Programs to make the layout of floor slabs. Plans of floors, coverings, rafters and roofs

Since the sizes of the molds are fixed, it is better to choose plates according to the manufacturer's price list. Many of our customers think that slabs have a fixed length of 6 meters, but this is not the case. PC boards have a length of 1.6 meters to 7.2 meters.

In the price lists of sellers, we will see the names PK 45-12-8 plate. This means: a round-hollow slab 4.5 meters long, 1.2 meters wide, can withstand a load of 800 kg per 1 square meter.

PC plates from manufacturers can be written PC, 1PC, 2PC - differences in the diameter of the holes, but not for a private house big difference what diameter the holes will be, therefore, choose any plates that are most accessible to you. Also, according to GOST, there is a different load for such plates, but in practice it is mainly 800 kg / sq.m.

Plates with PB marking:

Slab without formwork. Metal ropes are stretched over the entire length of the plant's workshop, poured with concrete of a higher grade than PC slabs and, after hardening, cut into slabs of the required length.

Such slabs used to cost more than PC slabs, since expensive equipment is needed, but now PB slabs have begun to cost the same as PC slabs, because the productivity of such plants is much higher, and the plants themselves have become larger. Since the slabs are cut, some factories cut the slabs for bay windows to your size. In our projects, we are still doing the layout of PC plates, since not in all cities it is also easy to buy PB plates as in Yekaterinburg, Moscow or others major cities, but in the notes we prescribe that it is possible to replace it with PB plates.

Rules for laying hollow core slabs (both PB and PC):

Some rules from practice:

Plates can be of different lengths, but it is better to use up to 6 meters, then long lengths will not be required for transportation. Long lengths are more expensive and not every site can drive up.
If at the site the gas pipe passes on top and is located low, it is better to refuse floor slabs or raise the gas pipe so that construction equipment can access it.
In summer, order plates in advance. During high season there may be queues, you have to wait. At the end of autumn, in winter and at the beginning of spring there are no problems - they bring it when you ask.
Immediately develop the layout of the house, taking into account the layout of the floor slabs at the sketch stage, this will avoid many monolithic sections.

Example of plate layout:

How to avoid mistakes when laying tiles. Video:

Advantages of hollow core slabs over other types of floors:

- high speed. One floor of a small house is covered in one day and you can continue laying walls. For comparison, monolithic concrete is gaining a mark of 28 days at a temperature of 20 degrees. You can load a monolithic floor a little earlier, but you still have to wait more than 1 day.

– fire resistant (fire resistance limit 1 hour)

- prefabricated slab floors are 20-30% cheaper than a monolithic floor (but wooden beams will still be the cheapest option)

- low labor intensity. He brought the plates and scattered them (no need to knit frames for a long time).

- the slab is made at the factory, so you do not need to monitor how the reinforcing cages are tied and you do not need to invite a qualified team of monolithic workers to be sure that the floor will withstand the load.

- the slabs are quite light and quite suitable for a private house (the weight of 1 square meter of a prefabricated hollow-core slab is about twice less weight 1 sq.m. monolithic iron concrete slab the same thickness)

- high rigidity, strength and durability, in comparison with wooden floors.

Disadvantages of prefabricated hollow core slabs:

- the curved surface of the slab (it is necessary to make stretch or suspended ceilings to hide this).

- plates piece material, so there are joints or seams between them that cannot be plastered on the ceiling.

- they are quite expensive compared to wooden floors (but houses with reinforced concrete floors are sold faster and more expensive than with wooden beams).

- holes cannot be cut in the plates. In order to make holes, it is necessary to install monolithic sections, and this is an additional complication.

Panel houses from reinforced concrete floors are one of the most common types of construction. Reinforced concrete (RC) slabs are laid at the heart of the structure, they divide the structure into floors, they are called prefabricated floor slabs. Information about the type and size of panels is mandatory entered into the floor plan. The information is useful at the construction stage, as well as when performing repairs, reconstruction and helps in calculating the thermal conductivity, the need for insulation, etc.

General information about precast floor slabs

Houses, which are made of precast concrete slabs, have standard dimensions, but differ in type.

Prefabricated buildings have a number of advantages in comparison with a monolith:

high installation speed;
slabs can be laid regardless of the conditions: frost, heat, rain, etc. will not be a problem;
low price, you can save up to 15% of the cost of the monolith.

Reinforced concrete slabs, together with the concrete floor of the first floor, lead to the main drawback of the design - a large mass. Due to the high weight, the slabs have a limited area of use and require the installation of a high-strength foundation. By increasing the depth of foundations for internal and load-bearing walls, the estimate for construction increases. Even taking into account the additional costs, reinforced concrete slabs are cheaper than a monolith.

Numerous comparisons have shown that slab floors are 50-70% cheaper than monolithic floors and hollow core slabs.

The thickness of the outer and internal walls buildings are different, load-bearing slabs have a thickness of 140-220 mm, and a length of up to 9 m, depending on the span. The thickness of the inner walls is about 8-12 mm. When working with panels, it is important to consider the layout and type of construction.

In total, there are 3 main types:

corpulent. Without voids, have the greatest weight. Differ in the greatest durability. They are included in the plan, the drawing of the floors of exclusively multi-storey buildings. Are applied to creation of interfloor overlappings. Due to the continuous structure, the plates have reduced heat and sound insulation properties;
empty. Inside there are longitudinal voids, usually round in shape. The addition of air tanks resulted in an increase in thickness - 220 mm. They are the most common prefabricated elements. They are distinguished by high insulating characteristics. Due to the presence of voids, in comparison with monolithic ceilings, hollow blocks create less load on the base and walls. An added advantage is the ability to cover large spans and load-bearing walls, since the length of the plates reaches 12 m;
tented. They are a tray with ribs pointing up or down. The thickness of the plates is from 140 to 160 mm.

When working with a roof and external walls, monolithic ceilings are often used due to their advantages in comparison with prefabricated slabs:

evenly distribute the load;
construction does not require the involvement of special equipment;
can be laid not only on walls, but also on columns;
the monolith can be prepared in any size, including non-standard.

The ceiling retains its monolithic-reinforced structure

Monolithic panels have 3 main disadvantages:

the complexity of construction;
the need for a complex process of strengthening the structure; it is unlikely that it will be possible to do without the help of highly qualified builders;
the formation of formwork is required, the process is time-consuming and requires a lot of materials.

When a plan is drawn up and the layout of floor slabs is considered, it is worth considering the features of each type of floor.

Floor slab plan

An important milestone drawing up a diagram is the calculation of the number of plates. The indicator is defined as the sum of the floor areas and the area of one slab. When dividing, a non-integer value may result, rounding up is carried out.

When considering the plan, you can select several types of floors for different floors. Differences are often made in relation to rooms below the planning level of the ground, but changes can be made for each floor separately.

It is better to give the drawing of the floor plan scheme to a professional. The work itself is within the power of a beginner or an unskilled worker, but the drawing requires an understanding of the properties of reinforced concrete slabs and correct calculations. Any mistake can result in the destruction of the structure. The architect will take into account the features of the building and help determine the best plan.

Floor plan - graphic image horizontal design, performing a bearing and enclosing function

For overlapping, reinforced concrete beams with a T-section and inter-beam filling (lightweight concrete slabs or hollow liners) are used. The length of the beams ranges from 2.4-6.4 m. Support on the wall - from 150 mm. On both sides, the ends are anchored into the wall. The pitch is defined as the size of the aggregate, usually 60 cm, 80 cm or 1 m.

If you plan to lay wooden floors, the situation is greatly simplified, since you will have to operate not with heavy structures, but with easily moved beams. If errors are made in terms of overlaps, they are easier to eliminate, the result of the error is not deplorable. Even a beginner can perform overlapping with a tree. It is important to choose impregnated beams, and their laying is a simple procedure.

Wooden beams are capable of covering a span of up to 4.8 m. The height of the timber is selected in the range of 5-10% of the span, and the width is in the range of 60-120 mm. The support of the inter-beam shields are cranial beams 40-50 mm, which are attached to the sides of the beams. The step of the beams is taken from 600 to 1500 mm, this has a decisive value on the width of the shields. The length of the shields is calculated based on the length of the boards.

Floor slab layout plan

After drawing up sketches regarding the approximate location of the plates, it is important to determine the axes of the overall dimensions of the panels along the axes. The dimensions of the slab will help determine the height of the building and the number of panels. The vertical dimensions take into account the relative heights from the level of the finished floor.

To draw up a plan, it is important to take into account the location of the load-bearing walls to which the floors will be attached.

When laying out the load-bearing elements of the floor, you will see that the selection of their width is as important as the length.

Plan of load-bearing floor structures

Hollow core slabs rest on a load-bearing brick wall on the short side, at least 90 mm. If cellular concrete acts as a support - 120-150 mm. it is not recommended to rest the long side on self-supporting elements. For the construction of low-rise buildings, it is better to use slabs with a width of 1.8 m and a length of up to 7.2 m.

If the walls in the building are made of cellular concrete, it is better to use an overlap of the same material. On the short side, they should be supported by load-bearing walls - 10-15 cm, and on the sides - 2-5 cm. To strengthen the structure, a reinforced concrete belt from a monolith that surrounds the building and internal walls should be included in the plan.

When drawing up a plan for a structure made of precast concrete or cellular concrete slabs, it is important to make footnotes with the dimensions of the elements, indicate the sections of the monolith, the height of the support, the width of the reinforced concrete belt and the anchoring of the panels.

Mainly used for overlays I-beams with a height of 16-27 cm. Floor beams should rest on the walls by 18 cm or more. To form a hard drive, join the beams together and attach them to the walls. A distance of 60, 77, 80 cm or 1, 1.1 m is maintained between the beams. The type of inter-beam filler has the greatest influence on the step. It is better to fix the beams along the edges of the structure near the bearing walls (up to 5 cm from the edge of the beam to the wall). Elements non-standard shape best made from monolithic concrete.

At the end of the location of the bearing elements on the walls of the building, they proceed to the application of designations and dimensions

General information about installation

Prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs are installed with a minimum gap between them. Installation requires special lifting equipment. Floor joints are filled with cement mortar. Metal anchors, which are mounted to the hinges of the plates, will help to create a complete and extremely rigid horizontal overlap. In places where the panels come into contact with the internal plates, composite anchors are used, which are fastened by welding.

If prefabricated slabs are based on external walls, it is recommended to attach their ends to the masonry using L-shaped anchors. After installation, they are poured with cement, it will prevent corrosion. If gaps appear between the plates and partitions, they can be eliminated with brickwork.

An important rule is that reinforced concrete slabs are laid exclusively on load-bearing walls, other self-supporting structures and partitions are laid after the installation of the slabs.

Under load-bearing and self-supporting walls with a thickness of over 250 mm, when laying the slabs, a foundation is formed. Additionally, the base is installed under the ventilation ducts and individual supporting elements. To create a foundation sketch, you must consider the size of the base under the walls and determine the binding of the base of the foundation to the modular alignment layers. When using columnar and prefabricated bases, the width of the foundation slabs is determined according to the strength required to withstand the loads.

In addition to a good economic effect on the cost of construction and the speed of erection of buildings, the use of reinforced concrete provides a number of advantages.

The thickness of rubble concrete and rubble tapes is determined 8-10 cm wider than the wall. The size of the prefabricated foundation is determined equal to the thickness of the blocks (30-60 cm), but the wall itself is sometimes 4-5 cm wider than the base. Common block lengths: 80, 120, 240 cm To reduce pressure on the soil, the foundation can be made with an expanded sole with 1-2 ledges with dimensions (HxW) - 30-40x15-25 cm. , 30 cm high.

