English words on the theme of agriculture biology. Agriculture - Agriculture, oral topic in English with translation

ECONOMY- ECONOMY, households, cf. 1. only units The social form of production, the totality of production relations of a particular social structure (econ.). Natural economy. “Until the 60s of the last century, there were very few factories in Russia ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

economy- In the economy, the economy is the totality of all means of production used by people in order to meet their needs. Agriculture Planned economy National economy Subsistence economy Commodity economy Household ... ... Wikipedia

economy- Cm … Synonym dictionary

ECONOMY- exploitation of useful products obtained during the cultivation of the object used. The economy happens: reserved hunting, forest, forest hunting, hunting, fish, pond, lake, sea, etc. Ecological encyclopedic dictionary. ... ... Ecological dictionary

ECONOMY- ECONOMY, a, cf. 1. Same as economics (in 1 value). Natural, serf x. Market x. 2. Production, economy (in 2 values). Folk x. countries. World x. Rural x. 3. Equipment of what n. production. Factory x. 4.… … Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

ECONOMY- a set of natural and man-made means used by people to create, maintain, improve conditions and means of subsistence, life support. Raizberg B.A., Lozovsky L.Sh., Starodubtseva E.B. Modern economic ... ... Economic dictionary

economy- 1. Production unit. 2. Production. Economy. 3. Production equipment. Accounting topics... Technical Translator's Handbook

economy- noun, s., use. comp. often Morphology: (no) what? economy, why? au pair, (see) what? economy, what? farming, about what? about the economy; pl. what? economy, (no) what? farms, why? farms, (see) what? economy, what? farms, oh ... ... Dictionary of Dmitriev

economy- , a, cf. 1. Everything that constitutes production; economy. * Planned economy. * Planned housekeeping. (A distinctive feature of the socialist mode of production). ◘ The same word Plan in the newly formed words began to appear ... Explanatory Dictionary of the Language of Soviet Deputies

economy- housekeeping action forestry action farming action farming action, indirect object farming action, indirect object farming action ... Verbal compatibility of non-objective names

ECONOMY- Drive / manage the household. Razg., Smol. host. SSG II, 66. Knit economy. Sib. The same as running a household. FSS, 40. Rob the economy. Prikam. The same as running a household. MFS, 85 ... Big dictionary of Russian sayings

Books

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• Economy and society. Essays on understanding sociology. Right, Rudolf Stammler, The book is the third volume of the four-volume edition of Max Weber's "Economy and Society". This is the first complete translation of the famous work into Russian. This volume includes... Category: Sociology. Social science Publisher:

Agriculture

The physical environment and natural resources of England are more favorable to agricultural development than those of other parts of the United Kingdom. A greater proportion of the land consists of lowlands with good soils where the climate is conducive to crop growing. The majority of English farms are small, most holdings being less than 250 acres (100 hectares); nonetheless, they are highly mechanised.

Wheat, the chief grain crop, is grown in the drier, sunnier counties of eastern and southern England, where new, stronger varieties have become increasingly widespread and average yields have risen significantly.

Barley is grown mainly for livestock feed. The acreage under oats is gradually declining. Corn (maize) and rye are also grown. Principal potato-growing areas are the fenlands of Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, and Lincolnshire; the clay soils of Humberside; and the peats of North Yorkshire.

Sugar-beet production depends heavily on government subsidy because of competition from imported cane sugar. In recent years, acreage and yield for rape have increased. Grass and its variants are grown for feeding livestock.

The growing of vegetables, fruit, and flowers, known in England as market gardening, is often done in greenhouses and is found within easy trucking distance of large towns, the proximity of a market being of more consequence than climatic considerations.

The fertile (clay and limestone) soil of Kent has always been conducive to fruit growing. Cultivation was first established there on a commercial scale in the 16th century. The county of Kent is a major supplier of fruits and vegetables (apples, pears, black currants, cauliflowers, and cabbages).

Hereford and Worcester is noted for its plums, while Somerset and Devon specialize in cider apples.

The agriculture of England is primarily concerned with livestock husbandry and, in particular, with milk production.

Dairying is important in every county, though the main concentrations are in western England. The quality of dairy cattle was improved considerably after World War II. The higher-yielding dairy breeds, including the Frisian and Ayrshire, have become more numerous than the once-dominant Shorthorn.

