World economic crisis - on the way to the second world war. Presentation on the theme "on the way to the second world war"

ON THE WAYS TO THE SECOND WORLD WAR

1. Hotspots of military danger and the rapprochement of aggressors

2. Reasons for underestimating the danger to the world

3. The policy of appeasement and the policy of collective security

4. Foreign policy USSR in the 30s.

AND THE APPROACH OF THE AGGRESSORS

After signing in 1919 Treaty of Versailles , summing up the results of the First World War, Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Forces Marshal F. Foch said: " This is not peace, but a truce for twenty years ».

In the years economic crisis 1929–1933 . further destruction accelerated and the collapse of the Versailles-Washington system occurred.

intensified rivalry between the leading capitalist countries. The desire to impose their will on other countries by force was constantly growing.

Powers appeared on the international arena, ready to unilaterally go to the scrapping of the existing at that time international position, Japan, Italy, Germany.

The main events in Europe unfolded in Germany, which was preparing for a radical demolition of the existing world order.

JAPAN

Japan was the first to start a new major war.

The motto of the Japanese imperialists was the words " blood and iron "- they sought to conquer the world, outlining the following sequence of actions: first China, Indochina, then the whole South East Asia, India ... Mongolia, the Soviet Far East.

September 18, 1931 Japan invaded Manchuria and occupied it within two years.

Hirohito - Emperor of Japan

from 1926 to 1945

ITALY

Plans for the creation of "Great Italy" - the conquest of a significant part of Africa, Asia, Latin America, as well as the Black Sea coast Soviet Union.

The war against Ethiopia was an obvious gamble, not because the victim of aggression had impressive power, but because the military capabilities of Italian fascism were limited.

This war showed the failure League of Nations, of which both Italy and Ethiopia were members, in settling international conflicts.

In this war, Italian troops widely Prohibited chemical weapons were used: mustard gas and phosgene .

GERMANY

turning point in political life European countries began to come to power in Germany in 1933 Nazis.

Hitler saw the main task of German economic policy in the inclusion of all German citizens in manufacturing process and providing them with everything they need. However, internal economic resources Germany was not allowed to solve this problem.

In this regard, the German Fuhrer concluded: “The final solution to the problem lies in expanding the living space, as well as expanding the raw material and food base of our people. The challenge for political leadership is to one day reach a solution to the problem.” And Hitler

March 7, 1936 fascist battalions occupied without resistance Rhine demilitarized zone.

AT 1936 Spanish fascists led by Franco revolted, which was prepared and supported by the fascist states - Italy and Germany. Having declared a policy of non-intervention, England and France actually took the side of the Nazis.

AT March 1938 took place Anschluss (accession), or rather the capture of Austria by Germany.

POTS OF MILITARY DANGER IN THE WORLD AND THE APPROACH OF THE AGGRESSORS

JAPAN

GERMANY

ITALY

1935- Occupation of Ethiopia

1933- exit from League of Nations;

1934- the creation of military aviation;

1935- the introduction of universal military service;

1936- the entry of German troops into the Rhine demilitarized zone.

1931- occupation of Manchuria;

1933- exit from League of Nations .

October 1936 treaty between Germany and Italy on military cooperation

November 1936 Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact

November 1937

Italy joined the pact

1936-1937 – « Anti-Comintern Pact"

The League of nations - international organization, founded as a result of the Versailles-Washington system of the Versailles Agreement in 1919-1920 years.

Between September 28, 1934 and February 23, 1935, the League of Nations included 58 member states.

Goals The League of Nations included: disarmament, prevention of hostilities, ensuring collective security, settling disputes between countries through diplomatic negotiations, as well as improving the quality of life on the planet.

It ceased to exist in 1946.

Palais des Nations in Geneva - League headquarters since 1938

TWO MAIN DIRECTIONS IN INTERNATIONAL POLICY IN THE 30S

Creation of a collective security system

appeasement policy

GERMANY

E. Daladier- Prime Minister of France

from 1938-1940

M.M. Litvinov- People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR from 1936-1939

Neville Chamberlain, Prime Minister of England

from 1937-1940

POLICY OF PACIFICATION AND THE POLICY OF COLLECTIVE SECURITY

Politics collective

security

Politics appeasement

GERMANY

ENGLAND

FRANCE + USSR

03/13/1938 - Anschluss of Austria

1934 - Admission of the USSR to the League of Nations

1935 .- Soviet-French treaty

1936 .- Soviet-Czechoslovak treaty

30.09.1938 – Munich Agreement

FRANCE

CREATION OF A COLLECTIVE SECURITY SYSTEM

1933 - Nazis come to power in Germany

New Deal" of the USSR in foreign policy

• A departure from the perception of all "imperialist" states as real enemies, ready at any moment to start a war against the USSR.

