Irrigation mode and technology of cotton cultivation when irrigated with wastewater in the conditions of the lower Volga region. Regulation of the cotton irrigation regime in the conditions of the hungry steppe Alexander Germanovich bezborodov Graph of water consumption for cotton irrigation

When Central Asian cotton suddenly became an imported product for the textile enterprises of Central Russia, its price rose sharply. Purchase prices for raw cotton amounted to about 2 dollars per kg, index A in 2000/01 is estimated at an average of 66 cents. for a. f. (world cotton prices). This led to a reduction and a complete halt in textile production. The main consumer of cotton fiber in Russia is the textile industry - producers of cotton yarn and fabrics. The trend in the production of cotton yarn, as well as fabrics, in recent years is associated with the import of cotton fiber, which, in turn, largely depends on the seasonality of its collection and processing.

The provision of the industry with its own cotton fiber and the availability of a domestic cotton raw material base will in many respects favorably affect the economic potential of the country. This will significantly reduce economic and social tensions, save and create additional jobs in agriculture, the textile industry, etc.

World cotton production in 1999 - 2001 is estimated at 19.1 million tons, in 2002 - 2004. - 18.7 million tons with a significant decline in the production of cotton fiber. The leading place in the production of cotton fiber in Central Asia belongs to Uzbekistan (71.4%). Turkmenistan accounts for 14.6%, Tajikistan - 8.4%, Kazakhstan - 3.7%, Kyrgyzstan -1.9%. (4)

Ten years ago, more than a million tons of cotton fiber were processed in Russia, in 1997 - 132.47 thousand tons, in 1998 - 170 thousand tons. Last year, in terms of cotton fiber processing, the annual increase was about 30% - 225 thousand tons.

The change in economic relations with the collapse of the state was the result of Russia's 100% dependence on cotton fiber imports, the maximum demand for which is 500 thousand tons.

The first attempts to grow cotton in Russia were made 270 years ago. The Department of Agriculture of Russia covered about 300 geographical points with experimental cotton crops. However, cotton crops have not received wide distribution in Russia.

At the same time, cotton fiber is a valuable strategic raw material. The cotton plant of the Malvaceae family (Malvaceal) consists of raw cotton (fiber with seeds) - 33%, leaves - 22%, stems (guzapay) - 24%, bolls flaps - 12% and roots - 9%. Seeds serve as a source of oil, flour, high-value protein. (89, 126, 136). Cotton wool (cotton hairs) is more than 95% cellulose. The root bark contains vitamins K and C, trimethylamine and tannins. A liquid extract is produced from the bark of cotton roots, which has a hemostatic effect.

Wastes from the cotton ginning industry are used in the production of alcohol, varnishes, insulating materials, linoleum, etc.; acetic, citric and other organic acids are obtained from the leaves (the content of citric and malic acids in the leaves is 5-7% and 3-4%, respectively). (28.139).

When processing 1 ton of raw cotton, approximately 350 kg of cotton fiber, 10 kg of cotton fluff, 10 kg of fibrous ulkzh and about 620 kg of seeds are obtained.

At the present stage, there is not a single branch of the national economy where cotton products or materials would not be used. The association "white gold" rightly arises at the mention of cotton, since both raw cotton and its vegetative organs contain many useful substances, vitamins, amino acids, etc. (Khusanov R.).

Growing crops in the conditions of the Lower Volga region with prevailing evaporation is impossible without irrigation. The revival of non-irrigated cotton is inexpedient, since in this case the production (yield of 3-4 centners / ha) is not competitive in terms of economic indicators. Properly organized and planned irrigation ensures the full development of crops with a proper increase in land fertility and, as a result, an increase in productivity and quality of products. Wastewater from industrial production is of interest for irrigation. The use of wastewater as irrigation water is considered from two main positions: resource-saving and water-protective.

The use of wastewater for irrigation of cotton will significantly reduce the cost of the resulting raw cotton with a simultaneous increase in yield and improvement of the water and physical properties of the soils of the experimental plot.

Cotton has high inexhaustible adaptive qualities. During the period of its cultivation, it has moved far north from the areas of its origin. There is every reason to assume the cultivation of some varieties at the latitude of the southern regions of Russia, up to the eastern and southern regions of the Volgograd region.

In this regard, the target orientation of our research in 1999-2001. along with proof of the expediency of using wastewater for irrigating cotton, there was a test of a number of modern varieties and hybrids, with the identification of the optimal irrigation regime in relation to the conditions of the Volgograd region.

