Description of plants according to the plan. Scheme of the morphological description of a flowering plant

1. Plant name (Russian, binary Latin), systematic position (family).

2. Life form (tree, shrub, shrub, semi-shrub, semi-shrub, one-, two-, perennial herbaceous plant: tap root, brush root, long-rhizome, short-rhizome, loose sod, densely sod, ground-stolonny, ground-creeping, tuber-forming, bulbous).

3. Roots and root systems. Type of root system (tap, fibrous, mixed), types of roots in the root system, specialization and metamorphoses of roots (reserve, contractile, aerial, etc.).

4. Shooting system. Ground escapes. Types of shoots by structure (rosette, elongated, semi-rosette). The position of the shoot in space (orthotropic, plagiotropic, anisotropic, oblique apogeotropic). The nature of the growth and change of shoots (monopodial, sympodial). Shoot differentiation by function (generative, vegetative, vegetative-generative). Modifications of above-ground shoots. Underground shoots: rhizome (long, short, horizontal, oblique, hypogeogenic, epigeogenic, thickness, color, surface); tubers - shape, size, color, origin; bulbs (shape, size, color, nature of bulb scales); stolons - length, color, thickness, degree of branching; corms.

5. Stem - shape in cross section, thickness, color, pubescence, modifications of the stem.

6. Sheet. The type of leaf arrangement, the presence of leaves of different formations (lower, middle, apical), the variety of middle leaves (heterophylly), the presence of stipules; sheet is simple, complex; position of the leaf on the stem (petiolate, vaginal, sessile), edge of the leaf blade, top of the leaf blade, base of the leaf blade, shape of the leaf blade, dismemberment (solid, lobed, separate, dissected), venation, pubescence.

7. Inflorescences - type (simple, compound), name (brush, ear, panicle, etc.), nature of leafiness (frontose, bracteous, fronduleous, ebracteous), features of apical meristems and the sequence of blooming flowers (open, indeterminate, side-flowered, primrose , closed, definite), type of synflorescences (combined inflorescences) - monotelic, polythelic, paniculate, etc.

8. Flower. On a pedicel or sessile; receptacle shape; correct (actinomorphic), irregular (zygomorphic), asymmetric; arrangement of flower members (cyclic, hemicyclic, acyclic), bisexual, unisexual. Type of perianth (simple corolla, simple calyx, double - with calyx and corolla), calyx (shape, number of sepals, their shape, degree of fusion, color, pubescence), corolla (shape, number of petals, degree of fusion, color, limb) ; androecium - the number of stamens, their location, degree of fusion, structural features of stamen filaments and anthers; gynoecium - type (apocarpous, cenocarpous: syn-, paro-, lysicarpous), number of carpels, ovary position. pollination method. Formula, flower diagram.

9. Fruit. Fruit type (apocarpous, syncarpous, etc.), fruit name (leaflet, multi-nutlet, etc.).

10. Seed. Size, shape, color, type of seed. Distribution gear.

11. Brief data on the ecology of the species, association with different communities, ecological group in relation to moistening conditions (hydrophyte, hygrophyte, mesophyte, xerophyte), lighting conditions, etc. Biological type according to Raunkier.

12. Practical significance, human use.

2. One of the types of independent work of students is the maintenance of a floristic notebook, which is filled in by families. The teacher checks the correctness of its filling. Supplementing the floristic notebook with new species continues in the educational practice in botany of the 2nd course.

The rose is a perennial native to China that is grown all over the world. The family has a wide range of colors and sizes. The description of a rose as a plant primarily implies the characteristics of flowers. In addition, some cultivars are known for their spines along the stems of the plant, which are used for defense. Currently, many species are cultivated, although there are still varieties that grow in the wild.

History and geography of roses

The first hybrid rose was introduced in 1867 by Jean-Baptiste Guyot. All flowers of the species after this date became known as "Modern garden roses".

Flowers belong to the genus Rosa, which has about 100 species of perennial shrubs of the Rosaceae family. These flowers are widely distributed mainly in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The whole world loves the beauty, so even children can outwardly describe a rose plant.

Most of the species are native to Asia, but they also grew in North America, Europe, and northwest Africa. Flowers from different regions of the world hybridize easily, resulting in types that overlap parental forms, making it difficult to identify the main original species. It is believed that less than 10 species, mostly native to Asia, were involved in the cross-breeding that eventually resulted in many species of garden representatives.

The morphology of the fruit is very diverse, in rose hips it is a fleshy hypanthium surrounding numerous nuts, in strawberries it is an enlarged fleshy vessel covered with fruitlets, in blackberries it is an aggregate fruit with an elongated vessel bearing numerous bones. Rosaceae also include apples and almond pits.

Some varieties

Today, questions about the number of varieties remain open. Many disputes about how many types of pink actually arise because many of the representatives are incredibly similar. Species are classified into those that grow in the wild and those that are cultivated and hybridized by humans.

