 and two circuit breakers VA63 are designed to protect the circuits of utility rooms and other premises.

Floor boards are present in every apartment building. They are located on the landings on each floor. They distribute power to all apartments. Almost all of these shields have been abandoned for several decades. Neither network companies, nor management companies, nor the residents of the house themselves care about them. This is all very sad.

Today, most of the floor boards are a huge danger to people and the houses themselves. They are not only dangerous to use, but also dangerous even to look into them. Below I post photos of several floor boards with all their horrors.

From my experience, I will say that network and management companies do not overhaul floor boards. If you're lucky, then the maximum that they will do in your house is to replace the main conductors that go along the shaft from the entrance shield of the house to the last floor. True, if something burns out in the floor panel, then electricians come and connect them with "snot" so that at least somehow it works. Below there will be a shield in which, according to the residents, something burned almost every week, and each time the electricians twisted the burned-out wires back with "snot".

With this article I want to draw people's attention to my storey shields, since today most of these shields need immediate overhaul. Get out of the apartments and look into them.

1. Floor shield for four apartments of a nine-story building built in the 80s. Electricians came to this shield almost every week. Here the tenants of the floor are ripe for its overhaul at their own expense, which I have to do in the coming days.

Here is its general view.

Most group old black circuit breakers no longer perform their function. Many of these machines cannot even be turned off manually. Their handle does not turn off, i.e. does not open contacts. Even lower is a new machine hanging on wires. Do you like how it melted? It sparks and tries to protect all electrical wiring in a 2-room apartment with an electric oven, etc. How do you think he copes with his task?

Here is the melted circuit breaker after disassembly. I already have a collection of such devices. Maybe open a museum?

Below is the twisting of the phase conductors. One jumper became short and was simply extended using a screw terminal block. This connection is all melted and exposed. The most dangerous thing here is that this terminal block lies on the metal case of the floor board. The bare part is a millimeter from direct contact with the shield body. It's a miracle there hasn't been a short circuit yet. It is also worth noting that this connection is on a branch from the main phase conductor, i.e. to the machines that are in the shield itself. If a short circuit had happened here, then there would have been fireworks until the protection in the ASU at home worked and de-energized this riser or the whole house.

Then I tried for a long time to find a branch from the main PEN conductor. Only three phase "nuts" are visible. Where is the fourth?

All the same, I found it))) Look at the photo below on the red oval. See the piece of cement? So the "nut" is in it.

Below is a photo of this clamp from the side of the low-current part of the shield. See it in the red oval. It has no protection and touches the body of the shield, and is covered with cement on top.

Move on. Below is a tap from the main phase conductor to the apartment. A thin aluminum wire with a cross section of 2.5 mm 2 comes out of the clamp, which is twisted with the outgoing wire. It must be so contrived to make a twist immediately when branching from the main wire.

2. This is the second floor shield for two apartments. He, too, is waiting in the wings, when the tenants are ripe for his overhaul at their own expense. It looks like it should be fixed soon.

Below is its general view. What can be said here? On the right side hangs a two-pole machine on wires. It is connected in addition to counters. There are not enough inspectors from the network company here))) The insulation on the neutral conductors leaving the apartment is heavily melted. There are many dangerous twists with which the phase wires were built up.

Below you can see that something was already on fire here. It burned out the main phase conductor. After that, they screwed the DIN rail and put the machine on it.

A main phase conductor was connected to one lower contact. Look how he pulled out contact. The body of the machine has almost collapsed at the bottom. A little more and the main phase conductor, together with the contact and the bolt, can break out of the machine. In such a situation, he will be able to close to the shield body. Then it will be necessary to wait for the protection of the ASU at home to work and de-energize the riser or the whole house.

Move on. In the red circle above the introductory machine, you can see the "evil" twist of the phase conductors. This is how the phases are distributed from the main. Also in another red circle is a block with bare contacts. They are connected with a thin wire immediately from the introductory machine to 63A. They will burn out faster than the 63A machine will work. This is also connected past the counters and what feeds on them remains a mystery.

3. Burning out of "zero" in storey boards.

This is a very dangerous phenomenon for your home electronics, which is very common today. When the main "zero" burns out, a dangerous voltage of up to 380V may appear in the sockets. Everything that is plugged into these sockets starts to burn from it.

Below are a few photos of another shield, where the "zero" conductor went into the apartment.

This is only a small part of all the dangers that storey shields carry. Here is what I was able to photograph. I took a photo on a phone with a bad camera and many photos simply didn’t work out.

Scared? Take a look at your floor board. What did you see there?