The above provisions determined the direction of our research work with a consistent solution of the main tasks:

1) develop an optimal irrigation regime for medium fiber varieties of cotton when irrigated with wastewater;

2) to study the influence of the irrigation regime and this irrigation method on the growth, development and yield of cotton;

3) study the water balance of the cotton field;

4) to make an environmental and irrigation assessment of wastewater used for irrigation;

5) determine the timing of the onset and phase duration of the development of cotton, depending on the weather conditions of the growing region;

6) to investigate the possibility of obtaining the maximum yield and quality characteristics of the fiber of cotton varieties when irrigated with wastewater;

7) to study the effectiveness of the use of agricultural practices that reduce the time of crop maturation;

8) determine the economic and energy efficiency of cotton irrigation with wastewater.

Scientific novelty of the work: for the first time, for the conditions of light chestnut solonetsous soils of the Volgograd Trans-Volga region, the possibility of cultivating various varieties of cotton was studied using modern resource-saving principles of irrigation systems.

The dependence of the development of cotton crops on various irrigation regimes and the possibility of adaptation to external conditions during the growing season have been studied. The influence of wastewater irrigation regimes on the water-physical properties of soils and the quality of cotton fiber has been established. Irrigation norms acceptable under these conditions for sprinkling irrigation, irrigation periods with distribution according to the phase development of the crop were determined.

Practical value: On the basis of field experiments, an optimal mode of irrigation of various varieties of cotton by sprinkling with a DKN-80 machine was recommended and developed for the secondary use of water resources in the conditions of the Lower Volga region. The natural soil and climatic conditions of the study area, combined with a number of agricultural practices, make it possible to provide additional soil warming, shifting the sowing dates, and eliminating the need to purchase defoliants.

CONCLUSIONS FROM THE RESEARCH RESULTS

Analysis of the data obtained allows us to draw the following conclusions:

1. The thermal resources of the Volgograd region are sufficient for growing early ripe varieties of cotton with a growing season of 125-128 days. The sum of effective temperatures during the growing season averaged 1529.8 °C. Favorable conditions for sowing in the region are formed at the end of April - the second decade of May.

2. In the conditions of the Lower Volga region, there is an increase in the duration of development of cotton in the period before flowering for all varieties up to 67 - 69 days and the onset of full ripening in the 1st - 2nd decades of October. Mulching of the soil area and subsequent chasing in order to stop the growth of the main stem contributed to a reduction in the ripening time of the crop.

3. Classification of the suitability of wastewater according to irrigation indicators revealed the most favorable from an environmental point of view, the safest category of wastewater for irrigating cotton - conditionally clean.

4. Fergana-3 variety is the most productive. at the level of 1.73 t/ha. The yield of a mixture of varieties with a "0" type of branching is represented by the maximum possible indicator of 1.78 t/ha and the average for the experiment is 1.68 t/ha.

5. All varieties under consideration are more responsive to irrigation with wastewater - 70-70-60% HB in the layer according to the phases of development: 0.5 m - before flowering, 0.7 m in flowering - fruit formation and 0.5 m in ripening. Cultivation of plants under more restrained irrigation regimes of 60-70-60% HB and 60-60-60% HB resulted in a decrease in the productivity of varieties to 12.3 - 21%, a decrease in the number of bolls to 3 - 8.5% and a change in the mass of productive organs by 15 - 18.5%.

6. Beginning of all vegetation irrigations in the 1st decade of June - the beginning of the 3rd decade of June, it is recommended to finish the irrigation period in the 1st - 3rd decade of August. Irrigation periods are 9-19 days. Vegetative irrigations occupy 67.3-72.2% of the total water consumption, precipitation accounts for 20.9-24.7%. For normal growth and development of variety Fergana - 3, at least 5 irrigations are recommended, with an irrigation rate of not more than 4100 m3/ha. The first irrigation option is characterized by a water consumption coefficient of 2936 - 3132 m3 / t, II - 2847 - 2855 m3 / t, III - 2773 - 2859 m3 / t and IV - 2973 - 2983 m3 / t. The average daily water consumption varies according to the phases of development of cotton, respectively 29.3 - 53 - 75 - 20.1 m3/ha.

7. The studied varieties were formed depending on the irrigation regimes during the years of research from 4 to 6.2 bolls, 18.9 - 29 leaves, 0.4 - 1.5 monopodial and from 6.3 to 8.6 fruiting branches per plant. The minimum number of monopodia formed in the more favorable years of 1999 and 2001 was 0.4 - 0.9 pcs/plant.