There are several main classes of garden representatives. The best known and most popular class are the hybrid teas, which account for most of the flowers grown in greenhouses and gardens and sold in florists' shops. They come in a full range of shades and have large, symmetrical flowers.

Polyanthas are very hardy flowers that produce dense clusters of tiny buds. Floribunda roses are also hardy hybrids that are the result of crossing hybrid teas with polyanthus. Grandiflora flowers are relatively new hybrids, obtained by crossing hybrid tea and pink roses. Grandifloras produce flowers growing on tall, hardy shrubs.

We got acquainted with plants, representatives of the families of the departments of lycopsid, horsetail, fern-like, gymnosperms and angiosperms. Conducted a morphological description of plants, led the characteristics of the main families of plants. We studied the herbarium of obligatory species.

Plants, representatives of the families of the divisions of the lycopsid, horsetail, fern, gymnosperms

And angiosperms

(indicate in the table examples of plants of the families of the lycopsid, horsetail, fern, gymnosperms - 2-3 plants each; angiosperms - 10 plants)

IT IS NECESSARY TO DESCRIBE EVERY DAY FOR 1 PLANT, AS INDICATED TO THE PLAN TEACHER

Latin and Russian names of the plant, family, subclass, class, department;

life form;

Morphological description (see diagram);

Features of ecology and distribution

Microherbarium or photograph or drawing

The date:___________

The date:___________

Topic: Anatomical description of plants.

They worked with permanent and temporary micropreparations, studied the anatomical structure of the vegetative organs of plants.

Created a practice diary.

IT IS NECESSARY TO DESCRIPTION AND PRESENT DRAWINGS OF THE ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE ROOT, STEM, SHOOTS, LEAVES, ETC.

The date:___________

Theme: Urban vegetation

We got acquainted with plants of the birch, linden, rosaceous, cabbage, buckwheat and other families during an interactive tour of the city's parks and boulevards. Plants were assembled and placed in herbarium presses, samples were collected for description and individual task.

Created a practice diary.

Plants, representatives of vegetation

In the parks and boulevards of the city

(indicate in the table examples of plants of the families birch, linden, rosaceous, cabbage, buckwheat, etc., growing in parks and boulevards of the city)

IT IS NECESSARY TO DESCRIPTION THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE FAMILY BIRCH, LIME, ROSE, LIME, BUCKWHEAT, CABBAGE.

The date:___________

Theme: Arboretum Plants

Were on a tour of the arboretum. We got acquainted with the history of the arboretum and the composition of the plant collection, including medicinal plants of the arboretum. We got acquainted with the plants of different geographical zones, introduced in the arboretum and with the plants of the Red Book. Conducted a collection of plants needed for the department.

Created a practice diary.

The arboretum of Khabarovsk is one of the laboratories of the Far East Research Institute of Forestry, where a unique collection of woody plants is collected.

In 1896, on the territory where the arboretum is now located, an experimental forestry field and a forest nursery with an area of ​​4 hectares were laid. At that time, the arboretum was a dense forest of oak, elm and other trees. The first plantings of forest plants appeared here - grave pine and Ussuri pear.

In 1907, the area of ​​the nursery was expanded to 15 hectares and later moved from one department to another, changing its profile. On September 19, 1939, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopts a Decree on the organization of an arboretum on the basis of a nursery as a scientific and cultural institution in the DalNIILKh system. In 1997, by a decree of the head of the administration of the Khabarovsk Territory, the arboretum was classified as a natural monument of regional significance.

The microclimate of the arboretum is determined by the closeness of the territory from the west, northwest and east by residential areas that cover it from the winds, as well as the presence of a tree and shrub cover that acts as a warmer in winter and a cooling one in summer. Maximum summer temperatures +22–26 C (up to +30 C); the minimum temperatures in winter are -25 C, -30 C. The territory is confined mainly to the slope of the southern exposure; the relief is generally gently sloping. The soils are urbanized forest burozems, gleyed in the lower part.

In the arboretum, you can meet representatives of the plant world of North America, Europe, Japan, but the pride of the arboretum is the plants of the Manchurian flora. Many of them are not found anywhere outside the Far East. These are Korean cedar, Manchurian walnut, Amur grapes, etc. Of the medicinal plants, these are eleutherococcus prickly, Manchurian aralia, Chinese magnolia vine. In general, 773 species of plants grow in the arboretum, including 176 woody, 497 shrub, 34 lianas, 78 introducents (exotics) of the Far East, 178 introduced species from other regions. The collections include 50 species of rare plants, 21 of which are from of the Red Book of the Russian Federation, including three belong to category 1 (E) - endangered (Japanese vineyard - Ampelopsis japonica (Thunb.) Makino, Manchurian kirkazon - Aristolochia manshuriensis Kom., girlish grapes triostreny - Parthenocissus tricuspidata Planch.).