Agriculture

The environment and natural resources in England are more favorable for the development of agriculture than in other regions of the United Kingdom. Most of the territory is dominated by lowlands with good soils, and the climate is favorable for growing crops. English farms are mostly small, with most holdings not exceeding 250 acres (100 hectares); but they are highly mechanized.

Wheat, the main grain crop, is grown in the drier, sunnier counties of eastern and southern England, where newer, more hardy varieties are becoming more widespread and average yields have risen significantly.

Barley is grown mainly as cattle feed. The area of ​​land that is sown with oats is gradually decreasing. Corn (maize) and rye are also grown. The main potato-growing areas are in the swampy lands of Norfolk, Cambridgeshire and Lincolnshire; the clay soils of Humberside; peaty soils of North Yorkshire.

Sugar beet cultivation is more dependent on government subsidies due to competition from imported cane sugar. In recent years, crops and the harvest of rapeseed have grown. Various types of herbs are grown for cattle feed.

Growing fruits, vegetables and flowers for sale is often carried out in greenhouses, which are located in places where crops can be easily transported to large cities: here the proximity of the market plays a more important role than climatic conditions.

Fruit has always been grown on the fertile lands of Kent. In the XVI century. fruit cultivation began to be commercialized. Kent is the main supplier of fruits and vegetables (apples, pears, black currants, cauliflower and cabbage).

Hereford and Worcester are famous for their plum trees, while Somerset and Devon specialize in apple growing.

Agriculture in England primarily provides livestock, in particular dairy.

In all counties dairy farms play an important role, although their main concentration is in the west of England. The quality of dairy cattle improved significantly after World War II. Dairy breeds with high milk yields, including the Friesian and Ayrshire, have become more numerous than the former main Shorthorn breed.

KSU "Tayynshinsky College of Agribusiness"

Textbook in English for students of the specialty "Farming"

Designed by an English teacher

Sadykova Gulnara Kabdylkadyrovna

The textbook in English for students majoring in "Farming" includes an introduction, texts on topics, an appendix - a dictionary, literature.

This tutorial is of practical importance. The purpose of its compilation is the formation of the language competence of TVE students, for successful communication in a foreign language within the framework of a professional orientation.

The materials of this manual help to form introductory reading skills based on verbal supports and background knowledge to extract the necessary information from the text

The textbook can serve as a guide to the study of the proposed discipline, both in the classroom and for independent work of students.

Introduction………………………………………………………………………. 4

Text 1. What is agriculture? What is agriculture?………………. 5

Text 2. Two branches of agriculture. Two branches of agriculture…… 6

Text 3. We are going to the farm. We go to the state farm ……………………….. 7

Text 4. Benefits of farm mechanization.

Advantages of farm mechanization …………………………………………… 8

Text 5. Disadvantages of farm mechanization.

Disadvantages of farm mechanization ………………………………………. .nine

Text 6. The results of American agricultural mechanization. effects

of mechanization on American agriculture ……………...…………………….. 10

Text7. Soviet tractors. Soviet tractors……………………………….... 11

Text 8. Agricultural machines. Farm machines…………………….... 12

Text 9. Harvest equipment. Harvesting Machinery……………………… 13

Text 10. Some agricultural machines in the USA. Some farm machines in the USA. fourteen

Text 11. The history of the plow. History of the plow……………………………………. fifteen

Text 12. Mechanization in grain production. Mechanization in crop production… 16

Text 13. The importance of machines and energy in agriculture. Importance of machinery and energy in agriculture………………………………………………….. 17

Vocabulary. Vocabulary ………………………….……………………..…..…..……. nineteen

Literature………………………… ……………………………………………... 22

Introduction

Purpose of the grant – lay the foundations for reading and translating texts of medium difficulty. Working on this manual, students form practical skills of various types of speech activity.

The structure of the allowance. The manual consists of texts, control - training exercises and a dictionary as an application.

The main text of the lesson is aimed at developing reading aloud skills, the ability to extract complete and partial information, the main idea. The text is also the basis for monologue and dialogic speech.

This is followed by exercises aimed at checking the understanding and comprehension of the content of the text, enhancing the mental activity of students. Beforehand, however, the teacher should explain to the students the complex passages of the text that turned out to be incomprehensible to them.