8. The maximum indicator of the leaf area of ​​varieties was registered in the flowering phase for all variants of the experiment 15513 - 19097 m2/ha. When switching from an abundant irrigation regime to more stringent ones, the difference is 28-30% during budding, 16.6-17% during flowering, 15.4-18.9% during fruit formation, and 15.8-15.8% during ripening. 19.4%.

9. In dry years, the processes of accumulation of dry matter were more intensive: by the time of budding, the dry weight is 0.5 t/ha, in flowering - 2.65 t/ha, in fruiting - 4.88 t/ha and in ripening - 7 .6 t/ha on average for varieties under abundant irrigation regime. In more humid years, it decreases by the time of ripening to 5.8 - 6 t/ha and 7.1 - 7.4 t/ha. In variants with fewer irrigations, a phase-by-phase decrease is observed: by the time of flowering by 24 - 32%, by the end of the growing season by 35%.

10. At the beginning of the development of cotton, the net productivity of photosynthesis of L leaves is in the range of 5.3 - 5.8 g / m per day, reaching a maximum value at the beginning of flowering 9.1 - 10 g / m per day. Intervariant differences in varieties (between abundant and restrained) when irrigated with wastewater amounted to 9.4 - 15.5% in the budding phase, in the flowering phase - fruiting - 7 - 25.7% on average over the years of experience. In the maturation phase, the net productivity of photosynthesis decreases to the limit values ​​of 1.9 - 3.1 l g/m per day.

11. Irrigation with wastewater contributes to the formation of better conditions and nutritional regime of variety samples. The increase in the position of the growth point is 4.4 - 5.5 cm. Differences in the biometric parameters of the variants under consideration were observed in 1999 - 2001. by 7.7% by the number of true leaves, by 5% by the number of bolls and by 4% of fruit branches on average by varieties. With a change in the quality of irrigation water, the increase in leaf area was displayed in the amount of 12% already in the budding - flowering phase. By the time of ripening, the excess over the indicators of the control variant was expressed in 12.3% in terms of the accumulation of dry biomass. Photosynthetic capacity in the first period of cotton development increased by 0.3 g/m, in the second - by 1.4 g/m, in the third (flowering - fruit formation) by 0.2 g/m and in maturation by 0.3 l g/m . The increase in the yield of raw cotton at the same time amounted to an average of 1.23 q/ha.

12. In the initial period of crop development, the consumption of nutrients for the variety Fergana - 3 is - 24.3 - 27.4 kg / ha for nitrogen, 6.2 - 6.7 kg / ha for phosphorus and 19.3 - 20.8 kg / ha. At the end of the growing season, as a result of WW irrigation, an increase in the removal to 125.5 - 138.3 kg/ha of nitrogen, 36.5 - 41.6 kg/ha of phosphorus and 98.9 - 112.5 kg/ha of potassium is observed.

13. Cotton fiber of the variety Fergana - 3, obtained in the course of experiments, was distinguished by the best technological properties. The linear density of the fiber was obtained at 141 mtex, strength 3.8 g/s, short fibers 9.5% and the highest maturity factor 1.8.

14. During a three-year irrigation with wastewater with permanent cultivation of a crop, there is a tendency for the soils of the experimental plot to become saline.

15. The analysis of the system of indicators shows that the Fergana-3 variety is the most effective for the farm. According to this option, the highest value of gross output per 1 ha of crops (7886 rubles) was obtained, which significantly exceeds the values ​​obtained for a mixture of varieties.

16. Under the conditions of the Volgograd Trans-Volga region in a differentiated irrigation regime while ensuring the maximum yield (1.71 t/ha) of medium fiber cotton varieties, energy efficiency was obtained at level 2.

1. In the conditions of the Lower Volga region, it is possible to cultivate medium-fiber varieties of cotton with a growing season of no more than 125 - 128 days, with a yield of 1.73 - 1.85 t/ha. Agrotechnics for growing this industrial crop should involve the use of intensive technologies in the initial period of development.

2. The maximum yield of raw cotton is achieved by using a differentiated irrigation regime with maintaining soil moisture during the growing season: before flowering - 70% HB, during flowering - fruit formation - 70% HB and during the ripening period - 60% HB. As a mineral fertilizer on light chestnut solonetsous soils, ammonium nitrate should be used in the amount of 100 kg of a.i.

3. For irrigation of early-ripening varieties of cotton, in order to increase the productivity of plants and improve the microclimate of the cotton field, it is necessary to use conditionally pure wastewater in the amount of not more than 4000 m3/ha.

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The relevance of the work.

