Agriculture- the most important link in the agro-industrial complex and differs from other sectors of the economy by the seasonal nature of production, the use of land as an object and means of labor, and a strong dependence on natural conditions. It includes agriculture (plant growing) and animal husbandry, closely related to each other, which provide respectively 56 and 44% of agricultural products.

natural basis Agriculture are land- land used in agriculture. In 2007, the area of ​​agricultural land amounted to 220.6 million hectares, or 12.9% of the country's area, and according to this indicator, our country ranks third in the world after China and the United States. The sown area (arable land) is much smaller: in 2007 it amounted to 76.4 million hectares, or less than 5% of the country's territory. As of the beginning of 2007, the level of provision of agricultural land for the population of Russia per capita was 1.55 ha, including 0.54 ha of arable land. The rest of the territories are occupied by forests and shrubs, tundra, mountain ranges, i.e. agriculturally unsuitable lands.

A significant part of Russia's agricultural land is located in waterlogged or arid regions, subject to wind and water erosion, and some of them ended up in the zone of contamination with radioactive elements after the Chernobyl accident. Thus, almost 3/4 of agricultural land has either already degraded or is at the dangerous line of loss of fertility. This situation is aggravated by a sharp reduction in the supply of mineral fertilizers to agriculture. Therefore, land reclamation is becoming increasingly important - the natural improvement of lands to increase their fertility or general improvement of the area, one of the types of rational nature management.

The total area of ​​fodder lands is more than 70 million hectares, but more than 1/2 of them fall on the share of tundra reindeer pastures, which are characterized by low fodder productivity.

A wide variety of natural landscape zones, different populations led to features of the use of agricultural land: in the steppe and forest-steppe zone with fertile gray soils and chestnut soils, plowing reaches 80% of all agricultural land; in the forest zone - much less; in the foothill areas, vast alpine meadows are combined with small areas arable land in the valleys and on the slopes of the mountains.

Crop production is the leading branch of agriculture in terms of gross output - 56% in 2007.

The climatic conditions of Russia limit the range of crops that are permissible and cost-effective to cultivate on its territory. It is possible to obtain high and stable yields only in the west of the black earth belt of the country and in the western regions. North Caucasus.

Cereal crops- the leading branch of crop production in Russia. They occupy more than half of the country's cultivated area. Their collection due to impermanence weather conditions from year to year fluctuated from 127 million tons in the most productive 1978 and up to 48 million tons in 1998. In the last two decades, there has been a tendency to reduce grain harvests. The average annual gross grain harvest in Russia was (in million tons): 1950s. - 59; 1960s - 84; 1970s - 101; 1980s - 98; 1990s - 76. Nevertheless, in 2007, in terms of grain harvest - 82 million tons - Russia ranked fourth in the world after China, the USA and India.

The average grain yield in Russia is very low - about 20 centners per 1 ha compared to 60-70 centners in countries Western Europe, which is explained by the difference in agro-climatic conditions and the low culture of domestic agriculture. More than 9/10 of the total collection falls on four crops: wheat (more than half), barley (about a quarter), oats and rye.

Wheat

Wheat- the most important grain crop in Russia. It is sown mainly in the forest-steppe and less arid part of the steppe zone, and the density of crops decreases in the east direction. Two types of wheat are sown in Russia - spring and winter. Given that the yield of winter wheat is twice as high as that of spring wheat, winter wheat is cultivated wherever agro-climatic conditions allow. Therefore, in the western part of the country up to the Volga (the North Caucasus, the Central Black Earth Region, the right bank of the Volga region), winter wheat crops predominate, in the eastern part (the left bank of the Volga region, the Southern Urals, the south of Western Siberia and the Far East) - spring wheat.

Barley

Barley- the second largest grain crop in Russia, used primarily for the manufacture of concentrated feed for livestock. This is one of the earliest ripening crops that tolerate frost and drought well, so the area of ​​barley cultivation is extensive: it penetrates further than other grain crops to the north, south and southeast.

oats

oats- primarily a forage crop and is widely used in the feed industry. Distributed in the forest zone in areas with a milder climate, it is also sown in Siberia and the Far East.

Rye

Rye- an important food crop, relatively undemanding to agro-climatic conditions, it needs less heat than winter wheat, and, like oats, it tolerates acidic soils well. Its main area is the Russian Non-Black Earth Region.

All other crops, including rice and corn, are not widely used in domestic crop production due to harsh climatic conditions. Maize crops for grain are concentrated in the North Caucasus - the only region of Russia, which in terms of natural conditions resembles the famous "corn belt" of the United States, in other regions of the country it is cultivated for green fodder and silage. Rice crops are located in the floodplains of the Kuban River, the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain and the Khanka lowland.

Industrial crops are a valuable raw material for the production of food products (sugar, vegetable oils) and many light industry products. They are very demanding on agro-climatic conditions, labor-intensive and material-intensive, and are located in narrowed areas. The most famous fibrous crop in Russia is fiber flax. Its main crops are concentrated in the north-west of the European part of the country. The main oil crop - sunflower - is grown in the forest-steppe and steppe zone of the country (Central Chernozem region, North Caucasus). The main crops of industrial varieties of sugar beet are concentrated in the Central Chernozem Region and the Krasnodar Territory.

The potato is an important food and fodder crop. Crops of this crop are widespread, but the vast majority is concentrated in Central Russia, as well as near cities, where vegetable growing is also developing. Horticulture and viticulture as a large branch of crop production is typical for the southern regions of Russia.

animal husbandry- an important component of agriculture, which provides less than half of the industry's gross output. Despite a serious drop in production during the years economic crisis, and today Russia is one of the leading countries in the world in terms of livestock production.

The industry reached its maximum level of development in 1987, after which both the number of livestock and the volume of production began to decline. The main value of livestock products is meat. The structure of its production is dominated by beef and veal - 39%, followed by pork - 34%, poultry meat - 24%, lamb and goat meat - 3%. In 2007, the number of cattle, sheep and goats was inferior to 1940.

Number of livestock in Russia at the beginning of the year* (in million heads)

	Cattle	including cows.		Sheep and goats

The development, location and specialization of animal husbandry are determined by the presence forage base, which depends on the degree of plowing of land, the composition of fodder crops, and the size of pasture resources. A paradoxical situation has developed in the fodder base of modern Russia: while procuring more feed in terms of calories per unit of livestock products than developed countries, Russia constantly experiences an acute shortage of them, which is due to the low preservation of fodder, their inefficient structure (a small proportion of concentrated fodder), frequent interruptions in the supply of livestock farms with fodder, almost complete disregard for scientifically based proposals on the system of feeding and keeping livestock.

The distribution of animal husbandry is formed under the influence of two main factors: orientation to the food base and attraction to the consumer. With the development of urbanization processes and progress in transport, the importance of the second factor in the location of animal husbandry is rapidly increasing. In suburban areas major cities and highly urbanized areas, dairy farming, pig breeding and poultry farming are developing, i.e. the azonal nature of animal husbandry is increasing. However, until now, the orientation to the forage base (zonal factor) is decisive in the location of livestock.

The largest branch of animal husbandry is cattle breeding (cattle breeding), the main product of which is milk and meat. Based on their ratio, there are three main areas of cattle breeding:

• § a) dairy is based on succulent feed and is located in the center of the European part of the country and around cities;
• § b) dairy and meat uses natural feed and silage and is placed everywhere;
• § c) meat, dairy and meat is based on rough and concentrated feed and is represented in the steppes and semi-deserts of the North Caucasus, the Urals, the Volga region, and Siberia.

Pig breeding is a precocious industry and provides 1/3 of the meat. It uses root crops (potatoes, sugar beet), concentrated feed and food waste as feed. It is located in agriculturally developed areas and near large cities.

Sheep breeding provides raw materials for the textile industry and is predominantly developed in semi-deserts and mountainous areas. Sheep breeding of the fine-fleeced direction is represented in the southern steppes of the European part and in the south of Siberia, semi-fine-fleeced - prevails in the European territory of the country and the Far East.

Poultry farming is highly productive and is most developed in the main grain-producing areas and near large cities. Reindeer breeding is the main branch of agriculture in the Far North. In some areas, horse breeding (the North Caucasus, the south of the Urals), downy goat breeding (dry steppes of the Urals), and yak breeding (Altai, Buryatia, Tuva) are of commercial importance.

food industry- the final sphere of the agro-industrial complex. It includes a set of industries producing food flavoring, as well as tobacco products, perfumes and cosmetics. The food industry is distinguished by its ubiquitous location, although the set of its branches in each region is determined by the structure of agriculture, and the volume of production is determined by the population of the given territory and the conditions for transporting finished products.

The food industry is closely related to agriculture and includes more than 20 industries that use different raw materials. Some industries use raw materials (sugar, tea, dairy, oil and fat), others use raw materials that have been processed (bakery, confectionery, pasta), others are a combination of the first two (meat, dairy).

Placement of the food industry depends on the availability of raw materials and the consumer. According to the degree of their influence, the following groups of industries can be distinguished.

The first group gravitates toward the areas where raw materials are produced, since the cost of raw materials per unit of output is high here, and transportation is associated with large losses and deterioration in quality. These include sugar, fruit and vegetable canning, oil and fat, tea, butter, salt.

The sugar industry does not fully meet the needs of the Russian population in its products. A significant part of the sugar consumed in Russia is imported from abroad. Our country also imports raw sugar. The highest concentration of domestic sugar factories is in the Central Black Earth region and in the North Caucasus.

A special place in this group is occupied by the fishing industry, which includes the extraction of raw materials (fish, sea animals) and its processing. The catch is dominated by cod, herring, horse mackerel, a significant proportion of salmon and sturgeon. Most of the products of the Russian fishing industry are produced by the Far East (Primorsky Krai, Sakhalin and Kamchatka regions). The Murmansk, Kaliningrad and Astrakhan regions stand out from other major producers in this industry.

The second group of industries is connected with the places of consumption of finished products and produces perishable goods. This is the baking, confectionery, whole-milk (production of milk, sour cream, cottage cheese, kefir) industries, which are concentrated primarily in highly urbanized areas.

The third group is formed by industries with a simultaneous focus on raw materials and on the consumer. Such a duality of placement is characterized by meat, flour-grinding, dairy.

Currently food industry one of the most dynamic industries in the country, it is distinguished by investment attractiveness, which allows creating a wide network of processing enterprises of small capacity, equipped with modern equipment.

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

SAMARA STATE UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMY

Department of Economic and Social Geography

Course work

Course: Economic Geography of Russia

On the topic: Agriculture Russian Federation.

The main patterns of the industry

and territorial organization .

Completed by a 1st year student

FIKR group No. 4

Maksakova Olga

Supervisor:

Alexandrova T.E. Associate Professor, Ph.D.

Protection rating___________

Date of protection _____________

Samara 2008

Introduction………………………………………………………………..……….…3

1. Definition and importance of agriculture in Russia……….............…….…..4

1.1.Definition and task of agriculture…………………...……...4

1.2. Importance of agriculture in the country's economy………......……..4

2. Patterns of sectoral and territorial organization of agriculture in Russia……………………….……………………………….……...……6

2.2 . Industries animal husbandry …………………………..………………….6

2.1 . Industries crop production ……………….……………………….....….9

2.3. The main regularities of the territorial organization

agriculture of Russia……………………………………….………

2.4. Characteristics of the economic regions of Russia……………………

3. Problems and prospects for the formation of a sectoral and territorial organization of agriculture in Russia……………………………………

3.1.Problems of agriculture…………………………………….

3.2. Prospects for agriculture…………………………………

Conclusion……………………………………………………………

Bibliography………………………………………………………

Applications……………………………………………………………………..

Introduction

Russian society is going through a period of systemic socio-economic transformation, which increases the need to study various areas of the national economy in order to identify the main patterns and conditions that led to the need for reforms, to study the essence of the ongoing reforms and their economic consequences.

The most important branch of the Russian economy is agriculture. Agriculture is a branch of the national economy. The main branches of agriculture are plant growing and animal husbandry. Plant growing branches produce more than 40% of all agricultural products in the country. Crop production is the basis of agriculture. The level of animal husbandry in Russia also depends on its level of development. Approximately 70% of the total set of products produced in the country is made from agricultural raw materials. In this regard, the importance economic analysis agricultural development.

The purpose of this course work is to study the main patterns of sectoral and territorial features of the organization of agriculture in Russia.