The system of exercises is aimed at teaching reading of various types (studying, introductory, viewing and search). Explanations to the text reveal the meaning of certain realities, phraseological units, abbreviations, etc. Explanations to the text are followed by a lexical minimum to be memorized, which contains up to 20 general scientific words and terms most commonly used in agricultural texts. The rest of the words necessary for understanding the text, students look for in the dictionary and write down in a notebook.

At the end of the manual there is an English-Russian dictionary of terms that are found in the texts, but not in the general dictionaries recommended for students.

Read and translate the text:

Text 1. Whatisagriculture?

Agriculture is an important branch of the economy. Economic growth of any country depends on the development of agriculture which supplies people with food and clothing and industry with raw materials.

The word "agre" is a Latin word. It means the cultivation of fields in order to grow crops. Now agriculture also includes the use of land to breed

We do not know when people began to grow crops. It was many thousand years ago. Now crop production and animal husbandry are highly developed branches of agriculture.

Life is impossible without plants. They play a highly, important role in everyday life of people. Plants that ate grown by farmers are known as farm crops. They are used for many different purposes. Most of them are used directly as food for people, some are consumed by farm animals, others are used in industry and medicine.

In order to increase crop yields and animal products our collective and state farms apply widely intensive technologies.

Learn the words.

agriculture - agriculture

animal - animals

apply - apply

breed - breed

crop - culture

cultivation - processing

develop - develop

development - development

farm - farm, farm

field - field

food - food

grow - grow, grow

growth

increase - increase

plant - plant

supply - supply

use - use

yield - harvest

Call equivalents of the following international words: region, climate, machine, tractor, combine, bulldozer, to mechanize, tendency, tradition, traditional, industrial.

2. What questions are answered in the text:

What are the branches of agriculture?

When did people start growing crops?

Can a person live without growing crops?

What intensive technologies are mentioned in the text?

3. Answer the following questions :

1. Why is agriculture very important?

2. What are the two branches of agriculture?

3. What does the Latin word "agre" mean?

4. Is life possible without plants?

5. Where are farm crops used?

6. How do people increase crop yields?

Read and translate the text:

Text 2. two branches of agriculture

There are two main branches of agricultural production - crop production and animal husbandry.

Crop production is the practice of growing and harvesting crops. The most important crops grown by man are grain crops, vegetables and grasses. In order to obtain high yields crops are grown under favorable soil and climatic conditions.

Animal husbandry is a branch of agriculture including the breeding of
farm animals and their use. Dairy and beef cattle, hogs, sheep, and poultry
are widely bred throughout the world. Farm animals are highly important
sources of food for man. They are kept for the production of such nutritious
products as meat, milk and eggs.

Many crops grown by man are used in feeding livestock. At the same time manure produced by farm animals is an important source for the maintenance of soil fertility. Most of the nutrients taken by plants from the soil are thus returned. Applying manure, farmers improve the physical condition of the soil.

Thus, crop production and animal husbandry are closely connected with each other.

Explanations to the text:

Under ... conditions - under (in) ... conditions

With each other - with each other

Notes:

Some - several, some

The same - the same, one and the same

Learn the words.

beef cattle - beef cattle

dairy cattle - dairy cattle

favourable - favorable

grain - grain

grass - grass

hog - pig

improve - improve

manure - manure

milk - milk

nutrient - nutrient

poultry - poultry

to produce - produce

sheep - sheep, sheep

soil fertility

1. Answer the following questions :

1. What are the two branches of agriculture?

2. What is crop production?

3. What are the main farm crops?

4. What does animal husbandry include?

5. What products do farm animals produce?

6. What is manure used for?

7. How do farmers improve the physical condition of the

2. Translate the sentences (pay attention) to the words some and the same ): 1. Some farmers keep poultry in poultry houses in summer and in winter.

2. All grain crops take the same nutrients from the soil.

3. Some cultural practices are highly effective in controlling weeds.

4. These two farmers use the same methods in growing vegetables.

3. Make a dialogue.

4 . Find 3 adjectives and form three degrees of comparison.

Read and translate the dialogue:

We go to the state farm

Alexey: Hello, everybody, grand news". We "re going to work on the kolkhoz just like real kolkhozniks do. There "ll be a school team and we" ll get paid for our work.

vasily: Shall we? But we have got to learn how to work. It's not so

easy with all the modern machinery. We "ll make poor workers. I" m afraid.

Alexey: Never mind, we'll manage.

vasily: You are a young naturalist, and a gifted one, You've got

some knowledge of farming, but we haven't.