Over the past decade, the world has increased attention to water resources, their rational use and protection. In the joint statement signed by the Heads of State of Central Asia (Almaty, 2009)1 on "improving the environmental and socio-economic situation in the Aral Sea basin, development; the activities of the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea and the development of the Aral Sea Basin Program for 2011-2015, special attention is paid to , the paramount importance of the rational "use of water resources and the introduction into practice of progressive water-saving irrigation technologies and farming systems in general. In Tajikistan, 90% of agricultural production is produced on; irrigated lands, therefore the main condition for the development, agriculture of the republic is the need for artificial irrigation, caused by the aridity of the climate.

The republic is flat: the lands occupy only1 7.0% of the territory, irrigated lands make up 743 thousand hectares. ha or only 0.10 ha of irrigated arable land per inhabitant. In connection with the scarcity of land and the rapid demographic growth of the population of the republic, the alienation of / part of the irrigated lands, under. construction, this figure will be reduced to 0.08 hectares in the future; Due to the increasing pressure on water resources and due to technological violations; the process of irrigation * of agricultural crops, the ameliorative state of irrigated lands worsens.

An important factor in increasing the yield of cotton is the maintenance of water-air; and nutrient regimes-soil. Meanwhile,. in. production conditions of Sogd? Irrigation areas are established visually, without differentiation of the number of irrigations, according to development phases, irrigations are carried out with large norms and extended periods between irrigations, large unproductive losses are observed (surface discharge, filtration and evaporation), i.e. the efficiency of furrow irrigation is very low. All this hinders the growth of cotton yields and leads to irrational use of irrigation water. It should be emphasized that the existing recommendations on cotton irrigation regimes are very indicative, since the experimental data on the cotton irrigation regime in relation to light gray soils. Sughd region until recently were absent. Therefore, in the conditions of intensification of irrigated agriculture, the development of a rational irrigation regime and the establishment of cotton water consumption is an urgent task and is of great scientific and practical importance.

Purpose and objectives of research. The aim of the research is to develop a rational irrigation regime that provides high yields of cotton with a decrease in irrigation norms in the conditions of Northern Tajikistan when irrigating light gray soils. To solve the main goal, the following tasks were solved: - to develop an irrigation regime, to determine irrigation and irrigation rates, the number and distribution of irrigation by the phases of the cotton vegetation; -to develop a combined method for diagnosing the timing of cotton irrigation by the critical concentration of cell sap (CCC) of leaves; - to determine the coefficients of evaporation (biophysical, biological and n crop coefficient) and the bioclimatic coefficient for calculating the irrigation rate and water consumption of cotton;

To study the features of growth, development and productivity of cotton, depending on various irrigation regimes;

Determine the economic efficiency and conduct a production check of the developed rational irrigation regime; - to carry out differentiation of cotton irrigation regimes by districts of the Sughd region.

Scientific novelty of research. A mode of irrigation of cotton on light gray soils of the Sughd region of the Republic of Tajikistan has been developed. A combined method for determining the timing of irrigation is proposed, which includes a thermostatic-weight determination of the moisture reserves in the soil in the "shoot-budding" phase, and in the "flowering-fruit formation" phase according to the leaf CCS. It is proposed to set the time of irrigation according to the data of the systematic determination of the critical level of KKS in the "flowering-fruiting" phase. Differentiation of irrigation regimes for cotton has been carried out in the districts of the Sughd region. The average daily and total water consumption of cotton has been established. The values ​​of the bioclimatic coefficient for calculating the irrigation norm of cotton, as well as the coefficients of evaporation (biophysical, biological) for calculating the water consumption of cotton have been specified. i

The following results are presented for defense:

A rational irrigation regime, including the timing and norms of irrigation of cotton to maintain a given level of soil moisture; -diagnostics of the timing of irrigation of cotton by the combined method;

Evaluation of cotton water consumption at different levels of pre-irrigation soil moisture.

Differentiation of irrigation regimes for cotton in cotton-growing regions of the Sughd region.

The practical value of the work. Irrigation terms, irrigation and irrigation norms of cotton are recommended, which ensure the receipt of a raw cotton yield of 40-45 centners / ha on light gray soils in the Sughd region with the rational use of irrigation water. The recommended cotton irrigation regimes make it possible to obtain a net profit of 31,000 rubles/ha while reducing the gross irrigation rate by 20-25%. In order to diagnose the timing of irrigation under production conditions, critical values ​​​​of the concentration of cell sap of cotton leaves are recommended.