To achieve this goal, the following tasks are defined:

Explore the essence and significance of agriculture as the most important sector of the economy.

Explore the patterns of sectoral and territorial organization of agriculture

Consider the main problems, highlight the prospects for the formation of a sectoral and territorial organization of agriculture in Russia.

Chapter 1. Definition, structure and significance of Russian agriculture.

1.1. Definition and task of agriculture.

Agriculture is one of the main branches of material production; cultivation of agricultural crops and breeding of farm animals in order to obtain food and raw materials for industry. The main branches of agriculture are plant growing and animal husbandry, which include smaller branches, differentiated in turn by groups of crops, types of farm animals, etc.

Agriculture is a branch of the national economy that is engaged in growing plants (plant growing) and breeding animals (animal husbandry).

Agriculture is connected with many industries (food, chemical, etc.), forming an agro-industrial complex, the main task of which is to reliably provide the country with food and agricultural raw materials. Unlike industry, agricultural production is carried out in vast areas where the relief, climate, and soils are different. In agriculture, many production processes are seasonal in nature, as they are associated with natural conditions for plant growth and animal development. Natural conditions have a greater influence on the process and result of agricultural labor than industrial labor. Regardless of natural conditions, the level of development of agriculture is determined by the quantity and quality of labor expended, the degree of use of machinery and fertilizers.

The natural basis of agriculture is agricultural land - land used in agricultural production. Of the 17.1 million square meters. km of the entire territory of Russia, agricultural land is only 2.22 million square meters. km, or 222.1 million hectares, - 13% of all land (without reindeer pastures, which include a significant part of the tundra zone).

Agricultural lands are of the following types: arable land, hayfields, pastures. A very small area is occupied by perennial plantations (gardens, vineyards). Of the 222 million hectares of agricultural land, arable land accounts for 132 million hectares (about 60%), hayfields - 23 million hectares (10%) and pastures - 65 million hectares (about 30%).

1.2. Importance of agriculture in the country's economy.

Agriculture is one of the most important sectors of the national

economy of Russia. It produces food for the population of the country, raw materials for the processing industry and provides for other needs of society. The standard of living and well-being of the population largely depends on the development of agriculture: the size and structure of nutrition, average per capita income, consumption of goods and services, social living conditions. . (see Appendix No. 1)

This shows that the food situation in Russia can hardly be called favorable. Meat is one of the most expensive food products, so the level of its consumption can also be used to judge the economic availability of food in general. The highest rates are typical for:

● for regions with high-income population: Moscow, Moscow region.

● for regions where climatic features necessitate consumption more animal protein: Republic of Sakha, Komi, Sakhalin region.

● for regions with high per capita indicators of meat production: Oryol, Belgorod, Bryansk, Kursk, Kaliningrad, Omsk regions.

● for regions where meat consumption is ethnically determined: the republics of Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Buryatia.

A similar picture is observed with the consumption of dairy products, but milk is less transportable, so it is consumed more locally.

production, and regions with high per capita income often

receive slightly more than half of the required amount.

Chapter 2. Patterns of the sectoral and territorial organization of agriculture in Russia .

2.1. Livestock industries.

The main branches of agriculture are plant growing and animal husbandry. Branches of plant growing produce more than 40% of all agricultural products of the country. Crop production is the basis of agriculture. The level of animal husbandry in Russia also depends on its level of development.

Animal husbandry is an important branch of agriculture, providing more than half of its gross output. The significance of this industry is determined not only by its high share in the production of gross output, but also by its great influence on the agricultural economy, on the level of provision of important foodstuffs. (see Appendix No. 2)

The most common areas of specialization of livestock farms in Russia currently remain: in cattle breeding - dairy, meat, milk and meat; in pig breeding - meat, bacon, semi-lard, fur coat; in poultry farming - egg, meat, broiler, mixed.

Meat, milk, eggs are the main consumption products of the population and are characterized by high nutritional properties. Without them, it is impossible to provide a high level of human nutrition. Animal husbandry provides valuable raw materials for industry: wool, leather, astrakhan, etc. The development of livestock industries makes it possible to productively use labor and material resources in agriculture throughout the year. Crop waste is consumed in the livestock industries, valuable organic fertilizers are created - manure and slurry.

In animal husbandry, narrower branches are distinguished - by animal species, product composition and other characteristics.

Cattle breeding(breeding of cattle) occupies one of the main places in the country's animal husbandry.

Cattle compared to other animal species

has the highest milk production. From this type of livestock comes the bulk of meat products. In the meat balance of the country, beef and veal occupy more than 40%. Milk dairy products are food products essentials. The main producers of milk are agricultural enterprises. For many farms, milk production is profitable and is the main source of daily income. However, it only becomes profitable

with a sufficiently high productivity of the dairy herd and high quality milk. From a cow proper cultivation and content, they receive 5-6 thousand kilograms of milk or more per year with a fat content of 4% or more. Valuable raw hides are also obtained from cattle breeding. Cattle consume the cheapest vegetable feed.

Cattle breeding as an industry plays a significant role in the development of other branches of agriculture. It supplies crop production with valuable organic fertilizers - manure, pig breeding - milk, which is necessary for young piglets.

Pig breeding - is one of the most productive and precocious branches of animal husbandry. The main products of pig breeding are meat and lard. In terms of precocity, fertility of animals, the yield of meat and fat, pig breeding ranks first among livestock industries.

Sheep breeding - is an important branch of animal husbandry, which produces a diversified and valuable product: meat, lard, milk, as well as wool, fur and fur coats, sheepskins and leather.

poultry farming - provides the population with highly nutritious dietary food products, and light industry with valuable raw materials.

The change in the number of livestock and poultry depends primarily on the provision of livestock with high-quality feed and the rate of reproduction of the herd.

Over the past period, the provision of livestock with feed has improved due to an increase in the yield of grain crops. In terms of a conditional head of cattle, the amount of feed, including concentrated feed, has increased. The offspring of cattle, sheep and goats increased, and the mortality of all types of livestock decreased. This makes it possible to count on a slowdown in the rate of reduction in the number of livestock, an increase in its productivity and an improvement in reproductive performance.

The development of animal husbandry is negatively affected by the imperfection of pricing, the disparity in prices for industrial and agricultural products, the lack of state support, and other factors. The low productivity of livestock is one of the main reasons not only for the poor quality of livestock raw materials, but also for the high labor intensity and unprofitability of the industry's production.

The number of cattle has not yet stabilized, but

the rate of reduction slowed down, as managers and specialists of agricultural enterprises realized that a further reduction in the number of cows would disrupt the emerging balance between the availability of livestock, fodder, means of production and labor resources.

In the production of livestock products, there is a possibility of internal and external risks. The level of internal risks is influenced by:

● production potential

● technological equipment

● level of specialization

● the level of labor productivity, etc.

Factors affecting the level of external risks:

● demographic

● social

● economic

● political, etc.

Depending on the location and specialization, the selected livestock farm systems differ significantly in their material and technical equipment, technology, organization of labor and production.

In recent years, these differences have become sharper, mainly depending on the financial condition of a particular livestock farm.

Under the system of animal husbandry, it is customary to understand the composition and size of livestock industries due to the production specialization of the economy, as well as a set of interrelated and interdependent, scientifically based zootechnical, veterinary, technical, organizational and economic measures for their management. Livestock systems are distinguished by the level of intensity, methods of forage production and types of animal feeding, forms of livestock management, organization of herd reproduction, breeding, etc.

The improvement of these systems consists in organizing the production of livestock products on an industrial basis, at large highly specialized enterprises. In the beef cattle breeding industry, the leading positions are occupied by large specialized fattening enterprises of an industrial type. In pig breeding, in most cases, the same farms are engaged in raising and fattening animals, and the division of labor in this industry is more limited. In poultry farming, the separation of meat production, which was previously a by-product in egg poultry farming, into an independent poultry meat industry is progressing. The negative trends that began in the late 1980s in the livestock sectors of Russia were expressed primarily in a reduction in the potential of livestock and poultry in public sector farms, a gradual slowdown in the impact of intensive factors on the growth rate of livestock production since the early 1990s, destabilizing processes in the industry have taken a landslide character, as a result of which, in all types of livestock farms without exception, all parameters of their

economic activity.

The main consequences of industry degradation are as follows:

● there was a large-scale reduction in the number of livestock and poultry, up to its elimination in many farms and the disappearance of unique breeds;

● Animal productivity has dropped to a minimum;

● complete unprofitability of production activities livestock buildings and other objects of industrial infrastructure;

● curtailment of measures for the introduction of factors of intensification of production and achievements of scientific and technological progress in the field of animal husbandry;

● The decline in livestock production has exceeded all permissible limits in terms of ensuring the country's food security.

In modern conditions of the deepest systemic crisis of the national economy, most developed before the beginning of the 90s. On an industrial basis, livestock complexes, highly productive enterprises and workshops, large inter-farm and regional associations for the production and processing of livestock products have been privatized and ruined.

Among the most important changes that have taken place in the last decade in the technology and organization of labor in livestock farms, it should be noted the decrease in the level of mechanization of labor processes and the deterioration of working conditions, which led to a significant decrease in its productivity.

Conducting large-scale production in a difficult financial situation, lack of material resources and technical support on farms, first of all, highly productive animals, which are more susceptible to various diseases, are eliminated.

Of all livestock sectors, the greatest losses are characteristic of sheep breeding. Its quantitative and qualitative potential has been significantly undermined, there has been a massive liquidation of sheep farms in public farms, and the material and technical base of the remaining farms has been thrown back several decades. Restoration and development of the production base of livestock farms is envisaged in federal programs development of livestock industries.

Compliance with the technology of keeping livestock and poultry and the production of livestock products directly depends on the rational organization of labor in the economy. When organizing labor in animal husbandry, unconditional observance of such basic principles of the rational organization of work processes as proportionality, consistency, rhythm, continuity is necessary.

2.2. Branches of crop production.

(see Appendix No. 3)

Wheat - the most important grain crop in Russia, providing a significant part of the country's food grain basket. In recent years, it has accounted for only slightly less than 1/2 of the entire domestic grain production, and the area under this crop exceeds the total area under all other grain and leguminous crops taken together.

Two types of wheat are sown in Russia - spring and winter. Due to the fact that the yield of winter wheat is two or more times higher than that of spring wheat, wherever agro-climatic conditions allow, it is winter wheat that is cultivated. In general, in the western part of the country (with the exception of the northern regions), up to the Volga, winter wheat crops predominate, and to the east - spring wheat.

Winter wheat is sown in autumn and uses autumn and spring precipitation during the growing season. Provision of moisture contributes to rapid vegetation and, consequently, early ripening of the crop and determines its higher yield than spring. The total amount of active temperatures required during its growing season, depending on the variety, ranges from 1200-1500 ° C. Low winter temperatures below zero with little snow cover make it difficult for winter wheat to move eastward, especially to the steppe regions of the Trans-Volga region, the Urals and Siberia. The cultivation of winter wheat in the northern regions is hindered long duration snow cover and later spring frosts.

The weak development of the root system determines the high demands of winter wheat on soil conditions. This crop develops best on structural chernozems with great content nutrients. Winter wheat does not tolerate acidic, peaty,

marshy and highly saline soils. On acidic soils, the culture can

grown only after they have been limed.

Spring wheat is sown in early spring and uses late spring rainfall. best conditions its growth temperatures are 15-20 °C. The culture tolerates spring frosts well. The growing season is estimated to be 90-120 days long. The sum of active temperatures is 1200-1700 °C. The soil requirements of spring wheat are similar to those of winter wheat. Among the varieties of spring wheat, durum wheat is especially valued, with a high protein content and high baking qualities. It is highly rated in the world market. It is from the flour of this wheat that the best-tasting pasta, cakes, pastries and other confectionery products are made.

Barley - the second largest grain crop in terms of production, providing about 1/4 of the gross grain harvest in Russia. In the conditions of our country, this is, first of all, a fodder crop, on the basis of which concentrated feed for livestock is produced. As a food crop, it is used to make beer, cereals, concentrates, and some other products.

A very important advantage of barley is its precocity (the duration of the growing season is only 85-95 days). In addition, barley is characterized by a low growth start temperature, low sensitivity to frost and drought tolerance. In this regard, the area of ​​cultivation of barley is extremely extensive: it penetrates further than other grain crops to the north, south and southeast. In the south and southeast, barley begins to ripen early, uses the spring moisture reserves in the soil better than other cereals, and suffers less from summer droughts.