The sequence of installation of floor slabs

Initially, 2 steps should be performed:

Training. It is important to create the correct level between all the supporting walls of the structure. The allowable difference is 1 cm, it is not necessary to eliminate it. To check the horizontal plane, use the building level. A beam is laid between opposite walls and the evenness is checked. If there are small irregularities, they can be eliminated with cement mortar.
Next, a distribution belt is made to level the wall. The reinforcing belt is made of cement M500 1 to 3 with sand. It is important to ensure the purity of the sand, if necessary, rinse, sift. The solution is prepared with medium viscosity. The mixture is poured into the formwork and pierced or rammed to remove voids. Drying of the solution takes up to 3-4 weeks.

The main qualities for which reinforced concrete is valued are always called strength and good resistance to bending moment.

Floor slab installation technology

To install prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs, it will be necessary to rent a crane and 4 workers: a machinist, a slinger and 2 installers.

Bearing walls should be calculated taking into account the need for a gap of 5 cm from the street. Insulation is placed in the recess, it prevents drafts through cracks in the ceiling. The wear of thermal insulation in such houses leads to the appearance of cold, dampness and drafts.

Installation procedure:

On a prepared pillow cement mortar concrete is laid on the supporting walls with a layer of 15-20 mm.
The panel is lifted with a crane and placed on top of the installation site.
Installers turn the slab to guide it to the desired position. Crowbars will help to accurately place the slab before removing the slings. The correct location implies a place where the wall and the slab meet at least 15 cm on each side.
The slings are unhooked and a final check of the installation is carried out.

There are no temperature restrictions for reinforced concrete

Checking the correct installation of floor slabs on supporting load-bearing walls

The most accurate way to determine the correctness of the installation will help the sight and the building level. If the walls have a difference of more than 4 mm on opposite sides, the slab must be reinstalled. It is lifted, the solution is corrected and the mixture is added in large quantities from the low side. If the cement begins to harden, it is better to remove it and knead it again. Even after adding water to the old mixture, it will no longer acquire the desired strength. In the absence of problems with the level, the plates are fixed.

To fix the reinforced concrete panels, anchors are welded to the mounting loops. Next, the loops are welded together. The cracks are filled with cement. To prevent the solution from spilling out from below, crushed stone (up to 2 cm) is poured into the gap.

In the process of fastening, tools will come in handy:

tap;
compressor unit;
scaffolding;
building levels;
hammers, including jackhammers;
crowbars;
trowels;
hacksaws for metal;
tank or surface for preparing the solution.

Features of the installation of prefabricated floor slabs in private construction

The procedure is similar to the previous methods, but there are differences that occur due to a decrease in the size and weight of the plates. Even with the reduction in weight, the load on the supporting elements remains high. To prevent the destruction of the structure, it will be necessary to increase the estimate for the calculation of the load, the construction of the foundation, and the thickening of the walls. An additional cost is the need to hire skilled workers with work experience.

It is easier to perform overlapping from a wooden beam, the technique is much easier and less expensive. An unequivocal preference for reinforced concrete slabs is given in the construction of a flat roof. Roll or sheet roofing material is simply laid on top of the panels. When using reinforced concrete slabs for roofing, a more durable and durable coating is obtained.

pobetony.expert

Floor plan of the house project - calculation and drawing

Floor plan - a graphic representation of horizontal structures that perform a load-bearing and enclosing function. The direct purpose of the floors is to divide the building into floors to increase the useful area of \u200b\u200bthe structure, which could be used, for example, to accommodate residential premises.

To draw up a floor plan, it is necessary to determine which load-bearing structures will be used - this is also included in the design of houses (reinforced concrete prefabricated or monolithic; beam reinforced concrete, wooden or metal, etc.).

How to draw a plan of floors and coverings

The first thing that is needed in order to draw a plan of floors and coverings is to take as a basis the plan of the building without partitions, internal dimensions and other elements. Next, it is necessary to place load-bearing floor elements on load-bearing walls in accordance with existing standards, for example, precast floor slabs must be supported on two load-bearing walls with an overlap of 15 cm on each wall.

When laying out the load-bearing elements of the floor, you will see that the selection of their width is as important as the length. By using slabs of different widths, it is possible to avoid the formation of large areas of shortfalls.

The situation is simpler with monolithic ceilings, since under them there is no need to select slabs from the assortment of prefabricated elements. However, when using them, it is necessary to calculate the reinforcement, as well as select the desired brand of concrete.

At the end of the location of the load-bearing elements on the walls of the building, they proceed to the application of designations and dimensions. The first ones include the designations of monolithic sections, the name of prefabricated floor slabs, reinforcement outlets, and more. The applied dimensions do not differ significantly from the dimensions on the plan of the house. They show the distance between the axles, the overall dimensions and the distance along the contours.

Steps for drawing floor and roof plans

Pay attention to the plan of load-bearing walls provided below. We see that all the walls are not without openings. This is an important point. At this stage, the building should already have lintels above the openings.

Using a building plan without lintels will complicate the process of laying out floor slabs.

The layout of floor slabs on the plan of the house must begin from one of the edges. The feasibility of one or another layout option must be determined by the number of monolithic sections - they should be as small as possible.

When reaching places where it is impossible to install slabs, it is necessary to stop and continue laying out directly after this section of the floor plan (indicated by a red vertical line in the drawing below).

Shortage areas, that is, areas that remained uncovered with floor slabs, must be monolithic.

After the floor slabs are installed over one of the parts of the plan, it is necessary to move on to the other and so on, until the floor plan is completed.

Drawing floor plans with beam ceilings, monolithic reinforced concrete, panel floors have a common sequence with the preparation of the floor plan indicated above.

proektabc.ru

Reinforcement of a monolithic floor slab in steps, examples and calculation

During construction individual houses a monolithic slab is often used as an interfloor overlap. It is based on a steel frame that provides horizontal rigidity. Reinforcement of concrete structures enhances the strength and durability of houses. The easiest option for arranging the ceiling is to order ready-made slabs at the factory and mount them with a crane. If there are difficulties with the technique, you can independently master the scheme of laying and pouring reinforced concrete structures. Studying the installation instructions and calculating the slab help to consciously control the construction process.

Cooker step by step
Reinforcement scheme
Formwork installation
Frame installation
fill

Types of floors

The horizontal supporting structure serves as a room divider in height. One side of the slab acts as the floor for the top floor. The other side is the ceiling for the lower room.

The classification of floors is carried out according to their purpose.

Attic - separate the under-roof space from the living quarters.
Interfloor - break the building into levels.
Basement - delimit the lower floors and basement.

According to the manufacturing technology, floors are divided into several types:

monolithic - concrete slabs with steel bar reinforcement, cast at the installation site;
prefabricated - factory-made structures, assembled from individual elements;
precast-monolithic - consist of hollow blocks and lightweight metal beams.

Reinforcement of foundation and interlevel floor slabs is advisable to carry out in houses built of brick or cellular concrete blocks.

The advantages of reinforcing a monolithic floor:

This is a great way out of the situation with a non-standard house project. Not only load-bearing walls, but also decorative columns can act as a support for slabs.
The pouring of the floor in place allows the construction of a floor of any configuration and size.
The monolithic slab arrangement scheme is used when special equipment cannot be involved.
Due to the rigid base, the structures are smooth without visible deflections of the surface.
The high strength of the floor slabs provides resistance to mechanical stress, power stress and high temperatures.
Structures of longitudinal and transverse design, reinforced with reinforcement, reliably protect attics and attic space by cold.
The fire resistance of reinforced concrete is twice as high as that of wooden floors.

Disadvantages of slab reinforcement:

The complexity and duration of the process.
It will take a team of three people to pour the concrete.
Until the monolith reaches its final hardness, it needs permanent care and control.
The work requires special equipment and mechanical devices.
Concrete reinforcement costs twice as much as wooden structures.

Cooker guide

Reinforcement is carried out using a metal frame. The design is a steel mesh of bars with a cross section of 8-14 mm.

The correct calculation of the reinforcement of the slab provides many advantages in work and operation:

the finished floor has a high bearing capacity;
the choice of the optimal parameters of the reinforcement, the thickness of the monolith, the grade of concrete and the amount of mortar is facilitated;
the calculation shows the required amount of work and the cost of it;
the service life of a monolithic floor, made in accordance with the reinforcement plan, has no limits.

Ultimately, the estimated numbers save the homeowner time and money. Professional accounting should be carried out by specialists. They use accurate data and take into account all the nuances of construction. It is enough for customers to know the general rules for the construction and reinforcement of concrete.

The thickness of the slab should be 1/30 of the width of the overlapped span. At a distance of up to 6 meters, the monolith is poured with a layer of 150-200 mm. If the span exceeds 6 m, the slab is reinforced with additional support beams - crossbars. In this case, the reinforcement is carried out with two layers of mesh, and the thickness of the concrete is increased.

When drawing up a work plan, the size of the capture must be taken into account. This is the name of the part of the floor slab that rests on the walls. For brick buildings, the value is 15-20 cm, for walls made of gas silicate or foam concrete blocks, the grip size is increased to 25-30 cm. Reinforcing bars are cut so that they are filled with concrete from the end part by at least 25 cm.

Floor reinforcement instructions

The pressure on the monolithic slab goes vertically down and is distributed evenly over the entire area. Turns out that top part the reinforcing cage takes on compressive loads, and the lower one takes on tensile loads. The rods are placed in the formwork and tied together with a flexible wire or connected with a welded seam. Thick steel rods are used for the lower mesh. The top layer consists of bars of smaller diameter.

In a plate with a thickness of 180-200 mm, a distance of 100-125 mm is maintained between the grids. To do this, use clamps, which are made from scraps of reinforcement. Long rods are bent in the form of the letter "L" and placed in 1 m increments. In areas requiring reinforcement of the floor slab, the distance is reduced to 40 cm. Usually this is the center, junctions with supports and points of maximum load.

A layer of concrete of 25-35 mm is poured under the lower grid. To maintain this size, plastic stands are evenly laid out under the reinforcing units, which are sold in construction stores. They can be replaced wooden blocks screwed to the base of the formwork with self-tapping screws. The upper mesh of the reinforcing cage is poured with the same layer as below.

Monolithic Floor Slab Reinforcement Guide

Construction technology consists of several operations that must be performed in a certain sequence.

Formwork installation.

The detachable form is made of boards, plywood sheets and steel channels. Under the formwork, telescopic racks are installed on stable and durable tripods. The number of supports should securely hold the box, avoiding deflection under the weight of the solution.

With a layer thickness of 200 mm, the mass of a square meter of concrete is 300-500 kg. Instead of sliding racks, you can use wooden blocks or round timber with a section of 100 × 100 mm. They are placed in increments of 1.2-1.5 m. The longitudinal beams are laid out on the racks and raised to a predetermined height. Then the crossbars are mounted, on which the laminated plywood is fixed with screws. The recommended thickness is 18-20 mm.

The laminated surface can be replaced with ordinary plywood, painted oil paint. Another option for the base is flat boards, covered plastic wrap. Concrete does not stick to the sliding surface, so the lower part of the floor slab is perfectly smooth and even.

Frame installation.

Steel rods are laid and knitted in accordance with the design reinforcement scheme. The optimal cell size is 150×150 or 200×200 mm. It is necessary to strive to ensure that the longitudinal sections of the grid are solid. If the length of the bars is not enough, then additional rods are applied with a large overlap. Connection points are arranged in a checkerboard pattern. This reinforcement ensures the proper strength and rigidity of the slab.