The author's personal contribution consists in assessing the regularities of cotton water consumption at different levels of pre-irrigation soil moisture, in determining the reduction in irrigation water consumption per unit of production. Parameters of a rational irrigation regime and a combined method for diagnosing the timing of cotton irrigation have been developed. The zoning of differentiated irrigation regimes for cotton in the cotton-growing regions of the Sughd region was carried out. With the participation of the author, field experiments were carried out and experimental data obtained on the lands of JSC "Tajikistan" in the B. Gafurov district in the Sughd region were analyzed.

Implementation of research results. The results of the research were implemented in the project for the rehabilitation of the irrigation and collector-drainage network of B. Gafurov and Kanibadam districts of the Sughd region (2006-2009). The developed cotton irrigation regimes have been introduced in B. Gafurov and Kanibadam districts on a total area of ​​955 hectares. The proposed developments were used in the preparation of water use plans for irrigation systems in cotton-growing farms, as well as by design organizations as a regulatory document.

1. An important factor in increasing the yield of cotton is the maintenance of rational water-air and nutrient regimes, soil. The existing recommendations on cotton irrigation regimes need to be clarified, since there are no experimental data on light gray soils: Sughd region. To increase the yield of cotton and rational use of water resources, the development of an irrigation regime is a task, the solution of which is of great practical importance.

2. Regularities have been established, and an assessment of the water consumption of cotton by the phases of plant development has been carried out. The elements of the water balance were determined under various irrigation regimes: with an increase in yield from 28 to 42 q/ha of raw cotton l. . total? evaporation: increases! from 6.0 to 7.5 thousand m / ha. Under the conditions of the experiment, the maximum total water consumption of cotton was 6960 m3/ha with a yield of 42.0 centners/ha of raw cotton;

3. A rational irrigation regime has been developed, which involves maintaining soil moisture at the level of 70-70-60% of HB during 6 irrigations according to the 2-3-1 scheme, with an irrigation rate; 6000 m / ha. Irrigation standards. with deep occurrence - groundwater are recommended: up to 5 phases "flowering" 850-950, in phases.

", about flowering-fruit formation" - 1200-1300 - in the "ripening" phase - 900-950 m / ha.

4. A combined method for diagnosing the timing of cotton irrigation has been developed. Irrigation timing is diagnosed: c; the “flowering-fruiting” phase according to the concentration of cell sap with an interval of no more than 3-5 days, and in the remaining phases of plant development - by the thermostatic-weight method. Under the conditions of the experiment, the biophysical coefficient was 1.72m, the biological coefficient was 2.52m3. crop coefficient - 0.69, and the ratio of total evaporation; to evaporation - 0.60. To calculate the irrigation norm, the value of the bioclimatic coefficient is 0.545.

5. The irrigation regime is differentiated in seven districts of the Sughd region for medium loamy light gray soils, with a groundwater level of more than 3 meters.

The proposed irrigation rates vary from 5.4 thousand m3/ha to 9.0 thousand m3/ha with different irrigation schemes (from 5 to 8 irrigations).

6. The conducted comparative economic analysis showed that the highest net income was received against the backdrop of the developed irrigation regime, which is 30,996 rubles/ha with a profitability of 142.5%. According to the results of a production check of the cotton irrigation regime, the yield under the experimental conditions turned out to be higher by 11.5 c/ha (46.7%), and the additional income reached 12,760 rubles/ha compared to the control irrigation regime.

1. Diagnostic timing< полива« хлопчатника рекомендуется проводить по концентрации клеточного сока листьев с использованием ручного рефрактометра. При этом ККС должна быть: до цветения - от 9,3 до 9,5 (в среднем 9,4), от 10,1 до 10,3 (в среднем 10,2), в созревании - от 12,0 до 12,2 (в среднем 12,1) процентов сухого вещества по шкале рефрактометра. Это соответствует влажности почвы - 70-70-60% от НВ.

2. FOR1 the conditions of the Sogd region of the Republic of Tajikistan, the following differentiation of irrigation regimes is proposed: Zafarabad districts - 7 irrigations (scheme 2-4-1) with an irrigation rate of "7.75-8.05 thousand m3 / ha, in Isfara district - 6 irrigations (scheme 2-3-1) with an irrigation rate of 6.75 thousand m3/ha, in J. Rasulovsky and Spitamen districts - 5 irrigations (scheme 1-3-1) with an irrigation rate of 5.4 thousand m3 / ha and in Matcha district - 6 irrigations (scheme 2-3o

1) with an irrigation rate of 6.15 m/ha.

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