Rye - a winter crop used both for food purposes and for feeding livestock. Winter rye is one of the most important food crops in Russia.

The sum of active temperatures of this culture is only 1000-1250 °C. Compared to winter wheat, rye is less demanding on moisture and has a strong, well-developed root system, which allows it to be cultivated on the most various soils. Rye, unlike wheat, tolerates acidic soils well, has greater frost resistance, and a lower growth start temperature. Better than winter wheat, tolerates drought.

The main distribution area of ​​rye is the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia. Recently, rye has been pushed aside by more valuable and high-yielding winter wheat from the best agro-climatic conditions for its cultivation of the chernozem zone.

oats - primarily a forage crop, in the past used on a large scale as horse feed. However, with the reduction in the number of horses in Russia and the growth of barley harvests, the sown areas of this crop have significantly decreased. Oats begin their growth at temperatures not as low as barley, vegetate longer and tolerate drought worse than other cereals. The most important advantage of oats is their tolerance to acidic soils.

Corn - high-yielding grain crop. According to their productivity

in the conditions of Russia - 30-35 kg / ha - it is second only to rice. The value of the crop lies in the fact that it allows both replenishing grain resources and obtaining good silage and green fodder for livestock. Corn grain and flour, cereals, corn flakes and vegetable oil made from it are used for food purposes. In addition, starch, molasses, alcohol and many other products can be made from corn. The abundant green mass of this plant is an excellent succulent fodder in animal husbandry.

Corn - thermophilic culture. To cultivate it for grain requires the sum of active temperatures in the range of 2100-2900 °C, and for corn in the phase of milky-wax ripeness - 1800-2400 °C.

Maize makes high demands on moisture shortly before flowering and in a short period after it. The rest of the time it is quite drought-resistant plant. The most favorable soils for cultivating corn in Russia are powerful chernozems; on chestnut soils and degraded chernozems, its yields are noticeably reduced. Corn for silage and green mass can also be cultivated on acidic soils when they are limed.

Millet - a low-yielding crop (in the conditions of Russia, the average yield is 8-10 kg / ha), which is not widely used in our country. Millet, like corn, begins vegetation at rather high temperatures - 10-12°C, is sensitive to frost, and is a short-day plant. The main advantage of the culture is its greater ability to tolerate drought than all other cereals, due to which it has advanced further than other plant domestics into arid regions. Millet successfully uses the moisture reserves created in the steppe zone by far from regular summer precipitation.

Buckwheat - valuable cereal crop, low-yielding (usually 6-7 kg/ha). It has an extremely short growing season (70-85 days), but a rather high temperature of the beginning of growth (6-8 ° C), in the event of frost, the plant does not die, but sharply reduces the yield. Buckwheat does not tolerate a lack of moisture in the soil and dry winds, but it is well adapted to acidic soils. The main distribution area of ​​the culture is the southern part of the forest and the north of the forest-steppe zones of the European part of Russia. The example of buckwheat clearly demonstrates the dependence of productivity on the ecological state of the areas of cultivation of this crop. The yield of buckwheat increases markedly when it is pollinated by bees, and the main area of ​​its cultivation coincides with the location of the largest chemical industry enterprises in the country, which adversely affects beekeeping. Hence the unjustifiably low yields of buckwheat in Russia and its insignificant gross harvest.

Rice - valuable food crop, the highest yielding

all cereals cultivated on the territory of Russia (yield - up to 40 kg / ha and more). However, this is the most thermophilic of all grain crops (the temperature of the beginning of growth is at least 12-15 ° C, and the sum of active temperatures

for various varieties cultivated on the territory of our country,

fluctuates between 2200-3200 °C).

Mustard - having high drought resistance, it is common in the Lower Volga region, in the Stavropol Territory and in the south of the Urals.

Legumes(peas, lentils, beans, soybeans, etc.) contain a lot of protein, valuable in terms of feed and food. The most important among them is peas, demanding on moisture and soil fertility; moderate reserves of heat are sufficient for its vegetation. Peas are grown in the forest and forest-steppe zones. Lentils are mostly cultivated in the western and central regions of the forest-steppe. Beans grow in more than southern parts countries. Soybean, as a moisture-loving and heat-loving plant, has limited distribution areas and occupies large areas in the south of the Far East, where a humid monsoon climate prevails.

Sunflower - the most common technical culture in Russia. Almost all domestic vegetable oil Sunflower is demanding on soil conditions, this crop gives the highest yields on well-structured chernozems, but much less than sugar beet, it is demanding on moisture. An important condition for obtaining sunflower seeds with a high percentage of oil content is a large number of sunny days.

Sugar beet - multipurpose culture. In Russia, both technical (intended for the production of sugar) and fodder varieties are grown, but the former predominate. After the processing of technical sugar beet for sugar, a large amount of waste is obtained, which is a valuable succulent feed for cattle breeding and pig breeding.

To obtain stable and high yields of sugar beets, cultivated soils (preferably chernozems), good and uniform soil moisture throughout the summer are required. Any temporary deterioration in the water supply of this crop reduces the sugar content in the tubers and reduces the yield. Technical varieties of sugar beets also have higher requirements for sunlight. To increase the sugar content in tubers, a sufficiently large number of sunny days is needed.

Len-fibre - starts growing at low temperatures and has a short growing season. Because of this, its crops moved further north than other industrial crops. High Quality fiber and its large yields are obtained only in areas with cool, rainy and cloudy summers, where fiber flax varieties with a long unbranched stem are cultivated. Flax is sown in crop rotations after favorable predecessors that enrich the soil with plant nitrogen on well-cultivated soils.

In areas with a dry warm climate (in the steppe Trans-Volga region, in the south of the Urals and in the Kulunda steppe), curly flax is grown. The stem of such flax develops little in length, strongly branches and is not suitable for the manufacture of textile fibers.

Curly flax is cultivated exclusively for seed for production

oil, used mainly for technical and medical purposes.

Hemp - products made from hemp fiber can be replaced to a much greater extent by artificial fiber, which has led to a significant reduction in the crops of this crop over the past decades.

Hemp has unique ecological characteristics: high nutrient requirements in the soil along with the consumption of large amounts of moisture and heat during the period of intensive growth. All this determines the historical distribution of hemp in the form of "foci" confined to well-cultivated soils in the south-west of the forest zone (in the Bryansk and Oryol regions), along river valleys on the western slopes of the Central Russian and Volga uplands, in the forest-steppe and steppe zones. More heat-loving and valuable varieties of southern hemp are common in some regions of the North Caucasus.

Tobacco - heat-loving crop, demanding on moisture and nutrient content in soils. Tobacco cultivation is labor intensive. Tobacco crops are mostly confined to the foothill-mountainous regions of the North Caucasus, where leached soils predominate.

potato growing - an important branch of Russian crop production. The role of potatoes in the diet of Russians is especially significant. No wonder it is called the second bread. In addition to food purposes, potatoes are widely used as feed in animal husbandry, especially in pig breeding, and they are also used for technical purposes.

Vegetable and melon growing - one of the weakest links in Russian crop production. A significant part of the vegetables consumed in Russia is imported from abroad (mainly from the former Soviet republics).

Cabbage, table beets, carrots, onions, cucumbers, tomatoes, zucchini and eggplants are the most widespread in Russia. Over the past decades, the azonality in the production of most vegetables has sharply increased, expressed in their territorial concentration in the suburban areas of large cities and urban agglomerations. This was facilitated by the growth in the share of households, in particular urban residents, in the production of vegetables (in 1995 - about 70% of the total Russian production), and the expansion of the system of greenhouse and hothouse production of these crops.

fruit crops- include a large group of trees and shrubs. In the gardens of our country highest value have pome fruits (apples, pears, etc.) and stone fruits (cherries, plums, apricots, etc.), which account for about 9/10 of the area of ​​all fruit plantations.

Viticulture This culture is well adapted to the conditions of a moderately warm and subtropical climate. Features of the location of viticulture due to the fact that this crop is successfully cultivated on light, cartilaginous, gravelly, well-warmed and aerated soils on the slopes of hills and mountains. Thanks to a well-developed, deeply penetrating root system on skeletal soils vine capable of extracting water from great depths.

2.3. The main regularities of the territorial organization of agriculture in Russia.

The main patterns of the territorial organization of agriculture are manifested in a certain localization of the tops of agricultural enterprises and regions, which are formed under the influence of a complex of natural and socio-economic factors at each stage of the country's socio-economic development. The basis of agricultural regions is formed by the dominant types of enterprises for which there are the most favorable combinations of natural and socio-economic conditions and resources of the countryside.

Agricultural enterprises of various types perform certain national economic functions in the system of territorial division of labor within large regions and the country as a whole.

Natural conditions in the development of agriculture act as a factor of territorial differentiation. Agro-climatic resources in combination with the soil-lithological-geomorphological features of the territory determine the possibility of cultivating certain crops as part of certain types of crop rotations. With the differentiation of farming systems in different types of landscapes, the levels of productivity of cultivated plants, the size of production costs, and, consequently, the indicators of cost and production efficiency are associated.

Socio-economic factors of territorial differentiation of agriculture. The increase in the growth rate of the urban population leads to constant changes in the territorial organization of agriculture within this zone as well. The further growth of large cities with a population of over 250,000 and especially over 500,000 inhabitants is an important economic factor in the territorial organization of agriculture.

One of the factors of the territorial organization of agriculture is the unequal economic and geographical position of rural areas in relation to the places of consumption and processing of agricultural products.

Finally, the factors of territorial organization are the transport and geographical position of agricultural enterprises (especially those producing low-transportable types of products). The degree of transportability of crop and livestock products is changing as a result of improving vehicles, creating specialized modes of transport, including refrigerators and other installations. Transportation of agricultural products from production sites to storage, processing, and consumption of products is largely carried out by road.

The spatial localization of labor resources, associated with the characteristic features of rural settlement in various types of rural areas, is also of some importance. The quantitative assessment of labor resources is due to the unequal labor intensity of different branches of crop and livestock production at a certain level of mechanization of production processes.

With the development of the scientific and technological process and the industrialization (complex mechanization) of agriculture, there is an increase in labor productivity in all sectors of crop and livestock production, although differences remain in the cost of living labor between more labor-intensive crops (berries, fruits, vegetables) and less labor-intensive (cereals). ). Thus, combinations of natural and economic factors determine the specialization of agriculture, as well as methods of organizing agriculture and animal husbandry, leading to territorial differentiation of levels of production intensity.

2.4. Characteristics of the economic regions of Russia.

Northern economic region.

Agriculture specializes in the following areas: animal husbandry (fur farming, reindeer breeding, dairy and beef cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming); plant growing (flax growing, vegetable growing in closed ground, potato growing).

The natural and climatic conditions of the Northern economic region do not allow the creation of a diversified crop production system. All of the listed branches of crop production are located in the greater part of the "southern" regions of the region. The absence of agricultural raw materials makes it impossible to develop certain types of production, for example, the production of sugar, vegetable oil, etc.

Northwestern economic region.

Agriculture of the district specializes in the following sectors: animal husbandry (dairy and beef cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming, fur farming), plant growing (flax growing, potato growing, vegetable growing, growing grain crops). Climatic conditions do not allow to achieve high yields. High air and soil humidity at relatively moderate temperatures in winter - from -10˚С to -16˚С and in summer - from 15˚С to 17˚С. Consequently, the gross yields of the most important agricultural crops have insignificant shares in the production of similar crops in Russia as a whole.

Central economic region.

Branches of specialization of agriculture: crop production

(growing grain crops: wheat, rye, buckwheat, barley; growing industrial crops: sugar beet, tobacco, hemp, hops, chicory; potato growing, vegetable growing), animal husbandry (dairy and meat and meat and dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming). Climate here it is milder, the summer is warmer and longer, soddy-podzolic and gray forest soils are common, suitable for growing potatoes, vegetables, cereals, industrial crops - hemp, sugar beets; dairy and beef cattle breeding prevails.

Volga-Vyatka economic region.

Branches of specialization in agriculture: animal husbandry (dairy and meat cattle breeding, pig breeding, fur farming, poultry farming), plant growing (flax growing, potato growing, growing rye, barley, oats, wheat, beet growing, hop growing, tobacco growing, gardening). Agriculture of the Volga-Vyatka economic region has a wide specialization. It satisfies the need for food products through its own production of most goods. Shortcomings are covered by supplies from nearby areas. Mild climate, long warm summers, soddy-podzolic and gray forest soils are common, suitable for growing potatoes, vegetables, cereals, industrial crops - hemp, sugar beets; dairy and beef cattle breeding prevails.