Formwork pouring.

It is recommended to use concrete mix factory production. The proportions of the components are precisely maintained in it, additives are introduced into the composition that improve the performance properties. Concrete passes quality control and is delivered to the construction site in an amount sufficient for a single pour.

Using a concrete pump, the solution is laid immediately on the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe slab. The deep construction vibrator compacts the concrete well and distributes it evenly over the form. At the same time, air bubbles are removed. After pouring, the surface is leveled with a special trowel on a long handle and sprinkled with a thin layer of dry cement.

The optimum ambient air temperature during floor concreting should not be lower than +5°C. In severe cold, the moisture inside the solution freezes and breaks the monolith. Cracks weaken the strength of the slab and shorten its service life. Under favorable temperature conditions, the complete hardening of the reinforced floor occurs in a month. To prevent rapid evaporation of moisture, the first 3-4 days the concrete is regularly moistened with water. In the summer, they are additionally covered with a film.

stroitel-list.ru

Do-it-yourself floor slabs. Drawing

Do-it-yourself floor slabs. Drawing Even building structures such as floor slabs can be made by hand. In this article, we will consider a garage floor device. We will cover the span with a length of 4300 mm, so the slabs will be made 4500 mm long. On each side, the slab will rest on a brick wall of 100 mm.

Materials for the manufacture of the slab For the manufacture of the slab, we need H75/750 x 4500 mm corrugated board. It will be used as a removable formwork. Wooden boards 150 mm high and 25 - 30 mm thick. Reinforcement with a diameter of 16 mm, mesh with a cell of 100x100 with a diameter of 5 mm. Screed with a diameter of 8 mm, 2 pieces per plate. Class B20 concrete. Do-it-yourself slab manufacturing process A sheet of corrugated board is laid on a rigid base. Under the sheet you need to lay crossbars ( wooden planks, 4 things). We arrange formwork from boards around the perimeter of the sheet. We lay the reinforcement in each sheet tray (5 pcs). protective layer concrete should be 25-30 mm. We attach loops (4 pcs) to the same reinforcement bars for transporting the slab (in our case, raising it to the height of the garage floor level). We lay a mesh in the upper part of the slab, which must also be protected by a 30 mm concrete layer. In order for the corrugated board sheet to lag behind the concrete well, it must be lubricated with oil (working off) or covered with plastic wrap. Concrete consumption per slab will be 0.4 m3. Concrete is prepared in a gravity concrete mixer, poured and compacted with a vibrator. It is possible to remove the slab only after 7 days, when the concrete gains 70% strength. It is also possible to install a ceiling directly on the walls. Sheets of corrugated board are laid, reinforcement is performed and formwork is arranged. Concrete is lifted by a crane in a bucket and poured in a continuous layer. Under the ceiling, you need to install props for the duration of the curing of concrete. This method will be more costly, as the sheets of corrugated board remain in the ceiling. Concrete costs - $ 335, the price of H75 corrugated board - $ 400, fittings - $ 235, crane services $ 135. As a result, we get the amount of $ 970. Such a cost will be if the slab is made directly on the garage, that is, the corrugated board remains under the concrete floor. If the slabs are made on the ground, then the cost of the floor will be somewhat cheaper, we remove the cost of corrugated sheets. Total will be 705 $

myremdom.ru

The development of skills in self-construction is actively underway. Now it is very common in private buildings to reinforce a monolithic slab at home. After all, the reinforcement process itself is not complicated, and in this way it is possible to build a solid ceiling between floors or rooms at a very affordable cost. But to get an excellent result, you need to carefully study the sequence and specifics of the whole work.

A monolithic floor slab can be either a ceiling, a floor or a wall in a house. It is most often a monolithic structure, which is reinforced to increase strength.

What is the need for reinforcement of monolithic slabs

Modern construction can no longer be imagined without monolithic floor slabs. With them, the workflow becomes easier and completes much faster. They are durable, moisture resistant, fireproof. The result is sufficiently warm ceilings that can protect the house from wind and cold.

The load presses on the plate from top to bottom and then is distributed evenly over the entire surface. The compressive load goes up, it can be easily transferred by ordinary concrete. But the main tensile load goes to the bottom. Concrete may not be able to cope with it, so there is a need for additional reinforcement. In this case, reinforcement will strengthen the structure and extend its service life.

The reinforcement process takes place using reinforcement with a diameter of 8 - 14 mm. A frame is knitted from it and installed inside a concrete slab. In appearance, the frame is similar to the lattice. The distance between the bars can be different, it directly depends on the area covered by the floor slab.

The reinforced monolithic slab has several advantages, due to which most builders leave their choice for it, and not, for example, for a wooden structure.

Basic rules of reinforcement

Before working on reinforcement, you need to get acquainted with some important rules you need to know:

There are various reinforcement schemes. But they all have one common principle, which is as follows:

Reinforcement at the top of the plate.
Reinforcement at the bottom of the plate.
Reinforcement that redistributes the load.
Stands for wire rod.

Schemes may well differ. If there are difficulties in independently calculating the load on the plate and drawing up a diagram, then you can use the help of professionals.

Stages of the work process for reinforcing floor slabs:

Stage 1. Load calculation

Initially, you need to make a statistical calculation of the load on the future structure. It can be divided into:

current. It includes the weight of the plate itself, walls, finishing materials, ceiling;
temporary. It can be furniture, people, equipment.

In the future, based on the results obtained, select the thickness of the slab and concrete, the necessary reinforcement and the reinforcement scheme itself.

Stage 2. Formwork installation

It must be installed along the entire length of the plate. To do this, it is necessary to install longitudinal beams on telescopic racks and raise them to the required height. Then mount the transverse bars on them and fix the plywood to them. Align the resulting structure with a level or level. On request, the formwork can be rented from construction firms who provide this service.

Stage 3. Frame construction

It must be built according to the finished scheme. Basically, the mesh size is 150×150 mm or 200×200 mm. It is necessary to try to make the longitudinal sections of the frame intact. If, nevertheless, there is not enough length, then the reinforcement must be overlapped on top of each other, at a minimum distance equal to 40 diameters. For example, if the reinforcement used has a diameter of 10 mm, then it is recommended to overlap at least 400 mm.

The joints of the fittings should only be in a checkerboard pattern. Everything must be firmly fixed. The fittings cannot be welded together, but must be connected only with a knitting wire. In this case, the design will turn out to be movable.

The installation of additional reinforcement in places of reinforcement must be placed between the layers of the frame. Additional reinforcement is constructed using separate rods, the length of which is from 400 to 1500 mm. The finished frame must be entirely in concrete, the empty distance from the formwork to the frame must be from 20 mm.

Stage 4. Filling

Concrete pouring should be done once, preferably using a concrete pump. The poured mixture must be well compacted, for this it is necessary to use internal vibrators. Then, in the next few days, you need to periodically moisten the slab a little by spraying water to prevent the appearance of microcracks in it. The product will be ready for use in a month, when the concrete is completely dry.

Thanks to the reinforcement, in the end, you can get a very durable and high-quality structure that can easily endure various mechanical influences on it.

cooker.guru

Reinforcement of the floor slab: technology and device

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Do-it-yourself reinforcement of a monolithic floor slab

When performing work related to the construction of various buildings, structures made of concrete reinforced with steel reinforcement are used - flights of stairs, beams, blocks. Widespread in industrial and private construction and floor slabs, the reinforcement of which increases the strength of products, provides high performance characteristics of a monolithic reinforced concrete structure.

In the implementation of low-rise construction and the construction of private buildings, the developers independently carry out the reinforcement of the slabs used to form the floors of the building. Reinforcement of floor slabs with steel reinforcing cages makes it possible to form solid construction resistant to temperature fluctuations, deformation processes, bending loads. In the material of the article, we will consider how the reinforcement of the floor is carried out, we will dwell on the individual stages of the work.

In buildings with load-bearing walls lined with bricks or other building stones, spans of floors are made of prefabricated or monolithic reinforced concrete

Stages of work

The total scope of activities that allows you to create a monolithic slab includes the following stages:

The design part, which provides for the calculation of existing loads. According to the data obtained, a slab reinforcement scheme is being developed.
Installation of formwork, the shape of which corresponds to the configuration of the building being erected, and the thickness - to previously performed calculations.
Installation of a reinforcing cage, the construction of which should be carried out in accordance with the drawing and the calculations performed. If necessary, a typical example of reinforcement of a monolithic floor slab can be found in additional sources.
Filling the formwork with concrete mortar, which should be compacted, while ensuring the immobility of the metal reinforcement.
Care of the poured concrete mortar, which provides for periodic surface moistening for the normal course of hydration processes and the acquisition of operational strength.

Knowing how to properly reinforce, you can ensure a long service life, high strength characteristics, qualitatively form a monolithic slab. Let's consider in detail the specifics of the work.

Here it is necessary to correctly calculate the load that the interfloor overlap will withstand

Why is reinforcement needed?

During construction activities, developers pour a monolithic slab used as a ceiling. This facilitates the construction work, reduces the time of implementation of activities. Concrete structures are distinguished by durability, strength and resistance to moisture, provide a favorable temperature regime of the room.

Concrete has high compressive strength, but cracks under bending moments and tension. It is these types of loads that act on a reinforced concrete monolith formed by builders by pouring a concrete solution. Concrete cannot cope with the loads on its own, it needs additional reinforcement. To compensate for tensile forces, while maintaining the integrity of the concrete mass, reinforcement of a monolithic floor slab allows.

Advantages

Pouring concrete floor slab, reinforced steel bars, builders prefer a reliable design that has undeniable advantages.

It is important that the reinforcement is of the desired section and without defects.

Let's list the advantages:

no need to involve freight transport for the delivery of purchased products, as well as lifting devices that carry out the installation;
the ability to form an array of various configurations, corresponding to the size and shape of the structure;
resistance to increased loads, bending forces, mechanical stress and temperature extremes;
resistance to high humidity, up to 70%;
increased strength characteristics, allowing the concrete mass to be supported on reinforced concrete columns along with the main walls;
ensuring a high level of sound insulation of the room, which makes it difficult for the penetration of extraneous noise;
fire safety, allowing to withstand exposure to open fire for several hours.

Beginning of work

At the design stage, it is necessary to evaluate the loads that the future reinforced concrete base will perceive:

Constantly acting efforts create capital walls, partitions, ceiling, materials used for interior decoration of the premises.
Variable loads are associated with equipment located inside the building, furniture, as well as people in the room.

When pouring concrete (grade not lower than M200), it is obligatory compacted

After analyzing the results of the static calculation, evaluating the forces acting on the structure, it is possible to make a decision on the thickness and dimensions of the base, the necessary reinforcement, and identify problem areas where additional reinforcement is needed.

In order to perform reinforcement of the floor slab, a drawing is required. It contains the following information:

dimensions of the reinforcing contour;
dimensions and configuration of steel rods;
the profile of the reinforcement used;
method of fixing bars;
jumper fastening step;
design of reinforcing belts.

A properly designed reinforcement scheme for a monolithic base allows you to determine the need for the necessary materials, plan the sequence of work, and eventually form a solid solid foundation.

A reinforced concrete product has its own brand, which depends on the quality and proportion of the materials used.

formwork

The effectiveness of construction measures related to reinforcement and pouring depends on a well-mounted formwork. foundation wooden frame for pouring are boards with a thickness of 4 cm or plywood up to 25 mm thick, resistant to moisture.