2. The desire to create collective security system in Europe

in alliance with democracies against Germany and Japan.

1933- establishing diplomatic relations with USA.

1934- USSR joins the League of Nations.

1935- mutual assistance agreements with France and Czechoslovakia .

1935-1936. - USSR condemnation of the aggressive actions of Germany and Italy.

POLICY OF PACIFICATION

In the context of growing military danger, it is necessary to prevent them from the very beginning and try to solve the problems that have arisen on the basis of mutual concessions.

In principle, this meant concessions to all the territorial claims of Hitler, which happened with Austria, and then with Czechoslovakia.

September 29, 1938 UK, France, Germany and Italy signed an agreement in Munich on the transfer of the Czechoslovak Sudetenland to Germany .

Anschluss of Austria by Germany started March 11, 1938 with the introduction of the German army into the country, to which the Austrian troops immediately capitulated.

THE RESULTS OF THE PACIFICATION POLICY IN 1938

• To 1938 the year the Nazis practically achieved all the restrictions established by the Treaty of Versailles.
• Compared with 1933 years The size of the German armed forces grew 25 times
• Thanks to Anglo-German Naval Agreement, Germany has enough powerful navy.
• Germany has combat aircraft, and the ground forces are equipped with armored vehicles.

OPPOSITORS OF PACIFICATION

“You were offered war or dishonor, you chose dishonor, but you will also receive war”

"With thoughts of peace, the road to the hell of war is paved"

Winston Churchill- Minister of England, elected in 1940.

Supporter of rapprochement with Russia, opponent of Germany

SOVIET-GERMAN NEGOTIATIONS

Non-aggression pact between Germany and the Soviet Union(also known as Molotov-Ribbentrop pact ) - an intergovernmental agreement signed on August 23, 1939 by the heads of departments for foreign affairs of Germany and the Soviet Union.

The parties to the agreement are committed refrain from attacking each other and maintain neutrality in the event that one of them became the object of hostilities by a third party.

The parties to the agreement also refused allied relations with other powers, "directly or indirectly directed against the other side."

Attached to the agreement secret additional protocol about delimitation of spheres of mutual interests in Eastern Europe in case of "territorial and political reorganization". The protocol provided for the inclusion of Latvia, Estonia, Finland, the eastern "regions that are part of the Polish state" and Bessarabia in the sphere of interests of the USSR. Lithuania and the west of Poland were assigned to the sphere of German interests.

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PACT

• The pact gave the USSR the opportunity to prepare for war
• The pact helped the USSR avoid a war on two fronts (relations with Japan were settled).
• The failure of attempts by England and France to draw the USSR into the war
• Germany's ability to start capturing the first bastion in Europe - Poland.

THE SECOND WORLD WAR…

the most bloody, the most cruel, engulfed 61 states of the world ,

80% of the world's population.

The death toll was 65-66 million people, of which 27 million were Soviet people.

COULD IT BE PREVENTED?

People who ... recognize war not only as inevitable, but also useful and therefore desirable - these people are terrible, terrible in their moral perversity.

Tolstoy L.N.

Encountering no real opposition, in March 1938 Hitler carried out the Anschluss(accession to Germany) Austrian. The Western powers saw the takeover of Austria not as an act of Nazi aggression and revision of the Treaty of Versailles, but as a step towards the "appeasement" of Germany.

Czechoslovakia was the next victim. Taking advantage of non-decision national problems in this country, Fuhrer demand-shaft transfer to Germany Sudetenland mostly inhabited by Germans. In September 1938, an international conference of the heads of governments of Germany, Italy, England and France took place in Munich, at which the Western countries actually betrayed their ally - Czechoslovakia, agreeing to tear away the industrially developed Sudetenland from it. Having lost border fortifications and weapons depots, the Czechoslovak army lost the opportunity to offer serious resistance to the aggressor. In March 1939, German troops occupied the Czech Republic, and in Slovakia a puppet state was created. The Anschluss of Austria and the capture of Czechoslovakia announced to the governments and peoples of Europe about the approach of war and the need for effective measures to block German aggression.