Central Black Earth economic region.

Based on the classification of soils, climatic conditions, and the experience of selection work, the sectoral structure of agriculture is formed. The structure of agriculture: livestock (dairy and meat and meat and dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming), crop production (growing grain and leguminous crops: wheat, buckwheat, barley, peas, corn; growing industrial crops: sunflower, hemp, shag, sugar beet ; essential oil crops, growing gourds, horticulture).

Agriculture intersectoral. At the expense of its own resources, the needs of the population in meat, dairy products, animal and vegetable oil are satisfied. In addition, the region acts as a supplier of vegetable oil to other regions of the country.

The Central Black Earth economic region is located in the forest-steppe and steppe zones, winter temperatures are -8-11˚С and summers are 19-20˚С, moisture is unstable, the territory is prone to droughts. Land resources are the main wealth of the region, dominated by chernozem soils. Agricultural lands occupy almost 80% of the area of ​​the district; wheat, rye, corn, sugar beet, sunflower are grown on them; dairy and meat cattle breeding, pig breeding and sheep breeding prevail. In the suburbs of the districts, vegetable growing and pig breeding are developed.

Volga economic region.

AT lower Volga region climatic conditions are very favorable for the development of agricultural sectors, which allows the region to occupy leading positions in the production of potatoes, sugar beets, meat, milk, animal and vegetable oils, granulated sugar. peas, millet, buckwheat, rice; cultivation of mustard, hemp, sugar beet, coriander, shag, sunflower, flax-curly; gourds; horticulture, potato growing, vegetable growing), animal husbandry (dairy and meat and meat and dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming, beekeeping, fur farming, fine-fleeced and semi-fine-fleeced sheep breeding).

North Caucasian economic region.

Due to favorable natural and climatic conditions, the region has a high level of agricultural development. Favorable and diverse soil and climatic conditions of the region ensure the cultivation of about 80 crops in the North Caucasus and the development of highly productive diversified animal husbandry.

Branches of agriculture: animal husbandry (dairy and meat and meat and dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming, fine wool sheep breeding), plant growing (wheat, corn, barley, rice, sunflower, hemp, essential oil crops, vegetable growing, tobacco growing, gardening, viticulture, growing gourds, castor beans, beet growing, tea growing, mustard cultivation.

Ural economic region.

The specialization of agriculture in the Urals is changing from north to south. In the northern part of the district, dairy farming and pig farming are combined with the cultivation of potatoes, vegetables, flax, barley and oats. The southern and southeastern parts are the most important grain regions, specialized in the production of strong and high-protein wheats. Meat animal husbandry and sheep breeding are also developed. Branches of specialization of agriculture: animal husbandry (beekeeping, dairy and meat and meat and dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming, fine-fleeced and semi-fine-fleeced sheep breeding), plant growing (sunflower, sugar beet, curly flax, fiber flax , potatoes, peas, millet, oats, barley, wheat, rye).

West Siberian economic region.

Branches of specialization of agriculture: animal husbandry

(beekeeping, dairy and meat and meat and dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming, fine-fleeced and semi-fine-fleeced sheep breeding, maral breeding, yak breeding, fur farming, reindeer breeding, fishing), plant growing (sunflower, sugar beet, curly flax, fiber flax, potatoes, peas , millet, oats, barley, wheat, rye, millet, horticultural crops, vegetables). The needs of the population are satisfied at the expense of their own resources for such food products as meat, milk, animal and vegetable oils, etc.

East Siberian economic region.

Branches of specialization of agriculture: animal husbandry (dairy and meat and meat and dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming, animal husbandry, deer breeding, yak breeding, camel breeding, horse breeding, meat and wool sheep breeding), crop production (production of wheat, oats, hemp, fiber flax, barley , vegetable growing, potato growing, cedar fishing). Specialization here is largely due to the peculiarities of natural conditions. The Far North is a zone of well-developed reindeer husbandry, the southern forest-steppe regions are for meat and dairy farming, the intermountain basins of Khakassia, Tyva, Buryatia, and the Chita region are a zone of fine-wool and semi-fine-wool production.

Far East economic region.

Area specialization in the field of agriculture: animal husbandry

(fur farming, cattle breeding, poultry farming, maral breeding, deer breeding, beekeeping, pig breeding), plant growing (horticulture, potato growing, vegetable growing, growing barley, oats, soybeans, wheat rice). Of the five types of crops taken for comparison of all

economic regions for far east four grains grow - potatoes, sunflowers, vegetables. The volume of grain production is falling, which causes its shortage for the economic needs of the region and their share in

Russian Federation. The region provides itself with meat, fish, milk, vegetables, fruits.

Chapter 3. Problems and prospects for the formation of a branch and territorial organization of agriculture in Russia.

3.1. Problems of agriculture.

The current state of agriculture in Russia leaves much to be desired. The increase in productivity that began in the late 1990s began to decline again in 2002.

In terms of the level of technology and technology in agriculture, Russia lags behind the advanced countries. Only two percent of its agricultural land is cultivated with conservation farming technologies. Due to our backwardness, crop losses reach 30%. Specific electricity costs are several times higher than in the USA and Western Europe. In Russia, 13% of the total able-bodied population of the country is employed in agriculture, which is 2-4 times more than in the West.

There are a number of problems in overcoming the backwardness of Russian agriculture. Consider the main ones:

1. High fuel prices that make highly profitable agricultural production impossible. There was a proposal to convert tractors and combines to gas, which, according to experts, can reduce fuel costs by three times. But, firstly, the fleet of agricultural machinery itself, for the most part, has exhausted its entire resource. Secondly, the conversion of self-propelled vehicles to gas also requires costs. And thirdly, Gazprom is unlikely to want to lag behind the oilmen in taking advantage of the favorable situation on the world market and will raise gas prices.

High interest rates on a loan of 15 - 16%. But banks cannot lower interest rates because they are not sure about the return of loans,

2. Since in agriculture, where private owners also dominate, the redistribution of property is still ongoing, there is another wave of drive of peasants from the land, direct seizures, takeovers and deliberate bankruptcies of enterprises.

3. High customs duties on agricultural machinery and the unprotected domestic market from dumping food supplies from abroad. Even northern countries Western Europe differ from Russia in much more favorable natural and climatic conditions. There, the period of plant growth is longer, the winter is much less severe, etc. Our buildings should be more capital, the cost of heating the premises is much higher. Therefore, it is impossible for us to compete with Western producers in terms of the efficiency of agricultural production, other things being equal.

4. Social problems of rural residents: it is necessary to build housing in the countryside, improve social conditions for peasants. Large corporations, not interested in the prosperity of the village, became the owners of the village. Today, one corporation reigns in the village, tomorrow, given the change in market conditions, it will sell its shares. It is not economically feasible to divert funds for housing construction that can be more efficiently invested in production. And the state does not have enough funds for the most urgent needs, it allocates crumbs to agriculture, of which you can’t find much for housing and improving living conditions.

Such an important branch of Russian agriculture as dairy farming faces many acute problems. The work of domestic livestock farms has long resembled not a business, but a struggle for survival - in many cases hopeless.

The state is also unable to guarantee the minimum profitability of dairy production. In Russia, not only the profitability of dairy farming is falling, but the number of dairy cows is also declining. According to the Federal State Statistics Service, as of February 1, 2006. the number of cattle in the farms of all agricultural producers, according to calculations, amounted to 21.5 million heads of which cows - 9.5 million sheep and goats - 17.1 million heads of pigs - 13.5 million.

In the structure of livestock, households accounted for 44.1% of cattle, 41.8% of pigs, 54.7% of sheep and goats (at the beginning

February 2005 - respectively 43.7%, 44.8% and 55.9%).

At first glance, the decline in livestock really looks like a disaster. Nevertheless, even with the current number of cows, their number per 1 thousand people in Russia exceeds 80 heads, and in prosperous Europe it is only 34-40 heads. That is, abroad, the success of animal husbandry is achieved not by number, but by quality. Low-producing cows in the US are culled. A highly productive cow is essentially a "factory" for the production of milk. Therefore, when a cow gives less than 20 liters of milk per day for 2 weeks in a row, they are sent to the slaughterhouse. Otherwise, milk yields will decrease, quality will decrease and the business will cease to be profitable.

In our country, the troubles of animal husbandry are attributed to a decline in livestock, and agricultural enterprises do not provide economic, but more social role. After all, often the farm of the former collective farm or state farm is inhabited by almost the entire surrounding population, carrying feed, milk, and, in general, everything that is badly lying from the cowsheds. For villagers, this is sometimes the only source of income. Another thing is that this practice has nothing to do with a normal economy. How productive the existing livestock is, not all farm managers think. And experts believe that the profitability of the dairy business can be discussed only after reaching the 5-6 thousandth level of annual milk yield. They also see the reason for low milk yields in the lack of balanced feed. There is an opinion that animal husbandry, like agriculture, in Russian conditions is a risky business by definition.

Milk prices have been almost at the same level in recent years. And energy carriers have risen in price during this time by about 70%. Energy costs are on average three times higher than those of foreign companies. Therefore, the cost of Russian milk is 20-30 percent higher than imported milk. But it's not just about costs, it's also about wasteful use of resources, outdated equipment and technology. For example, labor productivity in Russian animal husbandry is at least twice as low as in developed Western countries. 60 percent of cows are milked not in milk pipes, but in portable buckets. Most dairy farms in Russia were built 30-40 years ago and designed according to the developments of the middle of the last century. Dairy farms are also hindered by the disproportion between the real cost of raw milk and the purchase prices of dairies for it. Today, there is a price dictate of trade over the processor, the processor over the agricultural producer.

Another expensive cost for the industry is taxes. Both producers, processors, and milk traders are subject to VAT. It turns out that the tax is levied three times for one product.

3.2. Prospects for agriculture.

One cannot but agree that the funds allocated for the development of animal husbandry are insufficient. Today, animal husbandry occupies one of the first lines in the "agrarian budget" of the Russian Federation. Nevertheless, it remains almost the leader in terms of unprofitability. Only in 2004 the federal authorities spent 745 million rubles to support livestock breeding, not counting the funds of private investors and money allocated by regional budgets. But the problem is that these funds are not always used effectively. According to the All-Russian Research Institute of Breeding, most of the same breeding farms are not engaged in the sale of breeding animals, although they receive state subsidies for this.

Farms with real development prospects should have the right to preferences. Such a targeted approach is being implemented in the regions, especially since there is not enough money for everyone anyway. The conditions for receiving subsidies are the preservation of the livestock and the increase in milk production.

There must be an effective government policy for price regulation. So far, the main profits are in the field of processing and distribution. But you can legally guarantee a minimum purchase price for milk and meat.

Stable farms need not so much direct subsidies as they need a consistent pricing policy and affordable, long-term loans in order to develop and modernize production.

To this we can add that dairy farms, in addition to loans and state support, also need real owners. Otherwise, animal husbandry - a potentially profitable and highly profitable industry - will remain unprofitable for a long time and will continue to face the budgets of all levels with an outstretched hand.

In the "Concept-forecast of the development of animal husbandry in Russia until 2010." scientifically substantiated increase in the production of milk and beef due to intensive factors. In particular, to provide the population with milk, it is enough to have 13 million cows, but their milk yield should reach an average of 4000-4300 kg by 2010 in January 2006, this figure was 1.8 million tons. -50% more, which will amount to 81 kg in slaughter weight in 2010 according to the moderate version, and 92 kg per capita according to the intensive version (60-65 kg in recent years). In the developed countries of the West, this figure today is 90-120 kg.

More than 98% of beef in Russia is obtained from the slaughter of culled cows and over-repair young animals from dairy herds. In the future, this source of beef production will also play a leading role. At the same time, it is necessary to accelerate the development of beef cattle breeding in order to increase its share in beef production from 1.7% in 2001 to 1.7% in 2001. up to 6.3% for moderate and up to 20-25% for intensive options by 2010.

Ways out of the current agricultural crisis. October 19, 2005 an extended meeting of the collegium of the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia was held, at which specific measures were considered to implement the priority national project"Development of the agro-industrial complex". The Plan and Network Schedule, developed by the specialists of the Ministry on behalf of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, were approved, which define the activities, the volume of their financing, benchmarks, deadlines and responsible executors.