The basis of the wooden platform is vertically arranged racks made of a square beam with a side of 10 centimeters or wooden poles with a diameter of 8-10 cm.

According to pre-designed sketches and the results of the performed calculations, a formwork is created, the strength of which allows it to withstand the mass of the concrete mass. The use of laminated plywood or smooth boards will allow you to create a perfectly even ceiling covering that needs a minimum amount of finishing measures.

When using edged boards, ensure a tight alignment of the end parts, place dense polyethylene on the surface or use roofing material. Securely connect the corner elements of the wooden structure. Form a wooden edging around the perimeter of the required height. Secure the reinforcing cage firmly in the assembled formwork.

Formwork scheme for pouring a concrete floor slab

Materials and tools

Floor reinforcement requires preparation necessary materials and tool. To complete the work you will need:

Profile reinforcement, the need for which is determined on the basis of the calculations made.
Tool for cutting steel bars (grinder with a circle for metal, special wire cutters).
Steel wire for fixing elements, as well as a knitting device.
Roulette for taking measurements.
Hammer and pliers.
Equipment for bending reinforcing bars.

If everything is ready, work can begin.

To properly reinforce the floor slab, read the general recommendations for the work:

assemble and lay the elements of the reinforcement frame in a removable formwork made of wood or plywood;
use a mesh structure to ensure the strength of monolithic concrete spans with a length of more than 8 meters, using special ropes;

If all calculations were carried out correctly, then the reinforcement of the floor slab will be reliable, and the building will last a long time

use rods with a diameter of 8-14 mm to assemble the reinforcing cage;
form a mesh structure, providing an equal interval between the rods, which is 60-80 mm;
ensure the thickness of the concrete monolith, which should be 30 times smaller size formed span;
perform a single-layer reinforcement with a minimum base thickness of 150 mm;
install plastic stands that provide a fixed distance of about 50 mm from the reinforcement to the concrete surface;
assemble a two-layer frame using reinforcement elements with a monolith thickness of more than 20 cm, which corresponds to a six-meter span;
make additional reinforcement problem areas located in areas of increased loads - the center of the structure, areas of connection with supports, areas with holes;
fill the installed frame with liquid concrete mortar grade M200 and higher;
ensure the immobility of the reinforcement frame during the pouring and compaction of the concrete mixture.

Study (in specialized sources) before starting work a typical example of reinforcing a monolithic floor slab. This will avoid mistakes.

Reinforcement frame device

The drawing, which allows high-quality reinforcement of the floor slab, provides complete information about the dimensions and shape of the following frame elements:

Rods located in the upper tier.
Bars located in the lower layer of the spatial structure.

In the manufacture of monolithic floor slabs, it is possible to block a room that has an irregular wall geometry

Elements that provide additional reinforcement and redistribute the load.
Support pads designed to provide a protective layer.

When carrying out measures for the construction of the frame, adhere to the following recommendations:

manufacture the frame according to the developed drawing;
ensure the size of the side of the square cell between the perpendicularly arranged rods, equal to 15-20 cm;
perform longitudinal sections of the frame without butt joints, using solid pieces of reinforcement;
ensure that the steel bars are aligned 40 times the diameter of the bar if overlapping is required. For example, for reinforcement with a diameter of 14 mm, the overlap will be 56 centimeters;
arrange overlap zones and junctions of rods using a checkerboard pattern;
fix the perpendicularly arranged rods with the help of a knitting wire and a knitting device. This will provide the necessary rigidity and secure the elements of the spatial structure;
do not use electric welding to fasten the elements, which weakens the structure of the metal.

Pouring concrete mortar

Filling the formwork with a reinforcing cage with concrete should be carried out after the completion of work on binding the spatial load-bearing structure. For the rapid execution of large volumes concrete works use a special concrete pump. With small volumes, mixing can be carried out in a concrete mixer, and with the help of improvised means, apply the solution to the work site.

When filling the formwork with the mixture, periodically compact the array using internal vibrators or by tapping the formwork surface. Concrete mortar during hardening is prone to shrinkage, which is the cause of cracking. This can be prevented by moistening the surface of the hardening array during hot weather. Concrete hardens completely within a month. During this period, ensure the immobility of the massif and the wooden formwork.

Summing up

The implementation of the recommendations of professional builders will allow high-quality reinforcement of a monolithic floor slab. This will form a reliable and durable structure, resistant to various types of mechanical stress. The main thing is to responsibly approach the performance of calculations, use high-quality materials and raw materials, and comply with the technology.

pobetony.ru

Reinforcement of the floor slab - how to do it yourself? + Video

It is almost impossible to do without such an element as reinforced floor slabs in modern construction, even if we are talking about a small private house. Reinforcement of the floor slab is quite feasible on your own, even if you are new to the construction business.

Floor reinforcement - what you need to know?

Reinforcement is a technique that is found everywhere. This is how stair steps, concrete porches, arched lintels and, of course, monolithic floor slabs are made. The technique consists in combining two materials of different structure - concrete and reinforcement. If the concrete is strong but brittle enough, then the metal from which the reinforcement is made has sufficient elasticity to withstand vibrations and vibrations. Reinforcement, in fact, is the skeleton of concrete - without it, it would crumble into pieces very quickly.

The thickness of the reinforcement varies depending on the application, in residential construction, a section from 8 to 14 mm is usually used, while the thickness of the slab itself is assumed to be up to 150 mm.

If you buy slabs, please note that the structure cross section products are solid, ribbed and hollow. The latter are the most popular, since among their advantages there is a relatively small weight, they have high rates of heat and sound insulation and tolerate deformation quite well. However, all purchased products have one significant drawback - the presence of joints that do not always coincide, forming steps. When creating a monolithic slab, you get a flat and uniform surface.

Reinforcement options - savings and insulation

The use of reinforced structures allows not only to achieve significant insulation of the entire building, but also significantly speed up the process of erecting the entire building. The light weight of reinforced slabs and other structures significantly reduces the load on the foundation, while the structure itself is very durable and easily withstands high stress and prolonged exposure to fire. According to statistics, wooden floors are able to perform their functions when exposed to fire for about 25 minutes, while monolithic slabs can withstand more than an hour.

The use of this structural component allows the cost of buildings of any size and complexity. With the help of floor slabs, it is possible to correct the incorrect geometry of the room and create floors that are non-standard in size. The possibilities for planning a house increase significantly, since not only the walls themselves, but also internal arches and columns can serve as a support for this type of flooring.

The masters of the site REMOSKOP.RU have prepared for you a special calculator Monolithic floor calculator. You can easily calculate a monolithic overlap.

Do-it-yourself monolithic floor slab - reinforcement scheme

To find out the thickness of the future floor, builders use a simple formula - the span length is divided by 30, the resulting figure will be the optimal thickness. The traditional system of slab reinforcement consists in the arrangement of working rods at the bottom and at the top of the slab, which redistributes the load of reinforcement and stops from wire rod. If the thickness of the slab is not more than 80 mm, it is enough to reinforce just one layer of wire mesh. It is important to raise the mesh so that it is, as it were, inside the concrete, at least 2-3 cm.

The mesh can be either twisted wire or bonded by welding - the latter method is advisable to use with a reinforcement diameter of at least 6 mm. If the thickness of the plate has reached or exceeded the limit of 150 mm, the reinforcement must be made in 2 layers, placing them on top of each other and tying them together with wire. The size of the cells must be at least 150*150 mm, but not exceed 200*200. For the most durable result, it is advisable to use reinforcement of the same section, but if you want to strengthen the plates even more, use rods 40-150 cm long in connection with the main structure.

The load on the structure is distributed as follows: the main loads fall on the lower reinforcement, while the upper one experiences a compressive load, as well as concrete. The reinforcement process should be carried out over the entire area of the monolithic slab, without fail using formwork, which is traditionally made of wood or plywood. Formwork props must be fixed as firmly as possible, because only one square meter of flooring can weigh up to 300 kg! For reliability, it is much better to use telescopic racks that can withstand 2 tons of weight.

With your own hands: reinforcement of a monolithic floor slab from A to Z

When reinforcing, it is recommended to use hot-rolled steel reinforcement of class A3 - its diameter is, depending on the expected loads, from 8 to 14 mm. The first grid is laid at the bottom of the slab, respectively, the second - at the top. The formwork must be set so that the grids are located inside the slab, and the protective outer layer of concrete reaches about 2 cm. The reinforcement is tied into the grid with ordinary knitting wire, creating cells 200 * 200 or 150 * 150.

Sometimes welding is used instead of wire, but this is only a way out if you have a welding machine and you have good working skills in this direction. Welding of reinforcement bars can thin them very much at the welding points, which can subsequently lead to a violation of the integrity of the structure.

The reinforcement in the mesh should be without breaks, but if the length of one reinforcement is not enough, an additional one should be tied up with a noticeable overlap of at least half a meter. The joints should be staggered, while the edges of the nets should be connected in a U-shape. If it is necessary to bend the reinforcement, this must be done only with the use of mechanical means, without heating the rods. Heating can affect the structure of the metal, which can subsequently simply burst. Places of special loads are reinforced with additional rods, so it is very important to take into account the location of heavy elements and clusters of holes, which also need to be reinforced. The upper grid should be reinforced above the bearing walls, volumetric reinforcements are also required in places of support on columns.

The finished mesh of reinforcement is best poured with a concrete pump. With small amounts of work, you can do it on your own, but in this case, a quick supply of ready-made concrete and its mixing should be organized at least with a manual concrete mixer, that is, you will need at least 2-3 assistants. Without fail, after pouring, concrete should be compacted - in large areas, a deep vibrator is used for this, at home, you can get by with rhythmic and frequent tapping of the hammer on the formwork or still open mesh elements.

When hardening, concrete shrinks noticeably, and if it dries too quickly, shrinkage increases, which can cause microcracks to appear. Therefore, after pouring concrete, a monolithic slab should be watered, especially in hot weather. Avoid a direct jet, try to spray water over the entire ceiling. Quite often, in order to avoid cracking of concrete, a polymer mesh is laid on the lower layer, on top of which the main structure is already being carried out. Polymer mesh is also used to reinforce concrete screeds, when the use of wire or reinforcement is simply impossible.

To draw up a floor plan, it is necessary to determine which load-bearing structures will be used - this is also included in (reinforced concrete prefabricated or monolithic; beam reinforced concrete, wooden or metal, etc.).

How to draw a plan of floors and coverings

Steps for drawing floor and roof plans

Using a building plan without lintels will complicate the process of laying out floor slabs.

Shortage areas, that is, areas that remained uncovered with floor slabs, must be monolithic.

After the floor slabs are installed over one of the parts of the plan, it is necessary to move on to the other and so on, until the floor plan is completed.

Drawing floor plans with beam ceilings, monolithic reinforced concrete, panel floors have a common sequence with the preparation of the floor plan indicated above.

Department of Architecture

1. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS……………………………………………….