In the arboretum, research work is carried out on the introduction and acclimatization of species of dendroflora that are not typical for the region. There is a wide exchange of seeds and planting material with botanical gardens, research institutions, amateur gardeners at home and abroad. An important area of ​​activity is the selection of an assortment of trees and shrubs for landscaping settlements in the Khabarovsk Territory.

Khabarovsk Arboretum

		plant life form	typical habitat
Apricot Manchurian
calamus ordinary
Actinidia Kolomikta
Aralia Manchurian
Badan pacific
Amur velvet
calla
Dahurian birch
Manchurian birch
Euonymus sacred
Maksimovich's hawthorn
Amur grape
Vineyard aconitophylla
Vineyard variegated
Felt cherry
Sakhalin cherry
Water chestnut Maksimovich
Manchurian water chestnut
Chinese wisteria
Japanese mountain grate
Hornbeam hearty
girlish grapes
Mongolian oak
Ayan spruce
tenacious tenacious
Zhivuchnik Kamchatka
Ivan-tea narrow-leaved
Valley elm (Japanese)
Iris smooth
forest marigold
Cedar elfin
Kirkazon Manchurian
Green Maple
Amur linden
Dahurian larch
Maakia amur
Juniper Dahurian
Siberian juniper
Manchurian walnut
Aspen
white fir
Pemphigus large-root
cattail broadleaf
golden rhododendron
Rhododendron short-fruited
Svidina white
Amur lilac
Currant Komarova
Pine densely flowered
Korean pine
Scotch pine
Arrowhead shamrock
Yew pointed
Chinese trapella
Korean poplar
Chastukha eastern
Bird cherry Maaka
Mock orange thin-leaved
Silky hairy
odoriferous shield
Eleutherococcus senticosus
Yarutka field
Shaggy-fruited ash-tree
Manchurian ash

The date:___________

Subject: Cultivated Plants

At the collection site of the department, they got acquainted with cultivated plants and with the methods of cultivating plants. Plants were collected and placed in herbarium presses.

Created a practice diary.

Plants growing in the area

collection site

Plant name (in Russian and Latin)	Family names (in Russian and Latin)	plant life form	typical habitat
Badan pacific
Peppermint
Valerian officinalis
Calendula officinalis
Sarepta mustard
Lespedeza bicolor
pharmaceutical camomile
Salvia officinalis
Oregano
Marshmallow officinalis
Datura vulgaris
cyanosis blue
Violet tricolor
Asian celandine
Coriander ordinary
Cumin ordinary
Rosehip Daurian
Rose hips
Rosehip wrinkled
Common tansy
Stinging nettle
Dioscorea nipponica
Elecampane high
motherwort heart
Black currant
milk thistle
foxglove large-flowered
Highlander bird
Yarrow
Eleutherococcus senticosus

Plan of the morphological description of a flowering plant

1. General characteristics of the plant:
1.1. Life form of a plant (tree, shrub, shrub, herbaceous plant)
1.2. Plant life span (perennial, annual)
1.3. Plant height (in cm)
1.4. The nature of the pubescence (pubescent plant or naked)
2. Root system (rod, fibrous); root modifications (root tubers, etc.)
3. Stem:
3.1. Direction of growth (upright, rising, lying, creeping, clinging, curly)
3.2. Leaf arrangement (alternate, opposite, whorled)
4. Modifications of shoots: rhizomes, tubers, bulbs (specify dimensions)
5.Sheet:
5.1. Sheet type
- (simple or complex, if complex, then specify: ternary, palmate, pinnate, doubly pinnate, etc.)
- sessile or petiolate
- with or without stipules
- the presence of a vagina, bell, antennae, spines
5.2. Leaf venation (arc, parallel, palmate-reticulate, pinnatiform)
5.3. The shape of the leaf blade (round, oval, ovoid, obovate, etc.), the shape of the base (wedge-shaped, round, heart-shaped, etc.) and the top of the leaf (blunt, sharp, pointed, notched, etc.), degree of dissection (solid, lobed, separate, dissected)
6. Flower and inflorescence:
6.1. Flowers solitary or collected in inflorescences; if collected in inflorescences - indicate the type of inflorescence; note if the inflorescence has a covering leaf
6.2. Coloring of the calyx and corolla
6.2. flower formula
6. Fruits and seeds (if any):
6.1. fruit type
7. Name of family, genus and species (Russian and Latin).