For the first time in the past 15 years, agriculture has become a national development priority.

The national development project is based on the principles of market

economy. Its main goal is to improve the quality of life both in the city and in the countryside. Emphasis will be placed on the development of meat and milk - the most valuable types of food, the consumption of which has decreased by one and a half times over the years of reforms. The urgency of the problem is determined by the contribution of animal husbandry to the total volume of agricultural production. At the same time, its share has been declining in recent years. In 2004 it was 45% compared to 47% in 2001. World practice shows that in countries with developed agriculture, livestock accounts for most of the agricultural production (Germany - 52%), moreover, livestock is a kind of locomotive for the development of the industry, consuming significant volumes of crop production. Calculations show that the growth potential of agricultural production in Russia with an increase in livestock production is much higher than in the case of an increase in grain exports. At the same time, the meat and meat products market is extremely promising and socially significant. Meat consumption per capita in Russia is 53 kg, while in developed countries it is 80-100 kg.

At the same time, meat consumption will constantly grow as incomes of the population increase. The dynamics of recent years testify to this. Therefore, it is necessary to respond to market signals in time and orient the business regarding the prospects for the development of this sector.

The first activity in the Project Implementation Plan defines measures to expand the availability of credit resources for the accelerated development of animal husbandry. The interest rate on loans received for up to 8 years for the construction and modernization of livestock complexes will be subsidized by two thirds from the Federal budget. For such a long time this will be done for the first time.

6 billion 630 million rubles will be allocated for the implementation of the measure, including 3 billion 450 million in 2006, which will make it possible to attract about 40 billion rubles of commercial loans for technical re-equipment.

The second activity also aims to update the main

funds in animal husbandry. Its main task is to increase the genetic potential of animals bred in Russia and improve the conditions for their maintenance.

The solution to this problem is envisaged to be carried out through the purchase of pedigree livestock and modern technological equipment under the positively proven system of state leasing. Leasing deliveries will be secured by an increase in the authorized capital of OAO Rosagroleasing by 8 billion rubles, 4 billion annually.

The result of this event will be the supply of leasing up to 100 thousand heads of highly productive livestock, the commissioning and modernization of 130 thousand livestock places.

The third measure to ensure the accelerated development of animal husbandry and increase its competitiveness is the decision of the Government to abolish import customs duties on technological equipment for animal husbandry, which has no domestic analogues. The Priority Project Implementation Plan provides for the issuance of a Government Decree approving the volume of quotas and customs duties for meat in 2006-2007. and up to 2009, according to the existing intergovernmental agreements. All economic entities of the industry should be aware of the plans and conditions of the Government's customs and tariff policy.

The second important direction of the project implementation is “Stimulation of the development of small farms in the agro-industrial complex”. Small farms (LPS and KFH) produce 93% of potatoes, 80% of vegetables. The social significance of this sector is also great - 16 million families run personal subsidiary plots, 1 million 200 thousand people are employed in peasant (farmer) households.

However, due to the lack of the necessary infrastructure for commodity and credit support, their access to the processing and consumption markets is limited for peasant farms and private household plots. This direction is implemented through 2 main activities of the plan.

The first activity is aimed at expanding the availability of credit

resources for personal subsidiary and peasant (farm) holdings and agricultural consumer cooperatives created by them.

For the first time, it is planned to implement 100% subsidization of the interest rate on attracted loans - 95% of the rate is subsidized from the federal budget and 5% of the rate - from the budget of the RF subject in which the farm is located.

It is proposed to establish the loan amount for private household plots in the amount of up to 300 thousand rubles, for peasant farms up to 3 million rubles, for created private household plots and peasant farms of agricultural consumer cooperatives - up to 10 million rubles. 6 billion 570 million rubles-2 will be allocated for the implementation of this measure .9 billion in 2006

Implementation of the measure will make it possible already in 2006 to take advantage of this unprecedented preferential form of lending to about 200,000 household plots and about 6,000 peasant farms, to attract up to 20 billion rubles in loans for the development of commodity production.

The implementation of the second measure will be aimed at stimulating the creation of procurement and supply and marketing structures, the development of credit cooperation, as well as production facilities for the processing of agricultural products produced by household plots and peasant farms. The main executor of this event is Rosselkhozbank with its developed branch network in 65 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. To provide it with financial resources, the authorized capital of the Bank will be increased by 9.4 billion rubles. The implementation of the measure should ensure the creation of 1,000 procurement and supply and marketing, 550 processing and up to 1,000 rural credit cooperatives. The Project Implementation Plan provides for the creation of a land mortgage lending system.

The development of the land mortgage system will make it possible to use the mortgage of land to obtain a loan for 5,000 households. This mechanism is new and its implementation will be tested in the first half of 2006 on 20 pilot projects.

In the process of working on the project and based on the results of the extended

board, the Ministry of Agriculture prepared a number of additional measures necessary for the successful implementation of the priority national project "Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex". These measures are supposed to be formalized as instructions of the Prime Minister based on the results of the expanded collegium.

Among them:

1. Application of measures of customs and tariff regulation to imported dairy products:

● differentiated increase in import customs duties on hard cheeses;

● implementation of measures to limit the import of hard cheeses supplied from Ukraine;

● taking measures to limit the import of powdered milk and butter (including measures of customs and tariff regulation), including those supplied from Ukraine and Belarus.

2. Development of technical regulation measures:

● development of a draft technical regulation "On the requirements for the biological safety of animals imported into the territory of the Russian Federation";

● development of a draft technical regulation "On the requirements for biological safety of products and raw materials of animal origin";

● development of a draft technical regulation “Requirements for

ensuring the safety of the use and disposal of organic waste from livestock and poultry farming, enterprises processing livestock products.

3. Using the Investment Fund to stimulate the attraction of private investments (through the mechanism of public-private partnership) for the construction of complexes for the processing of meat and dairy products in regions with an excess of raw materials.

4. Development of the concept of state support for the development of large agro-industrial structures of the holding type, engaged in the production of agricultural raw materials, processing and trade in

based on modern innovative technologies,

5. Simplification of the procedure for the formation of land plots from agricultural land and reduction of fees for land management work when registering with the cadastre.

6. Formation of a system of land-mortgage lending secured by land from agricultural land.

To organize and control the implementation of activities, the specialists of the Ministry drew up a Network Schedule for the implementation of the national priority project "Development of the Agro-Industrial Complex".

Work on the project involves the development of:

1. Decrees of the Government;

2. Orders of the Government;

3. Technical regulations;

4. Methodology;

5. Concepts.

As well as carrying out a large amount of organizational work on information and methodological support and control over the implementation of the project in the regions. The co-executors in the project are: OJSC Rosagroleasing; JSC "Rosselkhozbank";

Among the state authorities involved are: the Ministry of Economic Development, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Industry and Energy, the Federal Property Management Agency,

Federal Antimonopoly Service, Federal Customs

service, heads of subjects of the Russian Federation.

Summing up, we can single out the following directions for overcoming the agrarian crisis:

1. Structural restructuring of agro-industrial production in the direction of further adaptation of enterprises to market conditions.

2. Development of fast payback and resource-saving technologies and industries.

3. Consideration of existing large-scale agricultural enterprises created on the basis of collective farms and state farms on the basis of privatization of land and property into private (shared and joint) ownership, as a transition to more efficient family private property in agriculture and small (farm) farming.

4. Development and government incentives ( tax incentives and subsidies) agricultural cooperation and agro-industrial integration.

5. Development of leasing, increasing the efficiency of the use of public credit resources.

6. Creation of a nationwide training program for agricultural entrepreneurs - new owners who will inherit land or buy it from their heirs. By expert opinion, there are at least 1.5 million of them. If they learn how to use the land efficiently, then agriculture will be revived in Russia.

7. Improve efficiency state subsidies agriculture through the reorientation of subsidies from the level of the producer to the level of the consumer of food, the provision of commodity credit to producers and the development of real financial leasing.

8. As an indirect way to support agriculture, it is necessary to use asset subsidies and VAT on purchased resources, in particular on fuel.

9. Use new management techniques and other innovations.

Although it is worth noting that the leaders of the country do not get tired of declaring the priority importance of agriculture for the economy and security of Russia. However, these fine statements and loud promises are realized in a very modest way.

Conclusion

The socio-economic situation in agriculture remains unstable. The number of cattle and cows continues to decline, and the number of poultry has also declined. In general, the current branches of agriculture leave to expect better results.

Crop production is developed in Russia mainly in the forest-steppe and steppe regions. This branch of agriculture includes the cultivation of grain and leguminous crops, fodder crops, vegetables and melons, potatoes, as well as the cultivation of industrial crops and perennial plantations - orchards and vineyards. The sown area under grain crops in Russia has been declining in recent years.

The main grain crops of the Russian Federation are rye, wheat, barley, oats, buckwheat, millet, corn, and legumes - peas, beans, lentils, soybeans. Wheat occupies the first place in terms of sown area, but the most common crop is barley, as it is grown everywhere, but mainly as a forage crop.

Animal husbandry in its composition, animal husbandry has many more branches than crop production: cattle breeding (cattle breeding), pig breeding, sheep breeding, poultry breeding, horse breeding, goat breeding, reindeer breeding, sericulture, fish farming, fur farming, etc.

The main direction in animal husbandry is dairy and meat. It is practically ubiquitous. But unfortunately, animal husbandry in Russia at the moment is not in the best condition.

The growth of agricultural production can be achieved extensively (by expanding crops, increasing the number of livestock) or through intensification (increasing yields as a result of increasing doses of fertilizers, using high-yielding varieties plants, irrigation or the introduction of highly productive breeds of livestock and poultry).

Bibliography

1. Aleksandrova T.E. Economic and social geography of the Russian Federation [Text]: textbook. Allowance / T.E. Alexandrova, I.I. Firulina; under general ed. T.E. Alexandrova. – Samara: from Samar. state economy un-ta, 2007.– 304p.

2. Voronin V.V. economic geography of the Russian Federation: Textbook. 2nd ed., revised. and additional: At 2 o'clock. Part II. Economic zoning. Foreign economic relations. Samara: Samarsk Publishing House. state economy acad., 1997. 280s.

3. Economic and social geography of Russia: a textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - 2nd ed. stereotype. - M .: Bustard, 2002.-672 p.; ill., maps: tsv. incl.

4. Kovalenko N.Ya. Economics of agriculture. With the basics of agricultural markets. Lecture course. – M.: Association of Authors and Publishers TANDEM: EKMOS Publishing House. - 448s.

5. Economics of agriculture. Textbook. Ed. Academician of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences V.A. Dobrin. – M.: Kolos.- 1990.

6. Economics of agriculture / I.A. Minakov, L.A. Sabetova et al.; Ed. I.A.Minakova. - M .: KolosS, 2002. - 32 pp.: ill. - (Textbook and study guide for students of higher educational institutions). (172-238s.)

7. Organization of production at agricultural enterprises / M.I. Sinyukov, F.K. Shakirov et al.; Ed. M.I. Sinyukova. - 4th ed., revised. and additional - M .: Agropromizdat, - 512s. (Textbook and textbook. Handbook for students of higher educational institutions). (249-476s.)

8. Economics of agriculture: Album of visual aids / V.A. Dobrynin, P.P. Dunaev, etc.; Ed. V.A. Dobrynina. - M .: Agropromizdat, - 367p. - (Textbook and study guide for students of higher educational institutions). (244s.)

9. Kovalenko N.Ya. Development of market relations in agriculture trends and problems. Textbook.- M.: MCHA Publishing House 1996.

10. Petrenko I.A., Chuzhinov P.I. Economics of agriculture. Tutorial. Alma-Ata. Kainar.1998. (39s.)

11. Popov N.A. Economics of agricultural production. With the fundamentals of Market Agroeconomics and Rural Entrepreneurship. Textbook. - M .: EKMOS, 1999. - 352 p. (32-37s.)

12. Tseddies Yu., Ugarova A.A. economics of agricultural enterprises. Textbook.- M.: Publishing House of the Moscow Agricultural Academy. 1999, - 400s. (128-204s.)

13. Dedeeva S.A. The current state of agriculture in Russia [Text] / S.A. Dedeeva // Vestn. Orenburg. state university - Orenburg, 2008. - No. 1 (80). - S. 82-87. - 0.69 pc. l.