2. STRUCTURES OF LOW-RISE BUILDINGS……………………………..

2.1 Floor slabs……………………………………………………………

2.2 Foundations…………………………………………………………………..

2.3 Windows…………………………………………………………………………..

2.4 Doors………………………………………………………………………….

3. Decision of the vestibule……………………………………………………………..

4. The decision to enter the house………………………………………………………

5. Calculation of stairs…………………………………………………………….

6. Design pitched roof………………………………….

7. RULES FOR DRAWING DRAWING……………………………………..

8. EXAMPLES OF DESIGN SOLUTIONS……………………………………….

1. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS

floors
1 floor aboveground	Floor with the floor level of the premises not lower than the planning level of the ground
2 floor underground	Floor with the floor level of the premises below the planning level of the ground for the entire height of the premises
3rd floor	Lower ground floor of the building
4. Ground floor	Floor with the floor level of the premises below the planning level of the ground to a height of not more than half the height of the premises
5 Floor basement	Floor with the floor level of the premises below the planning level of the ground by more than half the height of the premises or the first underground floor
6 floor attic	Floor in the attic space, the facade of which is wholly or partially formed by the surface (surfaces) of a sloping, broken or curved roof
7Planning mark of the earth	Ground level at the border of the land and the blind area of the building

Premises, sites
1 Balcony	A fenced platform protruding from the plane of the facade wall. Can be glazed
2Loggia	Built-in or attached, open to the outer space, enclosed on three sides by walls (on two sides - at a corner location) a room with a depth limited by the requirements of the natural light of the room, to the outer wall of which it adjoins. Can be glazed
3 Veranda	Glazed, unheated space attached to or built into a building with no depth limitation
4 Terrace	A fenced open area attached to a building or located on the roof of a lower floor. Can have a roof and an exit from the adjoining premises of the house
5 Tambour	Passage space between doors, which serves to protect against the penetration of cold air, smoke and odors when entering a building, stairwell or other premises
6 Attic	The space between the top floor slab, the building cover (roof) and the exterior walls above the top floor slab

2. Structures of low-rise buildings

2.1 floor slabs

To cover the premises of a residential building, reinforced concrete multi-hollow slabs of the PK type are used, based on walls on two sides.

On fig. 1 shows a general view of these plates, and in table. 1 gives their geometric dimensions.

Plate marking produced in decimeters: for example,

a plate 6000 mm long and 3000 mm wide is designated (marked) PK60.30.

Rice. 1. Reinforced concrete multi-hollow slab type PC

Geometrical and coordination sizes of plates

Table 1

Note: coordination dimensions differ by a gap of 20 mm

(3000 mm - 20 mm = 2980 mm)

The length and width of floor slabs are multiples enlarged building module 3M = 300 mm. In order to ensure the layout of the slabs in the building, all distances between the coordination axes must also be a multiple of 300 mm.

Floor slabs are supported on external and internal load-bearing walls by bindings:

but= 120 mm. On fig. 2 shows the schemes of support and abutment of floor slabs at various binding values

Rice. 2 Schemes for the location of floor slabs relative to the walls of the building:

a) supporting the slab on the outer load-bearing wall (binding but= 120 mm);

b) adjoining the slab to the external self-supporting wall ( but= 0);

c) supporting the plates from 2 sides on the internal load-bearing wall ( but= 125 mm);

LAYOUT OF FLOOR SLABS (floor plan)

floor plan- a graphic representation of the horizontal load-bearing structural elements of the floor.

The first thing that is needed in order to draw a plan of floors and coverings is to take as a basis the plan of the building without partitions, internal dimensions and other elements. Next, it is necessary to place the load-bearing floor elements on the load-bearing walls in accordance with existing norms, for example, precast floor slabs must be supported on two load-bearing walls with an overlap of 120 mm on each wall.

The selection of the width of the floor elements is as important as the length. By using slabs of different widths, it is possible to avoid the formation of large areas of shortfalls.

Using monolithic floors there is no need to select slabs from prefabricated element ranges. However, with a monolith, it is necessary to calculate the reinforcement, as well as select the desired brand of concrete.

STAGES OF DRAWING A LAYER AND COVER PLAN

All walls on the floor plan are drawn without window and door openings.

Rice. 3 Plan of load-bearing and self-supporting walls.

Rice. 4 First stage plate layouts

Rice. 5 Intermediate stage of slab layout.

Shortage areas, that is, areas that remained uncovered with floor slabs, must be monolithic.

Rice. 6. The final stage of the layout of the plates.

After the floor slabs are installed over one of the parts of the plan, it is necessary to move on to the other and so on, until the floor plan is completed.

Rice. 7 Fragment of floor plan

Drawing floor plans with beam ceilings, monolithic reinforced concrete, panel floors have a common sequence with the preparation of the floor plan indicated above.

An example of the selection of the length and width of the slabs overlapped by a square section, with side dimensions of 5 x 5 meters

Fig. 8 Plan of the premises and layout of prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs

Standard Width plates are: 1000, 1200, 1500 and 1800 mm. For the installation of prefabricated reinforced concrete floors above a room with a width of 5000 mm, you will need 5 slabs with a width of 1000 mm (990 mm).

According to the initial data, the slabs cover a span of 5000 mm in length. The minimum allowable size for embedding flat reinforced concrete slabs into stone walls is 120 mm.

Therefore, the length of the plates must be at least L=5000+2x120=5240 mm.

We study the range of manufactured w /. floor slabs brand PK (Table 1)

The most suitable option is the PK53.10 brand plate, which has dimensions of 5280 x 990 x 220 mm (length x width x height).

2.2 Foundations

When designing frameless buildings with load-bearing brick walls, strip foundations are used. On fig. 9 shows the main structural elements of a prefabricated strip foundation.

Rice. 9. Structural elements of the prefabricated strip foundation:

a) reinforced concrete slab strip foundation type FL;

b) concrete foundation wall block type FBS

Foundation slabs and blocks are marked in decimeters. For example, a foundation slab with dimensions of 2380 x 1400 mm is designated FL 24.14, and a wall block with dimensions of 2380 x 400 x 580 mm is designated FBS 24.4.6.

Foundation depth

H F is the distance from the planning mark of the earth to the bottom of the base of the foundation. (DEPTH OF LAYING)

For Orel HФ = 1.2 m.

Foundations under the internal load-bearing walls of heated buildings are deepened without taking into account the freezing of the soil: HФ = 0.5 m (for buildings without a basement). If the house has a basement, then the depth of the foundations under the internal load-bearing walls is determined by its height.

To protect the outer and inner walls of the building from ground moisture, it is necessary to install a horizontal and vertical waterproofing foundations. Horizontal adhesive waterproofing is 2 layers of isoplast (without dressing) glued on bituminous mastic. Vertical painting waterproofing is a coating with hot bitumen for 2 times.

On fig. 10 shows the design options for the foundations of a low-rise building. The following height marks are indicated here: 0.000 - mark of the finished floor of the 1st floor; (-0.600) - planning mark of the land; (-2.360; -0.260) - floor and ceiling marks of the basement, respectively; (-2.120; -2.960; -1.520) – elevations of foundation soles.

On fig. 11 shows the design blind area , which protects the foundations from the penetration of atmospheric moisture (rain, melt water, etc.). The width of the blind area is 0.5 - 1.0 m. For buildings with a basement, vertical waterproofing of the foundations is carried out up to the upper level of the blind area.

Rice. 10. Designs of prefabricated strip foundations:

a) under the outer walls in a building without a basement;

b) under the outer walls in a building with a basement;

c) under internal load-bearing walls in a building without a basement

Rice. 11. The design of the blind area:

1 - foundation wall block;

2 - concrete curbstone with dimensions of 150 x 60 mm

LOCATION DIAGRAM OF FOUNDATION ELEMENTS

Foundations to design prefabricated reinforced concrete tape, consisting of foundation slabs and wall foundation blocks.

In the example (Fig. a), the thickness of the outer wall is 640 mm, the binding to the axis is 120 and 520 mm, respectively. The thickness of the inner wall (fig. b) is assumed to be 380 mm, the binding to the axis is axial 190 and 190 mm.

Rice. 12 Sections of foundations:

a) under external load-bearing walls,

b) under internal walls

Calculation order:
1. Set the Width wall foundation blocks (FBS) depending on the thickness of the wall that rests on these blocks (Table 2)

table 2

Wall block thicknesses

2. We accept the width foundation slabs (FL) for design reasons, tentatively:

- under external load-bearing and self-supporting walls- 2 floors -1000 mm (Fig. 12, a);

- under internal load-bearing walls, as the most loaded, for 2 floors -1200 mm (Fig. 12, b);

The height of all foundation blocks is 500 mm

The height of all foundation plates is 300 mm.

3. We bind the strip foundation slabs to the coordination axes in accordance with the bindings of the main walls.

Binding of the foundation to the outer wall (Fig. 12, a)

Given:

■ Wall thickness 640 mm, two-sided binding to the coordination axis 120 and 520 mm;

■ Foundation base width B = 1000 mm;

■ Width foundation block 600 mm.

Calculations:

1. Align the inner face of the wall with the inner face of the foundation block.

2. Specify the binding of the foundation block to the coordination axis: 120 and 480mm (600-120).

3. Place the foundation plate symmetrically to the thickness of the foundation block.

a2 = 1000-320=680mm; c \u003d 320 + 680 \u003d 1000 mm.

Binding of the foundation to the inner wall (Fig. 12, b)
Given:

■ Wall thickness 380 mm, binding to the coordination axis central (axial) 190 and 190 mm;

■ Foundation base width B = 1200 mm;

■ Foundation block width 400 mm.

Calculations:

1. Binding of the foundation block to the central axis 200 and 200 mm;

2. Step sizes (1200 - 400): 2 = 400 mm;

3. Binding of the foundation plate central B/2 = 200 + 400 = 600 mm.

The layout of the foundation elements should be carried out in the following sequence:
1. Apply the coordination axes of the main walls, mark them, put down the distances between them and between the extreme axes.
2. Using thin lines, mark the width of the foundation slabs under the bearing walls in accordance with their

binding to the coordination axes, then - under self-supporting walls.

2.3 Window

In residential buildings, window blocks made of wood, aluminum alloy, PVC profile with double or triple glazing. When designing a residential building, both standard window blocks and custom-made ones can be used.

To install standard window blocks in the walls of the building, window openings are made with dimensions that are multiples of enlarged building module 3M = 300 mm:

Height: 600, 900, 1200, 1500, 1800 mm;

Width: 900, 1200, 1500, 1800, 2100 mm.

Rice. 13 Basic shapes and sizes of window units and balcony doors.

All window openings in the outer walls of the building are made with quarters.

Quarter- this is a protrusion from the outside of the wall by 65 mm (~ 1/4 of the length of the brick).

Quarters are done from three sides window opening: from the sides (due to protrusions in the brickwork) and from above (due to the protrusion of the overhead lintel). The presence of quarters in the outer walls of the building is necessary to protect interior spaces from blowing cold air.

Fig. 14. Location of a standard window block with dimensions of 1500x1200 mm in the outer wall of the building:

b) a plan with a balcony door installed;

c) incision

When performing a survey on the plan and cross section of the building, all sizes of window blocks and elevation marks are affixed taking into account the dimensions of the quarters

2.4 Doors

Entrance doors

In a single-family residential building, one- or two-floor door blocks with blank canvases are used. The door leaf can be solid or paneled. Dimensions of door blocks are multiples the main building module M = 100 mm

Rice. 15. Appearance and dimensions of standard door blocks

Entrance doors are installed in the outer walls of the building without quarters. To protect against blowing around the perimeter of the door block, plates are installed.

Internal doors

Internal doors in a residential single-apartment building are designed as one- and two-leaf, with blank and glazed canvases (see Fig. 23). The doors of common rooms are designed as double-glazed doors, bedroom doors - single-floor blind 0.9 m or 1.0 m wide, kitchen doors - single-floor glazed of the same width.

The doors of bathrooms and utility rooms are assigned a width of 700 mm.

Rice. 17. Internal doors: a) with blank canvases; b) with glazed canvases.