Grisha: I "m terribly keen on becoming a tractor-driver!

vasily: Better be a combine-driver, but you never will.

Grisha: Won "t 1? And why, if I may ask?

Alexey: Because your favorite mark in physics is "two"

Grisha: That has nothing to do with my wish to work as a tractor-driver!

vasily: Hasn "t it? Look at him, comrades, he... . Hush, the headmaster" s coming, he "ll tell us everything about our work on the kolkhoz.

Andrei: Hello, Misha, everything's all right!

Masha: What's right? What are you talking about?

Andrew: You know that Dad wants me to work on the hog farm, but I do not want to.

Misha: Yes, I know that you "ve quarrelled because of that.

Andrei: I think a man isn't much use on a farm now if he does not know everything about machines. Mechanization is what I'm interested in.

Misha: I know that. You "d better tell me what" s happened.

Andrew; Well, Mum came home upset because something had gone wrong with the milking machine at the dairy-farm.

Misha: But there is Vlasov who does all the repairs.

Andrew: He is gone to town. And I asked Mum to let me have a go. I saw she didn't believe I could do it, but she took me to the dairy-farm and I repaired the machine in half an hour. Now it works all right.

Misha: Does your father know about it?

Andrew: Oh yes. He said “Congratulations” and not a word about the hog farm.

1. Learn the dialogue by heart.

2. Find English equivalents.

Combiner, what happened, school team, dairy farm, mechanization - that's what I'm interested in, everything is in order, knowledge about farming, working on a collective farm, modern machines, what do you say about it.

3 . Write 3 forms of verbs :

To be, to know, to go, to do, to work, to say, to make, to come, to ask, to happen.

Read and translate the text:

Text 4. Advantages of farm mechanization

Hard hand labor has been reduced. Production and income per person engaged in farming have been markedly increased. Land that was needed to produce feed for horses is now used for the production of food for people. Farm work can be done more rapidly when weather and soil conditions are most favourable. Crops can be planted, cultivated and harvested in a shorter time than in the past.

Learn the words.

hard hand labor - hard manual labor

income per person

markedly - noticeably

rapidly - quickly

favourable - favorable

1. Insert the necessary word ( production, weather, reduced )

1. Land is used for the _______________ of food for people.

   Farm work depends on the __________ and soil conditions.

   Hard hand labor has been ___________.

2

1. For what purposes is being used the land?

2. Of which depends on the yield?

3. Why crops can be planted, cultivated and harvested in a shorter time than in the past?

3. Insert necessary letters.

Inc_me, condi__ons, f_ _d, h_s, p__ple, _ork, t_me, favour__le.

Read and translate the text:

Text 5. Disadvantages of farm mechanization

Farmers must have more capital to be engaged in farming because of large investments in farm machines and other equipment. Farmers must have a larger and more stable income to have money for electricity and tractor fuel. Farms have to be larger in size. So, small farms are disappearing and many farmers cannot be engaged in farming. Farmers must have better knowledge and skill in operating modern farm equipment efficiently.

Learn the words.

fuel - fuel

disappearing - to disappear

equipment - equipment

income - income

engage - engage

1. Make 3 questions to the text.

2. Find English equivalents.

Stable income, tractor fuel, knowledge and skills, large investments, large in size.

3. Make singular from plural:

Farmers, investments, machines.

Read and translate the text:

Effects of mechanization on American agriculture

The dominant trend in American agriculture in the past years can be summarized in two words - increased productivity,

The increased productivity is a resist of technological revolution 1 . The principal components of this revolution in crop and livestock production have been greater use of fertilizers, improved crop varieties, better breeding and feeding practices, better skills in management, mechanization and automation being the most important among them.

Mechanization and application of other scientific developments to farming have increased the output per farm worker. Hand labor required for farming has markedly decreased while the production per person has increased.

The increase in production is greater in crop farming than in livestock breeding because crop production has been mechanized to a greater extent 2 than in livestock production.

About 50 years ago 27 per cent of the total population of the country was engaged in agriculture, now the employment in this sector of the economy is about 2.5%.

In 1955 labor made up 32 per cent of the cost of farming; by 1980 it's only 3.1 per cent. The machinery cost in farming, on the other hand, has continued to increase.