Description and formulation of the flower formula

1. determine the type of flower symmetry (zygomorphic, actinomorphic, asymmetric)- zygomorphic flower (with one axis of symmetry) * - actinomorphic flower (with several axes of symmetry)

2. determine the type of perianth (simple or double - consisting of a calyx and corolla), note the color of the perianth

3. determine the number of perianth lobes, whether they are fused or free, in how many circles they are located, whether there are leaves of different shapes (petals or sepals) in the same perianth circle Ca - cup (calyx) co- corolla (corolla) P- simple perianth (perigonium) The number of shares is recorded as a subscript with the symbol: P 4 - a simple perianth of four free leaves located in one circle

P (6) - a simple perianth of four fused leaflets located in one circle
P 3 + 3 - a simple perianth of six loose leaves arranged in two circles
If the perianth is double:
Ca (5) Co 5 - double perianth with a calyx of five fused sepals and a corolla of five free petals
Co 1,2,2 - a corolla of five free petals, differing in shape

1. determine the number of stamens, in how many circles they are located, whether they grow together A A ∞ - androecium, the number of stamens is indefinitely large

2. determine the number of carpels and type of gynoecium G - gynoecium - a set of carpels (gynoeceum) ovary superior - underline below ovary inferior - line aboveG( 3 ) - gynoecium of three fused carpels, ovary superior

An example of a flower formula:
*P 3+3 A 3+3 G ( 3 ) \u003d actinomorphic flower, simple perianth, of six free leaves arranged in two circles; androecium of six stamens arranged in two circles; gynoecium syncarpous, of three fused carpels, ovary superior.
Conventions when compiling a flower formula

Ca- cup (calyx)
co- corolla (corolla)
P- simple perianth (perigonium)
() - fusion of flower elements
A- androecium - a collection of stamens (androeceum)
G- gynoecium - a set of carpels (gynoeceum)
ovary superior - underline below
ovary inferior - line above
For example: G( 3 ) - a gynoecium of three carpels,
ovary superior

Zygomorphic flower (with one axis of symmetry)
* - actinomorphic flower (with several axes of symmetry)

♂ - staminate flower
♀ - pistillate flower

∞ - multiplicity of flower elements
+ - arrangement of flower organs in several circles

Name of family, genus and species (Russian and Latin)
The Latin name is given with the surname of the author who made the first description of the species.
For example: Asteraceae family - Asteraceae
Dandelion officinalis - Taraxacum officinale Wigg.
genus species author

Plan of the morphological description of a flowering plant (description algorithm attached)

The name of the family, genus and species (Russian and Latin).

General characteristics of the plant:
1.1. Life form of a plant (tree, shrub, shrub, herbaceous plant) 1.2. Plant life span (perennial, annual)
1.3. Plant height (in cm)
1.4. The nature of the pubescence (pubescent plant or naked)
2. Root system (rod, fibrous); root modifications (root tubers, etc.)
3. Stem: 3.1. Form of shoot - direction of growth (upright, rising, lying, creeping, clinging, curly)

3.2. Transverse stem shape (rounded, hollow, tetrahedral, flattened, triangular)
3.3. leaf arrangement (alternate, opposite, whorled)
4. Modifications of shoots: rhizomes, tubers, bulbs (specify dimensions) (if any) 5.Sheet:

5.1. Sheet type :
a) simple or complex, if complex, then specify: ternary, palmate, pinnate, doubly pinnate, etc.)
b) sessile or petiolate
c) with or without stipules (specify the shape of the stipules)
G)the presence of a leaf sheath, bell, antennae, spines 5.2. Sheet view : degree of dissection (solid, lobed, divided, dissected)

a) The shape of the leaf blade (round, oval, ovoid, obovate, etc.),

b) the edge of the sheet (solid, serrated, serrated, crenate, notched, etc.)

b) the shape of the leaf base (wedge-shaped, rounded, heart-shaped, etc.)

c) the shape of the top of the sheet (blunt, sharp, pointed, notched, etc.)

5.3. Leaf venation (arc, parallel, palmate-reticulate, pinnatiform,forked )

5.4 Consistency (thin, leathery, fleshy)
6. Flower and inflorescence:
6.1. Flowers solitary or collected in inflorescences;

a) Type of inflorescence (simple or complex: raceme, spike, head, etc.)

b) covering leaf in inflorescence (available or not)

in)symmetry (zygomorphic, actinomorphic, asymmetric) - zygomorphic flower (with one axis of symmetry) * - actinomorphic flower (with several axes of symmetry))
G)for a simple perianth number of leaflets, coloring, arranged in one or two circles

e)for double perianth (corolla is separate-petal (indicate how many petals are on it), joint-petal, funnel-shaped, tubular, bell-shaped, moth); indicate if whisk is missing

e)cup (double, single with separate sepals, entire, number of sepals, no calyx)

g)stamens (quantity, present or absent,in how many circles are they located, do they grow together, ∞ - the number of stamens is indefinitely large)

h)pestle – (how many stigmas, ovary lower or upper or absent)

6.2. flower formula

7. Fruits and seeds (if there):
7.1. fruit type