March 21, 1939, a week after annexations Czech Republic, Germany presented Poland with ultimatum demands for the transfer of the “free city” of Danzig to it and the granting of extraterritorial rights to build a highway and a railway to East Prussia through the “Danzig Corridor” that belonged to Poland. On the same day, aboard the cruiser Deutschland, A. Hitler went to the Lithuanian port of Memel (Klaipeda) demanding that this city be returned to Germany. Poland rejected the ultimatum demands, while Lithuania was forced to give up Klaipeda. Germany annulled the non-aggression pact with Poland, concluded in 1934. Anglo-French-Soviet negotiations on mutual assistance in the event of Nazi aggression also began on March 21. These negotiations were conducted sluggishly, without striving to achieve an early result. Hitler, on the other hand, acted quickly and decisively, proactively.

The next two months were also eventful. On April 15, F. D. Roosevelt appealed to A. Hitler and B. Mussolini with an appeal to refrain from attacking the 31 states listed in the appeal for 10 years. In addition, the US President took the initiative to convene an international conference on disarmament and peaceful cooperation. The proposal was supported by Great Britain, France and the USSR, but the conference was disrupted by Germany and Italy. In turn, two days later, the USSR proposed to Great Britain and France to conclude a tripartite alliance on mutual assistance. But these countries, acting independently, declared their readiness to help Poland in the event of an attack on it, and also acted as guarantors of the independence of Romania and Greece. Although it is realistic to fulfill these obligations to the two most powerful powers Western Europe without an alliance with the USSR it was practically impossible.

Germany continued to pursue an aggressive policy: it denounced the Anglo-German treaty on the navy, presented a second ultimatum to Poland and prepared a plan of military action against it. In May, a military-political treaty was concluded between Germany and Italy. Mongolia was attacked by Japan in the region of the Khalkhin Gol River. The USSR, in accordance with its obligations, provided assistance to her. military conflict in Far East acquired a massive scale.

In August, events began to develop with incredible speed. An Anglo-French military delegation was sent to Moscow, which, however, did not have the proper authority to conclude a specific agreement on mutual obligations. Negotiations, which lasted from 11 to 21 August, reached an impasse. German and Soviet political leadership began to look for ways to get closer. In order to free their hands for aggression against Poland Hitler decided to neutralize the USSR. JV Stalin, having lost faith in the possibility of concluding an agreement with Great Britain and France, but convinced that an imperialist war was close, decided to collude with Hitler. material from the site

As a result, on August 23, 1939, Hitler's Foreign Minister Joachim Ribbentrop and the Soviet People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs V. M. Molotov was imprisoned non-aggression pact. From a formal point of view, there was nothing reprehensible in this document. However, everyone understood that the treaty opened the green light for Hitler's aggression against Poland. Moreover, an agreement was reached between Germany and the USSR on the division of spheres of influence in Europe - the so-called secret protocol, according to which the USSR claimed a part of the Polish state, which included Western Ukraine and Western Belarus, i.e., the lands that went to Poland under the Riga Treaty of 1921. Germany recognized the special interests of the USSR in the Baltic states, Finland and Bessarabia became part of Romania in 1918.

The instability in Europe caused by World War I (1914-1918) eventually escalated into another international conflict, World War II, which broke out two decades later and became even more devastating.

Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist Party (Nazi Party) came to power in an economically and politically unstable Germany.

He reformed the armed forces and signed strategic agreements with Italy and Japan in his quest for world domination. The German invasion of Poland in September 1939 led to the fact that Britain and France declared war on Germany, which marked the beginning of the Second World War.

In the next six years, the war will take more lives and bring destruction to such a vast area throughout the globe like no other war in history.

Among the approximately 45-60 million dead people there were 6 million Jews killed by the Nazis in concentration camps as part of Hitler's diabolical "Final Solution to the Jewish Question" policy, also known as .

On the way to World War II

The devastation caused by the Great War, as World War I was called at the time, destabilized Europe.

In many ways, the unresolved issues of the first global conflict spawned World War II.

In particular, the political and economic instability of Germany and the long-term resentment of the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles provided fertile ground for the rise to power of Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist (Nazi) party.

Back in 1923, in his memoirs and in his propaganda treatise Mein Kampf (My Struggle), Adolf Hitler predicted a great European war, the result of which would be "the extermination of the Jewish race in Germany."