The organization of agriculture in the years to come will use less land, lees labor, fewer but better managers and much more capital, machines and various types of technology. These trends have been in progress for decades and it is unlikely 3 that there will be any change from this direction.

technological revolution - scientific and technological revolution

to ... extent - to ... extent it is unlikely - unlikely, unlikely

Learn the words.

employment - employment

manager - manager

population

skill - skill, skill

trend - trend

1. Find and translate the sentences, which says:

about the factors of the scientific and technological revolution;

on the reduction of manual labor in agriculture;

about higher crop productivity;

about the main trends in the development of agriculture in the future.

1. What is the trend in American agriculture?

2. What are the most important components of the technological revolution?

3. What has increasedthe output per farm worker?

4. Why is the produce increase in crop production greater than in livestock breeding?

5. What is the employment in agriculture now?

6. What will the trend of the development of agriculture be in the future?

Read and translate the text:

Soviet tractors

The tractor industry in our country is highly developed. Many different types of tractors are being produced for doing various agricultural practices on soils, including the K-701 wheeled tractor powered by a 300 horse power engine the T-150 crawler tractor, MTZ - 80 wheeled tractor and many others. These tractors are used with different mounted and trailed farm machines for plowing, cultivating, harrowing, sowing and harvesting agricultural crops.

At present millions of tractors are working in the fields of the state and collective farms. With the modern Soviet tractors all the main field operations have been fully mechanized in our country.

Learn the words. wheeled tractor - wheeled tractor

engine - engine

crawler tractor

1. Answer the following questions:

1) Is the tractor industry highly developed in our country?

2) For what used tractors?

3) What kinds of tractors do you know?

2. Find English equivalents.

fully mechanized, 300 horsepower, agricultural. crops, collective farms, currently.

3. Insert necessary word ( industry , at present, used with )

1. Tractors are __________different mounted and trailed farm machines.

2. The tractor ________in our country is highly developed.

3. _______ millions of tractors are working in the fields.

Read and translate the text:

farm machines

Every collective farm has various types of machines that plow the soil, plant the seeds, cultivate the plants, harvest the crops and transport the products harvested.

Soviet collective farmers use tractors (in terms of 15 horsepower units), lorries, different drills, planters and harvesters. At present nearly every branch of agronomy uses specialized harvesters. Thus, we find grain combine harvesters, corn pickers, cotton pickers, tea pickers, fruit pickers, tomato harvesters. For harvesting root and tuber crops there exist various diggers such as potato diggers, carrot diggers, sugar beet diggers, onion diggers, etc.

Learn the words.

a lorry-truck

in terms - in terms of

the tubers - tubers

a digger - excavator

an onion - bow

1 . Answer the following questions:

1. What kinds of farm machines do you know?

2. What belongs to the specialized harvesters?

3. Exist various diggers for harvesting root and tuber crops ?

2. Complete the sentences:

Every branch of agronomy uses ____________.

There are various diggers such as______________.

Has various types of machines.

Use tractors, lorries, different drills, planters and harvesters.

………………………………………………………………………………..

potato diggers, carrot diggers; every collective farm; specialized harvesters; collective farmers.

3. Find English equivalents.

Various excavators are used, transportation of grown products, at present, agronomy branches, harvesting.

4. Make singular from plural:

Types, diggers, pickers, harvesters, seeds, plants, lorries, drills.

Read and translate the text:

Harvesting Machinery Harvesting machinery or equipment is a mechanical device used for harvesting. There are several types of harvesting machines which are generally classified by crop. Reapers are used for cutting cereal grains, threshers for separating the seed from the plant; whereas corn or maize harvesting is performed by employing a specially designed mechanical device "mechanical corn pickers." A typical harvesting machine consists of a traveling part, a reaping part, and a baler part.

Harvesting machines are also used for controlling the production of weeds. Machines like field choppers, balers, mowers, crushers and windrowers are the common examples of this category. A forage harvester is used for cutting and chopping of almost all silage crops.

Types of Harvesting Machinery
The following is a brief description of major harvesting machines used all around the globe:

Crop Harvesting Machine: The mechanical device which harvests forage crops cultivated in upland/paddy field and forms roll bale simultaneously was developed, is termed as crop harvesting machinery. It consists of traveling, reaping and a baler part.

Grain Harvesting Machine: This machine is used to harvest grains, the edible brans or fruit seeds of a cereal crop.

Root crop Harvesting Machine: Traditionally root crops are harvested with diggers and digger-pickers. Now a few days, several machines are available in the market. Modern sugar-beet harvester is one of the most popular examples of the root crop harvesting machine.