14. Crop production in Russia in 2003 // Economics of agriculture in Russia. 2004. No. 3.

16. Website statistics. (Production of the main types of agricultural products in households) http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b07_13/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d04/14-12.htm

17. Website statistics. (Production of basic livestock products)

http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b08_11/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d02/15-22.htm

Application No. 1

Food consumption in Russia (per capita per year)

In Russia, the real amount of food consumption has significantly decreased compared to the norm of necessary food products for normal human life.

In 2007, the amount of livestock production increased in Russia compared to previous years. Although the changes are not so significant.

http://www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b07_13/IssWWW.exe/Stg/d04/14-12.htm

Application No. 3

Production of the main types of agricultural products in the households of the population. (million tons)

Considering the production of the main types of agricultural products, in the households of the population from 2001 to 2007. there are no particularly significant jumps in the production of crop products. The situation develops mostly evenly.

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MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Ryazan State Agricultural Academy named after Professor P.A. Kostychev

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On the subject "Economics of agro-industrial complex"

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• Bibliography 17
• 1. Subject, tasks and methods of economics of agricultural production
• Agriculture is one of the most important branches of material production: the cultivation of crops and the breeding of farm animals to obtain agricultural and livestock products. Agriculture also includes various types of primary processing of plant and animal products (unless they have become independent branches of industry). In some countries, forestry is classified as agriculture. Agriculture creates food products for the population, raw materials for many branches of industry (food, feed, textile, pharmaceutical, perfumery, etc.), reproduces living draft power (horse breeding, reindeer breeding, etc.); includes branches of agriculture (field farming, vegetable growing, fruit growing, viticulture, etc.) and animal husbandry (cattle breeding, pig breeding, sheep breeding, poultry farming, etc.), the correct combination of which ensures rational use material and labor resources and is the main task of the economy of agricultural production.
• The main means of production in agriculture is land, the features of which cause specific forms of concentration and specialization of agricultural production, necessitate the use of scientifically based farming systems to increase soil fertility. As means of production in agriculture, living organisms are used - plants and animals, as a result of which the action of economic and biological laws is intertwined in the development of the industry, the period of production does not coincide with the working period, the means of production and labor are used seasonally. This is the main features of the economics of agriculture as a science.
• Agricultural production is spatially dispersed, carried out on large areas, therefore, it mainly uses mobile agricultural units. Over 20% of the gross agricultural output (seeds, feed, livestock) is used in the subsequent production cycle as a means of production, which determines the specifics of the formation of agricultural production assets and a lower degree of marketability than in industry.

The role of the agricultural economy is growing significantly due to the transition processes in the Russian economy. Reform reforms in the agro-industrial sector have been actively carried out since 1992: the state monopoly on land has been eliminated, multi-structural production has mainly developed, institutional reform of agricultural enterprises is underway, the importance of such an organizational mechanism as cooperation and integration is increasing, the denationalization of the system of procurement of agricultural products and the introduction of a competitive procedure are being implemented. procurement for state needs, the mechanism of state leasing operations, a network of wholesale food markets is being formed, an agricultural producer is defined as market-oriented. The transformation processes were accompanied by the deterioration of the economic situation in the agro-industrial sector. Gross agricultural output decreased by 40% compared to 1992, the production potential of the industry tends to decrease, the processes of degradation of land resources are activated, there is a predominant decline in production in the food and processing industries in comparison with the sectors of agriculture itself, material and financial resources implemented inefficiently, there is an increase in receivables and payables. Negative trends, both at the macro and meso levels, are due to the general situation in the economy. The reasons for negative manifestations at all levels, including at the regional level, may be: the incompleteness of land transformations, the mechanism for disposing, owning and using land is not reflected in real practice, which significantly reduces investment attractiveness and labor motivation; the mechanism of state economic regulation is not fully involved; liberalization of foreign economic activity, which entailed an increase in food imports; disparity in prices for agro-industrial products of other industries; non-compliance of the existing structure and infrastructure of the agro-industrial complex with the requirements of a market economy.

Ways out of this state are in the market sphere with its specific tools for improving the economy, but both state support and measures of state regulation of the development of the agro-industrial complex are needed. In addition, internal factors of stabilization and growth in the agro-industrial sector itself should be involved: structural transformations can be fully attributed to them. The process of restructuring the agro-industrial complex has not been completed. The modeled functional-sectoral, production-technological, regional (territorial), organizational and economic structure should fit into the market conditions of doing business. All of the above vital issues for the country are dealt with by such a science as agricultural economics.

2. The concept and significance of the material and technical base of agriculture, its features and composition. Features of the formation of the material and technical base in market conditions

An important condition for the organization of effective agricultural production is the optimal formation and rational use of the material and technical base of agriculture. It is multifaceted and has a natural and cost composition. According to its natural composition, the material and technical base includes means and objects of labor (machines, equipment and other technical means, industrial and cultural facilities, working and productive livestock, perennial plantations, plant protection products, seeds, feed, raw materials, fuel). In the process of its functioning, natural resources (water, etc.) are used. All elements of the material and technical base are combined into certain technological processes through certain forms of production organization.

The economic content of the material and technical base is very closely connected with the content of the productive forces. However, there are also significant differences between them. Thus, the material base of the agrarian sector does not include the direct producer, although it is created and set in motion by the labor force. And the difference between the material and technical base and production itself lies in the fact that the latter is a dialectical unity of the productive forces and production relations, and the material and technical base is only an element of the productive forces, on the basis of which between the subjects production process relations of production develop.

The economic mechanism for the formation and reproduction of the material and technical base of agriculture is characterized by the action of two different groups of factors. The first group of these factors manifests itself through the use of horizontal economic ties between agriculture and engineering, energy, chemical industry, construction and other sectors of the economy. The elements of the material and technical base formed on this basis embody the materialized labor of industry and capital construction in the form of a potential productive force.

Another group of factors manifests itself through vertical economic ties within agriculture, ensuring the interaction of living labor and all elements of the base. As a result, its components, such as agricultural land and the biological group of means of production, are annually cyclically expanded within the industry and each individual enterprise. If agricultural plants and animals are reproduced not only quantitatively, but also qualitatively, then the reproduction of cultivated lands occurs only in a qualitative sense, through an expanded reproduction of their fertility. From an economic point of view, the essence of expanded reproduction in agriculture is to increase the productive power of living organisms and soil.

The economic essence is material - technical resources is that they, being the working capital of the enterprise, fully transfer their value to the newly created agricultural products. Their cost is included in the total cost of production. Material and technical resources participate in the production process during one production cycle and, therefore, require constant compensation at the same level with simple reproduction or in larger sizes with expanded reproduction. In the process of production, they change their material form, which distinguishes them from another group of the production base - technical resources that make up the fixed assets of the enterprise. So, seed material in the production process is transformed under the influence of natural, biological and soil factors into plants, and mineral fertilizers applied to the soil are converted into various nutrients that create conditions for the formation of plants.

The composition of the material and technical base of agriculture includes material and technical resources and technical means. Material - technical resources are represented by inventories and work in progress. Industrial stocks include various material elements of agricultural production used as objects of labor in the production process (feed, seeds, fuels and lubricants, fattening animals, etc.).

The presence of stocks is a prerequisite for ensuring the normal functioning of an agricultural enterprise. They allow him to provide production with material and technical resources continuously and in the optimal ratio.

Work in progress is included in the composition of material and technical resources at the cost of agricultural costs incurred in a given year for the harvest of winter and spring crops of the next year, as well as costs in animal husbandry for incubation of eggs, etc., carried over to the next year. The work in progress of industrial and auxiliary divisions includes the costs of acquiring raw materials and materials for processing agricultural products, etc.

Technical means play a special role in the organization of agricultural production. These include tractors, combines, trucks and cars, various agricultural implements (seeders, etc.), power generation.

Taking into account the frequency of work on the cultivation of crops and the peculiarities of the organization of production processes in animal husbandry, special complexes of machines are formed to perform interconnected technological operations (sowing grain crops, caring for crops, cleaning manure on farms, distributing feed) in accordance with the equipment available on the farm.

The technical re-equipment of agricultural production, the acquisition of a system of machines for a particular enterprise requires taking into account local conditions, the accepted system of farming, its specialization and cooperation with other branches in the agro-industrial complex. The system of machines must ensure the maximum level of mechanization of work, the introduction of intensive technologies, the growth of output and labor productivity.

Technology in agriculture is understood as a set of production methods and processes of agricultural work of a certain sequence with a fixed start and end of operations.

Integrated mechanization includes the consistent application of systems of machines, mechanisms and devices in all technological operations and stages of the production process, which makes it possible to completely replace manual labor with machine labor both in the main and in auxiliary agricultural work.

A characteristic feature of modern agricultural production is the improvement of means and objects of labor under the influence of scientific and technological progress. This objective natural process of development of the productive forces of agriculture is becoming more and more decisive in the face of a reduction in the labor resources of the countryside.

Scientific and technological progress is intended to provide savings on current production costs and, above all, limited types of fuels and raw materials of natural origin. The creation of a material-saving technology requires an appropriate orientation of scientific and technical progress. It should be noted that scientific and technical progress is not only saving social labor but also an increase in its costs. Therefore, the task is to ensure that the additional costs are lower than the additional effect, which means the provision of scientific and technical progress on an efficient basis.

3. Concept economic efficiency agricultural production. Its main indicators and methods of their calculation

Production efficiency is an economic category that reflects the essence of the process of expanded reproduction.

According to a group of scientists, two types of efficiency should be distinguished: economic and social.

Economic efficiency is determined by comparing the effect (result) obtained with the resources or costs used. The calculation of the economic efficiency of production based on a comparison of its results with both the total costs of living and past labor and the volume of production resources used is due to the fact that the result of production is characterized by production costs, as well as the amount of resources involved in the production process.

It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of effect and economic efficiency. The effect is the result of activities carried out in agriculture. So, the effect of the use of fertilizers is expressed in the form of an increase in yield, but this does not indicate the profitability of the use of fertilizers. The benefit can only be judged on the basis of comparing the effect obtained with the costs of achieving it. Consequently, not the effect, but economic efficiency characterizes the profitability of using fertilizers. For example, in one case, the increase in grain yield per 1 ha from the use of fertilizers amounted to 3 centners, or 225 rubles in monetary terms, in the second, 6 centners and 450 rubles, respectively, and the production costs for their use per 1 hectare were in both cases 300 rubles. Consequently, in the first variant it is unprofitable to use fertilizers, and in the second it is profitable, since in the first case the costs exceed the magnitude of the effect, and in the second, on the contrary, the effect obtained exceeds the costs. In agriculture, the following types of economic efficiency are distinguished: economic; industry; individual branches of agriculture; production in various forms of management; on-farm subdivisions - links, brigades, etc.; production certain types products - grains, vegetables, milk, etc.; individual economic activities - agrotechnical, zootechnical, veterinary, economic, organizational.

The economic efficiency of agricultural production is assessed from the point of view of meeting the needs of the population for food, industry for raw materials, as well as the financial contribution of the industry to the solution of national economic problems.

Sectoral efficiency reflects the effectiveness of the use of resource potential and consumed resources in agriculture.

Other types of efficiency are similar to sectoral ones, but they characterize the effectiveness of various forms of organization of production, on-farm divisions, the production of certain types of products and activities carried out in agriculture by comparing the effect obtained with resources or costs.

The essence of the economic efficiency of agricultural production can be expressed through criteria and indicators. The criterion is a sign on the basis of which the evaluation of efficiency is made.

The criterion of economic efficiency of social production in general terms can be formulated as the maximum effect per unit of social labor costs or the minimum cost of social labor per unit of effect. For individual producers, the criterion for the economic efficiency of economic activity is the maximum profit. This criterion meets the objectives of agricultural production in a market economy.

Indicators of economic efficiency serve as a means of quantitative measurement of its level.

Increasing the economic efficiency of agriculture makes it possible to increase agricultural production with the same resource potential and reduce labor and material costs per unit of output.

In a market economy, the efficiency of agriculture largely depends not only on production, but also on distribution, exchange and consumption.

The level of economic efficiency is also affected by weather conditions, so one of the obligatory moments in determining the efficiency of agricultural production is the analysis of actual indicators that reflect the dynamics for at least 3-5 years. This makes it possible to objectively identify trends and regularities in the development of agriculture and, to a certain extent, smooth out the influence of weather conditions on the result of production.

There are two ways to calculate economic efficiency indicators: efficiency is expressed as a fraction, in the numerator of which indicate the effect (result), in the denominator - resources; subtract the cost of achieving it from the effect.