After accepting the position of Reich Chancellor, Hitler quickly consolidated power, appointing himself Führer (Supreme Commander) in 1934.

Obsessed with the idea of ​​the superiority of the "pure" German race, which was called the "Aryan", Hitler believed that war was the only way to get the "Lebensraum" (living space for the German race to settle).

In the mid-1930s, he secretly began the rearmament of Germany, bypassing the Versailles Peace Treaty. After signing alliance treaties with Italy and Japan against the Soviet Union, Hitler sent troops to occupy Austria in 1938 and annex Czechoslovakia the following year.

Hitler's open aggression went unnoticed, as the United States and the Soviet Union were concentrated on domestic politics, and neither France nor Great Britain (the two countries with the greatest destruction in the First World War) were not eager to enter into a confrontation.

Beginning of World War II 1939

On August 23, 1939, Hitler and the leader of the Soviet state, Joseph Stalin, signed a non-aggression pact, called the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, which created a frenzy in London and Paris.

Hitler had long-term plans to invade Poland, a state guaranteed military support by Britain and France, in the event of a German attack. The pact meant that Hitler would not have to fight on two fronts after the invasion of Poland. Moreover, Germany received assistance in the conquest of Poland and the division of its population.

On September 1, 1939, Hitler attacked Poland from the west. Two days later, France and Great Britain declared war on Germany, and World War II began.

September 17 Soviet troops invaded Poland in the east. Poland quickly capitulated to attacks from two fronts, and by 1940 Germany and the Soviet Union shared control of the country, according to a secret clause in a non-aggression pact.

Then the Soviet troops occupied the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) and crushed the Finnish resistance in the Russian-Finnish war. For the next six months after the capture of Poland, neither Germany nor the Allies took active action on the western front and in the means mass media the war began to be called "background".

However, at sea, British and German naval forces met in a fierce battle. Deadly German submarines hit British trade routes, sinking more than 100 ships in the first four months of World War II.

World War II on the Western Front 1940-1941

On April 9, 1940, Germany simultaneously invaded Norway and occupied Denmark, and the war broke out with renewed vigor.

On May 10, German troops swept through Belgium and the Netherlands in what was later called "blitzkrieg" or blitzkrieg. Three days later, Hitler's troops crossed the Meuse River and attacked the French troops at Sedan, located on the northern border of the Maginot Line.

The system was considered an insurmountable protective barrier, but in fact the German troops broke through bypassing it, making it completely useless. The British Expeditionary Force was evacuated by sea from Dunkirk at the end of May, while French forces in the south tried to put up any resistance. By early summer, France was on the brink of defeat.

Preparations for a future war in Germany began immediately after the Nazis came to power in 1933. Hitler and his entourage ruthlessly cracked down on the opposition so that it would not interfere with the implementation of their military plans.

Preparing Germany and Italy for military action

Since 1934, compulsory military service has been introduced for men aged 18 to 55 years. The Nazis launched a large-scale military and economic preparation for the upcoming war: the military industrial branch state economy, contrary to the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles, the most powerful Wehrmacht army was created.

Already in 1935, the German fascists began their first aggressive actions against other states. Italy, led by B. Mussolini, began preparations for hostilities long before the formation of the Nazis in Germany in 1922.

By the mid-30s, Italy had all the necessary potential to start a war. Thanks to large-scale militaristic propaganda, the population of the state fully supported the initiative of their ruler in recreating the Holy Roman Empire by enslaving the territories that once belonged to them.

B. Mussolini in his policy tried not to contradict Hitler's plans and consulted with him in many respects. So with the permission of the Third Reich, in 1935, Italy captured the territory of Ethiopia. Austria became the bone of contention between the fascist countries, but the Italians gave up the Germans the right to seize this state.

League of Nations before the war

The League of Nations was created immediately after the end of the First World War, in 1919. The main goal of the state was to prevent hostilities between member states.

In fact, the League of Nations was the predecessor of the modern UN, however, as history has shown, it had much less authority, and its activities were puppet.

Initially, the organization united all the states that played the main roles on the political world stage, with the exception of the United States, which defiantly refused membership.

The first call warning of the possibility new war, was Japan's withdrawal from the League of Nations in 1939. Germany also did not link its future with the pacifist policy of the League of Nations. Following the example of Japan, in 1933 Germany defiantly refused membership in this organization.