Threshers: Threshers or threshing machine is used for the separation of grain from stalks and husks.

Vegetable Harvesting Machine: Nowadays, machines are also available for the harvesting of vegetables. These "vegetable harvesting machines", are quite common among the global vegetable farmers. Tomato harvesting machine is the most common example of this.

Learn the words.

thresher - thresher

whereas - while

mechanical corn pickers

a reaping - harvest

a baler - balers

a weed - weed

a mower - mower

a crushers

a windrower - crusher

a forage harvester

a brief description

crop Harvesting Machine

grain harvesting machine

root crop Harvesting Machine

a digger-picker

a stalk - stem

a husk - husk

1 . Answer the following questions:

What is Harvesting Machinery?

2) What types of harvesting machinery do you know?

3) What is crop harvesting machine?

4) For what purposes is used grain Harvesting Machine?

5) Give an example of root crop Harvesting Machine.

6) Call vegetable Harvesting Machine.

2. Make a plan to the text.

3. Find English equivalents.

Nowadays, a mechanical device, a rice field, a typical harvesting machine, an example from this category, is used, picking vegetables.

4. Make a dialog. Read and translate the text:

text 10. Some farm machines dm the USA

Before 1930 most com was picked by hand, one ear at a time. Today self-propelled pickers are standard equipment on Corn Belt farms and in many other parts of the USA. One person operating a two-row picker can harvest more corn per day than ten hand pickers.

Although mechanical pickers are produced in a greater number every year much cotton is still picked by hand because many fields are too small or too rough for mechanical harvesting. One-row cotton picker can harvest as much cotton per hour as 50 hand pickers.

Learn the words.

an ear - cob

at a time - at a time

a two-row - a row

rough - uneven

an hour

1 . Answer in Russian the following questions:

What agricultural machines are mentioned in the text?

How efficient is a corn harvester compared to harvesting by hand?

Why is cotton sometimes harvested by hand?

2.

Standard equipment, one person, manual picking, large quantity, mechanized harvesting.

3. Insert necessary letters .

Equip_ent, _echanical, co_n, harves_, cot_on, h_nd.

Read and translate the text:

Text 11. History of the flow

First steel plows came to the fields of America in 1937. First plows were of the "walking" type, that is, the operator walked behind the plow while horses pulled it.

Some decades later the first riding plow was developed. The plow was mounted on wheels and pulled by two to four horses. It had a place for the operator to sit. The operator could plow two acres per day, as compared to about one acre with the walking plow.

Today there are tractor-drawn plows that can plow an acre or more per hour.

Learn the words.

steel - steel

behind - go behind

some decades later - after a few decades

riding plow - riding plow

wheel - wheel

tractor-drawn - tractor-drawn

1. Say in Russian:

a) what three types of plows are mentioned in the text; b) which plow is economical and more profitable?

2. Complete the sentences:

Cereals are planted

a. are not powered by tractors.

b. with tractor-drawn drills.

c. to till the soil.

d. with electricity.

3. Find English equivalents and make your own sentences with them.

Plow, get developed, wheel, today, acre, day, horses, in comparison, pull, place, field, type.

Read and translate the text:

Text 12.Mechanization in crop production

Tillage practices vary with soil and climatic conditions and the crop that is to be grown. Tillage includes plowing, harrowing and rolling the soil. There are some purposes of tilling the soil. They are to improve the aeration and temperature conditions, to produce a firm soil and to control weeds. Different types of plows, harrows and rollers are now available to till the soil.

Seed should be sown in a firm, moist soil and covered at a proper depth to germinate rapidly and uniformly. Many various types of grain drills and planters have been developed to suit varying farm requirements. Some modern drills are equipped with attachments for seeding legume and grass seed and for spreading fertilizers. So, seed can be sown and fertilizer spread in one operation. Fertilizers can also be broadcast before planting. Recently attachments have been added to planters for applying insecticides and herbicides to the soil.

Harvesting crops is the final field operation. Combines that harvest and thresh small grains and some other crops have displaced most threshing machines or threshers. For harvesting to be successful, one should grow a variety that is adapted to mechanical harvesting. The plants should be of uniform height and should mature uniformly. Root crops and potatoes are harvested with root lifters and potato diggers respectively.