To determine the economic efficiency of agricultural production, it is advisable to use a system of indicators, which is due both to the different nature of the measurement of the effect, and different types production resources that differ in economic nature and are not always comparable.

Considering that economic efficiency is determined in one case by comparing the effect and resources, in the other - the effect and costs, all indicators characterizing its level can be divided into two groups. One group of indicators characterizes the economic efficiency of the use of resources used, the other - current production costs. The first group includes land productivity, capital productivity, labor productivity, resource productivity, etc., the second group includes the cost, material intensity, labor intensity, profitability level, etc. Depending on the purpose and objects of study, indicators of both the first and the second group.

Indicators of economic efficiency of agricultural production are divided into private and general. Private characterize the effectiveness of the use of certain types of resources or costs, generalizing give the most complete assessment of the economic efficiency of the use of resource potential and current production costs. Private indicators of the efficiency of the use of resources include land productivity, capital productivity, etc., general indicators - resource productivity, and among indicators of the efficiency of the use of costs, private ones include cost, material intensity, labor intensity, and generalizing - the level of profitability.

The efficiency of the use of production resources is determined by the ratio of production results to resources.

The economic efficiency of land use is characterized by land yield, land intensity; production assets - capital productivity, capital intensity, turnover ratio of working capital, the duration of one turnover of working capital, material consumption; labor resources - indicators of labor productivity.

Generalizing indicators of the economic efficiency of the use of all production resources are resource productivity (P from) and resource intensity (P em):

P from \u003d VP / RP; R em \u003d RP / VP,

where VP is the value of gross agricultural output, rubles; RP - value of resource potential, rub.

The generalizing indicator of the efficiency of the use of production resources E o can also be calculated using the following formula:

E o \u003d VP / N,

where VP is actually received gross agricultural output per 1 ha of agricultural land. rub.; H - the normative level of gross output, reflecting the production potential of an agricultural enterprise, rub./ha.

The normative level of production is calculated by the multiple regression equation, taking into account the provision of the economy with production resources. The resource potential of an agricultural enterprise is a set of labor, natural and material resources, which is determined by the quantity, quality, and internal structure of each resource. The calculation of the resource potential consists in their total assessment.

The production potential of an agricultural enterprise is the objective ability of an enterprise to produce agricultural products, depending on the quantity, quality and ratio of material, labor and natural resources, as well as the level of their return, determined by the objective conditions of the functioning of the economy. The calculation of the production potential is to determine the potential volume of production that the enterprise can produce with the help of these resources.

Comparing the production potential with the resource one, we will obtain an assessment of the influence of objective natural and economic factors on the level of production. The ratio of production to resource potential characterizes the full efficiency of resource use, including both its objective and subjective aspects.

The economic efficiency of agricultural production is characterized by profitability, which is an economic category that reflects the profitability of an enterprise or industry.

The profitability of agricultural production is characterized by gross and net income, profit, level of profitability, cost recovery, rate of return.

Gross income (VD) is equal to the difference between the cost of gross output (GRP) and material costs (MZ):

VD = VP - MZ.

Net income (BH) -- the difference between the cost of gross output and all costs of its production (PZ):

BH = VP - PZ, or BH = VD - FROM,

where OT is labor costs.

Gross profit is the total profit of the enterprise from all types of activities: sales of products and services; sale of fixed assets and other property; non-operating income and expenses (income from leasing property; dividends; interest on shares and other securities owned by the enterprise, fines, penalties, forfeits).

Profit from the sale of products and services (P) is calculated by subtracting from the cash proceeds (C) the full (commercial) cost (PS):

The net profit of the enterprise is the gross profit minus taxes not included in the cost price.

However, the absolute amount of profit does not yet indicate the efficiency achieved. It is characterized by the level of profitability, which is one of the main indicators of the economic efficiency of production. The level of profitability (UR) is the percentage of profit (P) to the total cost (PS):

Ur \u003d P / PS * 100.

This indicator characterizes the amount of profit attributable to each unit of consumed resources. For example, with a profitability level of 30%, for each ruble of costs, a profit of 30 kopecks was received, or for 100 rubles. costs received 30 rubles. arrived.

If the production of products is unprofitable (unprofitable), instead of the level of profitability with negative sign(unprofitability) another indicator can be used - the level of cost recovery (Oz), which is the ratio of cash proceeds (B) to the commercial (full) cost (PS),%:

Oz \u003d V / PS * 100

This indicator characterizes cash receipts per unit of costs. Production is profitable only if the cost recovery rate exceeds 100%.

An indicator of the profitability of production is also the rate of return (N), which is understood as the percentage of profit to the average annual cost of fixed (Fo) and working capital (FOB) funds:

N \u003d P / (Fo + Fob) * 100

This indicator characterizes the amount of profit received on the unit of production (fixed and circulating) funds -

The considered system of indicators makes it possible to comprehensively characterize the economic efficiency of agricultural production.

Bibliography

1. Kovalenko N.Ya. Economics of agriculture. Lecture course. -- M.: Tandem, 1998.

2. Mishchenko V.I. Economic turnover and efficiency of agro-industrial complex resources - Kharkov, 1996.

3. Organizational forms of material - technical support // Organization of agricultural production: Textbook / Ed. F.K. Shamirova. - M., 2000.

4. Organization and planning of agricultural production. / Ed. L.Ya. Zribnyak - M.: Kolos, 1992.

5. Popov N.A. Organization of agricultural production: Textbook. -- M.: Finance and statistics, 2000.

6. Popov N.A. Economics of agricultural production: Textbook. -- M.: Tandem, 1999.

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The subject and tasks of agricultural economics

The foundation of agricultural economics is economic theory.

As a science, agricultural economics studies and analyzes all forms of manifestation of economic laws in a given industry, as well as the mechanism of the impact of these forms on the development of the entire agro-industrial complex and the economic patterns observed in the functioning of agricultural production.

The subject of agricultural economics is the study of all production relations that are observed in the agricultural sector, the study of the mechanism of influence of the laws of economics and the forms of their manifestation, taking into account all the specifics of this industry.

The object of this science is directly the entire agriculture of the country and the agriculture of its individual regions, as well as the activities of individual agricultural producers of any form of ownership.

Remark 1

The main task of agriculture is to provide the entire population of the country with food, and industries - with the necessary production raw materials.

In modern conditions of a market economy, this task can be solved by increasing the economic efficiency of the agricultural sector. The level of provision of the entire population with food products is determined precisely by the efficiency of agricultural production. That is why one of the most important tasks of the agricultural economy is to develop effective methods and foundations for the development of this industry in a market economy.

The role of agriculture in the economy

In our country, agriculture is one of the most important branches of the entire national economy. This industry allows you to produce food for the entire population of the country, raw materials for industry, and also allows you to provide other needs of society. Almost 80% of the demand of the country's population for consumer goods is covered precisely at the expense of agriculture.

In many ways, the standard of living and well-being of the population depends on the level of development of agriculture, since it is precisely its level that determines the size and structure of nutrition, average per capita income, consumption of various goods and services, and social conditions for life.

In Russia, the agricultural sector has always been the basis for other sectors of the economy.

At the expense of agriculture, the national income is replenished to solve the current problems of the country. The growth of the country's economy as a whole also depends on the level of agricultural development.

Agriculture is the main consumer of the country's material resources. For the needs of agriculture, the production of tractors, combines, fuels and lubricants, mineral fertilizers and so on is carried out.

The share of all agriculture accounts for over 15% of the value of all fixed assets in Russia. More than a third of all land in the country is used for agricultural production.

Remark 2

Agriculture is not only a branch of the economy, but also the habitat for most of the population.

Economic efficiency of agricultural production

In modern market conditions, increasing the economic efficiency of agricultural production is a rather urgent task. It allows in the future to open up opportunities for accelerating the pace of development of production and further supplying the population of the country with food.

Increasing the efficiency of agricultural production means striving to get more output per unit of resources spent on its production. There are several types of economic efficiency of agriculture:

• Sectoral efficiency of agriculture;
• Efficiency of forms of agricultural enterprises, their divisions;
• Efficiency of individual branches of agriculture;
• Efficiency of crops and agricultural products.

The economic efficiency of agricultural production depends on various factors: natural, economic and others. To determine the efficiency in agriculture, the increase in agricultural production obtained per unit of land area is used when minimal cost both labor, material and financial.

Remark 3

In order to determine the economic efficiency of agricultural production, one should take into account all labor costs that allow for a high level of yield and productivity. The same level of productivity can be achieved with the ratio of different levels of labor costs and funds.

In order to get a real reflection of the costs incurred with the results of production, the volumes of agricultural products received should be converted into value form.

The economic efficiency of agricultural production is determined by a number of indicators.

The ratio of gross output to the sum of current production costs and fixed assets:

$E = \frac (VP)((C + K \cdot Phos))$, where:

$E$ is the efficiency of agricultural production; $VP$ - gross output; $С$ – prime cost; $K$ - efficiency coefficient (0.07); $Fos$ - the average annual cost of the OPF for agricultural purposes. Gross output is measured both in physical and value terms.

Attitude gross income to the costs to get it:

$E = \frac (VD)((C + K \cdot Phos))$

The ratio of profit to the unit of costs incurred:

$E =\frac (P)((C + K \cdot Phos))$

Efficiency in the use of land resources is calculated by the ratio of gross output, profit and gross income to the entire agricultural area. land.

Profitability of agricultural production:

$P = \frac (P)( S) \cdot 100\%$

The level of profitability characterizes the profit received per 1 ruble of production costs.

Rate of return:

$Np =\frac (P)(Fos + Fob) \cdot 100\%$, where:

$Fos$, $Fob$ - the average annual cost of OPF and revolving funds. The rate of return characterizes the amount of profit received per 1 ruble of fixed and working capital spent on the production of products.

Ministry of Agriculture R.F.

FGOU VPO Ural State Agricultural Academy

Department of Agricultural Economics and Management. M.P. Dormidontova

TEST

Discipline: "Agricultural Economics"

Performer: 5th year student

absentee F.T.Zh. code 03-24z

Supervisor: Associate Professor Brylin A.G.

Yekaterinburg 2007

Question #3

Land resourcesurses, their classification and pathsbetter use

The main specific factor of agricultural production is land (natural resources). The earth in general is an indispensable attribute of human existence. And in agriculture, land also acts as an object of labor.

The features of land as an object of labor that distinguish it from other similar objects are:

· absolute immobility of land as a production factor. That is, a land plot cannot be moved in space, used for other purposes (meaning agricultural land, the use of which for other needs is not economically feasible) or replaced by another object of labor;

heterogeneity of individual plots in terms of fertility. At the same time, land fertility is affected both by the natural fertility of the land itself and by objective climatic factors (precipitation, duration of the growing season, etc.);

limited land as an object of production. No amount of land can be increased by any means. The reduction of this site can only be conditional - due to non-use or irrational use of part of the site;

factor eternity. This feature lies in the fact that the size of the land plot is invariable not only in space, but also in time. That is, land as an object of fixed assets is not subject to wear and tear. This does not mean the decrease in soil fertility due to depletion, since it can be restored through the implementation of current costs, and depreciation (or depreciation) is a category related to capital costs (or rather, to their renewal).

Currently, about 10% of all land, that is, about 15 million square meters, is suitable for use as agricultural land on the planet. km. At the same time, about 10% of this area is occupied by arable land, about 17% by pastures and hayfields, about 23% is occupied by forests, 8% is located on the territory of settlements (that is, unsuitable for large-scale agro-industrial use) and, finally, 42% such lands cannot be fully used for agricultural needs due to insufficient heat or precipitation.

Under these conditions, the need for accurate accounting of lands owned by the state increases in order to monitor the efficiency of their use. In the Russian Federation, the role of such an accounting register is performed by the state land cadastre. According to this cadastre, the land fund of Russia is 1,709.8 million hectares (for comparison: the land fund of Canada - 998 million hectares, the USA - 936 million hectares).

The lands of the land fund are distributed as follows:

· land of agricultural enterprises of all forms of ownership -- 656.5 million hectares (38.3%);

· lands of the state forest fund - 844.0 million hectares (49.4%);

· land of the state water fund 19.4 million hectares (1.1%);

· lands of the state reserve - 104.8 million hectares (6.2%);

· lands of settlements - 38.7 million hectares (2.3%);

· land of industrial, transport organizations, resorts and reserves - 46.4 (2.7%).