Italy was expelled in 1937 for taking over Ethiopia, which was against the charter of the League of Nations. Thus, the states from which the threat of war came were given complete freedom of action.

Before the start of World War II the USSR lost its membership in the organization as a result of military aggression against Finland. However, for the Stalinist government, this event did not matter, since at that moment the League of Nations had lost its political weight.

USSR on the eve of the war

In the pre-war period, the government of the USSR and the fascist states went to a visible political rapprochement. Stalin absolutely did not interfere with the ambitions of Hitler and Mussolini, and in many ways supported their policies.

The signing of the famous agreement of Molotov Ribbentrop in 1939 on mutual non-aggression was a sign of the consolidation of political neutrality. However, neither Stalin nor Hitler took this pact seriously.

Nazi Germany thus tried to buy time to prepare for the takeover of the USSR. The government of the Soviet Union understood the inevitability of war and, in turn, developed a plan to defend against the fascist invasion.

The policy of both the USSR and Germany was most clearly displayed by a secret addition to the non-aggression pact, in which the two totalitarian states, in fact, divided the territory of Europe between themselves. The Nazis reserved the possibility of capturing Poland and Lithuania, the USSR was content with Finland and Bessarabia.

The main knot of contradictions was tied at the end of the First World War, the Versailles system gave all the advantages to the USA, Great Britain, and partly France. Germany and Russia were humiliated, dismembered, Italy and Japan were dissatisfied with the results, they wanted more. Completely artificial countries have been created - Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Czechoslovakia, Poland. Borders were created that constantly led to territorial disputes. Already in the 20s, authoritarian and fascist-Nazi regimes were established in Hungary, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Portugal - this was an attempt by countries to survive in a severe crisis, in the 30s several more similar regimes joined them - in Spain , Germany, Finland.

The world was divided into three groups: in the capitalist camp, the "axis" of Tokyo-Berlin-Tokyo stood out (later several more countries joined them), "democratic" states - France and England, with the prospect of joining the United States. And both blocs were anti-Soviet and anti-communist, for them the USSR was an enemy.

Japan has been nurturing the plan of "Great Japan" for more than a decade and has been doing in this direction real steps: at the end of the 19th century, the war with China and the seizure of a number of territories, including Formosa-Taiwan; in 1904-1905 war with Russian Empire, capture from her Kuril Islands, South Sakhalin, getting the Korean Peninsula under its protectorate; in 1931, the capture of Manchuria, the creation of the dependent state of Manchukuo, a springboard for further expansion against China and a blow to the USSR; withdrew from the League of Nations in 1933; in 1937, an attack on China, the seizure of vast territories of China.

Hitler, a few days after coming to power, declared: “The goal of all politics is one thing: to win political power again. For this, the entire state leadership (all bodies!) must be targeted. The construction of the Wehrmacht is the most important prerequisite for achieving the goal of gaining political power.” Everything in the Third Reich - economics, ideology, propaganda, social and political life, and even mystical searches - was aimed at preparing for external expansion, wars of conquest. In October 1933, Germany withdrew from the League of Nations, in March 1935, violating the Versailles commitments, introduced universal military service, and the creation of an army of half a million (there were 100,000) began. Hitler in August 1936 issues a memorandum on the economic preparation for the war, it stated that in a four-year period National economy countries must be ready for war. Hitler planned to crush France by annexing Northern France, Holland, Denmark, Sweden to Germany. In the East, they were going to conquer the living space by carrying out "merciless Germanization" in the occupied territories.

The German military had been developing war plans since 1935: against France (Plan Roth), against Austria (Otto), against Czechoslovakia (Plan Grün). In the spring of 1936, the German armed forces occupied the demilitarized Rhineland, in the summer of 1936, together with the Italian armed forces, they supported the rebels in Spain. Up to 150 thousand Italians and about 50 thousand Germans fought on the side of the rebels.

Italy was preparing for expansion: in 1934, the law “On the militarization of the Italian nation” was adopted, plans were being made to turn the Mediterranean Sea into an “Italian lake”, plans to subordinate the states of the Balkan Peninsula to the will of Rome. In 1935, the Italian army captures Ethiopia, strengthening the position of Rome in Africa and at the same time on the strategic route of the Mediterranean - Red Sea - Indian Ocean. In 1937 Italy withdrew from the League of Nations.