Learn the words.

aeration - aeration (soil)

attachment - fixture

to control - destroy, fight

cover seed - cover seeds

to equip - equip, equip

moist - wet

potato digger - potato digger

roller - skating rink

root lifter - harvester for root crops

to spread - scatter

to thresh - thresh

thresher - thresher

uniform - uniform, the same

1 . Answer the following questions:

1. What operations does tillage include?

2. What machines are used in tilling the soil?

3. What are some drills equipped with?

4. What is the final field operation?

5. What machines are used in root crop and potato harvesting?

2. Complete the sentences of the following words and phrase:

1. tillage practices; by applying; proper; can be; improved; soils. 2. a fine oil; are used; harrows; to produce. 3.seed; in; a moist soil; rapidly, germinates. 4. in one operation; harvest; Thresh; and; combines.

3. Read and translate the sentences that say:

a) about the factors that influence the choice of tillage methods;

b) about the purposes of tillage;

c) conditions for rapid germination of seeds;

d) how herbicides can be applied;

e) on the use of combines.

Read and translate the text:

Text 13.Importance of machinery and energy in agriculture

More and more machines are used on farms today replacing hand labor and increasing labor productivity. With machines and power available farmers not only can do more work and do it more economically, but (hey can do higher-quality work and the work may be finished in a shorter and more favorable time.

Machines that are used for crop production include those that till the soil, plant the crops, perform various cultural practices during the growing season and harvest the crops.

Many machines are known to be powered by tractors. Implements such as plows, cultivators and planters may be mounted on a tractor or they may be pulled by a tractor.

However, an increasing number of farm machines are now self-propelled. These machines are grain combine harvesters, cotton pickers, forage harvesters, and many other specialized farm machines.

Machines that do not require mobility are usually powered with electric motors. Such machines include silage unloaders, livestock feeding equipment and milking machines.

Farm machines we use today are quite different from those the farmers used two or even one decade ago. The tractors, tractor-drawn planters and drills were smaller and less productive. They could plant less acres per day than the machines do now.

Learn the words.

combine harvester

cotton picker - cotton picker

cultivator - cultivator

drill - seed drill

equipment - equipment

hand labor - manual labor

implement - tool

milking machine

mount - hang

planter - planter, planter

plow

power - energy, set in motion (verb)

pull - pull

self-propelled - self-propelled

silage - unloader - unloading machine for silage

to till - cultivate the soil

tractor-drawn - tractor-drawn

1. Complete the sentences:

Plows and various cultivators are used

Self-propelled machines are those that

Silage unloader and milking machines are powered

Cereals are planted

________________________________________

a, are not powered by tractors.

b. with tractor-drawn drills.

c. to till the soil.

d. with electricity.

2. Translate the sentences that say:

that machines do the job more economically;

about machines driven by tractors;

about agricultural Machines past and future.

3 . Answer the following questions:

Do machines make labor more productive?

Can machines do work in a shorter time?

What machines are mounted on a tractor?

What self-propelled machines do you know?

Are milking machines powered by electricity?

What do modern machines differ in?

ENGLISH-RUSSIAN DICTIONARY OF TERMS

Abbreviations

a-adjective- adjective

adv – adverb – adverb

n – noun- noun

pl – plural- plural

v – verb - verb

adaptability n - adaptability

aeration n - aeration (soils)

affect v – have an impact on something)

alfalfa n – alfalfa

apply v- apply, apply

attachment n- adaptation

automation n- automation

bedding n- bedding

body n- organ

breeder n- breeder, breeder

broadcast v - scatter (seeds, etc.)

carbohydrate n- carbohydrate

care n - care, care; v take care

closely adv- closely

coarse a- large (about seeds)

common a – common, widespread

compaction n- compaction

concentrate n- concentrated feed, concentrate

condition n- state, condition

control n - struggle, control; v fight, control

cost n- cost, prime cost; pl costs, expenses

cover v- close up (seeds)

cowshed n – barn, barn

crop n-(c.-x.) culture

crossbreeding n - cross-breeding (crossing unrelated individuals)

cultivation n- cultivation, cultivation; treatment

cutter n- cutting machine

dairy a - lactic

depreciation n- depreciation, wear

digestible a - digestible, digestible

digestion n - digestion, assimilation

digger n- digger

draft a - draft, worker (livestock)