3. Tambour solution

Rice. 18 Entrance vestibule in a residential building:

a) placement inside the building;

b) placement outside the building;

4. Home entry solution

Rice. 19. Stairs at the entrance to the building:

a) a plan; b) cut:

1 - a layer of crushed stone 100 mm thick;

2 – concrete preparation 200 mm thick;

3 - prefabricated reinforced concrete steps;

4 - prefabricated reinforced concrete platform;

5 - walls made of silicate brick 250 mm thick;

6 - metal fence

5. Stair calculation

When calculating stairs, the following requirements should be taken into account (see Fig. 20):

1) the width of the flights of internal stairs must be at least 90 cm;
2) the width of landings - not less than the width of marches;
3) the width of the tread must be at least 250 mm, and the sum of the dimensions of the tread and the riser is 450 mm;
4) generally accepted slopes of stairs - 1:2; 1:1.25; 1:1.5; 1:1.75;
5) in terms of stairs between marches, it is necessary to leave a gap of at least 100 mm for the passage of a fire hose.

Rice. 20 Elements of a flight of stairs

The main element of the stairs is a step, which consists of a tread and a riser (Fig. 20). In one flight of stairs, no more than 16 and at least 3 steps are allowed. The upper and lower steps of the flight of stairs are called frieze, as they are installed at the level of the landings, and their width is less than that of the main steps. The number of treads in a flight of stairs, excluding frieze steps, is one less than the number of risers (including frieze steps, one more).

In the stairs of low-rise buildings it is allowed to use the so-called winder steps triangular in plan. Types of intra-apartment stairs are shown in Fig. 21.

Rice. 21. Minimum overall dimensions of different types of stairs (calculated for a floor height of 3.0 m, tread size - 300 mm, riser size - 150 mm)

Rice. 22 Calculation of the staircase

6. Pitched roof design

When designing single-family residential buildings, as a rule, a pitched roof structure is used. The main structural elements of this type of roofs are Basic structure(rafter) and roof (steel sheets, tiles, etc.).

In the space between the roof and the attic floor can be placed attic(heated living space) or attic (unheated space for household purposes).

On fig. 23 shows the main structural schemes of pitched roofs for various spans.

In table. 3 shows the main dimensions that must be observed when designing attics and attics.

Rice. 23 Structural schemes of pitched roofs:

a) with hanging rafters;

b) with layered rafters;

c) with layered rafters of variable slope (35°¸60°);

d) with layered rafters of variable slope (60°¸70°):

1 - rafter leg;

2 - crossbar;

3 - Mauerlat;

4 - rack;

5 - brace;

6 - lining;

7 - ridge beam

Table 3

Basic dimensions of roof elements

When designing pitched roofs, various options for the location of thermal insulation are used depending on the type of premises located in the attic space - see fig. 24.

Rice. 24. Schemes of the location of thermal insulation in the attic space of a residential building:

a) with an unheated attic;

b) with a heated attic

On fig. 25 shows the junction of a pitched roof and the outer wall of a residential building with an attic. At the same time, the roof of the building can be made of various materials: steel sheets, tiles, etc.

Rice. 25. The junction of the pitched roof and the outer wall of a residential building with an attic:

1 – Mauerlat (support beam with a section of 150´150 mm);

2 – rafter leg (a board with a section of 200x50 mm, placed on edge);

3 – filly (board with a section of 100x32 mm, placed on edge);

4 – cornice filing (boards with a section of 100´25 mm);

5 – eaves shield (boards with a section of 150´50 mm);

6 – crate (bars with a section of 50´50 mm); 7 - roof

Rice. 26 Building a roof plan

Rice. 27. Planning diagrams of bathrooms and dimensions of sanitary equipment

Rice. 28. Symbols of channels in the plan of the wall

7. DRAWING RULES

Floor plans are drawn with the calculation of the location of the cutting plane at 2 m from the floor level of each floor. All elements of equipment and stairs located below the cutting plane are drawn with visible lines. Stair elements located above the cutting plane are not drawn, and the flight of stairs is crossed by a diagonal line.

The contours of the main walls are outlined with a thick solid line 0.8-1 mm thick. All other elements are outlined with a thin solid line 0.3-0.5 mm thick. The thinnest lines are the dimensional lines (thin solid 0.1-0.2 mm) and the lines of the center axes (thin dash-dotted lines). The axes in all drawings are indicated by a circle with a diameter of up to 10 mm. Vertical axes from left to right are marked with numbers, horizontal axes from bottom to top - with capital letters of the Russian alphabet, excluding the letters E, Z, Y, O, b, Y, b.

Three dimension lines are applied to the left and below the plan drawing. The first line is the dimensions of openings and piers on the outer wall; the second - the distance between the center axes; on the third dimension line put down the overall dimensions of the building. The first line should be 10-15 mm from the walls, the next 5-7 mm from each other.

Rules for the implementation of specifications and stamps on the drawings

In the drawings of the area plans, they are put down in the lower right corner of the room and underlined. It is allowed to give the names of the premises, their area and categories in explications in accordance with the shape (see fig. 28) . In this case, the numbers of the premises are put down on the plans.

Explication of premises

Rice. 29. Explication form of premises

Rice. 30 An example of the execution of the stamp of the graphic part

Rice. 31 Sequence (a ... d) drawing a building plan

Rice. 32 Sequence of drawing a section of a building

Rice. 33 The sequence of drawing the facade of the building

8. EXAMPLES OF DESIGN SOLUTIONS

Floor plans

Work begins with building plans of the first and second (mansard) floors.

First of all, you should find out the purpose of various rooms, study their relative position and the relationship between them. When assigning the dimensions of the premises, it is necessary to take into account regulatory requirements.

So, the area of \u200b\u200bthe common room should not be less than 16 m 2, the area of \u200b\u200bthe bedroom for one family member is at least 9 m 2, for two - at least 12 m 2, the working kitchen - at least 5 m 2, the kitchen-dining room - at least 9 m 2. The dimensions of the entrance hall (width not less than 1.4 m), the width of the corridors (not less than 1.2 m if they lead to living rooms and not less than 0.9 m if they lead to utility rooms) are also standardized. The minimum size of the toilet from the condition of installing only the toilet bowl can be 0.8x1.2 m, and if there is a washbasin - 1.2x1.4 m. washbasin, washing machine and (for a combined bathroom) a toilet bowl.

Having dealt with the space-planning decision of the building, it is necessary to determine what functions the vertical elements perform, separating the premises from each other or from the external space. First of all, it is necessary to find out which walls the ceilings (bearing walls) will rest on, where self-supporting walls will be located (for example, with ventilation ducts), and where are partitions that perform only enclosing functions.

Drawing plans should begin with drawing a grid modular center axles, which correspond to the location of all load-bearing and self-supporting walls. The distance between the axles is recommended to be taken as a multiple of the enlarged module 3M = 300 mm(the main module M = 100 mm).

The coordinate axes are applied on the drawings with thin dash-dotted lines and denoted by Arabic numerals or capital letters of the Russian alphabet, excluding the letters Z, Y, O, X, H, b, b, s, in circles with a diameter of 6-12 mm (depending on the scale of the drawing) . The sequence of numerical and alphabetic designations of the axes is taken from left to right and from bottom to top. As a rule, the axes are applied on the lower and left sides of the plan. If necessary, you can additionally apply axes on the upper and (or) right sides.

After applying the grid of axes, they begin to draw the walls. Wall thickness adopted according to the given design depending on the materials used. Figure 2.1 shows some of the possible options for constructive solutions for external walls corresponding to the task options, as well as the range of blocks made of cellular concrete. Brick dimensions - 120x250x65(88) mm, ceramic stones - 120(250)x250x138mm. The standard thickness of horizontal joints is 12 mm (in walls made of cellular concrete blocks when using adhesive compositions - 1-2 mm), and vertical 10 mm.

The thickness of internal self-supporting walls made of bricks or ceramic stones can be taken as 250 or 380 mm, and if there are smoke or ventilation ducts in this wall - 380 mm. The dimensions of the channels in brick walls must be a multiple of the dimensions of the brick and, taking into account the seams, are taken equal to 140x140 or 140x270 mm.

Device ventilation ducts necessarily in rooms with high humidity, with increased heat or gas emission (bathroom, toilet, kitchen, boiler room, garage, etc.), while at least one independent channel should be provided in each room. Options for arranging channels in internal and external brick walls, using smoke and ventilation blocks, as well as attached ventilation ducts, are shown in Figure 2.2 . Ventilation and smoke ducts should be shown on the floor plans.

Figure 2.1. Structural solution of external walls

a - two-layer with an inner bearing layer of brick and an outer plastered insulating layer ("thermal coat"); b - two-layer with an inner brick layer, an outer insulating layer and protective screen at a distance; c - three-layer with an inner bearing layer of brick, an outer self-supporting layer and a middle layer of effective insulation; d - the same, with a ventilated air gap; e - three-layer with an inner bearing layer of cellular concrete blocks, an outer self-supporting brick layer, a middle layer of effective insulation and a ventilated air gap; e - nomenclature of cellular concrete blocks

Figure 2.2. Device of ventilation ducts

a - in internal brick walls; b - in the outer brick walls; c - with the help of attached ventilation ducts, d - in buildings with load-bearing structures made of cellular concrete; e - chimney and ventilation blocks made of lightweight concrete

The thickness of the internal load-bearing walls is influenced by the structure of the ceiling. The use of floors made of prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs makes it possible to arrange internal load-bearing walls made of bricks 250 mm thick (in the absence of ventilation ducts in them) or cellular concrete blocks 300 mm thick. The installation of floors using steel, reinforced concrete or wooden beams requires an increase in the thickness of the brick wall to 380 mm, since the beams must rest on the walls by at least 180 mm.

The location of the walls relative to the modular centering axes, i.e. binding, in the general case is determined in accordance with Figure 2.3. Thus, internal load-bearing and self-supporting walls usually have an axial reference (the geometric axis of the wall coincides with the center axis). The binding of the inner face of the outer load-bearing walls (along the A and B axes) is determined from the condition of supporting the floor structures and is usually taken approximately equal to half the thickness of the inner wall (100, 120, 130, 150, 200 mm). External self-supporting walls (along axis 1 in Figure 2.3) most often have a zero reference (the axis coincides with the inner face of the wall).

However, in some cases, the use of certain floor structures requires a change in the value of bindings or distances between the axes. External self-supporting walls can have a binding other than zero (for example, 50 or 100 mm), if this simplifies the structure of the ceiling (you can avoid the construction of monolithic sections, etc.).

The need to change the distance between the axes most often arises when using precast concrete floor slabs, if the thickness of the internal load-bearing wall is determined not by the size of the support of the slabs, but by other factors (the presence of ventilation or smoke ducts, the magnitude of the acting loads, etc.). Some possible options for binding walls to axes are shown in Figure 2.4 .

To clarify the values of bindings of load-bearing and self-supporting walls, it is recommended to carry out the plan of load-bearing structures of floors in parallel (section 2.2).

Partition thicknesses assigned according to their purpose. In rooms with normal humidity indoor stationary partitions can be made of gypsum concrete stones or slabs with a thickness of 80, 90 or 100 mm, concrete stones (90 mm), cellular concrete stones (100 mm), bricks and ceramic stones (120 mm). If increased soundproofing requirements are imposed on partitions (for example, inter-apartment partitions), it is recommended to design them as three-layer (with an air gap of at least 60 mm or a middle layer of effective heat-insulating material) with a thickness of 220-260 mm. Partitions of damp and wet rooms are not allowed to be made of gypsum concrete.