France and England pursued a cunningly wise policy of "appeasement" of the aggressors, planning to push Germany and its allies against the USSR and then finish off the weakened winner or agree with him on the division of "booty". The financial and industrial circles of the USA, England, France, the so-called "financial international", provided financial and economic, technological assistance Germany, directing its aggression to the East, making Germany the leader " crusade» Europe against «Bolshevism».

The first military alliance was created in October 1936 - the "Berlin-Rome axis", Berlin recognized the seizure of Ethiopia by Rome, plans were made to help the rebels in Spain, "spheres of influence" were delimited in the Balkan Peninsula and in the Danube basin. In the same year, the Anti-Comintern Pact was signed between Tokyo and Berlin, in 1937 Rome joined it. This union had an anti-Soviet orientation, the parties agreed that if one of the countries attacked the USSR, the others pledged not to help the Soviet Union.

In March 1938, the Third Reich annexed the Republic of Austria without encountering any worldwide opposition. Berlin did not hide its plans for Austria, but the attempts of the Austrian government in 1937 to get support in France and England failed. The day before the invasion of the Wehrmacht, the Austrian authorities again turned to Paris and London for help, but in Paris they answered that they could not help, London replied that they would not give any guarantees or even advice. At the end of September 1938, the "democratic" powers surrendered their protege - Czechoslovakia. Even Hitler did not expect such ease, saying that this happens only once in . He believed that England and France would not fight for Czechoslovakia, but that Czechoslovakia itself would have to be subjugated by military means.

In the autumn of 1938, the "Danzig crisis" began with the aim of diplomatic pressure on Warsaw, the German media launched a campaign under the general slogan: "Danzig must be German"; military leadership Reich develops a plan to capture the city. AT next year Berlin will demand the return of Danzig to Germany and allow a highway to be built to East Prussia and railway through the so-called "Polish corridor".

In March 1939, the Wehrmacht captured Czechoslovakia, the Czech Republic became part of the German Empire, Slovakia became a vassal state, Memel (Klaipeda) was captured. In April of the same year, Italy attacked Albania.

Western governments continued the policy of "appeasement", but in order not to alienate the allies - on March 31, London announced that it "guarantees" the independence of Poland, and then Greece, Romania, and Turkey. France also gave these "guarantees". At the same time, secret negotiations were conducted with Berlin, non-aggression agreements were concluded. Therefore, Hitler understood that the "guarantees" of Paris and London were a bluff, a deceit. Negotiations were held with the Soviet Union, but for the purpose of "distracting eyes", and not with the aim of concluding a real military alliance.

On April 3, 1939, the chief of staff of the Wehrmacht High Command (OKW) Keitel sent the commanders of the ground, air and naval forces a preliminary plan for the war with Poland, the Weiss plan - the White Plan. On April 28, 1939, Berlin terminated the Polish-German non-aggression pact and the Anglo-German naval agreement.

The USSR waged a hard struggle aimed at saving Europe from sliding into world war, spent a lot of effort on creating a "collective security" system. He offered military assistance to Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, they rejected it. He proposed to create a military alliance with France and England, thereby forcing Hitler to stop the aggression. Only when the Kremlin realized that the war could not be stopped did they begin to pursue a policy aimed at delaying the entry of the USSR into the war, at expanding the “security perimeter”, pushing the border to the west, away from Minsk, Kyiv, Leningrad and Moscow. Moscow also took into account the danger from the East - in 1938 there were battles near Hassan, in August 1939 there was a real war on the borders of Mongolia. The treaty with Berlin dealt a severe blow to Tokyo's plans, and there was a change of government in Japan. Tokyo increasingly began to lean towards the idea that it is necessary to develop expansion to the South, and not to the North. The USSR won a strategic victory, causing a chill in relations between Berlin and Tokyo. A blow was also dealt to the plan of Paris and London - to "pacify" Germany at the expense of the Soviet Union.

Berlin was also not opposed to signing a non-aggression pact with the USSR, planning to first resolve the issue with Western Front, and only then hit the Union. Moreover, to prevent the union of Paris and London with Moscow, which would cross out many plans.

Sources:
History of diplomacy. Volumes 3-4. M., 1959-1979.
The criminal goals of Nazi Germany in the war against the Soviet Union. Documents, materials. M., 1987.
Japanese militarism. Military-historical research. M., 1972.