All agricultural lands of the Russian Federation are divided into two large groups depending on the form of ownership:

· lands that are in collective-share, cooperative and private ownership;

land owned by federal and municipal governments.

On the scale of an agricultural enterprise, it is customary to distinguish between the concepts:

· total land area - the territory assigned to an agricultural enterprise;

· area of ​​agricultural land - part of the total land area used directly for the production of agricultural products.

Question #12

Funding indicatorsexternal production assets

The indicators of security of fixed production assets include: capital ratio and capital-labor ratio.

Funding:

where WITH -cost of fixed assets;

P -area of ​​agricultural land.

Under the conditions of a stable functioning economy, the capital ratio indicator provides quite complete information necessary to make a decision on changing the number of fixed assets. In the case when the area of ​​agricultural land differs significantly in different periods, it is necessary to correct the obtained data. For example, in the event of a decrease in the total area of ​​used land, the capital provision will increase, although there will be no qualitative improvement in the indicator.

capital-labor ratio

where C - cost of fixed assets;

H - the number of production workers.

Here, too, a note is needed regarding the consideration of other economic factors. In the case of a reduction in the volume of agricultural production, the capital-labor ratio increases, but such dynamics of the indicator indicates a decrease in the efficiency of the use of fixed assets, rather than positive trends.

Question #18

Productivitylabor force in agriculture

Living labor, along with fixed capital and variable capital, is one of the main elements of the reproduction process. The features of the reproduction of this element were discussed in detail above. Here it is only necessary to pay attention to the following.

The indicator characterizing the use of living labor is labor productivity. . Moreover, two definitions of this indicator can be equally used:

The number of products produced by one worker per unit of time;

The amount of time it takes to produce a unit of output.

Along with labor productivity, it is customary to use some other indicators called labor standards:

The norm of time is the amount of time required for the production of certain operations, the release of a unit of production, or the implementation of a set of works. This indicator differs from the second definition of labor productivity in that it characterizes the labor costs necessary to reproduce individual elements of the production cycle, while labor productivity can only be assessed by the output of finished products.

The rate of production is an indicator that is the inverse of the norm of time, the number of operations, natural units of production or semi-finished products produced per unit of time. As a rule, one work shift is taken as a unit of time when determining this indicator. In order to determine the production rate for a set of works in which several workers are employed performing various operations characterized not only by time standards, but also by technology, a fairly simple scheme is used: time standards are added up, and then the duration of the shift multiplied by the number of people , employed in the complex of works, is divided by the total norm of time.

Service rate is an indicator used in planning the staffing of service and support personnel. The most characteristic is its use, for example, in the maintenance of agricultural machinery or the labor of cleaners (in the first case, the norm can be expressed in units or engine power, in the second - in the area being cleaned).

Production of one worker - the ratio of the cost of manufactured products (or quantity in physical terms) to total strength organization personnel. It differs from labor productivity in that labor productivity is used almost exclusively in relation to the number of workers - personnel directly involved in the production of products, and when calculating output per worker, both auxiliary and managerial personnel are taken into account. An example of the practical application of the indicator is the comparison of the growth rate of output per worker with the labor productivity of workers. In the case when output grows at a slower pace (or decreases at a faster pace), an almost unambiguous conclusion can be drawn: the number of non-production personnel increases at a faster rate (with a decrease in production volumes, it decreases less rapidly) than the number of workers . The negative trend is obvious.

A distinctive feature of labor productivity as an indicator that directly affects the volume of output and other key indicators of the financial and economic activities of the organization is that its increase can be achieved solely through intensive (that is, not requiring additional capital investments) measures . At the same time, an increase in wages cannot be considered a sign of extensive development.

Under the planned economy, enterprises were given tasks for increasing labor productivity, and the growth rate of wages was limited. The restriction was either absolute - the growth rate of wages should not exceed the growth rate of labor productivity, or relative - the growth of wages was set as a percentage (naturally, below 100%) of the growth in labor productivity. With the beginning of market reforms, this restriction was lifted. In fairness, it should be noted that until 1996 the restriction was carried out indirectly - through the adjustment of taxable profits when a certain level (four, and later six minimum monthly wages) of wages was exceeded. At the same time, as the experience of carrying out economic activity in market conditions shows, ignoring the relationship between the growth of labor productivity and the growth of its wages leads to a very negative consequences- the motivation of workers in the quantitative and qualitative results of their work, as well as to unreasonable ambitions (due to the lack of a sufficiently clear indicator) of individual workers or groups of workers, is sharply reduced.

In addition to those listed in agricultural production, specific indicators of labor productivity are used:

The volume of agricultural work performed per unit of time (unit of measurement - hectares per hour or tons per hour). This figure is mixed. When performing some types of work, it is similar to service standards (ha per hour) - the difference is that, in the general case, service standards are used to evaluate the work of auxiliary and maintenance personnel, and in this case we are dealing with an indicator labor productivity of the main production workers. In the case when the indicator is measured in weight units per unit of time, it may not be about the production of finished products, but about other types of work that are more of an auxiliary nature - for example, sorting vegetables and root crops;

labor costs for the cultivation of 1 ha of agricultural crops (person/hour). This indicator is the reverse of the indicator described in the previous paragraph;

labor costs for servicing 1 head of livestock in animal husbandry (person/hour) - like the previous one, this indicator is, in essence, the norm of the time. It can be of a universal nature - that is, it can be used both to assess the labor of production workers directly involved in animal husbandry, and to analyze the labor costs of all personnel. Of course, in the latter case, the use of the indicator makes sense only in specialized farms (livestock complexes), otherwise it needs to be adjusted for other types of activities, which can hardly be done with a high degree of accuracy;

the load of livestock on a livestock worker (cows for a milkmaid, pigs for a pigger, etc.) (heads) - the indicator can be used to assess the efficiency of labor use in various farms or agricultural enterprises of various organizational and legal forms;

labor costs for the performance of certain operations in animal husbandry (hour) - this indicator is a local time norm and is interesting from the point of view of determining the complex time norm (for a brigade or other labor collective), as well as for the analysis of labor costs in dynamics or for comparison with other farms.

When calculating labor productivity indicators of agricultural production, some features of the evaluation of finished products should be taken into account. Thus, the calculation of indicators based on the value of gross output seems to be the most accurate for assessing the efficiency of the use of living labor, but to assess the efficiency of production in general, the indicator of sold products should be used. The difference between gross and sold products in agriculture is due to internal turnover (included by most of the methods used in the volume of gross output), as well as the direction of a part of the resulting products for domestic use (seed material, milk for feeding calves or piglets etc.).

In addition, the level of labor productivity can be influenced to a greater extent by objective factors: natural and climatic conditions in the location of the farm, differences in the fertility of individual land plots belonging to the same enterprise, equipment availability and the level of its productivity, etc. Recently, a new factor has appeared that has a significant impact on labor productivity in a particular farm - the level of unemployment in the region in general and the unemployment of agricultural workers in particular. This indicator serves as an additional factor in motivating employees to improve the quality and quantity of products. The method for determining its impact on the level of labor productivity indicators has not yet been developed, however, with a certain degree of accuracy, it can be determined in each particular farm by analyzing data for a number of years.

Question #27

Profit and profitability of agricultural production. Ways to improve them

Profit from the sale of products is considered an indicator of the effect obtained, that is, an absolute indicator. At the same time, the profit itself can actually be considered an indicator of efficiency, since both costs and the effect in the form of sales proceeds are involved in its calculation.

However, of much greater interest are indicators that are derivatives of profit - profitability indicators. In general, the very concept of profitability suggests that the numerator of the corresponding formula should contain profit (for unprofitable enterprises, this may be a decrease in the cost level). The use of various data as a denominator makes it possible to identify the influence of various factors on the amount of profit received. The total number of profitability indicators used in various calculations reaches two dozen. But there are three main ones.

Product profitability:

where With- the cost of agricultural products.

Profitability of fixed assets and normalized (material) working capital:

where O bWith - average balances of material working capital.

Return on investment in the enterprise:

where BUT- the value of all property (assets) of the enterprise.

Each indicator can be calculated from balance sheet profit (total profitability) and from net profit, minus obligatory payments to the budget, extra-budgetary funds, etc. (estimated profitability).

In practice (in joint-stock companies and limited liability companies) it is useful to calculate the profitability index of net assets - the ratio of profit to the sum of the net assets of the enterprise (assets secured by own funds).

In addition, the rate of return is often used as an indicator of the use of equity -- the ratio of profit (book or net) to advanced capital. This indicator differs from profitability indicators in that profit is not correlated with the value of property (assets), but with the sources of their acquisition (liabilities). In some cases, the rate of profit may be numerically equal. But their economic meaning remains different.

Since the main goal of creating any commercial enterprise is the systematic profit, it seems quite logical for the purposeful activity of the business entity to increase the size of this profit. As a rule, this activity consists in the development and implementation of various technical, organizational and organizational-technical measures aimed at reducing the cost of production and improving its technology. Indicators of the economic efficiency of the enterprise cannot give an exhaustive idea of ​​the factors due to which certain changes occurred or certain trends were outlined. In this case, it becomes necessary to calculate and analyze more detailed indicators that characterize the effectiveness of specific measures.

Question #39

Performance indicatorsand production of forage crops

Feed production, unlike other branches of crop production, whose products can be used both as food and as fodder, is focused exclusively on use in animal husbandry. This determines the main feature of fodder production - its focus on consumer demand. Optimal, apparently, should be considered the organization of fodder production by the same enterprises that are engaged in raising productive livestock. In accordance with this, the efficiency of fodder production in such farms can be assessed indirectly - through the analysis of increasing the productivity of livestock.

It is customary to distinguish between two types of feed - supporting and productive. Supporting feeds ensure the vital activity and working capacity of working livestock, as well as the vital functions of animals belonging to productive livestock. Productive feeds are feeds that are fed to productive animals in excess of the needs provided by maintenance feeds. Thus, the efficiency of fodder production is the higher, the lower the cost of growing one feed unit, which allows, ceteris paribus, to achieve the same increase in productivity (cattle milk yield, pig livestock gain, etc.).

It hardly makes sense to analyze the economic efficiency of fodder production in terms of supporting feeds for working livestock, since in terms of their economic content these feeds are materials used in the production process, and within one enterprise. Of particular interest may be only an estimate of the labor costs for the production of a unit of such feed over a number of years.

As for the feed used to obtain weight gain and increase milk yield, here the assessment of the economic efficiency of feed production can be very useful for increasing production efficiency in general.

Along with the usual indicators for crop production (yield, cost, labor productivity, etc.), the following indicators are additionally calculated in fodder production:

· technical payback of fodder -- the output of livestock products (in physical terms) per feed unit (in centners);

· economic payback -- the sum of gross livestock production for the total cost of feed production. At the same time, it can be useful to calculate the ratio of sold (or produced) livestock products and the cost of feed without taking into account domestic consumption (for feed of draft animals).

In addition to these indicators, good results are obtained by analyzing the structure of feed - the ratio of coarse and succulent with their detail (hay, silage, fodder beets, etc.). It is very likely that as a result of such an analysis, effective zoo-technical solutions can be developed that allow minimizing costs while increasing the quantity and quality of livestock products.

In general, it should be noted that the production of feed in Russia is still an underdeveloped branch of agriculture. Therefore, when determining the priorities of state support for agriculture, the list of measures for the development of fodder production is the most extensive. The following are defined as the main directions for improving the efficiency of fodder production:

· radical improvement and rational use of natural fodder lands;

· improvement of species and varietal structure of crops of field forage crops and increase in their productivity;

reduction of crop losses due to the introduction progressive technologies fodder preparation;

· strengthening the material and technical base of feed storage;

· Ensuring rapid growth in the production of legumes and oilseeds;

Improving the nutritional value of rough and succulent feed;

· increase in the production of animal feed and premixes;

· Improving the system of commercial seed production of grasses, primarily legumes.

One of the main tasks of fodder production remains the elimination of the imbalance in animal feed rations for protein, which requires the expansion of crops of perennial grasses, annual grass legume grass mixtures, an increase in crops of legumes and their mixtures, an increase in crops of early ripening corn hybrids, and an increase in the production of high-protein raw materials (cake, meal, animal feed, etc.), as well as high-protein feed additives.

1. Popov I.A. "The Economics of Agriculture" publishing house: "Business and Service" M.-2001.