Where appropriate, collapsible or transformable partitions can be used.

Figure 2.3. Snap walls to axes (general case)

After drawing the contours of the external and internal walls and partitions, it is necessary to develop entry node. For climatic conditions Republic of Belarus entrance nodes should be arranged with vestibules with a depth of at least 1200 mm, preventing the flow of cold air into the living quarters. The floor mark in the vestibule should be 20 mm lower than the floor mark of the first floor. In cases where the vestibule fencing is thin partitions or walls, they should be insulated from the side of cold air intake. This will avoid condensation on the walls of warm rooms. Additional exits (back door, access to a loggia, terrace, etc.) may not have vestibules, but they should be equipped with insulated or double doors. The area in front of the entrance should not be narrower than 1400 (1200) mm and have a mark 20 mm smaller than the floor in the vestibule or other adjacent room.

In individual residential buildings, vestibules may not be provided if the entrances to the building are organized through verandas.

The next step is drawing window and door openings. Dimensions window openings assigned depending on the required illumination of the premises. In general, the area of the glazed surface is recommended to be taken equal to 1/5.5 - 1/8 of the floor area of the given room. The nominal width and height of window openings are most often assigned as multiples of 3M (600x900, 900x1200, 900x1500, 1200x1500, 1500x1500, 1500x1800, 1500x2100mm, etc.). Dimensions doorways and constructive solution of doors are determined by their purpose. The nominal dimensions of doorways are accepted: 2100x700,800,900,1000,1200 mm (width of the door leaf is 600,700,800,900,1100mm, respectively) - internal single-leaf doors (openings with a width of 700 and 800 mm can only be used in sanitary facilities); 2400x1500 (1900) mm - internal double-field; 2100 (2400) x1000 (1200) mm - external single-field; 2100(2400)х1300(1500, 1900) mm - external two-field.

Figure 2.4. Some options for binding walls to axes

Corresponding constructive size window or door opening must be slightly larger than the nominal size. For example, for a window 1200x1800 mm, it is recommended to take the width of the opening 1210 mm, and the height - 1810 mm.

In all cases where the design of the outer wall allows it, window and door openings are recommended to be made with quarters. Quarters (in brick walls measuring 120x65 mm) are arranged at the outer edge of the wall from above and on the sides to facilitate the installation of window and door blocks and reduce airflow (Figure 2.5).

Dimensions piers it is recommended to design multiple sizes of stone materials used for masonry walls. So, for brick walls, piers up to 1.03 m long can be equal to 380, 510, 640, 770, + n 130 mm. When assigning piers of a larger value, the size of the stone can not be adhered to. In buildings with walls made of cellular concrete blocks, the width of the walls must be at least 300 mm in self-supporting walls and at least 600 mm in load-bearing walls.

Floor plans should show sanitary and kitchen equipment(toilets, bathtubs, washbasins, sinks, gas stoves, etc.), the symbols, main dimensions and placement options of which are shown in Figures 2.6 and 2.7.

Figure 2.5. Device openings Figure 2.6. Sanitary and

quartered kitchen equipment

Figure 2.7. Options for placing sanitary equipment

When designing stairs it should be borne in mind that their geometric dimensions should be determined by the purpose of the stairs. Symbols for stairs on floor plans are given in Figures 2.8 and 2.9.

For intra-apartment stairs, the minimum width of the march c 0.9 m is taken, and the slope of the flight of stairs is not more than 1: 1.25 (40 °). In some cases, an increase in slope up to 1: 1 (45 °) is allowed. The number of steps in a march is taken at least 3 and no more than 16. In single-flight stairs, an increase in the number of steps to 18 is allowed. h(Figure 2.9, a) take 135 - 200 mm, and the width of the tread b- 250 - 300mm. Landing Width a should not be less than the width of the march.

To determine the dimensions of the stairs in terms of height and should perform its graphical construction. We will consider the sequence of building a plan and a profile of an intra-apartment staircase using the example of a two-flight staircase (Figure 2.9b, c ) . Floor height H(from floor to floor) is divided into parts equal to the height of the step h, i.e. H = kh, where k- the number of risers. If within the floor two flights have the same number of steps, then in each flight there will be k/2 risers and n=k/2-1 tread (the function of one tread is performed by the landing). The length of the flight of stairs l = b(k/2-1). So the width of the stairwell is clear (wall to wall) B=2c+d (d- clearance between marches, c- the width of the march), and the length L = b(k/2-1)+2a (but- platform width).

Figure 2.8. Intra-apartment

stairs

Example. It is required to perform a graphical construction of a two-flight staircase in a building with a floor height H= 3m. We accept the slope of the stairs 1: 2, the width of the treads b= 300mm and riser height h = 150mm.

We assign the width of the march taking into account the requirements of the norms (at least 900 mm), and also depending on the width of the staircase in cleanliness (in our case 2150 mm), taking into account the minimum gap d= 50mm. Thus, we get the width of the flight of stairs

from\u003d (2150 - 50) / 2 \u003d 1.05m

We assign the width of the landing equal to the width of the flight of stairs, i.e. a = c= 1.05 m.

The number of risers in the stairs k \u003d H / h= 3000/150 = 20, and in one march k/2 = 20/2 = 10.

The number of treads in the march n = k/2 – 1 = 10 - 1 = 9.

The length of the horizontal projection of the march l = bn\u003d 300 * 9 \u003d 2.7 m.

Full length of the staircase L equal to the sum of the length of the march and the widths of the storey and intermediate platforms

L = l + 2a\u003d 2.7 +2 * 1.05 \u003d 4.8 m

Figure 2.9. Graphic construction of a two-flight staircase

a - steps; b - the profile of the stairs; c - plan of the stairs; d - providing passage when designing stairs; e - the image of the stairs on the plan of the 1st floor

The construction of stairs on plans and sections is carried out as follows:

On the longitudinal section of the staircase, the height of the floor is divided by the number of risers with thin horizontal lines;

In terms of the length of the march is divided by the number of treads and transferred to the section;

In the resulting grid draw the profile of the stairs.

When drawing a profile, it should be borne in mind that the treads of the marches converging at the landing are placed on the same vertical.

If the layout of the building allows, you can increase the width of the landing. On the other hand, under cramped conditions for stair placement, you can reduce the number of steps (increase the slope), reduce the width of the tread, design a staircase with winder steps, etc. Width winder steps in the middle should be approximately equal to the width of the steps of the march.

When designing a staircase, its placement in relation to the entrance to the building is taken into account. If it is carried out through the stairwell and located under the first intermediate platform, it is necessary that the site mark be at a level that provides free passage under it and the placement of the front door and vestibule door. This is ensured by the device of a special basement (invitation) march of 5-6 steps leading from the entrance to the first floor platform, while the height of the passage under the platform must be at least 2.1 m. When designing a single-flight staircase, it should be possible to pass at least 2 m (Figure 2.9, d) .

Dimensions on construction drawings applied in millimeters without specifying the unit of measurement. If the dimensions are applied in other units, this is specified in the notes to the drawings. To limit the dimension lines, serifs 2-4 mm long are used, which are applied at an angle of 45 ° to the dimension lines. Dimension lines should protrude beyond the extreme extension lines by 1-3 mm.

On building plans, linear dimensions are applied along the outer and inner contours.

Along the outer edge images dimensions are applied along the outer walls of the building in the form of several closed chains. The first chain is located at a distance of at least 10 mm from the outer contour of the walls, and the subsequent ones at a distance of 7-10 mm from each other.

External dimensions are applied in the following order, starting from the wall:

Binding of load-bearing structures (walls or columns) to coordination axes;

Dimensions of all piers and openings (for educational purposes, it is enough to show only one side of the building);

Distance between coordination axes;

The distance between the extreme coordination axes.

Dimensions along the inner contour the plan is placed in chains at a distance of at least 10 mm from the line of the inner contour of the wall. Internal dimensions should indicate the length and width of each room, the thickness of all walls and partitions, the size and binding of doorways to the nearest wall. For instructional purposes, show at least one horizontal chain and one vertical chain of internal dimensions.

In addition to linear dimensions, floor plans indicate floor level marks, different from the main one for this image, as well as area of all rooms.

Behind zero mark take the mark of the clean floor of the first floor. Levels below zero are negative values. On floor plans, marks are made in rectangles with a “+” or “-” sign in meters with an accuracy of thousandths without specifying a unit of measurement.

squares rooms are indicated in the lower right corner in meters to the nearest hundredth and underlined. The dimension is also not indicated.

On plans drawn at a scale of 1:200, three external chains of dimensions are shown. Chains with dimensions of piers and openings, as well as internal chains of dimensions are not given. Window openings are shown without quarters, and interior partitions- in one line. Door opening direction, sanitary and kitchen equipment are not shown.

Examples of the implementation of plans for the 1st and 2nd floors are shown in Figures A2.1 - A2.4.

Plan of load-bearing floor structures

The implementation of the course work involves the development of a plan for the load-bearing structures of the interfloor overlap (above the first floor).

The floor plan should show modular alignment axes and three chains of dimensions: wall references, distances between adjacent axes and distance between extreme axes.

Structural solution hollow core floor slabs shown in Figure 2.10, a, b. The slabs should be supported with a short side on load-bearing brick walls by at least 90 mm, and on walls made of cellular concrete - by 120-150 mm. Leaning with the long side on self-supporting walls should be avoided. The dimensions of the plates are given taking into account the normalized gap of 20 mm (nominal dimensions). In low-rise buildings, it is recommended to use slabs no more than 1.8 m wide and no more than 7.2 m long.

Usage aerated concrete floor slabs(Figure 2.10, c - e) is most appropriate in buildings with walls made of cellular concrete blocks. The slabs should rest with their short sides on the load-bearing walls by 100-150 mm, and with the side faces - by 20-50 mm. Along the perimeter of the building and along the inner walls, a monolithic reinforced concrete belt should be arranged.

On the floor plan using prefabricated reinforced concrete multi-hollow flooring or cellular concrete slabs, the dimensions of all slabs, monolithic sections, the size of the support of the slabs on the walls, the width of the reinforced concrete belt, the anchoring of the slabs should be indicated (Figures A2.5, A2.6).

Constructive decisions beams are given in Figure 2.11. Beams in beam ceilings rest on load-bearing walls by at least 180 mm. To create a hard disk, the beams are connected to each other and to the walls with steel ties (anchors).

Distance between axles reinforced concrete beams(beam pitch) take 600, 770, 800, 1000 or 1100 mm, depending on the adopted design of the inter-beam filling. Variants of prefabricated inter-beam filling are shown in Figure 2.12. steel beams usually made of I-beams with a height of 160-270mm ( I 16-27).

Figure 2.10. floor slabs

a - multi-hollow slabs; b - adjoining a multi-hollow slab to the wall; c - floor slabs made of cellular concrete; g - supporting cellular concrete slabs on the wall; e - pairing of cellular concrete slabs with each other

The options for the installation of floors on reinforced concrete beams are shown in Figure 2.13, and on steel beams - in Figure 2.14.