dual purpose (cattle) a- meat and dairy cattle

economics n- economy

economy n– economics, economy

efficiency n – efficiency, productivity

electronic a– electronic

employment n- employment

farming n- housekeeping, farming

fiber n- cellulose

fibrous a - fibrous (about the root)

fine a – finely cloddy (about soil), small (about seeds)

firm a - compacted, settled (about the soil)

flock n- flock

gain v- gaining weight

germination n– germination

grass n- grass, grass

grinder n- crusher

grower n- farmer, collective farmer; manufacturer

herbicide n- herbicide

high-yielding a – high-yielding, high-yielding

inbreeding n- inbreeding (related mating)

indication n- indicator

indigestible a- indigestible

insecticide n- insecticide

kind n- view

labor consuming a- labour intensive

legume n- bean plant

lifter n- lifting device

maintenance n- maintenance, preservation

management n– content, management

markedly adv noticeably

marketing n– sales, sales

mellow a- loose, ripe

mobility n- flexibility, mobility

mount v- hang

nutrient n - nutrient a nutritious

nutritional a - food

overfeed v- overfeed

photosynthesis n- photosynthesis

picker n- harvester

planter n- landing machine

power n – energy; v set in motion

practice n- reception

production n- cultivation, production

productivity n - efficiency, performance

profitability n – profitability, profitability

profitable a- profitable, profitable

purebred a – purebred

rainfall f n– precipitation

remove v- take away (nutrients from the soil)

robotization n- robotization

roll v - to roll (soil)

roller n- ice rink

roughage n- roughage

seed bed n- arable land

self propelled a- self-propelled

set v- install, set up

sheep pen n - shepherd, sheep pen

sire n - manufacturer (of animals)

soybeans n- soy

spread v- scatter

stand n- seedlings, herbage, stem

supplement n- additive

tap a- pivotal (about the root)

technology n- technology

tractor-drawn a- tractor-drawn

tuber n- tuber

underfeed v- underfeed

unloader n- unloading machine

utilization n- usage

variety n- grade

yield n- harvest, milk (milk)

LITERATURE

G.V. Maslova - Manual for agricultural technical schools "English", Moscow, 2001

E.N. Komarova - English for the specialties "Zootechny" and "Veterinary", - M., 2008

http://www.englisharticles.info/2010/10/14/farming-mechanization/

http://www.gov.pe.ca/af/agweb/index.php3 number=70742

Russian agriculture

The agriculture has been and remains a very important sector of the Russian economy. Many of our agriculture products are well known in other countries. Russia can cultivate practically all known farm crops due to various climatic parameters on its large territory. Our country cultivates different kinds of cereals (rye, oats, wheat, barley, maize, etc.), vegetables (potatoes, beets, carrots, tomatoes, onions, cucumbers, cabbage, etc.), fruits (apples, pears, plums, peaches, etc.) and very many kinds of berries.

Agriculture has been and remains a very important sector of the Russian economy. Many of our agricultural products are well known in other countries. Russia can grow almost every known agricultural crop due to the diverse climatic conditions in its vast territory. Our country grows various varieties of cereals (rye, oats, wheat, barley, corn, etc.), vegetables (potatoes, beets, carrots, tomatoes, onions, cucumbers, cabbage, etc.), fruits (apples, pears , plums, peaches, etc.) and a lot of varieties of berries.

Animal breeding is a very important field of our agriculture. Cattle farming and poultry farming give us various kinds of meat (beef, lamb, pork, turkey, etc.), eggs and milk.

Animal husbandry is a very important area of ​​our agriculture. Livestock and poultry farming provide us with various types of meat (beef, lamb, pork, turkey meat, etc.), eggs and milk.

There are many big agricultural enterprises and many small private farms in Russia. The number of these private farms tends to increase.

There are many large agricultural enterprises in Russia and many small private farms. The number of such private farms tends to increase.

The modern agriculture in Russia has many critical problems. The deficit of agricultural machinery belongs to the most difficult problems. The condition of agricultural machinery in Russia is very poor and the high cost makes the rate of its replacement week and slow. But the citizens of Russia believe that the Russian agriculture will solve all existing problems in the future.

Modern agriculture in Russia demonstrates many serious (critical) problems. The shortage of agricultural machinery is one of the most difficult problems. The state of agricultural machinery in Russia is very deplorable, and the high cost makes the pace of its replacement and renewal weak and slow. But Russian citizens believe that Russian agriculture will solve all existing problems in the future.

English text with translation