Figure.2.11. floor beams

a - reinforced concrete; b - steel from I 16-27; c - wooden with one and two cranial bars; g - wooden glued

Figure 2.12. Inserts of interbeam filling

a - gypsum or gypsum concrete; b - lightweight concrete double-hollow; c - reinforced concrete top slab; g - expanded clay concrete insert of a solid section; e - reinforced concrete trough section; e - reinforced concrete vaulted

wooden beams most often they are made of beams with a section of (80-100) x (180-220) mm with one or two cranial bars (Figure 2.1, c), which serve as a support for inter-beam filling in the form of roll-up shields, slabs or gypsum concrete liners. Such beams can be used for spans not exceeding 6.5 m (the maximum length of standard lumber). It is also possible to use glued wooden beams (Figure 2.11, d), which can have significantly big sizes section and length. The distance between wooden beams can be taken from 600 to 1100 mm, but it is better that it does not exceed 800 mm.

Figure 2.15 shows the support nodes of wooden beams on brick walls. For the outer wall, a variant of closed embedding is given, performed in cases where the thickness of the bearing brick layer does not exceed 510 mm. Figure 2.16 shows some options for flooring on wooden beams.

On the plans beam floors beam spacing and binding of extreme beams to axes or to the face of self-supporting walls, anchoring of beams should be indicated. On a small fragment of the plan, you should show the elements of the inter-beam filling (liners or roll-up shields).

Floor plans should show stairs, ventilation and smoke ducts on the first floor.

Examples of the implementation of the floor plan for reinforced concrete and wooden beams are shown in Figures A2.7 and A2.8.

Figure 2.13. Ceilings on reinforced concrete beams

a, b - interfloor; c - attic

Figure 2.14. Interfloor ceiling on steel beams

Figure 2.15. Supporting wooden beams

a - on the outer wall; b - on the inner wall of rooms with normal humidity;

1 - bearing brick layer; 2 - antiseptic ends of the beams (including the end); 3 - wrap ends with roofing paper (excluding ends); 4 - blind embedment with cement-sand mortar; 5 - steel L-shaped anchor 50x5 mm; 6 - two layers of roofing; 7 - an anchor made of strip steel

Figure 2.16. Ceilings on wooden beams

a - interfloor with a roll of slabs; b - interfloor with a roll of wooden shields; in - attic with a roll-up of shields; g - interfloor with false ceiling

Foundation plan

Foundations must be laid under all load-bearing and self-supporting walls, as well as under individual pillars (columns), ventilation units, stoves and fireplaces weighing more than 750 kg.

The thickness of the upper part of strip foundations, foundation beams of columnar foundations and pile grillages is determined depending on the thickness of the wall, its design solution and design features foundations (material, manufacturing method, etc.).

Figures 2.17-2.20 show design solutions for strip, column and pile foundations, typical for low-rise buildings with walls made of small-sized elements.

Figure 2.17. Monolithic strip foundations

a - rubble without ledges; b - rubble with ledges; c - rubble concrete with ledges; g - concrete with ledges; d - reinforced concrete; 1 - brick wall; 2 - edge of the foundation; 3 - ledge (step); 4 - foundation sole

Figure 2.18. Prefabricated strip foundation

1 - brick wall; 2 - concrete blocks of basement walls; 3 - reinforced concrete foundation slab-pillow

Outsole dimensions strip foundations (b) depend on the physical and mechanical properties of the soil and the magnitude of the acting loads. Under more loaded walls (supporting ceilings on both sides, a large cargo area, etc.), it is recommended to increase the width of the sole of strip foundations by arranging ledges in monolithic foundations or using reinforced concrete foundation pads of greater width in prefabricated ones.

Prefabricated foundation cushions can be located with a standardized gap of 20 mm or with gaps of 0.2-0.9 m (discontinuous foundation).

In buildings with columnar or pile foundations foundation pillars or piles should be installed at the corners of the building, at the intersection or junction of walls, under the walls, as well as in the gap, while the pitch of the pillars or piles should be taken in accordance with figures 2.19 and 2.20. Under more loaded walls, foundation pillars or piles should be placed with a smaller step, or the dimensions of the base of the foundation pillars should be increased.

Figure 2.19. Column foundation Figure 2.20. pile foundation

The foundation plan should show modular alignment axes, two external chains of dimensions, dimensions and binding of the sole of a strip or column foundation to the axes, dimensions and binding of foundation beams or a pile grillage.

When using prefabricated strip foundations, it is sufficient to show on the plan the bottom row of prefabricated elements (foundation pads or blocks of basement walls) indicating their dimensions, while it is recommended to start laying out prefabricated elements from load-bearing walls. For intermittent foundations, the distances between these elements must be given.

In the case of pile or column foundations, the spacing of the piles or foundation columns must be specified.

You should also mark the bottom of the strip or column foundations, mark the bottom of the grillage or foundation beams.

Examples of implementation of foundation plans are shown in Figures A2.9 - A2.11.

Roof plan

The shape of the attic pitched roof is determined mainly by the outlines of the building in plan and the requirements of architectural expressiveness. The most commonly used pitched roof options are shown in Figure 2.21. When constructing a roof plan, it should be borne in mind that with the same slopes of the slopes, their intersection occurs at an angle of 45 °. An example of building a roof plan for a building of complex shape is shown in Figure 2.22. For educational purposes, it is enough to design a gable roof.

Roof plans should show extreme axes, axes of walls with ventilation ducts, axes along which the height or shape of the building changes in plan, one or two chains of dimensions between the axes. It should also show the outer edges of the outer walls (dashed line of an invisible contour), ventilation and chimneys, dormer and skylights, indicate the values of the slopes of the slopes (see section 2.6), the values of the overhangs of the cornices, the marks of the cornice, the ridge, the top of the chimney and ventilation pipes, the top dormer windows.

Figure 2.21. pitched types attic roofs

The best options for the location of ventilation and chimneys are shown in Figure 2.23. In these cases, the likelihood of snow bags and roof leaks is reduced.

Dormer windows are needed to ventilate the attic space and exit to the roof. In small two-story buildings with a gable roof, it is possible to install ventilation holes in the gables of the building.

In buildings with unorganized drainage, the overhang of the cornice must be at least 600 mm, and in buildings with organized drainage - at least 500 mm. In the latter case, the roof plan should show the location of the gutters and pipes. The overhang of the roof from the gable side is recommended to be at least 400 mm.

Figure 2.22. Construction example Figure 2.23. Accommodation options

pitched roof plan for smoke and ventilation ducts

Examples of the implementation of the roof plan are shown in Figure P2.12 and P2.13.

The plan of the bearing structures of the coating

The constructive solution of the bearing part of the coating depends on the dimensions of the building, its shape, the location of the internal supports, etc. In low-rise civil buildings, wooden layered rafters, the most commonly used schemes of which are shown in Figure 2.24.

The main elements of layered rafters, rafter legs, made of beams (120-140) x (180-240), logs Ø140-220 mm or boards (50-80) x (150-200) and placed perpendicular to the cornice line with a step of 1200-1600 mm with rafters made of logs or beams and 700-1200 mm with rafters from boards. It is advisable to place the extreme rafter legs of gable roofs next to the outer wall (pediment), the intermediate ones should not fall on ventilation or chimneys.

Supports for rafter legs are runs from bars (140-160) x (160-200) and Mauerlats(wall bars), which are also most often made of bars (160-200) x (140-160) mm.

Runs rely on racks from bars 120x120 - 160x160 or, if possible, on the walls. It is desirable to take the distance between the supports from 2 to 4.5 m. The racks with their lower end rest on sill from a bar (160-200) x (140-160) mm.

Additional supports that reduce the span of the rafter legs with a significant distance between the walls are struts made of bars 120x120 - 160x160 mm. The upper end of the struts is cut into the rafter legs, and the lower end into the bed.

With a spacing of racks from 4.5 to 6 m (for example, in buildings with a large spacing of transverse load-bearing walls), to reduce the estimated span and increase the rigidity of the girders, install longitudinal struts, which are cut into the racks with the lower end, into the runs with the upper end.

Figure 2.24. Schemes of layered rafters

To reduce the amount of spacer (horizontal force transmitted to the walls by rafter legs), it is recommended to arrange horizontal crossbars (puffs) from boards 50x200 mm.

On the plan of load-bearing structures of coverings made of beams or logs, all elements of the rafters (rafter legs, mauerlats, girders, crossbars, etc.) should be shown with two solid main lines. Filly, used for the device of the roof overhang, and the rafter legs from the boards can be shown in one line. Invisible elements (racks and struts) are shown conditionally. For example, struts are shown with a dashed line with an arrow. The dashed line also depicts wind ties made from boards and necessary to ensure the longitudinal rigidity of gable roofs.

In addition to the two external chains of dimensions, the plan should show the pitch of the rafters, the distance between the posts, the locations of the dormer windows, and the ventilation pipes. It is also recommended to lay out the elements of the batten under the roof on a small fragment of the plan.

hanging rafters (wooden truss trusses) are made of beams, logs or boards and are used in buildings with a span of up to 12 m in the absence of intermediate supports (internal walls or columns). The distance between the farms is assigned from 1 to 2 m. The schemes of the hanging rafters are shown in Figure 2.25.

Figure 2.25. Hanging rafter schemes

An example of the implementation of the plan of the supporting structures of the coating with layered rafters is shown in Figure P2.14.

Incision

The cut should be made along the stairs, while window and, if possible, doorways should fall into the section. If necessary, the incision can be broken. The location of the cut must be marked on the floor plans. It is also desirable to mark the place of the cut on the plans of foundations, load-bearing structures of floors, roofs and load-bearing structures of the roof.

It is recommended to start the construction of the section by drawing horizontal lines corresponding to the ground level and the floor levels of the first and second floors, as well as vertical center lines passing along the walls cut by the cutting plane.

The height of the premises from floor to ceiling must be at least 2.5 m. In this case, it is desirable to set the height of the floor equal to 3.0 or 3.3 m (at least 2.8 m). In the premises of apartments with sloping ceilings (mansard), a lower height is allowed on an area not exceeding 50% of total area premises. The height of the walls from the floor to the bottom of the sloping ceiling should be at least 1.2 m with a minimum ceiling slope of 30 ° and not less than 0.8 m with a slope of 45 °. With a ceiling slope of 60 degrees or more, there are no height restrictions. In the bathroom, the minimum room height is 2.1m.

Next, you should apply the edges of the outer and inner walls with a binding corresponding to the plan, the bottom and top of the supporting structures of the floor, and also outline the position of flights of stairs and landings. To determine the thickness of the slab, it is recommended that the slab be supported on the outer wall beforehand (see section 2.7).

The load-bearing structures of the floors that fell into the cut plane should be shown in sufficient detail (dimensions of the slabs, sections of the beams).

IN term paper it is recommended to use stairs made of small-sized elements, the design solutions of which can be found in works /1-8/. The graphic construction of the stairs should be carried out in accordance with the recommendations of Section 2.1 (Figure 2.9), while the main structural elements (strings, bowstrings, strut and platform beams, etc.) should be shown in sufficient detail.

Window openings that have fallen into the cutting plane are arranged in such a way that the distance from the floor level to the bottom of the window is at least 700 mm to ensure safety and from the condition of placing heaters. Above the window and door openings, prefabricated or prefabricated-monolithic lintels should be shown in accordance with the developed unit for supporting the ceiling on the wall.

The construction of the attic part of the building is carried out on the basis of the plan of the supporting structures of the coating and the selected rafter scheme. In doing so, keep in mind the following:

The distance from the top of the attic floor to the bottom of the Mauerlat is recommended to be at least 400 mm (for ease of inspection during operation);

The slopes of the slopes should be taken depending on the roofing material, taking into account the data in Table 2.1;

The distance from the attic floor to the lower element of the supporting structures of the coating in the middle part is recommended to be at least 1900 (1600) mm (Figure 2.24);

Table 2.1

Minimum pitches for pitched attic roofs

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